1 MJAL M MANAS JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND LIFE SCIENCE joumal s .manas .edu.kg_____________________ 4 1 2014 Volume Issue Year Authors Tinatin Döölotkeldieva Saykal Bobuşeva Article Title Pages Identifıcation and Prevalence of Ralstonia solanacearum from potato fields of Kyrgyzstan Fungi Associated with Cysts of Globodera rostochiensis, Mehmet Karakaş Heterodera cruciferae and Heterodera schachii (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) Elif Tezel Ersanlı Arif Gönülol Phytoplankton Dynamics and Some Physicochemical Variables in Cakmak Reservoir (Samsun, Turkey) Murat Musayev The Vegetation and Productivity of The Caspian’s Shores Vagif Atamov In Azerbaijan Musa Cabbarov Kyrgyz Turkish Manas University 1-9 10-16 17-25 26-33 Scientific Publication Office Manas Journal of Agriculture And Life Science (MJAL) Manas Tarım ve Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi un Annual Publishing Refereed Scientific Journal ISSN: 1694-5107 Year: 2014 Volume: 4 Issue: 1 OWNERS EDITOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR EDITORIAL BOARD FIELD EDITORS EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS Kyrgyz Turkish Manas University Prof.Dr. Sebahattin BALCI Prof Dr. Asılbek KULMIRZAYEV Prof. Dr. Ali İrfan İLBAŞ Prof. Dr. Tinatin DÖÖLETKELDİYEVA Doç.Dr. Gülbübü KURMANBEKOVA Prof. Dr. Ali İrfan İLBAŞ Prof. Dr. Tinatin DÖÖLETKELDİYEVA Prof. Dr. Ali Osman SOLAK Prof. Dr. Ali BAHADIR Prof.Dr. Zarlık MAYMEKOV Doç.Dr. Anarseyit DEYDİYEV Doç.Dr. Kadırbay ÇEKİROV Doç.Dr. Nazgül İMANBERDİEVA Doç.Dr. Savaş CANBULAT Doç.Dr. Nurbek ALDAYAROV Doç.Dr. Nurudin KIDIRALİYEV Yrd.Doç.Dr. Zeki SEVEROĞLU Dr. Mira CUNUSOVA Dr. Abdıkerim ABDULLAYEV Dr. Nurlan MAMATOV Dr. Mahabat KONURBAYEVA Jumagul NURAKUN KYZY Aibek KARABAEV ISSUE REVIEWERS Prof. Dr. Tinatin DÖÖLETKELDİYEVA Doç.Dr. Gülbübü KURMANBEKOVA Doç. Dr. Nazgül İMANBERDİEVA Yrd.Doç.Dr. Zeki SEVEROĞLU Dr. Mahabat KONURBAYEVA Dr. Nurzat TOTUBAYEVA Dr.Saykal BOBUŞEVA M MANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences MJAL4(1) (2014) 1-9 http://joumals.manas.edu.kg Identification and Prevalence of Ralstonia Solanacearum from Potato Fields of Kyrgyzstan Tinatin Döölotkeldieva Kyrgyzstan Türkiye Manas University, Faculty o f Agriculture, Plant Protection Department, Bişkek, Kyrgyzstan, [email protected] Saykal Bobuşeva Kyrgyzstan Türkiye Manas University, Faculty o f Agriculture, Plant Protection Department, Bişkek, Kyrgyzstan, [email protected] Received: 14.03.2014 Reviewed: 13.11.2014 Accepted: 05.12.2014 Abstract For the first time inKyrgyzstanRaltsonia solanacearum bacteriumas a pathogenof bacterial wilt (quarantine for the country object) was obtained and identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and biochemical methods. Three potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars: Picasso, Sante andNevskiy were usedfor isolationof pathogen, whichwere collected fromdifferent regions of Kyrgyzstan. Detection and identification of the pathogen by ELISA performed directly fromdiseased potato shoots and leaves, and frompure culture of Ralstonia solanacearum isolatedfromtubers of potato seedduringstorage. For ELISAw as usedRalstonia solanacerium PathoScreenRKit D ASELISA(Agdiaproduct, USA).Isolatedraces ofRalstonia solanacearum bybiochem ical characteristicswereclassifiedasa3-biotype. Keywords potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars, identification of assay, biochemical tests. the M JA L MANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 Ralstonia solanacearum , ELISA Döölotkeldieva, Bobuşeva., Identification and Prevalence o f Ralstonia Solanacearum from Potato Fields o f Kyrgyzstan 1. INTRODUCTION is a soil-borne pathogenthat naturally infects roots. It exhibits a strongandtissuespecific tropismwithinthe host, specifically invading, andhighly multiplyinginthe xylemvessels [1, 2]. It causesawilt diseaseinmorethan450plant speciesof 54botanical families acrosstheglobe [3,4,5]. Ralstonia solanacearum hasbeenstudiedintensivelybothbiochem icallyandgenetically, andhaslongbeenrecognizedas a model systemfor the analysis of pathogenicity [6]. It is well adaptedto life insoil inthe absence of host plants [7], therebyprovidingagoodsystemtoinvestigatefunctions governingadaptationtosuchanecological niche. Consideringthegeneticdiversityamongthestrainsresponsibleforwiltingdiseaseindifferent plants, the pathogenis nowtermedasRalstonia solanacearum species complex[ 8].Inatraditional waythis pahogenhas been classified into five races with respect to their host specificity and six biovars according to their biochemical properties [9]. Thefirst signs ofthediseaseare showninthebeginningofthefloweringandtuber formation. Plants suddenly wilt; the leaves turnyellow, shrivel and droop. The lower basal part of the stemsoftens and rots. Atypical feature of brown rot is the splitting of the stems, the cross-cut of themfollowa drop of bacterial exudates. Subsequently, thebacteriapenetrate intothe stolon, thenintoyoungtubers, causingbrowningof thevascular ring. Fromsectionsoftheaffectedvesselsandtubersfollowsbrownmucus [10]. Bacterial wilt occursmainlyin tropic, sub-tropic and warmtemperature zones [11]. However, this disease has extended to more temperate areas [12]. Ralstonia solanacearum is ab-proteobacteriumandw hosecompletegenomesequence waspresented by analysis of strain GMI1000. The 5.8-megabase (Mb) genome is organized into two replicons: a 3.7-Mb chromosomeanda2.1-Mbmegaplasmid. Thegenomeencodesmanyproteinspotentiallyassociatedwitharole inpathogenicity. [13]. Ralstonia solanacearum Brown slimy bacterial bacteriosis of potatoes (bacterial wilt, or wilt) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum isarelativelyanewdiseasein thefieldsofKyrgyzstan. Therearestill nodataand recordsofthe scientists andexperts onthebiologyanddistributionofthis diseaseinthe potatocrops regions ofKyrgyzstan. There are suggestions that this bacterial disease was brought withimportedplanting material to Kyrgyzstan fromneighboringcountries. So, thediseasehasbeenfoundinRussiain 1999byquarantine inspectiononlyin theareaof0.06hectares, plantedwithimportedvarieties Santa, thentheinfestationofpotatohasbeenfoundin manyregionsofRussia:intheUrals, FarEast, WesternandEasternSiberia[14]. potatoes (RS) InKyrgyzstan, the potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a staple product for the population Recently, in different regionsthefarms start togrowthevarieties suchasPicasso, Sante, Nevskiy, whichwereimportedfromRussia andother countries oftheworld, besidesto local potatovarieties. Approximately 32%ofpotatoesyields are lost per year due toviral, bacterial, fungal, andpest attackto potato tuber andpotato plant [15]. There is a particular threat topotatoproduction(especiallythe seedproduction) becauseof asymptomatic cases ofthese bacterial diseases; asapparentlyhealthytubershaveamarginhidden(latent) infectionandposeathreattocrops next year, soit is important tobe abletoidentifyit inthecontaminatedmaterial. Still, theprevalenceandhost rangeofracesandbiovarsofRalstonia solanacearum isunknowninpotatoes cultivatedregions ofKyrgyzstan, but it isbecomingincreasingly clear that this species causes disease invegetationperiodand instorage after harvesting. The objective of this study was to develop simple and reliable tools to distinguishthe biovars of Ralstonia by usingbiochemical and ELISAtests and to determine the prevalence of pathogenraces in commercial potatoesfieldsofKyrgyzstan. solanacearum 2. MATERIALSandMETHODS. 2.1. Origin of isolates. For direct isolationofRalstonia solanacearum were usedpotatoes tubers of Picasso, SanteandNevskiyvarieties, whichwere collectedinthefall 2010and2011fromIssuk-Kul andChy regions ofcountry. All isolatesfrompotatoesfields camefromindividual tubers ofdifferent plants. Eachtuber wasplacedinanindividual plasticbagafterharvest. 2 M JA L MANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 Döölotkeldieva, Bobuşeva., Identification and Prevalence o f Ralstonia Solanacearum from Potato Fields o f Kyrgyzstan 2.2. Cultural characterization. The infected part of tubers was cut using a sterile sharp knife. A suspension fromplant ooze and exudates was prepared in sterile distilled water and then streaked onto Kelman’stetrazoliumchloride(TZC) agar and2%sucrosepeptoneagar (SPA).Afterincubationat 28°Cfor 24 to 36 h, chartered colonies of Ralstonia solanacearum were selected on mediums. Isolates ofR. solanacearum w ere maintained in sterile distilledwater for following identification steps and stored at room temperature. Pure cultures were tested by biochemical and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Amobility, gramnegative reaction, catalase, amylolytic and lecithinase activity, liquefaction of gelatin, saccharolytic enzymes, theformationofindoleandotherbiochemical properties weredetermined. For pigment formation tests the liquid mediums: meat-peptone broth and tryptophan broth were used. More consistent results were obtainedwhenL-tyrosine was addedtothe medium. The abilitytodenitrificationwas testedusingthesemi-solidmedium: 10%peptone, 5%NaCL, 2,0%KNO3,3,0%Bactoagarand Hiss reagent. 2.3. Test todeterminethe mobility. Cellsofvirulent racesofRalstonia solanacearum aremotilewhen viewed microscopically, while avirulent races cells are immobile. The mobility was observed using the medium: 0, 1%tryptone, 0, 1% glycerol, 10%phosphatebuffer, 3, 5%Bactoagar. 2.4. The biovars test. The pathogenspecies is subdivided into races based on host range. Currently, polymerasechainreaction(PCR) isusedfordefinitiveidentificationofpathogenrace. Toidentifythebiovarof pathogenspecies we have usedbiochemical methodbasedonthe utilizationof the disaccharides: cellobiose, lactoseandmaltoseandoxidationofthehexosealcohols: dulcitol, mannitol, andsorbitol [9, 16]. 2.5. AccumulationofRalstoniasolanacearumisolatesinthehost-plant tissue. Healthy potatotubers ofdifferent varieties wereusedfor accumulationthepathogenculture inthe host cell. Thetubers were washedprofuselyandthoroughlywithwater, andthenwere sterilizedin96%ethyl alcohol, afterthat thoroughlyrinsedinsterilewaterandcut intopieces andplacedinPetri dishes, onwet sterile filter paper. Bacterial suspensions at a concentration of 108CFU/ml were infiltrated into potato slices. Inoculatedsliceswereincubatedat optimal temperature(280C)forthebacteria. Theoptimummoistureensured therapidgrowthofbacteria. 2.6. Pathogenesis assays on potato seedlings and plants. Three potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars were usedfor pathogenicitytests: Picasso (highlysensitivity), Sante (mediumresistant) andNevskiy (highly resistant) .Three-weekoldplants growninsoil were inoculatedby soil drenchwithout root severing. The concentrationof bacterial inoculums was 108CFU/ml. The experiment was repeated at least two times, givingatotal of sixtest plants. Inoculatedplants were kept ina roomconditionwithnatural light andmean temperatureat 28°C. Percentageofplantsshowingthewiltingsymptomwasrecordedduring28days. 2.7. TolerancetoNaCL, 2, 0%tests. TodeterminethesensitivityofRalstonia solanacearum isolates to sodiumchloride different media were included inthis study : TTC medium(1%peptone, 0.1%casein hydrolysate, 0.5%glucose, 1,5%Bactoagar, 0.005%TTC); potatomediumwithout gentian- violet ( 2.0% potatoextract, 2,0% Bactoagar); peptone-yeast ( 0, 5%yeast extract , 1,0%peptone , 2,0%Bactoagar ); extract sucrose- peptone ( 2,0 %saccharose, 0,5%peptone, 0,05%potassiumphosphate dibasic, 0,025% magnesiumsulfate, 2,0%Bactoagar) withtheaddition of 2,0%sodiumchloride. 2.8. Immunoblot ELISAtest (Agdia). TheRalstonia solanacearum (RS) ELISAtest was used with plant samples exhibitingsymptoms of Rs andwithbacterial culture samples. Accordingtoprotocol of DAS ELISAofAgdiathesampleswereaddedtomicroplatecoatedwithmonoclonal antibodiestoEPSofRs. IfEPS ispresent inthe sample, it isboundbyantibodies andcapturedonthemicroplateduringtheincubationperiod. Afterincubation, theplatewaswashedtoremoveunboundsample. Anenzymeconjugatesolution, containinga monoclonal antibodyconjugatedtoperoxidase, is addedandbinded toanycapturedEPS. After incubationthe plate is washedtoremove anyunboundconjugate. This final bindingcreates a sandwichofthe target analyte betweenthe two specific antibodies. Weels inwhicha blue color developedwas indicatedpositive results. Wells inwhichthere was no significant color development indicated negative result. Test results were valid only ifpositivecontrol wellsgiveapositiveresult andbufferwellsremaincolorless. 3. RESULTSandDISCUSSION. 3.1. Origin of isolates and OrganismCharacteristics. We have analyzedpotato tubers of Picasso, Sante, Nevskiyvarieties. Ralstonia solanacearum - as apathogenofbacterial wilt was obtainedfromPicasso variety. 12isolatesfrompotatofields ofIssuk-Kul and7isolatesfromChyregionswereidentifiedasRalstonia solanacearum species. 3 M JA L MANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 Döölotkeldieva, Bobuşeva., Identification and Prevalence o f Ralstonia Solanacearum from Potato Fields o f Kyrgyzstan Large, elevated, fluidal andwhite colonies of isolatedbacteria were grownafter twodays onTZCmedium, and white, fluidal withwhorls characteristic colonies were appeared on SPA. The organismwas capable to growat 28 - 36 ° Ctemperatures aerobically and does not formendospores. The bacteriumis slightly thick sticks withdimensions of 0.7-0.9 microns, gram- negative, motile andis non-encapsulated. Cells of obtained isolatesRalstonia solanacearum weremotilewhenviewedmicroscopically, that isindicatedtoit’stheabilityof virulent. Theisolateswerecatalaseand oxidasepositive. NewisolatesofRalstonia solanacearum wereabletoreducenitratetonitrite. Changingthemediumcolortored and formationa layer of foamfroman intensive gas release indicate to a complete reductionof nitrate and denitrification(fig.1). m Fig.1. Formation a layer o f foam from an intensive gas release indicate a complete reduction of nitrate and denitrification by Ralstonia solanacearum 3.2. Sensitivity to NaCL, 2, 0 %tests. The causative agent of potato brown rot is more sensitive to the presenceof salt inthe environment thanother nosporeformingplant pathogenbacteria. Typically, bacteriaof Pseudomonas genus can develop tolerance to 3 %or m ore of sodiumchloride [17]. Whereas Ralstonia solanacearum isolates have a sensitivity to 2%N aCL, even somespecies can prevent their growthinthe presenceinthemediumonly 1.0%salt. ThesensitivityofRalstonia solanacearum isolatestosodiumchloridewasdifferentinusedmedia. Isolateshave formedcoloniesdifferinshape, sizeandcolor; alsodifferintheintensityofgrowth. Thegrowthofbacteriawas inhibitedonthe TTCmediumwith2, 0%NaCL, sothe colonies were slightlynoticeable (fig.2, A). Whereas, thegrowthofbacteriacolonies onthepotatomediumwithout gentian- violet andpeptone-yeast mediumwas normal withahighvisibility(fig.2, D, C). Ontheextract sucrose-peptonethegrowthofbacteriawas slight, but thegrowthhasnot stoppedandfurthercontinued(fig.2, B). Different compositionsofusedmediawiththesame content of sodiumchloridehaveadifferent effect onthe sensitivityofRalstonia solanacearum isolates tosalt. The pathogenisolates have showed a considerable tolerance inpotato mediumwithout gentian- violet and peptone -yeast medium. The isolates have showed a very lowtolerance onthe TTCmedium, a resistant tolerancewasvisibleontheextract sucrose-peptonemedium. 4 M JA L MANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 Döölotkeldieva, Bobuşeva., Identification and Prevalence o f Ralstonia Solanacearum from Potato Fields o f Kyrgyzstan C D Fig.2. A- a growth inhibition on the TTC medium with 2, 0% NaCL, B- inhibited but continued growth on saccharose peptone medium with 2, 0% NaCL, C- a normal growth on the on Genthian violet medium with 2, 0% NaCL ; D- a normal growth on the peptone-yeast medium with 2,0 % NaCL, for 48 hours 3.4. The biovars test. Specific host range anddistributionof Ralstonia solanacearum depends onthe raceandthebiovars ofthepathogen. Intable 1. thedatarelatedtotherelationshipofrace, biovars, host range, and geographic distributionof Ralstonia solanacearum are summarized. It is knownthe five races of potato brownrot. The most dangerous is a race 3that is affectingthe potatoes in lowtemperature. The infection persists for a longtime inplant debris and potato tubers (ina latent form), and it is commonin temperate regions. It’smainsourcesareinfectedsoil, cropresidues, weedsofthegenus Solanaceae [16]. Table 1. Races and biovars o f Ralstonia solanacearum.(Adapted from Daughtrey 2003) [10] Race 1 2 3 4 5 Geographicdistribution HostRange Wide Asia, Australia Americas Caribbean, Brazil, Worldwide Banana, otherMusa spp. Potato, someotherSolanaceae, Geranium; WorldwideexceptUSandCanada fewotherspecies Ginger Asia Mulberry | China Biovar 3, 4 1 1 2 3,4 5 5 M JA L MANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 Döölotkeldieva, Bobuşeva., Identification and Prevalence o f Ralstonia Solanacearum from Potato Fields o f Kyrgyzstan Isolatedraces ofRalstonia solanacearum bybiochemical characteristics wereclassifiedas a3-biotype, sothey were able to oxidize the disaccharide: cellobiose, lactose and maltose and the hexose alcohols: dulcitol, mannitol, and sorbitol. Table 2 illustrates the classification into biovars based on this method. When bromomethyl Blauwasused as an indicator the mediumbecomesyellowasaresult ofoxidation, andwhen Andred indicatorwasused,themediumhaschangedtored. Transformationofthesesubstrateby isolates has occurredslowly, forexampleasshowninFig.3inthepresenceof bromomethyl Blauindicatoran oxidationof dulcitol wasoccurredonlyafter 12days (fig.3A). Table 2. Classification of Ralstonia solanacearum into biovars. (Adapted from French et al, 1995)[9] Physiological Tests Utilizationofdisaccharides Cellobiose Lactose Maltose Oxidationofalcohols Dulcitol Mannitol Sorbitol 2 days 4-5days 1 - 2 + + + Biovars 3 + + + 4 - 5 + + + - - + + + + + + + 7-9days 10-12days Fig.3 An oxidation of dulcitol by Ralstonia solanacearum isolates in the presence of bromomethyl Blau indicator 3.5. AccumulationofRalstoniasolanacearumisolatesinthehost-plant tissue. Inmanycases Ralstonia solanacearum bacteria are closely interrelatedwithsecondarypathogens such asthecausativeagent of soft rotErwinia carotovora var. atroseptica [18].Thiscreates somedifficultiesforthe isolationof a pure culture of Ralstonia solanacearum fromthe affected tissue. For the accumulationof the culture of the pathogeninthe host cell andto determinate it’svirulence, bacterial suspensions of Ralstonia solanacearum at aconcentrationof 108CFU /ml wereinfiltratedinto sterile healthypotato slices. Theywere incubated at lower temperatures (220C), in moisture chamber. The optimum moisture ensured the rapid growthofbacteria. Theorganismquicklybegantomultiplyininfectedhost cells. Onthethirddayadarkringed circleswereappearedonpotatoslices. Gradually, arottingoftheentiresurfaceofpotatosliceshas started. In5 daystherewasacompletedecay, withthereleaseofodorsandturningintomucous(fig. 4). Of all the varieties tested only Picasso showed high sensitivity to rotting at lowtemperatures. These results allowed us to identify which varieties are more resistant or more susceptible to this disease. It is important toprovide advice to farmers whichvarieties are thebest to growindifferent climatic zones of the republic. Thistest additionallyhasconfirmedthat obtainedRalstonia solanacearum newisolatesarebelongto biovar 3, which can survive at lowtemperatures. Some researchers have noted in their results that, high 6 M JA L MANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 Döölotkeldieva, Bobuşeva., Identification and Prevalence o f Ralstonia Solanacearum from Potato Fields o f Kyrgyzstan temperatures andhighsoil moisturegenerallyfavorsRalstonia solanacearum, theexceptionbeingcertainRace 3strainsthat arepathogeniconpotatoandareabletogrowwell at lowertemperatures [9]. Fig.4. Rotted potato tubers o f Picasso variety in 5 days after infiltration o f a pathogen suspension. 3.6. Pathogenesis assays on potato seedlings and plants. Three potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivarswereusedforpathogenicitytests: Picasso(highlysensitivity), Sante (mediumresistant) and Nevskiy (highly resistant). In between 3-6 days began to appear the symptoms of disease in the Picasso variety plants. The first symptoms of the disease were wilting leaves on the ends of branches. During disease development, theleavesturnchlorosis andeventuallynecrotic. Closetothegroundpart ofthe stemofinfected plantsturngray-brown. Thisisacharacteristicsymptomofpotatoesbrownrot (fig.5AandB). Inthevarietyof Sante the symptoms of disease beganto appear in2weeks, andthe lower leaves are browned anddry, turn yellowandchlorosis. Stemshavestoodrelativelyforlongtime, andthen4weekslater startedtobend. Nevskiy varietywas resistant tothepathogeninfecteddose. Within6weekstherewerenosignsofdisease. Thespecific symptoms: wiltingoftheleavesattheendofthedaywithrecoveryat night, theedgesoftheleavesturnedblack andcurledwere observedwithin5to 10days, but no symptoms were observedoncontrol plants treatedwith sterilewater. A B Fig.5. A: close to the ground part o f the stem of infected became grey brown; B: infected plants show yellowing, wilting, and browning of lower leaves followed by necrosis; 7 M JA L MANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 Döölotkeldieva, Bobuşeva., Identification and Prevalence o f Ralstonia Solanacearum from Potato Fields o f Kyrgyzstan 3.7. Immunoblot ELISAtest (Agdia). Using the ELISAtechnologyhasallowedtoidentify Ralstonia bacteriafrom diseasedleaves of potato at a concentrationof 103-104cells\ml. Detectionand identificationofthepathogenbyELISA(Agdiaproduct, USA) performeddirectlyfromdiseasedpotato stems andleavesat aconcentrationof 103-104cells\ml. Weels inwhichabluecolor developedwas indicatedpositive results. The bacteriumwas reisolated fromthe infected leaves and stems and identified as described above (fig.6). solanacearum Fıg.6. Weels with a blue color developed is indicated positive results from diseased potato stems and leaves at a concentration o f 103-104 cells\ml. In this study, we have used well known, efficient methods and bioassay for systematic screening of R. foridentificationphenotypicandbiochemical profile, alsoforpathogencityandvirulence. Asa result, anaggressiverace, biovar 3wasmost isolatedfromthepotatofieldsofTupdistrict ofIssyk-Kul region, especiallyinfields wherePicassovarietywas grown. This areais characterizedby wet andtemperate climate thanother areas of the Issyk-Kul region. The lowpercentage of affectionwiththis agent was notedin Sante variety. The pathogen was no almost obtained fromNevskiy variety plants and tubers. In this region, the pathogens wereisolatedfromgrowingplants withcharacter symptoms andtubers after harvest instorage, they wereavailableforsale. In Chuy oblast, where the climate is hot and the humidity is relatively low [15], pathogen races of R. solanacearum w ere obtainedfromPicasso and Santapotatovarieties. Inthis region, essentially isolates were relievedfromthetubersforsale, orinstorage. Wehavenot foundR. solanacearum species as causativeagentsofwilt inlocal potatoesvarieties(redand whitecrumbly) growninmountainousareasofKochkordistrict, Thisindicatesthatthediseasehaspenetrated intoKyrgyzstanfromneighboringcountriestogetherwithplantingmaterial. Ourresults forthefirst time inKyrgyzstanhaverevealedthepresenceRalstonia solanacearum bacteriumas a pathogenofbacterial wilt (quarantineforthecountryobject) inthepotatofieldsofIssyk-Kul andChyregions. As well as our results have allowedto determine whichvarieties are most susceptible to the disease and in which district athreat constitutestomost ofitswidedissemination. Thisisimportant toprevent farmers, which varieties they shouldbuy as plantingmaterial. The areas inwhichhave not yet been introduced commercial varietiesshouldberemainingcleanzonesfromthisdisease. solanacearum 8 M JA L MANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 Döölotkeldieva, Bobuşeva., Identification and Prevalence o f Ralstonia Solanacearum from Potato Fields o f Kyrgyzstan REFERENCES [1] Smith, E. F. (1896). A bacterial disease of tomato, pepper, eggplant and Irish potato (Bacillus solanacearum nov. sp.). U SDep. Agric. Div. VegetablePhysiology. Pathol. Bull. 12, 1±28 [2] Yabuuchi, E., Kosako, Y., Yano, I., Hotta, H. &Nishiuchi, Y. (1995). TransferoftwoBurkholderia and an Alcaligenes species to Ralstonia gen. nov.: proposal of Ralstonia pickettii and Ralstonia eutropha.Microbiol. Immunol. 39, 897±904 [3] AllenC., Prior, PandHayward, A.C. (2005). Bacterial Wilt Disease andthe Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex, A PSPress, StPaul, MN, USA,p.528. [4] Agrios, G.N. (1997). PlantPathology, 4thEdition. 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Variation in genotype and aggressiveness of Ralstonia solanacearumrace 1isolatedfromtomatoinTaiwan. Phytopathology89: 320-327. [12] Kim, S. H., T. N. Olson, N. W.Schaadand G. W.Moorman. (2003). Ralstonia solanacearum race 3, biovar 2, the causal agent of brownrot of potato, identifiedingeraniums inPennsylvania, Delaware, andConnecticut. PlantDis. 87: 450. [13] Salanoubat M., Genin, S., Artiguenave F., Gouzy. J., S. Mangenot. (2002). Genome sequence of the plantpathogenRalstoniasolanacearum.NATURE. VOL415. P.497-502. [14] http://www.kartofel.org/bolezn/bacteria/bacwilt.htm [15] Anoverviewoftheemergenceandspreadofmajorpestsanddiseases ofcropsintheKyrgyzRepublicin 2010andtheforecast oftheirappearance in 2011.Bishkek. [16] Staskawicz, B. J., Mudgett, M.B., Dangl, J. L. &Galan, J. E. (2001). Commonandcontrastingthemes ofplant andanimal diseases. Science292, 2285±2289. [17] ^e^gaKOBP.A., MhmhhB.E. (2006). ®HTonoTOreHHbieMHKpoopraHH3Mbi, Mhhck. [18] Fegan, M., andPrior, P. (2005). Howcomplexisthe "Ralstoniasolanacearum speciescomplex"?Pages 449-461 in: Bacterial Wilt Disease and the Ralstonia solanacearumSpecies Complex. C. Allen, P. Prior, andA.C.Hayward, eds. AmericanPhytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. 9 M JA L MANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 MJALMANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://joumals.manas.edu.kg MJAL4(1) (2014) 10-16 Fungi Associated with Cysts of Globodera rostochiensis, Heterodera cruciferae and Heterodera schachii (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) Mehmet Karakaş AnkaraUniversity, ScienceFaculty, Department ofBiology06100Tandogan-Ankara, Turkey, [email protected] Received; 25/03/2014 Abstract Keywords: Reviewed;13/11/2014 Accepted:05/12/2014 CystsofGlobodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber) Behrensfrompotato(Solanum tuberosum L.) fields andHeterodera cruciferae Franklinfromcabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata subvar. rubra L.) fields andHeterodera schachtii Schmidt fromsugar-beet (Beta vulgaris L.) fields inTurkey were collected and examinedfor the presence of fungi. Of the total of 196 cystsof G. rostochiensis, 39.7%werecolonizedbyoneormoreof7different speciesoffungi, all of whichwere fromthe genera Cylindrocarpon, Fusarium, Gliocladium, Verticillium and Alternaria. Ofthetotal of 136cystsofH. cruciferae, 37.5%w erecolonizedbyoneor moreof 7 different species of fungi, all of which were fromthe genera Cylindrocarpon, Fusarium, Nematophthora, Periconia and Verticillium, and 38.9%of the 154cysts of H. schachtii w ere colonizedbyoneormoreof7different speciesfromthesamegenera. Nematophagous fungi, Globodera rostochiensis, Heterodera cruciferae, Heterodera schachtii, biological control Globodera rostochiensis, Heterodera cruciferae ve Heterodera schachtii (Nematoda: Heteroderidae)’nin Kistleri ile İlişkili Mantarlar Özet: Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye’de patates (Solanum tuberosum L.) tarlalarından Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber) Behrens, lahana (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata subvar. rubra L.) tarlalarındanHeterodera cruciferae Franklinve şeker pancarı (Beta vulgaris L.) tarlalarından Heterodera schachtii Schm idt kistleri toplanmış ve mantar mevcudiyeti bakımından incelenmiştir. Toplam196 G. rostochiensis kistinin39.7%si 7farklı türe ait bir ya da daha fazla mantar türü ile beraber bulunmuştur. Bu mantar türleri, Cylindrocarpon, Fusarium, Gliocladium, Verticillium ve Alternaria cinslerine aittir. Toplam136 H. cruciferae kistinin 37.5%i 7farklı türe ait bir ya da dahafazla mantar türüileberaber bulunmuş olupbunların hepside Cylindrocarpon, Fusarium, Nematophthora, Periconia ve Verticillum cinslerine ait mantartürleridir. H. schachtii yeait toplam154kistin38.9%uiseyineaynı şekildebir önceki cinslereait olanmantarlarileilişkili olarakbulunmuştur. Nematofaj mantarlar, Globodera rostochiensis, Heterodera cruciferae, Heterodera schachtii, biyolojikkontrol M JA L MANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 Karakaş, Fungi Associated with Cysts o f Globodera rostochiensis, Heterodera cruciferae and Heterodera schachii (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) 1. INTRODUCTION Nematophagous (nematode-destroying) fungi are natural enemies of nematodes. Nematophagous fungi have beenfoundinall regions of the world, fromtropics to Antarctica. Theyhavebeenreportedfromagricultural, gardenandforest soils, andare especiallyabundant in soils richinorganic material [1]. They comprise three maingroupsoffungi; thenematode-trappingandtheendoparasiticfungi that attackvermiformlivingnematodes byusingspecializedstructures, andtheeggandcystparasiticfungi that attackthesestageswiththeir hyphal tips [2, 3]. Thereasonforthecontinuinginterest inthesefungi is, inpart, theirpotential asbiocontrol agents against plant andanimal parasitic nematodes. Fromthis point ofviewespecially, the eggandcyst parasiticfungi have beeninvestigatedindepthbecauseofthepromiseofthesefungi asbiocontrol agents [4, 5]. Biological control of plant parasitic nematodes usingnematophagous fungi has receivedconsiderable attention recently, because of the urgent needfor alternatives toreplace synthetic nematicides that arebeingphasedout duetoenvironmental concerns [6, 7]. Thepotatocyst nematode (PCN), Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber, 1923) Behrens, 1975andthecabbagecyst nematode(CCN), Heterodera cruciferae Franklin, 1945andthebeet cyst nematode (BCN), Heterodera schachtii Schmidt, 1871 are some of the most important plant parasitic nematodes inthe world. Since nematophagous fungi were first discovered insoil in 1852 [8], more than200 speciesoffungi havebeenidentifiedas colonizers ofcysts, eggsandfemales ofeight species ofcyst nematodes insoil, includingPCNandBCN[9,10]. Thepercentagesofcysts, eggsandfemalesofcystsnematodescolonized by fungi in agricultural soil ranged from10-90%, with about 50%being the most common [11, 12]. Two possible routes for biological management of plant parasitic nematodes have been proposed. One is mass produceaneffectivenematodedestroyingfungus inthelaboratory, andthenapplyittosoil [13] andtheotheris enhance the natural nematophagous fungal populations in soil by altering their surrounding conditions. But commercial success of these approaches has beenlimited; however, there are encouragingreports onreducing nematodepopulationsbyaddingcertainkindsofamendments, suchaschitinandgreenmanurecropstosoil [14, 15, 16, 17]. Theobjectiveofthis studywastoinvestigatethespeciesandfrequenciesoffungi colonizingcystsofPCN, CCN andBCNcollectedfromCentral AnatoliaofTurkey. 2. MATERIALandMETHODS Fungal isolationfromcysts of nematodes: Soil samples were collectedfrompotato (Solanum tuberosum L.) fields (Nevşehir: 38° 37,2'N; 34° 43,2'E) naturallyinfestedwithPCN, andfromcabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata subvar. rubra L.) fields (Çorum: 40° 33,0'N; 34° 57,0'E) naturally infestedwithCCN, andfrom sugar-beet (Beta vulgaris L.) fields (Eskişehir: 39° 46,2N; 30° 30,0'E) infestedwithBCNin several areas of Central AnatoliainTurkey. The soil was air-driedovernight andthe cysts were extractedbytheFenwickCan Method[18]. Atotal of 196cystsofPCN, 136ofCCNand 154ofBCNwerecollected. Cysts werehandpicked underastereoscopicmicroscope(Meademodel 8300), at 15xmagnificationandtransferredconsecutivelyintoa 10%sodiumhypochlorite (NaClO) solutionfor 5min, 100^LL-1streptomycinfor 15min, 20^LL-1malachite greenfor 10min, andsterilizedwater for surface disinfestations. The cysts were partiallyair-driedafterwards. Five surface-drieddisinfestedcystswereplacedontothecorners at asterilizedsquarecoverglasswhichwas on potatodextroseagar inaPetri dish(9cmdiameter) under sterile conditions. ThePetri dishes weresealed with paraffinfilmand incubated at 23 °C. Fungi growing fromthe cysts were examinedvisually or with a light microscope (Olympus model CX21) at lowmagnification (x40) to determine the sites fromwhichthe fungi grew. The fungal colonies emergingfromcysts were transferred once they reachedthe agar under the cover glass. Identifications offungi weremadefromthese subcultures. Identificationofthenematophagousfungi was basedonthe morphological characteristics of conidiophores andconidia [19, 20, 21, 22]. If needed, nematodes were addedto fungal cultures to induce sporulationfor identification. Sporulationwas also induced in some culturesbyexposingfungal myceliumtoablacklight lamp(Model X-15B115volts60Hz). 3. RESULTSANDDISCUSSION 3.1. Fungi associated with cysts of PCN: Of the 196 cysts of PCNexamined, 78 or 39.7%were colonizedby fungi (Table 1). Seven species of fungi were identified, representing 5different genera. Of the fungi identified, most were species of Fusarium. Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtendahl was found to be associatedwith33cysts or 16.8%. Gliocladium roseum Bainier, Verticillium coccosporum W.Gams, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) K eissl, Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zinser) Scholtenwere infrequently associated with cysts (Table 1; Figure 1). Most fungi isolatedemergedfromanywhere onthe cysts surface whereas C. destructans emergedonlyfromthevulvaofthecysts. Thisdifferenceisimportantforidentificationsoffungi. 11 M JA L MANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 Karakaş, Fungi Associated with Cysts o f Globodera rostochiensis, Heterodera cruciferae and Heterodera schachii (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) 3.2. Fungi associated with cysts of CCN: Of the 136 cysts of CCNexamined, 51 (37.5%) were colonized by fungi (Table 2; Figure 2). Seven species of fungi were isolated and identified. Most fungi associatedwithcysts of PCNwere species of Fusarium. Fusarium oxysporum was associatedwith 26 cysts (19.1%), andC. destructans associatedwith11cysts (8.0%). Fusarium solani andF. tabacinum eachcolonized 2.9%ofthecysts. All otherspeciesfromothergeneraoccurredat relativelylowfrequency(1.5-2.5%). 3.3 Fungi associated with cysts of BCN: For this research, of the 154 cysts of BCNexamined, 60 (38.9%) werecolonizedbyfungi (Table3; Figure 3). Sevenspecies offungi wereisolatedandidentified. All of themwere the same species of fungi that were isolatedfromcysts of BCN. The frequencies of associationof these fungi withcysts of BCNwere similar tothose of CCN. Most fungi associatedwithcysts of BCNwere species of Fusarium. Fusarium oxysporum was associated with 30 cysts (19.4%) but C. destructans was associatedwith 16cysts (10.3%). All other species fromother generaoccurredat relatively lowfrequencyfor BCN(0.5- 2.5%). This researchshowedthat numerous fungi were associatedwithcysts of cyst nematodes. The fungal generafromPCN, CCNandBCNweresimilar, especiallythosefoundinCCNandBCN. Thesefungi associated withnematodes mayrepresent adistinct mycoflorainthe soil. Agricultural soils generallycontainhundreds of speciesoffungibelongingto 170genera [20]. At thespecieslevel, 10fungal specieswereisolatedfromcystsof PCN, CCNandBCN. Fusarium oxysporum, C. destructans andV. coccosporium wereassociatedwiththesecyst nematodeswhereasF. heterosporium, G. roseum andA. alternata wereassociatedwithonlyPCN. This suggests that the mycofloras ofthe cyst nematodes maybe different. Becausebiological life cycle, hosts andnutritional needsofcyst nematodesaregenerallydifferent. Cylindrocarpon destructans hasbeenreportedas aneggparasite of several cyst nem atodes [23, 24]. A Fusarium species associatedwitheggm assesbut not females hasbeenreportedtobe aneggparasite [25]. All thefungi isolatedfromPCN, CCNandBCNhavebeenreportedtobeassociatedwithplant-parasiticnematodes, especiallycyst-formingnematodes. Afewofthemhavebeenprovenobligateparasitesofnematodesbut most of themare opportunisticparasites andsaprophytes. For those obligate parasites, their effectiveness indestroying nematodes invitro has not ledthemtobe successful bio-control agents ofplant parasitic nematodes. However, therearereportswhichindicatethatviabilityofnematodeswasgreatlyreducedafterbeingcolonizedbysomeof these opportunistic fungal parasites in laboratory [23]. In soil, the populations of these opportunistic fungi associatedwithnematodes canbe significantlygreaterthanpopulations ofobligateparasites [26, 27, 28]. Many nematode trapping fungi have been found to occur more frequently in the rhizospheres of several plants, especiallyleguminousplants, e.g. soybeanandpea, thaninroot freesoil [29, 30, 31]. This effect couldpossibly be duetoincreasedor changedroot exudationintheseplants. The suppressiveness of suppressive soils against plant parasiticnematodes hasbeenreportedtobepositivelyrelatedtothepopulationofall the fungal parasites, including the opportunists [9]. Although a great deal of knowledge is lacking on the mode of action and populationdynamicsoftheseopportunisticfungal parasites, theirimportanceinfutureintegratedmanagement of plantparasiticnematodesshouldnotbeunderestimated. 4. CONCLUSION Oneimportant aspect ofnematophagousfungi isthepossibilityofusingthemforbiological control ofplant- and animal- parasitic nematodes. Plant parasitic nematodes, e.g. root knot andcyst nematodes, are global pests in agricultureandhorticulture, causingsevereyieldlosses. Owingtothebanofmanynematicides, e.g. methyl bromide, because ofhealthandenvironmental concerns, new alternativesfornematodecontrol arethereforeneeded. Biological control maybesuchanalternative. Mostly, plant parasitic nematodes attackplant roots and, therefore, the ability of the nematophagous fungi to growintherhizosphereisofgreat importancefortheircapacitytocontrol thesenematodes. 12 M JA L MANAS Journal ofAgriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 Karakaş, Fungi Associated with Cysts o f Globodera rostochiensis, Heterodera cruciferae and Heterodera schachii (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) Table 1. Fungal species associated with cysts of Globodera rostochiensis Fungal species Fusarium heterosporum Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium solani Gliocladium roseum Verticillium coccosporum Alternaria alternate Cylindrocarpon destructans Total cystscolonized* PSD: 9.21 *Atotal of 196cystswereexamined. PSD: PopulationStandartDeviation Cystscolonizedbyfungi Number (n) 10 33 4 5 7 8 11 78 Percentage(%) 5.1 16.8 2.0 2.5 3.5 4.0 5.6 39.7 Figure 1. Fungal species associated with cysts o f Globodera rostochiensis (F h. Fusarium heterosporum, F o: Fusarium oxysporum, F s: Fusarium solani, G r: Gliocladium roseum, V c: Verticillium coccosporum, A a: Alternaria alternate, C d: Cylindrocarpon destructans). Table 2. Fungal species associated with cysts of Heterodera cruciferae Fungal species Cylindrocarpon destructans Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium solani Fusarium tabacinum Nematophthora gynophila Periconia macrospinosa Verticillium coccosporium Total cystscolonized* PSD: 8.20 *Atotal of 136cystswereexamined. PSD: PopulationStandartDeviation Cystscolonizedbyfungi Number (n) 11 26 4 4 2 1 3 51 Percentage(%) 8.0 19.1 2.9 2.9 1.4 0.7 2.2 37.5 13 M JA L MANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 Karakaş, Fungi Associated with Cysts o f Globodera rostochiensis, Heterodera cruciferae and Heterodera schachii (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) Heterodera cnıciferae 26 11 1 1 Cd ■ 4 1 Fo Fs , 4 1 ■ 1 Ft Ng 3 1 _ Pm 1 ■ ^ -1 Vc Fııngiil species Figure 2. Fungal species associated with cysts o f Heterodera cruciferae (C d: Cylindrocarpon destructans, F o: Fusarium oxysporum, F s: Fusarium solani, F t: Fusarium tabacinum, N g: Nematophthora gynophila, P m: Periconia macrospinosa, V c. Verticillium coccosporium). Table 3. Fungal species associated with cysts of Heterodera schachtii Fungal species Cylindrocarpon destructans Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium solani Fusarium tabacinum Nematophthora gynophila Periconia macrospinosa Verticillium coccosporium Total cystscolonized* PSD: 9.91 *Atotal of 154cystswereexamined. PSD: PopulationStandartDeviation Cystscolonizedbyfungi Number (n) 16 30 4 2 4 3 1 60 Percentage(%) 10.3 19.4 2.5 1.2 2.5 1.9 0.6 38.9 14 M JA L MANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://joumals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 Karakaş, Fungi Associated with Cysts o f Globodera rostochiensis, Heterodera cruciferae and Heterodera schachii (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) Heterodera schachtii 35 30 30 25 20 16 ■a 15 10 4 ■ 1 Cd Fo Fs , , - 4 , Ft ■ Nj 3 , ■ Pm , Vc F u n g al species Figure 3. Fungal species associated with cysts of Heterodera schachtii (C d: Cylindrocarpon destructans, F o: Fusarium oxysporum, F s: Fusarium solani, F t: Fusarium tabacinum, N g: Nematophthora gynophila, P m: Periconia macrospinosa, V c. Verticillium coccosporium). REFERENCES [1] Gray, N.F. (1983) Ecology of nematophagous fungi: Distribution and habitat. Ann. o f Appl. Biol., 102(3), 501-509. [2] Nordbring-Hertz, B. 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Jansson(2002) Effects ofegg-parasiticandnematode-trapping fungi onplant roots. New Phytologest, 154, 491-499. Monfort, E., L.V. Lopez-LlorcaandH-B. Jansson(2005) Colonisationof seminal roots of wheat and barleybyegg-parasiticnematophagousfungi andtheir effectsonGaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici anddevelopment ofroot-rot. Soil Biol. and Biochemist., 37, 1229-1235. Tunlid, A. and D. Ahren (2011) Molecular mechanisms of the infectionbetween nematode-trapping fungi and nematodes-lessons fromgenomics. In: Biological Control o f plant parasitic nematodes: building coherence between microbial ecology and molecular mechanisms. (Spiegel, I. andK . Davies, ed.) Springer, Heidelberg. pp. 145-169. 16 M JA L MANAS Journal ofAgriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 MJALMANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://joumals.manas.edu.kg MJAL4(1) (2014) 17— 25 Phytoplankton Dynamics and Some Physicochemical Variables in Cakmak Reservoir (Samsun, Turkey) E lif Tezel Ersanlı SinopUniversity, FacultyofArtsandScience, Department ofBiology, Sinop, 57000, Turkey A rif Gönülol OndokuzMayısUniversity, FacultyofArtsandScience, Department ofBiology, Samsun, 55139, Turkey Received ; 24/06/2014 Reviewed; 13/11/2014 Accepted:05/12/2014 Abstract Phytoplankton dynamics and some physicochemical properties of CakmakReservoir were investigated betweenMay 2003 and April 2005 which is used for irrigation and drinking water supply. Atotal of 132 taxa were identified belonging to the following divisions; Cyanobacteria, Charophyta, Chlorophyta, Cryptophyta, Euglenozoa, Myzozoa and Ochrophyta. AlthoughOchrophytes were rich inrespect to species diversity, Chlorophytes attainedalargerpopulationdensity. Ulnaria ulna, Fragilaria tenera andGoniochloris mutica fromOchrophyta, Chlorella vulgaris, Monoraphidium obtusum and Ulothrix tenerrima from Chlorophyta, Cryptomonas ovata andC. erosa fromCryptophytaincreasedinsome months. The seasonal variationofphytoplanktonbasedondepthwas compatiblewithsurface water. Phytoplankton abundance was lower in winter and there was an increase in summer in Cakmak Reservoir. The reservoir water was slightly alkaline according to the pH; was alkaline according to the calcium; was in the slightly hard water group according to the hardnessvalues; hadlowandmediumproductivitydegreeaccordingtothephosphorus. Keywords Phytoplankton, reservoir, seasonal variation, water properties; İçme suyutemini ve sulamaamaçlı kurulanÇakmakBaraj Gölü’nünfitoplanktondinamiği Özet vebazı fizikokimyasal özellikleri Mayıs 2003 -Nisan2005tarihleri arasındaincelenmiştir. Cyanobacteria, Charophyta, Chlorophyta, Cryptophyta, Euglenozoa, Myzozoa ve Ochrophyta divizyolarına ait 132 takson tespit edilmiştir. Ochrophyta divizyosu tür çeşitliliği açısından zengin olmasına rağmen Chlorophyta divizyosunun populasyon büyüklüğü daha fazladır. Ochrophyta divizyosundan Ulnaria ulna, Fragilaria tenera ve Goniochloris mutica , Chlorophyta divizyosundan Chlorella vulgaris , Monoraphidium obtusum ve Ulothrix tenerrima; CryptophytadivizyosundanCryptomonas ovata veC. erosa türlerinin bazı aylarda sayıca arttığı gözlenmiştir. Derinlik örneklerinde fitoplanktonun mevsimsel değişimi yüzey suyu örnekleri ile benzer mevsimsel değişim göstermiştir. Çakmak Baraj Gölü’nde fitoplankton bolluğu kışın daha düşük iken yaz aylarında artış kaydedilmiştir. Baraj suyununpHdeğerlerine göre hafif alkali ikenkalsiyumdeğerlerine görealkali olduğu; sertlikdeğerlerinegörehafifsert sulargrubunda; fosfordeğerlerinegöre isedüşükveortaverimlilikderecesinesahipolduğubelirlenmiştir. Anahtar Fitoplankton, baraj gölü, mevsimsel değişim, sukalitesi; sözcükler: MJALMANAS Journal of Agriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg© 2014 Ersanlı, Gönülol., Phytoplankton Dynamics and Some Physicochemical Variables in Cakmak Reservoir (Samsun, Turkey) 1. INTRODUCTION In order to control flood events and water utilization, reservoir construction is essential in human life. Water quality is a critical factor for its utilization. Therefore, to use water efficiently froma reservoir, water quality monitoringand evaluationare needed [1]. Anthropogenic influences andnatural processes impairtheirusefordrinking, industrial, agricultural, recreationorotherpurposes [2]. Water quality affects species composition, abundance and the physiological status of aquatic species. Studies have shown that most algae are sensitive to changing environmental conditions. Planktonic organisms respondpromptlytoenvironmental changes andexhibit more conservative characteristics than physical and chemical variables [3]. The sustainability of aquatic ecosystems canbe provided with an effectiveecological management ofresourcesandaccuratemonitoring. AccordingtotheWaterFramework Directive (WFD), it requires an emphasis on local conditions. WFD's aimis the prevention of further destructions of aquatic ecosystems and other ecosystems, the improvement of the aquatic environment, long-termprotectionof existingwater resources andit alsoaims topromote the sustainableuse ofwater resourcesandtoreducethepollutioningroundwater [4]. Thereis nophycological studyonCakmakReservoir. The aimofthis studyis tosummarize structure of phytoplankton community and to determine water quality in Cakmak Reservoir used for irrigation and drinkingwatersupply. 2. MATERIALSandMETHODS CakmakReservoiris locatedinthesoutheast of SamsuninTurkey(41°44' and40°05' N; 37°05' and35° 30' E). It wasestablishedonRiverAbdal between1985and1988inordertoensuredrinkingwateranduse itforindustrial purposes; theactivestoragevolumeis76hm3andtheareais6.5km2andthehighest water level is 122.75m.It hasapproximately5kmlengthand1-1.5kmwidth[5]. Four stations were selected in order to determine phytoplankton dynamics, its seasonal variation and physicochemical properties ofwater (Figure 1). Water sampleswerecollectedfromstations, monthly. The water samples were collected with Hydro-Bios Nansen water sampler. Samples were preserved in formaldehydethat will result inconcentrationof 4%.Phytoplanktonwere identifiedandcountedat 400X magnification using the method of Utermohl [6] under Prior inverted microscope. The results were calculated according to method of Lund et al. [7]. Diatoms were prepared according to the method of Round[8]. Physicochemical variablesdescribedbelowweremeasuredinsurfacewater samplestakenfrom the station1. The conductivity, temperature, dissolvedoxygenandpHwere measuredwithConsort C534 samplingequipment andwater transparencywas measuredwitha secchi disc. The ammonia-N, nitrite-N, nitrate-N, bicarbonate, calcium, total hardness, magnesium, ortho-phosphate, sulfate and organic matter analysesweredeterminedaccordingtothestandardmethodsat DSI VII. QualityControl Laboratory[9]. Algal species were identifiedaccordingto the following: Anagnostidis andKomârek [10], Komârekand Anagnostidis [11-13], Hartley [14], Krammer and Lange-Bertalot [15-18], John et al. [19], Wehr and Sheath [20], Krammer [21], Tsarenko et al. [22]. All taxa were also checkedonthe algaebase web site [23]. M JA L MAMA!S Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 18 Ersanlı, Gönülol., Phytoplankton Dynamics and Some Physicochemical Variables in Cakmak Reservoir (Samsun, Turkey) 3. RESULTSandDISCUSSION Cakmak Reservoir is used for irrigation and drinking water supply. Phytoplankton dynamics and some physicochemical properties ofthe reservoir were investigatedbetweenMay2003 andApril 2005. Atotal of 132 taxa were identifiedbelonging to the following divisions; Cyanobacteria (16), Charophyta (10), Chlorophyta (27), Cryptophyta (2), Euglenozoa (17), Myzozoa (6) and Ochrophyta (54). The taxa identifiedinCakmakReservoirweregiveninTable 1. Throughout theinvestigationperiod, conductivity, temperature, dissolvedoxygen, pH, watertransparency, ammonia-N, nitrite-N, nitrate-N,bicarbonate, calcium,total hardness, magnesium, ortho-phosphate, sulfate andorganicmatteranalysesweremeasuredandpresentedinTable2. The temperature which is important for aquatic organisms influences many chemical and biological processes [24]. Thetemperaturewas measuredbetween9.4°Cand25.6°Cinsurfacewater samples. Fogg andThake [25] reportedthat phytoplanktonabundanceintemperatelakes islowinwinter evenifthereare sufficient nutrients, lowtemperature and lowlight intensity. Phytoplankton abundance inreservoir was lowerinwinterandtherewasanincreaseinsummer. Accordingtotheaverage secchi discdepth(115cm), thetrophic state ofthe reservoir has eutrophy [26]. ThepH(7.2 to 8.6) indicatedthat the reservoir water was slightlyalkaline. The measuredpHvalues were withinthe range (6.5-9.0) offreshwater aquatic life [27]. pHmeasuredinthelakesoftheBlackSeaRegionalsoshowedslight alkalineproperties [28-29]. The water conductivity (77-104 ^mhos cm-1) was betweenlimit values in natural waters accordingto Boyd [30]. The nitrite-N, nitrate-Nand ammonia-Nconcentrations were determined as 0.000 to 0.084 mgl-1, 0.04 to 1.35 mg l-1and0.00 to 1.50 mgl-1, respectively. Horne and Goldman [31] reported nitrate and ammoniaare lowconcentrations innatural water andnitriteistoolowduetothenitrateconversioninthe presence of oxygen. Accordingtomeasuredvalues (0.00to0.06mgl-1) ofphosphorus, the reservoir was betweenlowandmediumproductivitydegrees [32]. Thereservoir water hardness was rangedfrom137.5 to212.5°FSandinterms of these results, the reservoir water was inthe slightly hardwater group [33]. Bicarbonate values variedbetween 113 mg l-1and 203 mg l-1and the calciumlevels were determined between39mgl-1and60mgl-1.Presence of highconcentrations ofcalciumindicatedthat water showed alkaline character. LowMgconcentrations affect the productivity of phytoplanktoninlakes andthus the reservoir (6.7-15.2 mgl-1) has oligotrophic character [33]. The concentrationof sulfate innatural waters variedfroma fewmg l-1to several hundred mg l-1[34]. Sulfate concentrations of reservoir water were measuredbetween1.9mgl-1and59.0mgl-1. Themost commontaxonomicgroupinphytoplanktonwasOchrophyta, occupyingthe40%ofthediversity among the taxonomic groups as in most of the algological studies in our country [29, 35, 36]. Centric diatoms are described as planktonic organisms by Round [37]. Cyclotella species were present in all seasons. Cyclotella meneghiniana and Melosira spp. are often present in oligotrophic lakes. Among pennate diatoms, Ulnaria ulna was over reproduction in the winter. This species is characteristic for eutrophic lakes [38], however it has also been dominant in oligotrophic lakes [39, 40]. The identified species in reservoir Fragilaria, Amphora, Nitzschia and Navicula were found in neutral and slightly alkalinewatersandAmphora ovalis, Navicula cryptocephala existedinalkalinewaters [41]. Chrysophyceae was representedbyDinobryon sertularia inthe reservoir. This species was dominant in early autumnand winter. Rawson [42] statedthat it was accepted as anindicator of oligotrophic lakes. Chlorella vulgaris andMonoraphidium obtusum fromchloropyhtes increased in num ber during summer months and Pediastrum was represented by 1 species. Legnerova [43] reported that Monoraphidium speciesarecommoninoligotrophicandmesotrophiclakeswhilePediastrum membersarecharacteristicof mesotrophic lakes. Charophyta was represented by 10 species in Cakmak Reservoir. Cosmarium and Closterium are usuallypresent inoligotrophic lakes [37, 38, 42]. Cosmarium species are oftenpresent in CakmakReservoir. Ceratium spp. fromMyzozoa were observed commonly inphytoplankton. Ceratium hirundinella reachedsignificant num bers inthe autumn. C. hirundinella canbe foundinoligotrophic and eutrophiclakes andalmost all over theworlddistribution[19]. Myzozoamembers were commonlyfound inspringandautumnandrareinwinterinthereservoir. Inourcountry, it wasfoundtobecommonaswell [44]. Peridinium cinctum was characteristic dinoflagellate of eutrophic and mezotrophic lakes and this species canbe found in many different environments [42]. Reynolds [45] stated that most species are M JA L MANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 19 Ersanlı, Gönülol., Phytoplankton Dynamics and Some Physicochemical Variables in Cakmak Reservoir (Samsun, Turkey) abundant inepilimnion, whiledinoflagellates areadaptedtodeeper waters. Dinoflagellate andochrophyte densitywereincreasedinphytoplanktoninCakmakReservoir. Euglenozoamembers weremoreabundant in polluted waters [46]. However Euglenozoa members were found in the most of the oligotrophic reservoirsinourcountry[28, 44, 47]. Theseasonal variationinthewatercolumnwasgenerallyshownasanadjustmenttotheseasonal changein the surface water inCakmakReservoir phytoplankton. The abundance of ChlorophytaandCyanobacteria descendedthroughdeeperwaterwhileOchrophytaandMyzozoaincreased. Sincelight cannot reachtothe deep, photosynthetic algae existed near the surface, whereas the heterotrophic or mixotrophic organisms wereabletodistributeindeeperwaterlevels. Thereservoir water was unpollutedaccordingtotheaveragedissolvedoxygenconcentration; was slightly alkaline according to pH; was alkaline accordingto calciumconcentrationand was inthe slightly hard water group according to hardness values. The trophic state of the reservoir had eutrophic character accordingto the average secchi disc depth, while it was betweenlowand mediumproductivity degrees according to phosphorus concentration and had oligotrophic character according to Mg concentrations. Furthermore, morphometric structureofthelake, pooraquaticmacrophytes, watercolor rangingfromblue toblue-greenandphytoplanktondynamicshavebeensupportingthatthelakehadoligotrophiccharacter. 4. TABLES Table 1. The taxa identifıed in Cakmak Reservoir Divisio :Cyanobacteria Class :Cyanophyceae Aphanocapsa incerta (Lemmermann) Cronberg & Komarek Chroococcus minor (Kützing) Nâgeli Chroococcus pallidus Nâgeli Chroococcus turgidus (Kützing) Nâgeli Gloeothece linearis Nâgeli Gomphosphaeria aponina Kützing Limnococcus limneticus (Lemmermann) Komarkova, et. al. Merismopedia elegans A. Braun ex Kützing Merismopedia glauca (Ehrenberg) Kützing Merismopedia punctata Meyen Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kützing Oscillatoria tenuis C. Agardh ex Gomont Spirulina major Kützing ex Gomont Spirulina princeps West & G. S. West Spirulina subsalsa Oerstedt ex Gomont Wollea saccata (Wolle) Bornet & Flahault Divisio :Charophyta_________________________________ Class :Zygnematophyceae___________________________ Closterium acutum Brebisson Closterium dianae Ehrenberg ex Ralfs Closterium moniliferum Ehrenberg ex Ralfs Cosmarium bioculatum Brebisson ex Ralfs Cosmarium formosulum H off Cosmarium granatum Brebisson ex Ralfs Cosmarium laeve Rabenhorst Spirogyra varians (Hassall) Kützing Spirogyra weberi Kützing Staurastrum gracile Ralfs ex Ralfs Divisio :Chlorophyta_________________________________ _______ Class________________:Chlorocophyceae__________ Acutodesmus obliquus (Turpin) Hegewald & Hanagata Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Corda) Ralfs Asterococcus sp. Chlamydomonas globosa J. W. Snow Coelastrum microporum Nâgeli Desmodesmus abundans (Kirchner) E. Hegewald Desmodesmus communis (E. H. Hegewald) E. H. Hegewald Monoraphidium griffithii (Berkeley) Komarkova-Legnerova M JA L MANAS Journal ofAgriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 20 Ersanlı, Gönülol., Phytoplankton Dynamics and Some Physicochemical Variables in Cakmak Reservoir (Samsun, Turkey) Monoraphidium minutum (Nâgeli) Komârkovâ-legnerovâ Monoraphidium obtusum (Korshikov) Komârkovâ-Legnerovâ Monactinus simplex (Meyen) Corda Pediastrum duplex Meyen Pseudocharacium obtusum (A. Braun) Petry-Hesse Pseudopediastrum boryanum (Turpin) E. Hegewald Raphidocelis subcapitata (Korshikov) G. Nygaard et. al. Scenedesmus ecornis (Ehrenberg) Chodat Scenedesmus obtusus Meyen Scenedesmus verrucosus Y. V. Roll Selenastrum gracile Reinsch Stauridium privum (Printz) E. Hegewald Tetraedron minimum (A. Braun) Hansgirg Tetrastrum komarekii Hindâk Class :Trebouxiophyceae______________________________________________ Botryococcus braunii Kützing Chlorella vulgaris Beyerinck [Beijerinck] Gloeotila subconstricta (G. S. West) Printz Oocystis borgei J. Snow Class :Ulvophyceae___________________________________________________ Ulothrix tenerrima (Kützing) Kützing Divisio :C ryptophyta___________________________________________________ _______ O rdo________________:Cryptophyceae______________________________ Cryptomonas erosa Ehrenberg Cryptomonas ovata Ehrenberg Divisio :Euglenozoa____________________________________________________ _______ Class________________:Euglenophyceae_____________________________ Astasia shadowskii Korshikov Euglena clavata Skuja Euglena elongata Schewiakoff Euglena gracilis Klebs Euglena oxyuris Schmarda f. skvortzovii (Popowa) Popowa Euglena retronata L. P. Johnson Euglena splendens P. A. Dangeard Lepocinclus oxyuris (Schmarda) Marin & Melkonian Phacus acuminatus Stokes Phacus caudatus Hübner Phacus longicauda (Ehrenberg) Dujardin var. rotunda (Pochmann) Huber-Pestalozzi Strombomonas verrucosa (E. Daday) Deflandre Trachelomonas crebea Kellicott var. brevicollis Prescott Trachelomonas hispida (Perty) F. Stein Trachelomonas inflata Skvortzov var. crenulatocollis Skvortzov Trachelomonas oblonga Lemmermann var. pulcherrima (Playfair) Popova Trachelomonas volvocina (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg Divisio :Myzozoa______________________________________________________ _______ Class________________:Dinophyceae________________________________ Ceratium furcoides (Levander) Langhans Ceratium hirundinella (O. F. Müller) Dujardin Ceratium hirundinella var. silesiacum (Schroeder) Huber-Pestalozzi Peridiniopsis thompsonii (Thompson) Bourrelly Peridinium aciculiferum Lemmermann Peridinium cinctum (O. F. Müller) Ehrenberg Divisio :O chrophyta___________________________________________________ Class :Bacillariophyceae______________________________________________ Amphora ovalis (Kützing) Kützing Asterionella formosa Hassall Aulacoseira granulata (Ehrenberg) Simonsen Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima (O. F. Müller) Simonsen Aulacoseira islandica (O. F. Müller) Simonsen Brachysira brebissonii R. Ross Caloneis dubia Krammer Cocconeis pediculus Ehrenberg Cocconeis placentula Ehrenberg Cocconeis placentula var. klinoraphis Geitler Coscinodiscus rothii (Ehrenberg) Grunow Cyclotella meneghiniana Kützing Cyclotella ocellata Pantocsek_______________________________________________ M JA L MANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 21 Ersanlı, Gönülol., Phytoplankton Dynamics and Some Physicochemical Variables in Cakmak Reservoir (Samsun, Turkey) Cymatopleura solea (Brebisson) W.Smith Cymbella affinis Kützing Diatoma anceps (Ehrenberg) Grunow Diatoma vulgaris Bory de Saint-Vincent Discostella glomerata (H.Bachmann) Houk & Klee Encyonema minutum (Hilse) D. G. Mann Encyonema prostratum (Berkeley) Kützing Eunotia pectinalis (Kützing) Rabenhorst Fragilaria tenera (W. Smith) Lange-Bertalot Fragilariforma virescens (Ralfs) D. M. Williams & Round Gomphonema clavatum Ehrenberg Gomphonema truncatum Ehrenberg Gyrosigma acuminatum (Kützing) Rabenhorst Gyrosigma macrum (W. Smith) J. W. Griffith & Henfrey Halamphora normanii (Rabenhorst) Levkov Hantzschia amphioxys (Ehrenberg) Grunow Luticola obligata (Hustedt) D. G. Mann Melosira varians C. Agardh Navicula cincta (Ehrenberg) Ralfs Navicula cryptocephala var. veneta (Kützing) Rabenhorst Navicula longicephala Hustedt Navicula radiosa Kützing Navicula rhynchocephala Kützing Neidium bisulcatum (Lagerstedt) Cleve var. subampliatum Krammer Neidium iridis (Ehrenberg) Cleve Nitzschia acicularis (Kützing) W. Smith Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W. Smith Pleurosigma angulatum (Queckett) W.Smith Rhoicosphenia abbreviata (C. Agardh) Lange-Bertalot Stauroneis anceps Ehrenberg Surirella linearis W. Smith Surirella ovalis Brebisson Synedra camtschatica Grunow Tabellaria fenestrata (Lyngbye) Kützing Tabularia gaillonii (Bory de Saint-Vincent) Bukhtiyarova Ulnaria acus (Kützing) M. Aboal Ulnaria danica (Kützing) Compere & Bukhtiyarova Ulnaria delicatissima (W. Smith) M. Aboal & P. C. Silva Ulnaria ulna (Nitzsch) P. Compere Class :Chrysophyceae___________________________________ Dinobryon sertularia Ehrenberg Class :Xanthophyceae__________________________________ Goniochloris fallax Fott Goniochloris mutica (A. Braun) Fott___________________________ Table 2. Physicochemical variables in surface water samples taken from the station 1 at Cakmak Reservoir June 03 July 03 August 03 Septem ber 03 O ctober 03 Novem ber 03 Decem ber 03 25.5 25.0 24.8 22.6 17.0 12.4 11.9 4.3 4D.6 4.6 5.0 6.8 8.7 9.0 8H.3 8.5 8.6 8.3 7.8 8.0 8.2 1 o04 0. m40 9C 8 0. A 10 98 0.05 96 0.15 92 0.00 92 1.50 92 0.20 0.0 ti 03 0.0N00 0.007 0.038 0.001 0.084 0.003 MANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 0. ti04 0.N55 0.05 0.11 0.24 0.55 0.40 1 ci58 1B 65 170 138 138 150 145 4 la3 4 C 6 42 39 40 45 46 142.0 15T8.0 165.0 142.5 157.0 175.0 156.5 9.7 12.2 12.0 10.9 14.0 15.2 14.6 0. r01 0. O 02 0.02 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.04 21.6 50.4 33.6 13.0 13.0 31.7 27.4 1. r56 1. O 84 1.56 1.76 1.60 2.04 1.98 22 7 a0 1W 00 80 120 90 150 240 Ersanlı, Gönülol., Phytoplankton Dynamics and Some Physicochemical Variables in Cakmak Reservoir (Samsun, Turkey) Ja n u a ry 04 F ebruary 04 M arch 04 A pril 04 May 04 June 04 July 04 August 04 Septem ber 04 O ctober 04 November 04 Decem ber 04 Ja n u a ry 05 F ebruary 05 M arch 05 A pril 05 9.8 9.4 11.2 12.5 18.1 25.0 25.4 22.5 18.3 14.4 13.1 11.0 10.0 12.2 16.6 18.0 11.1 11.2 9.2 8.6 6.0 4.6 4.5 5.2 6.0 8.0 8.3 10.2 11.0 8.8 7.5 5.9 7.9 7.5 8.2 8.1 7.8 8.4 8.5 8.0 7.2 7.6 8.1 7.8 7.2 8.2 8.1 7.9 82 77 92 82 90 98 96 96 99 97 98 96 97 94 101 94 0.10 0.15 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.20 0.05 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.20 0.00 0.05 0.004 0.006 0.003 0.003 0.010 0.008 0.006 0.003 0.013 0.000 0.003 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.040 0.005 0.90 0.60 0.60 0.80 0.30 0.35 1.04 0.55 0.20 0.55 0.70 0.70 0.60 0.60 1.05 1.35 155 163 168 203 140 155 158 165 145 155 160 158 113 158 133 163 48 56 55 59 46 50 52 58 39 42 45 60 44 54 58 52 188.0 185.0 197.5 200.0 175.0 155.0 167.5 212.5 142.5 155.0 145.0 190.0 137.5 187.5 187.5 187.5 9.9 10.9 14.6 12.8 10.2 7.3 9.7 12.2 10.9 12.2 12.8 12.4 6.7 12.8 10.3 13.9 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 51.8 26.4 30.7 2.4 7.7 1.9 21.6 50.4 2.9 4.3 19.7 33.6 23.5 33.1 59.0 28.8 1.75 1.84 1.68 1.96 1.64 1.80 1.64 1.92 1.68 1.36 1.22 1.44 1.56 1.64 1.68 0.64 90 90 75 90 180 90 60 80 130 90 120 180 130 100 75 120 5. 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M JA L MANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 25 MJALMANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://joumals.manas.edu.kg MJAL4(1) (2014) 26-33 The Vegetation and Productivity of The Caspian’s Shores In Azerbaijan Murat Musayev AzerbaycanMilli BilimlerAkademisi BotanikEnstitüsü,Patamdar Şosesi 70, Bakü/Azerbaycan [email protected] V agif Atamov RecepTayyipErdoğanÜniversitesi FenEdebiyat Fakültesi Biyoloji BölümüRize/Türkiye [email protected] Musa Cabbarov BaküDevletÜniversitesi Biyoloji Fakültesi BotanikKürsüsüZhalilov23, Bakü/Azerbaycan R eceived; 25/11/2013 Reviewed; 13/11/2014 Accepted: 05/12/2014 Abstract This study was performed on the phloristic and phytosociologic features and the classificationandproductivity ofthevegetationof Caspianshores inAzerbaijan. Between Abseron peninsula and Astaraya (100-150 mshore zone) of the shore, 34 families, 93 geneses, and 134 species were defined. In the study area 17 species are submerged in water, 25ofthemarepartiallysubmerged and79ofthemareexpandedintheswampsand damp places. In the region, desert, semi-desert, swamp, and forest ecosiistems, sandydesert, halophytic damp desert, halophytic arid desert, subtropical semi-desert, ephimeric subtropical semi-desert, swamp, meadow-swamp, shoreplainforest, andshoretugayforest, consisting of 48 formations and 57 associations were identified. The productivity of the ground surface and underground phytomasses were 40-6400 gr and 50-4560 gr, respectively. Keywords: Azerbaijan, Caspian Sea, vegetation, productivity Hazar’ın Azerbaycan’a ait sahil vejetasyonu ve verimliliği Özet Bu çalışmada Azerbaycan sınırları içerisinde kalan Hazar Denizi sahil kesimlerindeki vejetasyonun floristik ve fitososyolojik özellikleri ve verimliliği araştırılmıştır. Azerbaycan’ın AbşeronyarımadasındanAstaraya kadar olangüney kesimlerini kapsayan sahilinde(denizden100-150molansahil zonu) 34familya, 93cinseait olan134bitki türü tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmaalanındaki bitkilerin 17türü suiçerisinde suyabatmış şekilde, 25’i yarıya kadar suyabatmış şekilde, 79’u ise bataklıkve nemli yerlerde yayılmaktadır. Araştırma alanında: çol, yarı-çol, su-bataklık, orman ekosistemlerine ait, kumul-çöl, halofitiksucul çöl, halofitikçoraklaşmış-çöl, subtropikyarı-çöl, efemerli subtropikyarı-çöl, sulubataklık, çimenleşmiş bataklık, kıyı düzlükormanve kıyı tugay ormanı olmaküzere 48bitki birliği ve 57alt birliktespit edilmiştir. Araştırılanalanınbitki örtüsünde rastlanan birliklerdetopraküstüfitokütleninverimliliği 40-6400gr, toprakaltı fitokütledeise50-4560 graralığındadeğişmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Azerbaycan, Hazar Denizi, vejetasyon, verimlilik M JA L MANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 Musayev, Atamov, Cabbarov., The Vegetation and Productivity o f The Caspian’s Shores In Azerbaijan 1. GİRİŞ Hazar Denizininkumullarında genelde psammofit bitkiler yayılış gösterir. Özellikleyapraksız çalılar ve yarı çalılar karakteristiktir. Bunlara örnek olarak; Calligonum bakuense Litu. ve C. petunnikowii Litu., Ephedra distachya L., Eleagnus caspica (D .Sosn) A.Grossh., Nitraria schoberi L., N. komorowii İljinet Lava., Artemisia arenaria DC., Convolvulus persicus L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Astragalus igniarius M. Pop., A. hyrcanus Pall., A. bakuensiz Bge., Medicago coerulea Less. ve M. littoralis Rohde., Elymus giganteus V ahl., Phragmites communis (L.) Trin. taksonlarınıverebiliriz. Kumullarınbitki formasyonları ile sertleştiği ve taban suyununyüzeye yakın durumda olduğu engebeli topoğrafyalarda, yukarıda sayılan bitkilere ek olarak Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad., Salsola pestifera A.Nes., S. paulsenii Litu., Tournefortia sibirica L., Centaurea adpressa Ledeb., Gypsophylla bicolor Freyn., Limonium meyeri (Boiss.) Ktze., Alhagi pseudoalhagi (M.B.) Desv., Melilotus caspicus Grun., Calamogrostis gigantea Roshev., C.glauca (M .B.) Trin., Erianthus purpurascens Anderss., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Aeluropus littoralis (G oudn) Parlatore., Carex extensa Good., C. melanostachya M.B., Juncus littoralis C.A .Mey., J. acutus L. bitkileribulunmaktadır. Araştırmaalanınındarastlananbitki birliklerininfitokütlelerinin(topraküstüvetoprakaltı) araştırılması ve yemolaraktopraküstükütlenindeğerlendirilmesi deekonomikveekolojikaçıdanönemtaşımaktadır. 2. GEREÇveYÖNTEM HazarDenizi’ninkıyı kesimlerindeyapılanarazi çalışmaları Abşeronyarımadasınınkuzeyinden(BuzovnaBilgeh) başlayarak güneye doğru Kızılağaç Körfezine kadar olan geniş bir alanı (yaklaşık 450 km) kapsamaktadır. 11 değişik noktada örneklik alan seçilmiş ve bu noktalarda karakteristik bitki birlikleri belirlenmiştir. Örneklik alanlarda bitki örtüsünün floristik ve fitososyolojik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Bitkilerin teşhisi 8 ciltlik Azerbaycan Florası eserine göre, vejetasyon sınıflandırması ise dominantlık prensipine göreyapılmıştır (1, 2, 3). Denizkıyısındanyaklaşık 100-150 muzaklaştıkçabitki birlikleri ve onlarınyayılışı incelenmiştir, yaptığımız kayıtlarvenotlaradayanarakvekaynaklaradayanarak, Azerbaycan’ınHazar Denizi sahil kesimininvejetasyonharitası verilmiştir (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10). Haritanın çizimi “MS World” programında, harıtanın lejandası ise Azerbaycan’ın Hazar Denizi sahil kesiminin vejetasyonsınıflandırılması baz alınarakyapılmıştır (19). Araştırma alanındayayılış gösterenbirlikler ve bunlarıntopraküstüve toprakaltı fitokütlesininverimliliği (25 cm2-likalanda gramcinsinden) ve mutlak nemoranıbelirlenmiştir(3, 11). 3.TARTIŞMA Hazarın kıyı kesimlerinde yapılan arazi çalışmaları Abşeron yarımadasının kuzeyinden (BuzovnaBilgeh) başlayarakgüneye, Kızılağaçkörfezinekadar olangeniş bir kıyı kesimini kapsamıştır (Şekil 1). Dahadüşükyükseklikteolantopografyalardahalofitikbitkiler (Salsola soda, S.crassa, Salicornia europea, Petrosimonia brachiata, Kalidium caspicum, Suaeda dendroides, Halostachus caspicus, Tamarix ramasissima) ve onlarınoluşturduğubitki gruplaşm aları ile yanısıra su-bataklıkbirliklerine (Phragmites communis, Carex bordzilowskii, C.exteusa, Juncus littoralis, J. acutus, J.marittimus, Bolboschaenus maritimus, Typha angustifolia rastlanm aktadır. Ancak, yukseklikği deniz seviyesinin üstünde olan topografyalarda ise yarı çöl, ve çoraklaşmış çöl tipli bitki birliklerine (Artemisia fragrans, Salsola dendroides, Bromus japonicus, Zerna rubens ) rastlanm aktadır. Kıyıdanuzaklaştıkca toprakta sıcaklık değerininarttığı, ortamıniseasitortamdanbazikbirortamadoğrudeğiştiği görülmektedir. R. Şahsuvarovun (7) Samur Deveçi Düzünde yaptığı araştırma sonuçları ile mükayese edersek Hazarın güneyve kuzey kesimlerde bir birine benzer olduğunu, fakat floristikaçıdanKuzey kesimlerde floranın dahazenginolduğugörülmektedir. Bufarklılığınnedeni isebizimaraştırmalarımizınsadecekıyıyayakın olanalanlarındışınaçıkılmamasındankaynaklanmaktadır. 27 M JA L MANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://joumals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 Musayev, Atamov, Cabbarov., The Vegetation and Productivity o f The Caspian’s Shores In Azerbaijan Hazarınsahil kesimlerininkumul vejetasyonuekolojiközelliklerine göre psamnofit-litoral, fitososyolojik özelliklerinegöreiseçölvejetasyonutipininkumul-çöl alttipinegirer(12). Denizkıyısındabubitkileretek tek, safveyakarışıkşeklinderastlanmaktadır. Mayılov’agöre(12) Azerbaycan’dakumullaryaklaşık117650hektaralanı kapsamaktadır. Bununyaklaşık 24150hektarı hareketli kumullualanlaroluptümüHazarDenizi’ninsahil kesimlerini kapsamaktadır. Bazı araştırmalara göre Hazar DenizininAzerbaycan’la sınırlanansahil kesimleri dar bant şeklinde kumul-çöl vejetasyonuileörtülüdür(4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 1415, 16). Aliyev ’e göre (13) Abşeron’un 300binhektarı kumul alanlardanoluşur, bununda % 30-35’ini hareket edenkumullaroluşturur. R. Şahsuvarov Hazarın Azerbaycana ait kuzey kıyı kesimlerinde (Samur-Deveçi düzünde) deniz kıyısı nemli çoraklaşmış, hereket eden kumullu, yarı hareketli kumullu ve sertleşmiş kumullu substratlarda; kumul-çöl, su-bataklık, çayır-çimen, orman, kayaca bağlı olan vejetasyon tiplerinde 17 formasyon, 59 assosasyonve 56 familyaya ait 298 vasküler bitki türününoldugunubelirlemiştir (7). Bu alanAbşeron yarımadasınınkuzeykesimlerini kapsamaktadır. Hazar Denizinin, Yalama, Hazmaz, Deveci ve Lenkeran düzü ile sınırlanan kesimlerinde bataklaşmış çimenlerveotlubataklıklargenişyayılışgösterir. Ramsar listesine giren, Uluslararası düzeyde kuşların korunması amacı ile koruk alanı ilan edilmiş Kızılağaç körfezi de araştırma alanımız kapsamınadadır. Buradayaygınolan sucul bitkiler, bataklaşmışçimenlerveasıl-bataklıklarkışlayankuşlarınmeskeni olup, balıklarınüremesi veavcılıkiçindeönemli bir alandır. Buradayaygınolansucul bitkilerden: MyriophyllumverticillatumL., M.spicatumL. , Nymphaea alba L., Alismaplantago-aquaticaL., PolygonumamphibiumL.var. natansLeyss., PotomogetondensusL. , P. pectinatus L., P. crispus L., Najas minor All., N.marina L. , CeratophpyllumsubmersumL., C. demersumL., NajasmarinaL., N. minorAll., Bolboschoeanus maritimus (L.) Pall., Sparganiumneclectum Beeby, ZannicheliamajorBoen., TrapahyrcanaWoron. taksonlarını örnekverebiliriz. V. Atamov (19) Hazar’ın sahil kesimlerinin bitki örtüsünde; Phrametum, Bolboschetum, Thyphetum, Calamogrostisetum, Juncetum, Kalidietum, Halocnetum, Halostachusetumgibi bitki birliklerinin geniş alanları kapsadığıveotverimliliğininyüksekolduğu ortayakonmuştur. M.Musayev, V. Atamov(20) tarafındanAzerbaycan’ınsu-bataklıkflorasında: 62familyave208cinseait toplam502 takson olduğu, bu bitkilerden 169’un hidrofit, 243’ün higrofit, 90’ının ise hidatofit olduğu belirlenmiştir. Seçmen ve Leblebici (21) Türkiyenin sulak alanlarının florası ve bitkiliğinin araştırılması sonucu bu ekosistemlerinyıllıktemel üretimgücününenüst düzeydeolansistemlerolduğunubelirtmişlerdir. Hazar Denizi’nin Deveci, Abşeron, Masallı ve Lenkeran bölgelerinde yaygın olan Juncus littoralis C.A.Mey. vePhragmitescommunis (L.) Trin. türleri genelliklesaf, bazeniseGlycyrrhizaglabraL., Alhagi pseudoalhagi Desv., Artemisia szovitsiana (Boiss.) A. Grossh., Limonium meyeri (Boiss.) Ktze., Phsylliostachys spicata (Willd.) Nevski., Tripoliumvulgare (L.) Nessab gibi türlerinkatılımı ilebirlikler oluşturur. Bu kesimlerde rastlanan Scirpus tabernaemontani Gmel., S .lacustris L., Carex bordzilowski V.Krecz. , C. compactaLam. , C.divisaHuds. , C.riparia Curt., ThyphalatifoliaL., T. angustifoliaL., T. laxmannii Lep., SparganiumpolyedrumA.et.G., S. neglectumBeeby., S. microcarpum(Neum.) Cel., Juncus acutusL., J. littoralis C. A.Mey., J. gerardi Leis., J. maritimusLam. gibi türler dekıyı kesimlerde yaygınolantürlerdendir. Bubirliklerde Phragmites communis’in 1m2alandaortalamatopraküstüyaş kütlesi 5kg, ortalamaboyu ise 2.5-3 m’ye ulaşır. Sahilinkurakyerlerinde ise bubitkininortalama boyu 1,8 m, 1m2-de olangövde sayısı 24, 1m2-deolanyaşkütleise3,5-4,0kgcivarındadır(10, 18). Hazar Denizi’nin kuzey kıyısındakı Deveci limanında ve güneyindeki Celilabad ve Masallı bölgeleri arasındakı sahil kesimlerinde Juncus littoralis, J. acutus, J. marittimus türlerininoluşturduğusafbirliklere rastlanır. Bu birliklerin floristik kompozisyonu alanın nemlilik ve tuzluluk oranına bağlı olarak değişmektedir. 28 M JA L MAMA!S Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 Musayev, Atamov, Cabbarov., The Vegetation and Productivity o f The Caspian’s Shores In Azerbaijan N t CASPIAN SEA Sandyshoredesert Semi-desert Ephemerical subtropical semi-desert Halofitical humiddesert Halofitical drydesert PlaneForest andforest-sidemeadow Shoreoakforest Forest-sidemeadow Meadow-swamporgrassyswamp Tipical halofitical desert River-sideforest M: 1:2 000 000 Şekil 1. Azerbaycan ’ın Hazar Denizi kıyısındaki vejetasyon tipleri. DenizkıyısındanuzaklaştıkçaJuncus littoralis’in bolluğu, verimliliği ve örtüş derecesi belli bir uzaklığa kadar gitgide artar. Bu birliğin ortalama boyu 1m, örtüş derecesi %90’dır. Şıhov sahil kesimlerinde Phragmites communis bazı yerlerde20-30menindeolm aküzeregenişalanlarayayılmaktadır(8, 10). 29 M JA L MANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 Musayev, Atamov, Cabbarov., The Vegetation and Productivity o f The Caspian’s Shores In Azerbaijan Apşeronyarmadasınınkuzeyindengüneyine (Astara’ya) kadar olanbölgede geniş alanlan kaplayan; subataklık(Hövsan, Zire, Şıhav, KızılağaçKörfezi, Şahdili); kumul-çöl (Hövsan, Türkan, Artyom, Sangaçal, Elet ); halofitik-çöl (Taşgil, Şirvankoruğu, Sangaçal, Saratovka, Neftçala); ve yarı-çöl (Hövsan, Türkan, Artyom,EletDres, Daşğili)vejetasyontiplerinerastlanmaktadır(Şekil 1). Şekil 1’de Hazar Denizi’ninkıyı kesimlerinde yayılış gösterenbitki birlikleri (çöl, yarı-çöl, su-bataklık, orman), ve alt tipleri (kumul-çöl, halofitiksucul (nemli)-çöl, halofitikçoraklaşmış-çöl, subtropikyarı-çöl, efemerli subtropik yarı-çöl, çimenleşmiş su-bataklık ve bataklaşmış çimenve kıyı ormanlar) haritanın lejandasındaverilmiştir. Araştırma alanındayaygınrastlanan23 bitki birliğinde topraküstüve toprakaltı fitokütleninyaş ve kuruağırlıkları incelenmiş ve mutlaknemoranınınassosastonlaragöre değişme oranı belirlenmiştir. Fitokütleoranınındeğişmesi 0,25cm2’likalandaincelenmişveverilertablo 1-deverilmiştir. Tablo 1. Hazar Denizi’nin Azerbaycan sahil kesimlerinin yaygın assosasyonlarının verimliliği. Assosasyonlar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Juncusetum littoralisae Juncusetum .marittimae Junco marittimii Limonietum meyeriae Junco marittimii - Glycyrrhizetum glabrae Ephedretum distachyae Astragaletum hyrcanusae Astragalo hyrcanae -Juncusetum littoralisae Ephedreto distachya-Artemisetum szovitsianae Calamagrosto giganthei- Phragmetumcommunisae Thyphetum angustifoliae Carexetum divisae Kalidetum caspicumae Salsoletum dendroidesae Artemisetum szovitsianae Artemisetum fragransae Salsoletum ericoidesae Alhagetum pseudalhagiae Tamarixetum ramassisimae Alhago pseudoalhagi-Hordetum leporiniae Atropa gigantei-Halocnemetum strobilaseae 22 Salicorno europea-Kalidietum caspicae 23 24 Petrosimo brachiata-Salicornietum europeae Salicornietum europeae Topraküstü Fitokütle Toprakaltı Fitokütle (gr/25cm2) (gr/25cm2) Nem Yaş Kuru Nem Yaş Kuru 4000 1350 1650 1200 2060 5140 900 208 693 1440 6400 800 6400 2480 3920 160 65 95 100 47 53 1150 665 485 250 163 88 200 158 43 50 40 10 4800 2800 2000 5440 4560 880 250 75 175 448 112 336 640 470 170 4300 1164 3136 536 224 312 3392 1520 1872 644 434 210 389 202 187 550 252 298 252 195 57 2048 640 1408 464 240 224 550 129 422 184 144 40 255 154 101 69 47 22 990 648 342 596 364 232 400 339 61 118 82 36 810 447 343 725 367 358 102 50 52 258 170 88 172 78 93,5 505 170 335 2600 291 2309 692 250 445 1210 470 740 304 91 213 714 187 527 320 130 190 30 M JA L MAMA!S Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://journals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 Musayev, Atamov, Cabbarov., The Vegetation and Productivity o f The Caspian’s Shores In Azerbaijan Tablo 1’dendegörüldüğügibi mutlaknemoranı 2500-3000graralığındadeğişmektedir. Myriophyllum verticillatum, M. spicatum , Nymphaea alba , Alisma plantago-aquatica, Polygonum amphibium natans, Potomogeton densus., P. pectinatus., P. crispus., Najas minor, N.marina., Ceratophpyllum submersum., C. demersum, Bolboschoeanus maritimus, Sparganium neclectum, Zannichelia major, Trapa hyrcana var. taksonlannınsafveyakarışıkşekildeoluşturmuşolduklarıbirliklerdemutlaknemoranı 2500 3000gr. arasındadeyişmektedir. Mutlak nemoranı 2500 gramile 1500 gramarasında deyişenbirliklere; Salicorno europea-Kalidietum caspicae (2309 gr), Astragaletum hyrcanusae (2000 gr), Juncusetum littoralisae ( 1650 gr), Salsoletum dendroidesae(1408 gr) örnek verilebilir. Bu birliklerde m utlak nem oranı 2309-1408 gr aralığında değişmektedir(Tablo 1). Mutlaknemoranı ortaderecede (100-1000 gr aralığında) olanassosasayonlara: Petrosimonio brachiataeSalicornietum europea, Junco maritimus-Limonietum meyeriae, Juncusetum littoraliae,. Salicornietum europae, Salsoletum dendroidesae, Artemisietum fragransae, Thyphetum angustifoliae, Ephedretum distachiae, Kalidietum caspicae, Carexetum divisae, Phragmetum communisae, Ephedro distachyiiCalamagrostisetum giganteumae örnekverilebilir. Hazar Denizinin Azerbaycan’a bağlı kıyı kesimlerinin nemoranı en düşük olanbirliklere (50-100 gr); Junco maritimus-Glycyrrhizetum glabrae, Astragaletum hyrcanusae, Alhagetum pseudoalhagae, Alhago pseudoalhagii-Hordetum leporiniae, Atropiseto gigantei-Halocnemetum strobilaseumae’y i örnek verebiliriz. Juncusetum littoralisae (5140 gr), Junco maritimii-Phragmetum communisae (3920 gr), Phragmetum communisae (3136 gr), Thyphetum angustifoliae (1872gr) birliklerinde toprakaltı fitokütlede m utlaknem oranı 1872-5140 gr aralığında değişmektedir. Bunların dışında kalan diğer birliklerde topraküstü ve toprakaltı fitokütledeki nemoranı dahadüşükorandadır(22-880graralığında). Tablo 1’de görüldüğü gibi bazı birliklerde topraküstüfitokütlede mutlak nemoranı Salicorno europaeKalidietum caspicae (2309 gr), Astragaletum hyrcanusae (2000 gr), Juncetum littoralisii(1650 gr), Salsoletum dendroidesae (1408 gr) toprakaltı fitokütledeki nemoranına göre dahayüksek olduğu halde, bazı birliklerde; Juncusetum littoralisae (5140 gr), Junco littoralisii-Phragmetum communisae (3920 gr), Phragmetum communisae (3136 gr), Thyphetum angustifoliae (1872 gr) ise tamtersi görünm ektedir. Bazılarında ise topraküstü ve toprakaltı fitokütlede olan mutlak nemoranı birbirine yakın orandadır. Örneğin, topraküstüvetoprakaltı mutlaknemoranı sırası ileJunco littoralisii-Glycyrrhizetum glabrae için 94,8-53,2 gr, Astragaletum hyrcanusae 42,5-10 gr, Carexetum divisae 210-187 gr, Salsoletum dendroidesae 342-232gr,Alhagetum pseudoalhagae 61-36gr, Tamarixetum ramasissimusae 343-358gr. SONUÇ Hazar Denizi’nin Azerbaycan’a ait sahil kesimlerinde çöl, yarı-çöl, su-bataklık, orman, Kumul-çöl, halofitiknemli-çöl, halofitikçoraklaşmış-çöl, efemerli subtropikyarı-çöl, subtropikyarı-çöl, sulubataklık ve bataklaşmış çimen, kıyı olmak üzere 48 bitki birliği ve 57 alt birliğe rastlanmıştır. Azerbaycan’ın AbşeronyarımadasındanAstarayakadar olangüneykesimleri kapsayansahilinde 34familya, 93cinse ait olan134bitki türünerastlanmıştır. Türsayısı bakımındanenzenginolanfamilyalar: Poaceae (26tür), Chenopodiaceae (24),Asteraceae (13), Cyperaceae (12), ve Fabaceae (5 tür)‘dir. Bu fam ilyalara ait olan taksonlar toplamtakson sayısının %54’ünü(75tür) oluşturur. Araştırmaalanındarastlanılmış cinslerden: Salsola (7tür) veArtemisia (4tür) tür sayısı bakımından daha zengin, Zerna, Juncus, Carex, Medicago (her biri 2 türle temsil olunur), Lepidium, Centaurea, Aegilops, Limonium, Suaeda, Chondrilla (herbiri 1türle tem sil olunur) gibi cinsler ise tür sayısı daha az olmalarına ragmenpopulasyonyoğunlukları dahafazladır. Bu cinslere ait olantür sayısı toplamtür sayısının%30,3’ünü(37tür) oluşturmuştur. 31 M JA L MANAS Journal o f Agriculture and Life Sciences http://joumals.manas.edu.kg © 2014 Musayev, Atamov, Cabbarov., The Vegetation and Productivity o f The Caspian’s Shores In Azerbaijan Araştırılanalanınbitki örtüsünderastlananbirliklerintopraküstükuruotverimliliği 25cm2alanda40-6400 gr, toprakaltı fitokütleise50-4560gr (40cmderinlikte) arasındadeğişmektedir. Junco littoralii-Phragmetum communisae ,Astragalo hyrcanusae-Juncusetum littoralisae, Phragmetum communisae, Thyphetum ancustifoliae’mn verimliliği dahafazlaolup25cm2’detoprakaltı kısımları 1164 4560 gr, topraküstü kısımları ise 470-640 gr aralığında değişmektedir. Diğer birliklerin topraküstü kısımlarının verimliliği ise 25 cm2’de 50-470 gr, toprakaltı kısımları ise 40-1164 gr aralığında değişmektedir. Bubirliklerdemutlaknemoranı topraküstüfitokütlede60-1650gr, toprakaltı fitokütledeise 10-5140gr arasındadeğişmektedir. Mutlakneminyüksekorandaolması bubirliklerinsulubir ortamlarda gelişmesindenkaynaklanmaktadır. Toprakaltı fitokütledeki mutlak nem oranı Astragaletum hyrcanusae, Artemisietum szovitsianae, Alhagetum pseudoalhagae, Ephedretum distachyae, Junco marittimusae Glychyrrizetum glabrae, Alhago pseudoalhagii-Hordetum leporiniae ’de daha düşük olup 10-88 gr arasında; Juncusetum littoralisae, Phragmetum communisae, Thyphetum angustifoliae’de 1872-5140gr, diğerlerinde ise 187-445gr arasında değişmektedir. Alhagetum pseudoalhagae , Alhago pseudoalhagii-Hordetum leporiniae, Junco marittimusii-Glycyrrhizetum glabrae’de m utlaknem52-94,8 gr arasındadeğiştiği halde, diğer birliklerde buoran101-2309gr aralığındadeğişmektedir. Toprakaltı fitokütle mutlaknemoranı açısındantopraküstü fitokütleilekıyaslandığındadahadüşükolduğugörülür. Bununnedeni isebubitkilerinsuluveyayeterince nemli bir ortamda yaşamasına bağlı olarak, kök sisteminin, arid bir ortamda gelişenbitkilerden farklı olarak, fazlagelişmemesinebaglıdır. KAYNAKLAR [1] AzerbaycanFlorasi (1950-1961), ANAz.SSR, Baku, Vol.1-8 [2] Rabotnov, T. 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