GLENCOE LANGUAGE ARTS Sentence Diagraming To the Teacher Sentence Diagraming is a blackline master workbook that offers samples, exercises, and step-by-step instructions to expand students’ knowledge of grammar and sentence structure. Each lesson teaches a part of a sentence and then illustrates a way to diagram it. Designed for students at all levels, Sentence Diagraming provides students with a tool for understanding written and spoken English. Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Glencoe Language Arts products. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without written permission of the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240 ISBN 0-07-824702-0 Printed in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 04 03 02 01 00 PART I Lesson Simple Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Simple subject and simple predicate Understood subject Lesson 2 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Simple subject or simple predicate having more than one word Simple subject and simple predicate in inverted order Lesson 3 Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Lesson 4 Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Lesson 5 Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Compound subject Compound predicate Compound subject and compound predicate Lesson 6 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Direct object Lesson 7 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Lesson 8 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Lesson 9 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Compound direct object Indirect object Compound verb with direct and indirect objects Lesson 10 Adjectives and Adverbs I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Adjectives Lesson 11 Adjectives and Adverbs II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Adverbs Adverbs modifying verbs Lesson 12 Adjectives and Adverbs III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Lesson 13 Adjectives and Adverbs IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Lesson 14 Subject Complements I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Adverbs that modify other modifiers Modifiers with compound subjects, verbs, and objects Predicate noun Lesson 15 Subject Complements II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Predicate adjective Lesson 16 Subject Complements III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Compound subject complements PART II Simple Sentences with Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Lesson 17 Appositives and Appositive Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Lesson 18 Prepositional Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Lesson 19 Prepositional Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Appositives and appositive phrases Used as adjectives Used as adverbs Lesson 20 Prepositional Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Used to modify other prepositional phrases Lesson 21 Participles and Participial Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Lesson 22 Participles and Participial Phrases II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Participles Participial phrases iii Lesson 23 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Lesson 24 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Lesson 25 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Used as subjects Used as direct objects Used as predicate nouns Lesson 26 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Used as objects of prepositions Lesson 27 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Lesson 28 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Lesson 29 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Used as adjectives Used as adverbs Used as subjects Lesson 30 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Used as direct objects Lesson 31 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Used as predicate nouns PART III Compound and Complex Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Lesson 32 Compound Sentences I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Lesson 33 Compound Sentences II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Lesson 34 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Clauses connected by a semicolon Clauses connected by a conjunction Adjective clauses introduced by relative pronouns Lesson 35 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Adverb clauses that modify verbs Lesson 36 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Lesson 37 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Lesson 38 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Used as subjects Used as direct objects Introduced by that Lesson 39 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Used as objects of prepositions Lesson 40 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Used as predicate nouns ANSWER KEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 iv Simple Sentences Lesson 1 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Simple subject and simple predicate Understood subject Lesson 2 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Simple subject or simple predicate having more than one word Simple subject and simple predicate in inverted order Lesson 3 Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Lesson 4 Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Lesson 5 Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Compound subject Compound predicate Compound subject and compound predicate Lesson 6 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Direct object Lesson 7 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Lesson 8 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Lesson 9 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Compound direct object Indirect object Compound verb with direct and indirect objects Lesson 10 Adjectives and Adverbs I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Adjectives Lesson 11 Adjectives and Adverbs II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Adverbs Adverbs modifying verbs Lesson 12 Adjectives and Adverbs III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Lesson 13 Adjectives and Adverbs IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Lesson 14 Subject Complements I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Adverbs that modify other modifiers Modifiers with compound subjects, verbs, and objects Predicate noun Lesson 15 Subject Complements II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Predicate adjective Lesson 16 Subject Complements III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Compound subject complements Sentence Diagraming 1 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 1 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I A sentence diagram is a chart of a sentence. It shows how the words and parts of a sentence relate to each other and to the sentence as a whole. To diagram any sentence, begin with a diagram frame, like the one shown here. Make the vertical line that cuts through the baseline baseline equally long above and below the baseline. vertical line Simple Subject and Simple Predicate Every sentence has two parts: a subject and a predicate. The subject tells what a sentence is about. The predicate says something about the subject. The subject of the sentence appears on the left side of the diagram frame. The predicate appears on the right. The simple subject of a sentence is the key noun or pronoun in the subject. The simple predicate is the verb or verb phrase that expresses the essential thought about the subject. To diagram a sentence with a simple subject and simple predicate, write the simple subject on the baseline to the left of the vertical line. Write the simple predicate on the baseline to the right of the vertical line. Example Robins fly. Robins fly simple subject simple predicate In a diagram, keep capitalization as it is in the sentence. However, leave out any punctuation. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Understood Subject In some sentences, the subject you is not stated, but it is understood. Place the understood subject in parentheses to the left of the vertical line. Example Sit. (you) Sit (understood simple subject) simple predicate EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Dolphins swim. 3. Turn. 2. Wait! 4. Tiffany jogs. 2 Sentence Diagraming Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 2 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II Simple Subject or Simple Predicate Having More than One Word A simple subject may have more than one word. For example, it may be a compound noun, such as White House, or a person’s full name, such as President William Henry Harrison. A simple predicate, or verb, may also have more than one word. A main verb with its helping, or auxiliary, verbs is called a verb phrase. An example is have been voting, in which the main verb is voting and the helping verbs are have and been. In a diagram, place all the words of a simple subject or simple predicate on the baseline on the correct side of the vertical rule. Example Sojourner Truth was speaking. Sojourner Truth was speaking simple subject simple predicate Simple Subject and Simple Predicate in Inverted Order In some questions, the simple subject appears between a helping verb and the main verb. An example is Was she crying? The simple subject, she, comes between the words of the verb phrase, was crying. In a diagram, however, the locations of the simple subject and the simple predicate always stay the same—the subject at the left of the vertical line and the predicate at the right. Study the example below. Remember that capitalization stays the same as in the original sentence but that punctuation is not used. Example Is anyone listening? Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. anyone Is listening simple subject simple predicate EXERCISE 1 Diagram each sentence. 1. Hector has been exercising. 4. Hurry! 2. Did you forget? 5. Dr. Lee has been calling. 3. Ms. Alice Cummins interrupted. 6. Have guests been invited? Sentence Diagraming 3 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 2 Continued 7. Work! 8. Senator Adams will have retired. 9. Who called? 10. Did Aunt Emily go? EXERCISE 2 In each of these sentences, the simple subject and the verb are shown in boldface type. Diagram only the boldfaced simple subject and verb of each sentence. 4. At the end of the race, drink some water. 2. Were you planning to fix the broken window? 5. Plants of many kinds are sold at the garden center. 3. All year long, the Doans have been remodeling their old house near the seashore. 6. One of these statements is false. 4 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. Sleet is falling on the sidewalks and roads. Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 3 Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates I A simple sentence has only one main clause. That is, it has a single subject and a single predicate. Its diagram uses only one baseline. However, the subject or the predicate may have more than one part. If a simple sentence has a compound subject or predicate, its diagram still uses only one baseline. However, the baseline is forked at the appropriate side to make space for more than one part. Compound Subject A compound subject is made up of two or more simple subjects that are joined by a conjunction—such as and, but, or or—and have the same verb. The diagram for a sentence with a compound subject has a fork in the baseline at the left (subject) side of the vertical line. Draw parallel horizontal lines, one for each part of the subject. Connect the lines with a dotted vertical line at their right, and write the conjunction along that dotted line. Draw angled lines from both the top and bottom subject lines to join the stack to the baseline, as this example shows: Example Trucks and tractors raced. part 1 of compound subject Trucks part 2 of compound subject tractors conj. and raced verb If a correlative conjunction such as both . . . and or either . . . or is used, write one word of the conjunction on each side of the dotted line. Study this example: part 1 of compound subject trucks raced part 2 of compound subject conj. conj. and tractors Both Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Example Both trucks and tractors raced. verb EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Both Emma and Becky laughed. 3. Boaters and swimmers were rescued. 2. Was Phillip or Annette returning? 4. Either Jeremy or Mark was whispering. Sentence Diagraming 5 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 4 Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates II Compound Predicate A compound predicate (or compound verb) is made up of two or more verbs or verb phrases that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subject. The diagram for a sentence with a compound verb has a fork in the baseline at the right (verb) side of the vertical line. To diagram a sentence with a compound verb, draw a mirror image of the diagram for a compound subject. Look at the example below. Example Icicles gleamed but dripped. gleamed dripped conj. simple subject but Icicles part 1 of compound verb part 2 of compound verb If a helping verb is not repeated, write it on the baseline between the vertical line and the fork, as in the next example. Example Icicles were gleaming but dripping. gleaming simple subject dripping helping verb conj. were but Icicles part 1 of compound verb part 2 of compound verb EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 4. She either complains or criticizes. 2. Waves rose and fell. 5. Elaine paused but continued. 3. Stop and listen! 6. Skiers were slipping and falling. 6 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. Rex was growling and biting. Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 5 Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates III Compound Subject and Compound Predicate Some sentences have both compound subjects and compound verbs. The diagram for any of those sentences has a baseline that is forked on both ends, as in this example. Example Tracey and Donna strolled and shopped. part 1 of compound subject shopped part 2 of compound subject part 1 of compound verb conj. strolled conj. and Donna and Tracey part 2 of compound verb Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Nick and Lawanna swept and dusted. 5. Letters and packages were delivered and opened. 2. Tina and Mr. Lopez fished and talked. 6. Was Diane or Joan singing? 3. Did Ernie and you stop and look? 7. Mayor Axon visited and spoke. 4. Neither Midnight nor Belle the Cat scratches or bites. 8. Both Angela and Rudy have been traveling but will return. Sentence Diagraming 7 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 6 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I Verbs that express physical or mental action are called action verbs. Some action verbs are complete in themselves, but others pass their action on to other elements in the sentence. These elements are called the objects of the action verbs. Direct Object A transitive verb is an action verb that is followed by a word or words that answer the question what? or whom? Such words are called direct objects. Nouns, pronouns, and other words acting as nouns may be direct objects. To diagram a sentence with a direct object, place the direct object on the baseline to the right of its verb. Separate the object from the verb with a vertical line above the baseline only. Example I like picnics. I like picnics subject action verb direct object EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 5. Ants were bothering us. 2. Fran packed cookies. 6. Boys and girls played baseball. 3. Tony cooked hamburgers. 7. Both Max and I hit homers. 4. Did anyone bring napkins? 8. Has everyone had fun? 8 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. Everyone brought food. Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 7 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II Compound Direct Object If a verb has a compound direct object, the right end of the baseline, where the direct object belongs, is forked. To the right of the vertical line after the verb, draw parallel horizontal lines, one for each part of the compound object. Connect the lines with a dotted vertical line at their left. Write the conjunction along that line. Draw angled lines from both the top and bottom lines to join the stack to the baseline. Study this example. Example Herbert roasted both corn and potatoes. roasted part 1 of direct object subject potatoes action verb conj. conj. Herbert both and corn part 2 of direct object Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Parks have tables and benches. 5. We saw neither rain nor clouds. 2. You use either grills or campfires. 6. Danelle and Gina had prepared salads and rolls. 3. Did you drink juice or cola? 7. Mike ate both food and bugs. 4. Chang was swatting houseflies and mosquitoes. 8. Campers should bring bedrolls and tents. Sentence Diagraming 9 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 8 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III Indirect Object An indirect object answers the question to whom or what? or for whom or what? after an action verb. Almost always, a sentence with an indirect object also has a direct object. In the sentence, the indirect object appears between the verb and the direct object. To diagram a sentence with an indirect object, begin by diagraming the subject, verb, and direct object. Then draw a line that slants down from the baseline under the verb, bends, and extends horizontally to the right. Place the indirect object on the horizontal segment of the line, as in this example. Example Ranger O’Brien gives campers directions. Ranger O'Brien gives directions campers subject action verb direct object indirect object EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 4. Ms. Varsey told us stories. 2. He taught me birdcalls. 5. She handed everyone marshmallows. 3. We made ourselves dinner. 6. Roger lent Manny sunglasses. 10 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. Mr. Norris assigned us jobs. Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 9 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV Compound Verb with Direct and Indirect Objects In some sentences with a compound verb, all parts of the verb share a single direct object. To diagram such a sentence, connect the horizontal lines holding the verb parts to the baseline at both left and right, as shown below. Then extend the baseline at the right to hold the shared direct object. Example Campers examined and compared maps. part 1 of compound verb and Campers maps subject compared conj. examined direct object part 2 of compound verb The diagram shows that the campers both examined maps and compared maps. In other sentences with a compound verb, a direct or an indirect object completes only one part of the verb. To diagram that type of sentence, connect the object(s) with only one verb part, as in this example. Example Steve drew maps and made us copies. maps subject made copies Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. us conj. Steve and drew part 1 of compound verb direct object part 2 of compound verb direct object indirect object EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Make sure that each direct or indirect object is related to the correct verb or verb part. 1. Rangers led hikes and gave hikers advice. 2. Campers collected and buried leftovers. Sentence Diagraming 11 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 9 Continued 3. Food can attract bears and bring campers problems. 4. Weather can help or hurt vacationers. 5. Rain gives plants nourishment but can dampen spirits. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6. Have you camped or visited parks? 12 Sentence Diagraming Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 10 Adjectives and Adverbs I In addition to nouns, pronouns, and verbs, many sentences use modifiers. The two types of modifiers are adjectives and adverbs. Adjectives An adjective is a word that modifies, or describes, a noun or pronoun. An adjective can tell what kind, which one, how many, or how much. Examples include strong, this, three, and less. The articles a, an, and the are also adjectives. In addition, possessive nouns and pronouns can be considered adjectives because they describe nouns. Examples of possessive nouns are children’s, adults’, and Mrs. Dean’s. Possessive pronouns include our, your, his, and her. In the example below, every adjective is underlined. Any noun or pronoun in a sentence may be modified by one or more adjectives. To diagram a sentence with adjectives, place each adjective on a slant line below the word it modifies. If more than one adjective modifies the same word, place the modifiers from left to right in the order in which they appear in the sentence. Example Lucy’s older brother oiled her squeaky bicycle wheel. brother oiled subject wheel verb ct iv e e e iv iv ct ct je je ad ad je e e iv e y iv ct ct je je ad ad ad cl ak cy r ’s r ue bi sq de cy he ol Lu 3 2 1 2 1 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. direct object EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Those happy fans watched a great race. 2. Did the famous cyclist win first prize? Sentence Diagraming 13 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 10 Continued 3. Many enthusiastic people attended that recent event. 4. My cousin enjoys extreme sports. 5. That adventurous teenager climbs steep mountains. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6. Tough triathlons attract him. 7. Dangerous activities give him memorable thrills. 14 Sentence Diagraming Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 11 Adjectives and Adverbs II Adverbs An adverb is a word that modifies, or describes, a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs answer the questions when?, where?, how?, and to what extent? In the examples below, the adverbs are underlined. To diagram a sentence with one or more adverbs, place each adverb on a slant line below the word it modifies. Adverbs Modifying Verbs In a sentence, an adverb that modifies a verb may appear either before or after the verb. It may be separated from the verb by other words or phrases. In these examples, the adverb often takes two different positions. However, because often modifies hosts in both sentences, the diagrams of the sentences are the same. When diagraming a sentence in which two or more adverbs modify the verb, place the adverbs under the verb in the order they appear in the sentence. Example My family often hosts parties. My family hosts parties often. family hosts parties subject direct object verb ad iv rb ct ve je n y te ad of M e Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Cold winds howled noisily. 4. Soon, everyone was seated comfortably. 2. The Dawsons greeted their guests warmly. 5. Had the Lopezes been there before? 3. Immediately, they hurried the guests inside. 6. The visit ended early. Sentence Diagraming 15 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 12 Adjectives and Adverbs III Adverbs That Modify Other Modifiers A single sentence may have both kinds of modifiers, with adjectives modifying nouns and pronouns, and adverbs modifying verbs. Example Watchful explorers choose their paths carefully. explorers choose subject paths direct object verb ad je ve ct iv e e iv rb ct fu lly ch fu r je ei re ad ad th ca at W l Also, the sentence may have other adverbs modifying these modifiers. To diagram an adverb that modifies an adjective or another adverb shown on a slant line, write the additional adverb on a slant line parallel to but slightly lower than the slant line of the word modified. Connect the two lines with a short horizontal line at the top of the lower slant line. In this example, the adverbs very and extremely modify the adjective watchful and the adverb carefully. Example Very watchful explorers choose their paths extremely carefully. explorers choose subject paths direct object verb ad je iv rb e rb e ve ct ve ad iv el rb lly l m ve ct ad fu r je ad ad ei re fu y tre ch r Ve ex at th ca w y Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Alarmingly thick bushes blocked the path almost everywhere. 2. The travelers looked about rather wearily. 16 Sentence Diagraming Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 12 Continued 3. Extremely sharp hatchets cleared a path remarkably fast. 4. The usually energetic leader walked exceedingly slowly. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5. The group was entering a particularly dangerous area. 6. Suddenly, the least courageous member yelled shockingly loudly. Sentence Diagraming 17 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 13 Adjectives and Adverbs IV Modifiers with Compound Subjects, Verbs, and Objects In a sentence with a compound subject, verb, or object, a modifier may describe one part of the compound element or all parts. What the modifier describes affects where it is placed in the diagram. In the first example below, immediately modifies blew. In the second example, immediately modifies both verb parts. See how the diagrams differ. Examples The leader turned and immediately blew a whistle. The leader immediately turned and blew a whistle. part 1 of compound verb turned ad e whistle je Th blew conj. subject and leader direct object part 2 of compound verb ct ad ct e ia iv ed rb m ve je e ad iv a im te ly part 1 of compound verb turned ad part 2 of compound verb direct object e ad rb iv iv ly ct te je ia a ed ct ve whistle je blew conj. subject ad m e im Th and leader e EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. The cowardly explorer shivered suddenly and fainted. 3. Both the book and its sequel sold well. 2. Scary stories always frighten and delight me. 4. The story fascinated adventurous teens and adults. 18 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. If a modifier modifies only one part of the compound element, place it under that part of the fork. If the modifier modifies all parts, place it under the shared baseline. Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 14 Subject Complements I A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of the sentence with a word or phrase describing or identifying the subject. The most common linking verb is to be. Other linking verbs are appear, sound, and feel. The word or phrase linked to the subject is called a subject complement. There are two kinds of subject complements: predicate nouns and predicate adjectives. They are diagramed the same way. Predicate Noun A predicate noun is a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames or further identifies the subject. It may be modified by adjectives. To diagram a sentence with a predicate noun, place the noun or pronoun on the baseline to the right of the linking verb. Draw a slant line between the verb and the predicate noun that ends at the baseline. Example A parrot can be a good pet. parrot can be subject linking verb predicate noun ct iv e e e iv iv ct ct je je ad ad je od ad go A pet a Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Kiwi is a yellow cockatiel. 3. Parrots are popular pets. 2. Cockatiels are parrots. 4. How long has Kiwi been Frank’s pet? Sentence Diagraming 19 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 15 Subject Complements II Predicate Adjective A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and further describes the subject. It may be modified by adverbs. To diagram a sentence with a predicate adjective, place the adjective on the baseline to the right of the linking verb. Draw a slant line between the verb and the predicate adjective that ends at the baseline. Example Many parrots are quite clever. linking verb predicate adjective ad rb iv y ct ve je an subject ite M clever ad are qu parrots e EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 4. Kiwi seems smart. 2. Kiwi appears happy. 5. Are her tricks difficult? 3. Her birdcage is rather large. 6. Kiwi’s owner feels extremely fortunate. 20 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. Frank’s cockatiel is very friendly. Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 16 Subject Complements III Compound Subject Complements Both predicate nouns and predicate adjectives may have compound parts. The diagram of a sentence with a compound subject complement has a baseline that is forked at the right of the slant line. Study these examples. Examples Today, our major parties are Republicans and Democrats. The parties’ history is quite long and colorful. part 1 of comp. predicate noun parties linking verb subject ad ve part 2 of comp. predicate noun rb e e or iv iv ct ct je je ad ad Democrats ay aj r d To m ou and are conj. Republicans part 1 of comp. predicate adj. long subject ad ve part 2 of comp. predicate adj. rb e iv ct je ad tive c je es ite colorful linking verb ad qu r ti e pa Th and is conj. history ’ In the second example, note how the adverb quite, which modifies both parts of the compound predicate adjective, is connected to the baseline before the fork. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Decide first whether the sentence has a subject complement or a direct object, and use a slant or straight line, as appropriate, to separate that word from the verb. 1. Political cartoons can be both funny and meaningful. 2. Their messages may be timely but durable. Sentence Diagraming 21 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 16 Continued 3. Teddy Roosevelt was both a strong president and a memorable public figure. 4. One cartoon showed Teddy and a cute bear. 5. The teddy bear is still popular and lovable. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6. Wartime political cartoons are often critical or inspirational. 22 Sentence Diagraming Simple Sentences with Phrases Lesson 17 Appositives and Appositive Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Appositives and appositive phrases Lesson 18 Prepositional Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Lesson 19 Prepositional Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Lesson 20 Prepositional Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Used as adjectives Used as adverbs Used to modify other prepositional phrases Lesson 21 Participles and Participial Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Participles Lesson 22 Participles and Participial Phrases II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Lesson 23 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Lesson 24 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Participial phrases Used as subjects Used as direct objects Lesson 25 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Used as predicate nouns Lesson 26 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Lesson 27 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Lesson 28 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Used as objects of prepositions Used as adjectives Used as adverbs Lesson 29 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Used as subjects Lesson 30 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Lesson 31 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Used as direct objects Used as predicate nouns Sentence Diagraming 23 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 17 Appositives and Appositive Phrases An appositive is a noun or pronoun that identifies another noun or pronoun in the sentence. Any noun or pronoun may have an appositive. To diagram a sentence with an appositive, place the appositive immediately after the word it identifies, and set it off in parentheses. Example A California stagecoach driver, Charley Parkhurst, had a secret. driver (Charley Parkhurst) had secret (appos.) subject verb dir. object ad ad je ct iv e e e e iv iv iv ct ct ct je je je ad ad a h ia ac rn co ifo ge al sta C A Example Legends describe that colorful character, Charley Parkhurst. Legends describe character (Charley Parkhurst) subj. verb dir. object (appos.) ad ct e e iv l iv ct r fu je je ad lo at co th An appositive phrase is composed of an appositive and all the words that modify it. To diagram a sentence with an appositive phrase, write the appositive within parentheses immediately after the word identified, and place the modifiers on slant lines under the appositive rather than under the word identified. Example Parkhurst, a fearless driver, could handle almost any horse. could handle horse subj. (appositive) verb dir. obj. ad ct iv t rb e e e iv iv ve ct ct ad je je je ad os ss m le al ar y ad an fe a EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Charley Parkhurst was really Charlotte Parkhurst, an orphan. 2. Fifteen-year-old Charlotte, a tall, strong girl, left an unfriendly orphanage. 24 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Parkhurst (driver) Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 17 Continued 3. She took a man’s job, stable hand. 4. She also took a man’s name, Charley. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5. Charley, the pretend man, became the first woman voter. 6. Her one vice, tobacco, gave Charley cancer. 7. Death finally revealed her secret, her womanhood. Sentence Diagraming 25 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 18 Prepositional Phrases I A preposition is a word that indicates how a noun or pronoun relates to some other word in its sentence. Examples include before, throughout, and with. Some prepositions are made up of more than one word, such as in front of and except for. A prepositional phrase is made up of a preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object. Examples of prepositional phrases are “before the storm,” “during heavy rain,” and “in front of an old barn.” Prepositional phrases may act as adjectives or as adverbs. Used as Adjectives To diagram a prepositional phrase used as an adjective, place the preposition on a slant line below the noun or pronoun modified. Place the object of the preposition on a horizontal line connected to the slant line and lying at its right. The slant line should extend slightly beyond the horizontal line. If the object of the preposition has modifiers, write them on slant lines below the object. Example Most people in Emma’s class like rock music. people music like verb direct object ad ct ct t iv e iti e os iv ep je pr je ck ad ro os in M class subject on Em m s a’ object of preposition ad je ct iv e Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Posters throughout the city announced the rock concert. 2. Holders of particular tickets would also receive passes to backstage areas. 26 Sentence Diagraming Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 18 Continued 3. Will you get tickets for the show? 4. Spotlights in many different colors lit the stage. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5. The loudspeakers behind my ears blared announcements about souvenirs. 6. Could you see the drummer with long blond hair? Sentence Diagraming 27 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 19 Prepositional Phrases II Used as Adverbs A prepositional phrase used as an adverb is diagramed the same way as one used as an adjective. Study this model of a prepositional phrase used to modify a verb. The preposition is placed on the slant line and its object is placed on the adjoining horizontal line. Note that the phrase is placed beneath the verb modified. Example The science lab was displayed on Parents’ Night. lab subject was displayed pr ad ep je je on e e iti iv iv e os ct ct nc e ie ad on sc Th Parents’ Night verb object of preposition If the prepositional phrase modifies only one part of a compound element, place it under that part only. Otherwise, the slant line begins beneath the shared baseline. Example On that night, my mother came and saw the school. part 1 of compound verb subject pr ep part 2 of compound verb direct object . e obj. of prep. j. th n night ad O school j. y saw ad m and mother conj. came Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. j. at ad th As shown above, a prepositional phrase used as an adverb does not always immediately follow the verb. You can identify a phrase used as an adverb if it answers this question: When, where, or how does or did the action occur? EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Before Parents’ Night, we practiced our experiments. 2. Mrs. Sanchez wrote precise instructions on the chalkboard. 28 Sentence Diagraming Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 19 Continued 3. Turtles and frogs crawled over the aquarium rocks. 4. A gray mouse slept quietly inside a cardboard tube. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5. The teams performed the experiments with great care. 6. We recorded data and observations in our lab notebooks. Sentence Diagraming 29 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 20 Prepositional Phrases III Used to Modify Other Prepositional Phrases A prepositional phrase that modifies another prepositional phrase is diagramed like any other prepositional phrase. Simply place the phrase beneath the object of the prepositional phrase that is modified. Study this example. Example Boaters in canoes raced down the river through the Scout camp. Boaters subject raced pr . obj. of prep. ep river . n ep w pr do in canoes verb obj. of prep. pr ad . ug ep j. ro e th th h camp obj. of prep. ad j. j. ad ou e Sc th t In this example, the prepositional phrase “down the river” tells where the boaters raced, so it is placed under the verb raced. The prepositional phrase “through the Scout camp” tells which river, so it is placed under the object of the first phrase, river. Any sentence may contain a series of prepositional phrases. Be sure to determine which word is modified by each phrase, and place each phrase under the word it modifies. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. The race was held on a day with threats of rain. 2. Danny rowed with a winner of the previous race. 30 Sentence Diagraming Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 20 Continued 3. Near the end of the race, dark clouds filled the sky. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4. Danny and his partner sped to the goal at the fork in the river. 5. Immediately, the rowers in all of the other boats stopped. Sentence Diagraming 31 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 21 Participles and Participial Phrases I Not all verb forms function in sentences as verbs. A participle is a verb form that functions in a sentence as an adjective. Participles may be either present or past. Present participles end in –ing. Most past participles end in –ed, but some have irregular forms. Participles To diagram a sentence that includes a participle, first identify the word that the participle modifies. Draw a line that slants down from that word, bends, and extends horizontally to the right. Write the participle on the line, curving it in the angle of the line, as shown in this example. Example Growling, the monster charged the wounded hero. charged monster hero verb subject direct object j. a r ti p ad j. c i ple ad a r ti p e o u n ded w th e r o w li n g th G c i ple Irregular participles such as risen or caught may not be recognized easily. Remember that any verb form used as an adjective is a participle. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. The hero swung a broken branch at the creature. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2. Defeated, the monster fled from the relieved fighter. 3. The satisfied crowd soon left the crowded theater. 32 Sentence Diagraming Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 22 Participles and Participial Phrases II Participial Phrases As a form of verbs, participles may take direct objects, indirect objects, predicate nouns, and predicate adjectives. They may also be modified by adverbs and prepositional phrases. A participial phrase is made up of a participle, any complements it may have, and all words and phrases that modify the participle and its complements. To diagram a participial phrase, first diagram the participle on its bent line. Then diagram any objects, complements, and modifiers in the phrase, adding them to the bent line of the participle. Be sure to place every modifier under the correct element of the participial phrase. Example Cheerfully whistling a tune, Jacob walked to the store. walked Jacob ep . ci ple dir. obj. of participle obj. of preposition j. j. v. he ad a C ad ad a r ti p e tune store th tli n g pr to w h is verb subject er fu lly Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Participial phrases can occur almost anywhere in a sentence. Be sure to identify which word is modified by each participial phrase, and diagram the phrase so that the participle extends below that word. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Looking over his shoulder, Jacob spotted a large dog. 2. The dog, barking furiously, chased the frightened boy. Sentence Diagraming 33 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 22 Continued 3. Thinking quickly, Jacob jumped over a fence. 4. The confused dog stopped, giving the exhausted boy a rest. 5. Surprised, he noticed the dog’s wagging tail. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6. Jacob, holding his breath, opened the gate. 34 Sentence Diagraming Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 23 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I A gerund is a verb form that ends in -ing and is used in a sentence as a noun. A gerund phrase is made up of a gerund, its complements, and all modifiers of the gerund and its complements. Gerunds and gerund phrases may be used in sentences wherever nouns may be used. In a diagram, a gerund is written in a curved shape over a line with a step. The stepped line lies at the top of a “stilt,” and the stilt is placed where you would put a noun or pronoun used as the gerund is used. Used as Subjects To diagram a gerund or a gerund phrase used as a subject, place a stilt on the baseline where the subject usually lies. Draw a stepped line above the stilt and curve the gerund itself over the step. Then diagram any objects, complements, and modifiers of the gerund phrase, adding these elements to the stepped line. Example Giving speeches frightens some people. Givin g geru nd speeches frightens people direct object of gerund verb direct object j. m ad so e Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Jogging tires me quickly. 2. Hearing that joke reminds me of a funny story. Sentence Diagraming 35 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 24 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II Used as Direct Objects To diagram a sentence with a gerund or gerund phrase as a direct object, draw a stilt on the baseline where the direct object is usually placed. Draw a stepped line, as shown here, above the stilt. Curve the gerund over the step. Add any complements or modifiers in the gerund phrase to the stepped line. Example Armando enjoys solving difficult riddles. solvin g geru nd riddles cu subject verb j. ffi enjoys ad di Armando direct object of gerund lt Both gerunds and present participles end in –ing. However, gerunds act as nouns, while participles act as adjectives. Test for gerunds by asking this question: Can the verb form be replaced with the pronoun it? If so, that verb form is a gerund. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. My whole family enjoyed watching the fireworks display. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2. I remember being lifted by my father for a better view. 36 Sentence Diagraming Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 25 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III Used as Predicate Nouns To diagram a sentence with a gerund or gerund phrase as a predicate noun, place a stilt on the baseline where the predicate noun belongs, following a slant line. Draw a stepped line above the stilt. Curve the gerund over the step, and add any other words of the gerund phrase to the stepped line. Study this example. Example My least favorite chore has always been washing windows. washi ng chore geru nd windows has been subject dir. obj. of gerund linking verb ad v. j. s ad j. ay ad w t v. e as rit le vo y ad al fa M EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Use the correct line before each gerund—straight or slanted—to indicate whether it is used as a direct object or as a predicate noun. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. The first step of any job is finding the right tools. 2. The tired workers stopped doing their best. 3. Elena’s hobby was repairing dolls. Sentence Diagraming 37 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 26 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV Used as Objects of Prepositions To diagram a sentence with a gerund or gerund phrase as the object of a preposition, prepare space for the gerund by drawing a long slant line for that preposition. Then place a stilt on the horizontal line where the object of the preposition belongs, and draw a stepped line above the stilt. Curve the gerund over the step itself. Add any complements and modifiers of the gerund phrase to the stepped line. Study this example. Example The people cheered us for entertaining them. people cheered us subject verb dir. obj. pr ep r them j. fo e ing ad Th entert a in gerun d dir. obj. of gerund . Whenever you find a gerund in a sentence to be diagramed, mentally replace it with the pronoun it and decide where you would place that pronoun in a diagram. Then place the gerund or gerund phrase on a stilt in that position. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Decide first how each gerund is used, and place the stilt for the gerund in the correct place. 1. You win this game by popping five balloons. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2. The library has a policy against talking loudly. 3. Marsha dreams of competing in the Olympics. 38 Sentence Diagraming Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 26 Continued 4. I found the instructions for assembling the unit. 5. Skiing in Colorado has been extremely enjoyable. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6. Maynard’s habit of finding lost coins is uncanny. 7. Tutoring younger children prepares you for becoming a teacher. Sentence Diagraming 39 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 27 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I An infinitive is a verb form that matches the base form of a verb and is usually preceded by the word to. An example is “to tell.” An infinitive phrase is made up of an infinitive, its complements, and any modifiers of the infinitive and its complements. An example is “to tell a friend the news.” Infinitives and infinitive phrases can be used in sentences as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns. Used as Adjectives Infinitives or infinitive phrases used as adjectives are diagramed in the same way as prepositional phrases are. Write the word to on a slant line below the noun or pronoun modified by the infinitive. Write the base form of the verb on a horizontal line drawn to the right of the slant line, near its lower end. Study this example. Examples Band members announced their decision to tour again. members announced decision subject verb “t o” j. j. ad ad r nd ei to th Ba tour dir. obj. infinitive (base form) ai v. n ad ag The infinitive phrase “to tour again” tells what kind of decision. It acts as an adjective modifying decision. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. The audience shouted demands to play favorite songs. 2. On tour, musicians need the ability to sleep at odd hours. 3. An overnight bag to hold essential items is a necessity. 40 Sentence Diagraming Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 28 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II Used as Adverbs Infinitives or infinitive phrases used as adjectives and those used as adverbs are diagramed in the same way. Write the word to on a slant line below the word modified by the infinitive. Write the base form of the verb on a horizontal line drawn to the right of the slant line, near its lower end. Here is an example. Examples Eager fans competed to buy tickets to the show. subject competed fans o” j. ge tickets “t ad to Ea buy verb r infinitive to dir. obj. of infinitive pr show ep . th e obj. of prep. ad j. In the example, the infinitive phrase “to buy tickets” tells how or why the fans competed. It acts as an adverb, modifying competed. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. To get closer to the stage, some audience members pushed others. 2. Guards at the auditorium worked to prevent injuries. 3. The band played two encores to show their appreciation. Sentence Diagraming 41 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 29 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases III Used as Subjects To diagram a sentence with an infinitive or infinitive phrase used as a noun, first identify its role in the sentence. If the phrase is used as a subject, draw a stilt on the baseline where the subject belongs. Next, draw a horizontal line above the stilt, and a short slant line at the left of that horizontal line, as in the example below. Write the word to on the slant line, and the base form of the verb on the horizontal line. (Make sure the verb form is directly above the stilt.) Add complements and modifiers in the infinitive phrase to the horizontal line. Study this example. Examples To build the largest ship was the engineer’s goal. o" "T To build ship infinitive dir. obj. of infinitive j. j. ad ad rg e la th es t was verb goal pred. noun gi e en th ne er ’s EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. In good weather, to ride a bike to school saves time. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2. To buy a secondhand bike was a wise decision. 3. To change this tire will take twenty minutes. 42 Sentence Diagraming Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 30 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases IV Used as Direct Objects To diagram a sentence with an infinitive or infinitive phrase used as a direct object, draw a stilt on the baseline where the direct object belongs. Next, draw a horizontal line above the stilt, and a short slant line at the left of that horizontal line. See the example below. Write the word to on the slant line, and the base form of the verb on the horizontal line. (Place the verb form directly above the stilt.) Add complements and modifiers in the infinitive phrase to the horizontal line. In this example, the infinitive phrase is the direct object of the sentence. Examples Jean asked me to go with her. “t o” to go infinitive subject me verb . her ep ith asked pr w Jean object of prep. indirect object EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. Callers to the station asked to hear your song. 2. The child refused to eat broccoli. 3. None of my friends can afford to buy every new video game. Sentence Diagraming 43 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 31 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases V Used as Predicate Nouns An infinitive or infinitive phrase used as a predicate noun is diagramed the same way as one used as a direct object, except that it follows a slant line after the verb rather than a vertical line. Study this example. Note where the word to and the base form of the verb are placed. Examples Dean’s long-range plan is to run his own business. o” n ow s infinitive dir. obj. of inf. hi is business “t to plan run subject verb ad j. -ra ’s j. ng an ad lo De ng e EXERCISE Identify the role of the infinitive or infinitive phrase in each sentence, and then diagram the sentence. 1. Alicia’s hobby is to ride trail horses. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2. The purpose of this booklet is to explain pet licenses. 3. To stick to the exact truth took courage. 44 Sentence Diagraming Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 31 Continued 4. Everybody wanted to see the parade. 5. One aim of the campaign is to raise awareness of this disease. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6. To increase sales at the store will not be easy. 7. Your first step is to notify the police of the theft. Sentence Diagraming 45 Compound and Complex Sentences Lesson 32 Compound Sentences I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Clauses connected by a semicolon Lesson 33 Compound Sentences II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Lesson 34 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Lesson 35 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Clauses connected by a conjunction Adjective clauses introduced by relative pronouns Adverb clauses that modify verbs Lesson 36 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Used as subjects Lesson 37 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Lesson 38 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Lesson 39 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Used as direct objects Introduced by that Used as objects of prepositions Lesson 40 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Used as predicate nouns Sentence Diagraming 47 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 32 Compound Sentences I A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a part of a sentence. A main, or independent, clause can also stand alone in a simple sentence. A subordinate, or dependent, clause cannot stand alone. A compound sentence has two or more main clauses and no subordinate clauses. The clauses are joined by a semicolon or by a comma and a conjunction. In a diagram of a compound sentence, each independent clause is diagramed separately; then the clauses are connected. The type of connection used depends on whether the clauses are joined by a semicolon or a conjunction. Clauses Connected by a Semicolon When two main clauses in a compound sentence are joined by a semicolon, first diagram the clauses separately in the order in which they appear in the sentence. Then draw a vertical dotted line between the verbs of the clauses, as shown here. Example Folktales are always popular; you have probably heard many of them. Folktales are popular verb MAIN CLAUSE #2 verb al MAIN CLAUSE #1 w ay s you have heard many of pr ob them ab ly EXERCISE Diagram each compound sentence. 1. Some folktales have been told for generations; many different versions exist. 2. In many tales, animals talk; they stand for humans. 48 Sentence Diagraming Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 32 Continued Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3. In some tales, the animals are wise; in others, they are foolish or selfish. 4. Writers in various countries have made collections of folktales; the Grimm brothers are among these writers. Sentence Diagraming 49 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 33 Compound Sentences II Clauses Connected by a Conjunction When the main clauses in a compound sentence are connected by a conjunction such as and, but, or or, first diagram each clause separately. Next, write the conjunction on a solid horizontal line between the two main clauses. Last, draw vertical dotted lines to connect that solid line to the verb of each clause, as shown in this example. Example Do you like scary stories, or do they give you nightmares? you Do like stories MAIN CLAUSE #1 verb sc do give nightmares conj. y ar they or MAIN CLAUSE #2 verb you EXERCISE Diagram each compound sentence. 1. In very old English tales, Grendel was a terrible monster, and his mother was equally horrible. 50 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2. Grendel terrorized the countryside, but finally the hero Beowulf stopped him. Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 33 Continued 3. In the Odyssey, Scylla and Charybdis were monstrous neighbors, and sailors feared them. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4. Scylla tore ships apart, or Charybdis pulled them and their crews underwater. Sentence Diagraming 51 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 34 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as part of a sentence. A main, or independent, clause can stand alone in a simple sentence. A subordinate, or dependent, clause cannot stand alone. There are three types of subordinate clauses: adjective, adverb, and noun clauses. A complex sentence has one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. The diagram of a complex sentence depends on the type of subordinate clause it includes. Adjective Clauses Introduced by Relative Pronouns An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun in the main clause. Most adjective clauses are introduced by relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, that, and which). Always begin the diagram of a complex sentence by diagraming the independent clause, even if it comes second in the sentence. Then diagram the subordinate clause separately, placing it below the main clause. Finally, connect the two clauses. To connect a main clause and an adjective clause that begins with a relative pronoun, draw a dotted line between the introductory pronoun and the word in the main clause that the adjective clause modifies. Study this example. Example Geologists are scientists who study rocks. Geologists are study rocks MAIN CLAUSE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE modified noun relative pronoun EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. Evidence that is found in rocks shows changes in the earth. 2. Information about the center of the earth is found in lava, which is rock from volcanoes. 52 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. who scientists Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 34 Continued 3. Valerie, who is the daughter of a geologist, shares his love of rocks. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4. She also learns about the field from other geologists who work with her father. Sentence Diagraming 53 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 35 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II Adverb Clauses That Modify Verbs An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb in the main clause. Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions such as these: after, before, because, as, as if, as soon as, in order that, until, although, when, where, and whenever. An adverb clause that modifies a main clause verb usually tells when, where, how, or why. To diagram a complex sentence with an adverb clause modifying a verb, first diagram the main clause, even if it comes second in the sentence. Next, diagram the adverb clause, placing it below the main clause. Connect the clauses with a dotted line that begins under the modified verb in the main clause and slants down to the verb in the adverb clause. Last, write the conjunction on the dotted line. Study this example. Example Although land on Earth looks solid, the continents are actually moving. continents are moving MAIN CLAUSE modified verb ac co nj ly gh . ou al th tu e Al th land looks solid ADVERB CLAUSE verb on Earth Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Notice that the sentence begins with the adverb clause, but the diagram begins with the main clause. The adverb clause “Although land on Earth looks solid” modifies are moving. EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. Continents move because massive plates under them shift. 2. Where two plates collide, land on one plate may push over the other. 54 Sentence Diagraming Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 35 Continued 3. If you could watch the collision for millions of years, you would see the growth of a mountain. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4. When two plates pull away from each other suddenly, an earthquake results. Sentence Diagraming 55 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 36 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun. Noun clauses may be used wherever nouns are used. Some noun clauses are introduced by pronouns such as who, whom, and whatever. Others are introduced by adverbs such as how, where, and why. Unlike adjective and adverb clauses, a noun clause is a part of the main clause. It is diagramed within the main clause. How this is done depends on how the noun clause is used in the sentence. Used as Subjects To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as the subject, first draw a diagram frame for the main clause. Draw a stilt on the baseline where the subject belongs. On top of the stilt, draw a second baseline. Diagram the noun clause on that baseline, placing the verb of the noun clause immediately above the stilt. Study these examples. Example Whatever you decide is fine. you decide Whatever fine is NOUN CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE Example How we get there is your problem. we get NOUN CLAUSE er e ow Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. th H is MAIN CLAUSE problem yo ur EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. Whoever made this pottery did a good job. 2. When the plane will actually depart has not yet been announced. 56 Sentence Diagraming Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 36 Continued 3. How a room is furnished affects its noise level. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4. What the detective discovered about her client raised new questions. 5. Why rust forms on metal is easily explained. Sentence Diagraming 57 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 37 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II Used as Direct Objects To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as direct object, begin with a diagram frame for the main clause. Fill in the subject, the verb, and a vertical line to separate the verb from the object. Then draw a stilt on the main clause baseline where the object belongs. On top of the stilt, draw a second baseline. Use that baseline to diagram the noun clause, placing the verb of the noun clause immediately above the stilt, as shown in the following example. Example Mr. Denton taught us how plants make sugar. make plants sugar ho w Mr. Denton NOUN CLAUSE NOUN CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE taught us EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. The engineers finally discovered who caused the oil spill. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2. At the buffet, take whatever you want. 3. That dog licks whomever it meets. 58 Sentence Diagraming Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 38 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III Introduced by That The word that is a special introductory word. It often appears before a noun clause, but it doesn’t always have to. In this example, the noun clause has no introductory word. Example Everyone says time travel is impossible. travel is impossible tim MAIN CLAUSE e Everyone NOUN CLAUSE says A noun clause may begin with the word that. Usually, however, that introduces a noun clause without being part of it—as in the example below. To diagram a complex sentence in which that only introduces a noun clause, write that on its own solid line above the verb of the noun clause. Draw a vertical dotted line from that to the verb of the noun clause. Example Everyone says that time travel is impossible. “that” that travel is impossible NOUN CLAUSE tim e Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. MAIN CLAUSE Everyone says EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. The police officer claimed the car had been speeding. 2. That I could even surf was incredible. Sentence Diagraming 59 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 38 Continued 3. The reporter noted that Rocky fouled fourteen pitches in a row. 4. We regret that we arrived late. 5. That the club has powerful members gives it influence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6. We hope you will get well soon. 60 Sentence Diagraming Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 39 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV Used as Objects of Prepositions To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as the object of a preposition, first diagram the other elements of the main clause. Under the word modified by the prepositional phrase involving the noun clause, draw a long slant line for the preposition. Place a stilt on the horizontal line where the object of the preposition belongs, and draw a second baseline on top of the stilt. Finally, diagram the noun phrase on the second baseline. Study this example. Example Terry made a list of whatever supplies we needed. Terry made list a we needed supplies w of ha te ve r MAIN CLAUSE NOUN CLAUSE NOUN CLAUSE EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. Give this fruit to whoever wants it. 2. Researchers were puzzled by how cave dwellers had made paintings on the cave wall. Sentence Diagraming 61 Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 39 Continued 3. I read a book about how organic food is grown. 4. Your school work is affected by how late you stay up at night. 5. The kitten ran to whoever rang the bell. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6. Despite what her stepmother told her, Cinderella had hope. 62 Sentence Diagraming Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ 40 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V Used as Predicate Nouns To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as a predicate noun, first diagram the subject and verb of the main clause. Then draw a slant line after the verb to separate it from the predicate noun. Place a stilt on the main clause baseline where the predicate noun belongs. On top of the stilt, draw a second baseline. Diagram the noun clause on that baseline. Study this example. Example A long vacation is what you need. you vacation need is what NOUN CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE lo A ng EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. Tomorrow is when we leave. 2. This hammer is what I need for my construction project. 3. My wish is that I can visit a kelp forest someday. Sentence Diagraming 63 9. Who PART I Lesson 1 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I 10. Aunt Emily 1. Dolphins (you) Wait 1. Sleet 2. (you) Turn 2. you 3. Tiffany 3. Doans 4. 4. (you) 5. Plants 6. One Exercise 2 jogs Exercise 1 1. Hector 2. you 3. Ms. Alice Cummins 4. (you) 5. Dr. Lee has been exercising is falling Were planning have been remodeling drink are sold is Did forget interrupted Lesson 3 Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates I Emma Becky Both and 1. Hurry or guests laughed Phillip has been calling 2. 6. Did go swim Lesson 2 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II Was returning Annette Have been invited Boaters 7. (you) Work and Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. called 3. were rescued swimmers 8. Senator Adams will have retired Jeremy Mark Sentence Diagraming Either or 4. was whispering 65 Ernie you growling Midnight Waves and 2. Belle the Cat delivered opened packages Stop and Diane listen complains either or She Was singing or 6. 4. were and 5. (you) Joan visited criticizes 7. Mayor Axon paused Elaine spoke but 5. bites Letters fell 3. or 4. rose Neither nor biting scratches and was look and Rex and 1. Did and 3. stop and Lesson 4 Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates II Angela have been traveling continued Rudy Skiers were falling Lesson 5 Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates III Nick and 1. and swept dusted Lawanna Tina 66 and Mr. Lopez and 2. fished talked will return Lesson 6 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I brought food 1. Everyone 2. Fran packed cookies 3. Tony cooked hamburgers 4. anyone 5. Ants Did bring napkins were bothering us Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6. and slipping but Both and 8. food Boys 7. ate Mike both and baseball played and 6. girls bugs bedrolls Max I 8. fun Has had everyone 8. 1. 2. and 1. use either or You Mr. Norris assigned He taught birdcalls me 3. We made dinner ourselves campfires 4. Ms. Varsey told Did drink 5. or you She handed was swatting and Chang marshmallows everyone houseflies 6. Roger lent sunglasses Manny mosquitoes 5. We saw neither nor rain clouds salads 6. had prepared Gina Sentence Diagraming and Danelle and Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. cola 4. stories us juice 3. jobs benches grills 2. tents us tables have should bring Lesson 8 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III Lesson 7 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II Parks Campers and homers hit Both and 7. rolls 67 3. people re at ce th nt ia y us an sti Rangers and c 1. hikes event th M led attended en Lesson 9 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV gave advice 4. cousin enjoys sports ex y tre M hikers m e collected Campers and 2. leftovers teenager climbs mountains ep nt at ve ste ad Th buried 5. ur bears bring problems ou attract s can Food and 3. 6. triathlons 7. activities him u To campers attract gh help Weather vacationers give thrills em him nourishment plants Rain Lesson 11 Adjectives and Adverbs II but 5. s gives spirits 1. winds parks 2. Dawsons 3. they 4. everyone howled no C or visited ly Have d you isi ol camped r m ly hurried guests th e ed sid e in m t y e pp os ea Im gr a cyclist race ei ar e watched ha 2. Th fans th w Th Lesson 10 Adjectives and Adverbs I 1. guests greeted ia te ly Did win prize fir st m e fa th ou was seated fo on m So co s r ta bl y 68 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. can dampen 6. le ou ab er or ng hurt m or can Da 4. 5. Lopezes Had been Lesson 13 Adjectives and Adverbs IV e e fo er be th th shivered re su dd explorer and 1. ly ended en ar e rly e w Th ea Th dl fainted y Lesson 12 Adjectives and Adverbs III bushes blocked path 2. me y ay ar w delight s he gl re in t m os yw m ar y book 3. el l ea its er y th ril t ra ou path fa a sh cleared sold w sequel w ab e hatchets e looked Both and th travelers Th 3. al Sc e er al k Al ic th ev th 2. stories and 1. frighten teens st story fascinated ad e adults ve Th nt ur y y bl el ka m ar tre m p re ar Ex 4. and visit co 6. ou leader walked w ly ce ed lly tic ua ge ex er us e slo en Th in gl y 5. group area was entering da a la s cu ou r ti er pa e ng Th rly Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. s 4. 6. member yelled lo Su ud oc ng ly us ki en ly sh dd t eo as ag le ur e co th ly Sentence Diagraming 69 Lesson 14 Subject Complements I Kiwi is funny ye cockatiel a llo 1. cartoons can be w Po both and 1. Lesson 16 Subject Complements III lit meaningful ic Cockatiels are al 2. parrots timely Parrots are pets 2. messages may be durable r la ei pu Th po but 3. r Kiwi has been president pet s k’ ow both and was g an ng H Teddy Roosevelt on Fr lo 3. str a 4. figure bl or ic em pu m a Lesson 15 Subject Complements II ab cockatiel is le friendly ve an ry Fr Teddy s k’ 4. appears happy ne Kiwi showed O bear cu a 2. cartoon and 1. te birdcage is large 5. bear 5. tricks Are difficult critical cartoons of ic n lit inspirational al tim e feels te po ar W r owner are or 6. he 6. lovable y smart ll dd e seems sti te Th 4. Kiwi is and er er th H ra popular fortunate ex w m el i’s tre Ki y 70 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3. PART II Lesson 18 Prepositional Phrases I Lesson 17 Appositives and Appositive Phrases 1. ro e ck th ug ho Charlotte Parkhurst (orphan) ut Charlotte ( g i r l ) ro 2. th was concert announced city an Charley Parkhurst re 1. Posters e ly th al left orphanage 2. Holders passes would receive so to al en g ck cu ge r ti sta ld pa r-o ba ea y -y dl en of fri on ll fte un an str ta a Fi areas tickets (hand) job r took la She e ’s bl an sta m a 3. 3. you tickets Will get fo r She took name (Charley) show th 4. e m a so an al ’s 4. colors e voter became stage lit th Charley (m a n) in 5. Spotlights re ffe di y d an an om en st m w fir e e et th pr th vice (tobacco) gave cancer 5. loudspeakers t ears souvenirs m secret (womanhood) ou nd revealed ab hi e y 7. Death announcements blared be Th Charley e er on H he r r al he fin ly 6. you Could see drummer w e ith th hair on d ng Sentence Diagraming bl lo Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. nt 6. 71 Lesson 19 Prepositional Phrases II 1. we Lesson 20 Prepositional Phrases III experiments practiced 1. race was held on r Th ou e Be day w ith re a fo Parents' Night threats of 2. Mrs. Sanchez rain instructions wrote pr ec Danny rowed w on ise 2. ith winner chalkboard of a th race e ev e pr th io us Turtles crawled 3. clouds filled th e ea rk rocks sky N er frogs da ov and 3. r of race e riu th ua e aq th end m th e 4. mouse slept in e sid tly ie ay qu gr A Danny 4. rd goal at th e d s ar hi bo fork e 5. gr Im all m ed ia of te boats ly ot e he th r and stopped in e t recorded rowers th ea We e e e ith th w Th care data 6. river th experiments performed in th 5. teams observations in notebooks b r la ou 72 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. to ca a partner sped and tube Lesson 21 Participles and Participal Phrases I w ag g' s ging gate th e breath hi s fro e m fighter e li r th e 3. ing fled th e f e ate d do h e old monster D opened Jacob 6. th 2. ed b e r o ken a at Th creature p ris e branch tail th ur S 1. swung hero noticed he 5. left Joggi n g theater c e e on ro th so s Th crowd a ti s fie d Lesson 23 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I e ved w ded tires 1. me qu ic kl y Lesson 22 Participles and Participal Phrases II 1. spotted Heari ng dog joke la L a Jacob oo kin g at e th rg ov er shoulder reminds s of hi 2. me story htene d fu rio Lesson 24 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II us ly display fir ew e or enjoyed ks w y ho fence M er king family 1. ov hin g th 3. watch in jumped Jacob T le a qu ic kl y stopped 2. I remember father view be a rest y g m vin r e gi fo c dog on fuse d being lifte d by 4. Th tte Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. y rig f e e kin g boy nn chased th Th dog b ar fu a 2. r a boy e th e Sentence Diagraming xh a u ste d 73 Lesson 25 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III 4. I found instructions assem b th e fo findin g r ling unit th tools e ht e is rig th step 1. of fir e st Th Skiing job y in an has been 5. doing Colorado enjoyable ex best tre m r stopped y ei Th workers t ir e el th 2. e d 6. habit is uncanny M na dolls findin g rd g of ay repai r in 's coins lo st hobby 3. was El en s a’ Tutori ng children yo un win game 7. teacher you is balloons r by fo th poppi ng prepares becom ing a You r 1. ge Lesson 26 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV e 2. has policy shouted audience demands to Th ns e ai e ag a Th 1. talkin g songs play t rit ly vo ud fa lo e 3. Marsha dreams 2. need musicians ability to tour e n ting th O of comp e sleep at in Olympics hours od e d th is bag 3. necessity a ov to er An ni gh hold items t es se nt ia l 74 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. fiv Lesson 27 Infinitives and Infinitives Phrases I library Lesson 28 Infinitives and Infinitives Phrases II pushed members others to 1. Lesson 30 Infinitives and Infinitives Phrases IV Callers asked ur 1. er to os to cl ce stage song yo To en e di m au so get hear station th th e e worked Guards 2. to to at auditorium injuries prevent th e played refused encores e band child broccoli Th 3. 2. eat tw to e o Th to buy game appreciation 3. None can afford o de vi w ne y er ev show of th ei friends r m y Lesson 29 Infinitives and Infinitives Phrases III to bike ride saves In time weather go od To bike buy se a co nd ha decision nd was 2. w a ise To change tire th is Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. a to school 3. will take minutes tw en ty Sentence Diagraming 75 to Lesson 31 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases V disease th is of ne il is is O tra hobby aim 5. of to 1. horses ride awareness raise campaign ia e ic th Al ’s To to licenses increase sales at pe is t purpose store th 2. explain e of Th e booklet will be th 6. easy no is t to To stick notify police of is theft e step th st e fir t u Yo ac e ex th 7. th to truth r 3. took courage to see parade th wanted Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 76 Everybody e 4. Sentence Diagraming PART III Lesson 33 Compound Sentences II Lesson 32 Compound Sentences I 1. Grendel was monster bl e ua s lly talk 2. Grendel terrorized e tales but m stand countryside th In an they rri eq hi nt animals te horrible was re y ffe an di m 2. ish mother gl d ry ve r generations exist En ol fo and e versions a tales In have been told m folktales So 1. y fo hero (Beowulf) r him stopped al e fin th humans ly 3. animals are wise e In th Scylla tales m e str ou or s have made collections folktales 4. Scylla tore ships ar t va or them ap of countries feared sailors selfish others Writers in them rio Charybdis are un de brothers pulled and us crews r er g m on ei at th rw am rim e G th writers th es e Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. on e in 4. and th are Odyssey m foolish they neighbors In Charybdis were and so 3. Sentence Diagraming 77 Lesson 34 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I 1. shows Evidence changes in is found e in 2. th that earth rocks Information is found in ab ou lava t center of th which is e earth rock fro e m th 3. shares Valerie love of hi s who is volcanoes rocks daughter of th e geologist a 4. She learns fro t m ou so ab al field geologists he e r Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ot th who work w ith father he r 78 Sentence Diagraming Lesson 35 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II 1. Lesson 36 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I move Continents Whoever made pottery th be is ca us e plates shift od e will depart ly n al he er he other th re e e on has been announced 2. t ye t no collide plates tu W e ov W on plate ac may push th 2. go a r siv de as un m them plane land job did 1. tw o is furnished room growth H would see a of th ow 3. you e mountain a If affects 3. th e fo millions r of detective discovered What ab years th ou e t results client he r 4. earthquake W an he n raised 4. questions ne pull plates w su en m other dd fro ay o aw tw ly ea rust ch forms on W hy 5. metal is explained ea sil Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ise collision no its could watch you level y Sentence Diagraming 79 that Lesson 37 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II te en Th e discovered fin Th al e that ly we want arrived whatever la you row noted a l e engineers oi th 1. 3. reporter ur spill fo caused pitches in who fouled Rocky te 2. (you) take At 4. buffet We regret th e That it meets club whomever has members po th w e er fu dog licks l 3. Th gives at 5. influence it Lesson 38 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III you will get well so had been speeding th e officer 1. 6. We hope claimed po e lic Th Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. on car e That I could surf ev en 2. 80 was incredible Sentence Diagraming Lesson 39 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV 1. Give (you) fruit th is to 2. wants whoever it were puzzled Researchers dwellers paintings had made on w ve ho ca by wall read ve e I ca th 3. book is grown a food ho ni w t ga ou or ab c 4. is affected work sc ho u Yo stay you w 5. kitten ran whoever Th e rang bell th to e 6. Cinderella had hope De r ite Sentence Diagraming stepmother he sp Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. at ho te by la up ol r night told what her 81 Lesson 40 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V we leave w he n 1. is Tomorrow I need what fo r is hammer project n co y m 2. uc is str Th tio n that I can visit forest ed ay is lp m wish ke a so 3. M y Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 82 Sentence Diagraming
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