Tok rijeke Karišnice Course of the Karišnica river Nino Mihoković • www.zastitimo.vretenca.hr eskralješnjaci čine najbrojniju i najraznolikiju skupinu životinja, kojoj pripada preko 95 % svih poznatih životinjskih vrsta. Kao prvi kopneni organizmi uspjeli su osvojiti gotovo sva staništa na Zemlji zahvaljujući svojoj razmjerno maloj veličini. I nvertebrates form the most numerous and diverse group of animals, which includes more than 95 % of all known animal species. As first land living organisms, they succeeded to invade nearly all habitats on Earth due to their rather small dimensions. N S eke skupine kukaca u svojem životnom ciklusu povezuju vodena i kopnena staništa, kao npr. vodeni kornjaši, vretenca, obalčari, tulari i dr. K ornjaši (Coleoptera) su najbrojniji red kukaca na svijetu. Neki od njih su se sekundarno prilagodili životu u vodi, u kojoj provode barem jedan dio životnog ciklusa koji se odvija kroz četiri stadija: jaje, ličinka, kukuljica i odrasli (imago). Njih nazivamo vodenim kornjašima. Većina ih ima stražnje noge preobražene za plivanje i posebne spremnike za zrak, po koji moraju izlaziti redovito na površinu vode. Ličinke su uglavnom grabežljivci, dok odrasli mogu biti biljojedi, svejedi, predatori ili strvinari. Najpoznatije porodice vodenih kornjaša su kozaci (Dytiscidae) i vodoljubi (Hydrophilidae). Anacridium aegyptium, egipatska šaška, najveći europski skakavac (Egyptian Locust) I ako kod mnogih ljudi neopravdano izazivaju strah, pauci su vrlo korisne i rijetko kada opasne životinje. Kao grabežljivci koji se prije svega hrane kukcima, imaju važnu ulogu u hranidbenom lancu te odražavaju raznolikost i očuvanost kopnenih ekosustava. Pauci nisu kukci (pauci posjeduju 4 para nogu a kukci 3 para), već pripadaju razredu paučnjaka (Arachnida), koji su kao prvi člankonošci izašli iz mora na kopno. B eetles (Coleoptera) are the most numerous order of insects on Earth. Water beetle is a common name for all the beetles that developed secondary adaptations for life in aquatic habitats and spend in water at least one out of four stages of their life cycle (egg, larvae, pupae and imago). They usually have strong swimming legs with hairs and a special cavity for air supply, which has to be periodically renewed from the surface. The aquatic larvae are predaceous, while some adults feed on water plants; others can be omnivores, predators, or even scavengers. Well-known water beetle families are diving beetles (Dytiscidae) and water scavenger beetles (Hydrophilidae). A lthough their appearance causes unjustified fear by many people, spiders are useful and rarely dangerous animals. As predators, which mainly feed on insects, they play an important role in the food chain, thus reflecting the diversity and preservation of terrestrial ecosystems. Spiders are not insects (they have four pairs of legs and insects only three pairs) - they belong to the class of Arachnida, first terrestrial arthropods that have colonized the entire Earth except the sea and the air. Mangora acalypha –ljubitelj sunčanih mjesta, široko rasprostranjen (Mangora acalypha, common inhabitant of the sunny places, widely distributed) Dytiscus marginalis, obrubljeni kozak, mužjak, imago i ličinka (Great Diving Beetle, male adult and larva) D ragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) are one of the oldest groups of insects on Earth. They start their life in the water as larvae, where they feed on other invertebrates. When time comes, they emerge from the water but stay forever connected with aquatic habitats. It serves them as feeding ground or as a place for finding mates. On the Karišnica river there are some of the most frequent dragonflies and damselflies species found in Croatia: Common Winter Damselfly (Sympecma fusca), Blue-tailed Damselfly (Ischnura elegans), Common Darter (Sympetrum striolatum), Emperor Dragonfly (Anax imperator), Broad-bodied Chaser (Libellula depressa), Migrant Hawker (Aeshna mixta). Luka Katušić Luka Katušić U kanjonu Karišnice nalazimo velik broj različitih vrsta pauka, i to: vrste suhih i osunčanih kamenjara, karakteristične za Mediteran te vrste vlažnih staništa i poplavnih travnjaka, češće u kontinentalnoj Hrvatskoj. Uz brojne vrste livadnih i šumskih staništa, raznolikosti araneofaune Karišnice pridonose pauci zatamnjenih i vlažnih staništa koje možemo zateći na ulazu u špilju izvoru rijeke Karišnice. M any different spider species live at the Karišnica River. Here we can find typical Mediterranean species of dry, sunny and rocky habitats , while typical continental species occur in the wetlands and flooded grasslands near the estuary. Additionally, spiders of humid and dim habitats, living in the Karišnica cave, contribute to the araneofauna richness of this area. V D odeni kornjaši i vretenca dolaze u gotovo svim tipovima slatkovodnih staništa (privremenim i trajnim tekućicama i stajaćicama) tako da su vrlo dobri pokazatelji kvalitete vodenih staništa. ragonflies and water beetles are considered to be good bioindicators of water quality due to the fact that they live in all types of freshwater habitats (permanent or temporary; in standing or flowing water) and they constitute one of the main groups of aquatic macroinvertebrates. Argiope lobata – jedan od najljepših pauka južne Europe (Argiope lobata, one of the most beautiful European spiders) Royal Netherlands Embassy MATRA – KNIP Programme, Public Institution for Management of Protected Areas in the County of Zadar, City of Benkovac, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, State Institute for Nature Protection and Nature Park Vransko jezero. Autori teksta: Dijana Župan, Tamara Kirin i Krešimir Mikulić Lektura: Ivana Katušić Engleski prijevod: Snježana Čuić Authors (text): Dijana Župan, Tamara Kirin and Krešimir Mikulić Lector: Ivana Katušić English translation: Snježana Čuić UM E T IAR A NT Grad Benkovac R UM C OATIC The project was financed and sponsored by: Zaklada Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, MATRA KNIP Program Vlade Kraljevine Nizozemske, Javna ustanova za upravljanje zaštićenim dijelovima prirode na području Zadarske županije, Grad Benkovac, Državni zavod za zaštitu prirode i Park prirode Vransko jezero. Uroctea durandi – impresivni pauk mediteranskog kamenjara (Uroctea durandi, impressive spider of the Mediterranean rocky ground) I RT Projekt i izradu poučne staze financirali su: Luka Katušić EMIA SC IE AD AC V retenca (Odonata) su jedna od evolucijski najstarijih skupina životinja na Zemlji. Život započinju u vodi, gdje se kao ličinke hrane drugim manjim beskralješnjacima, sve dok kao odrasli ne izađu iz vode te lete iznad nje, vrebajući plijen ili tražeći partnera za parenje. Od 64 vrste vretenaca zabilježene u fauni Hrvatske na Karišnici žive naše česte vrste: zimska djeva (Sympecma fusca), velika mora (Ischnura elegans), primorski vilenjak (Othetrum brunneum), veliki strijelac (Sympetrum striolatum), veliki car (Anax imperator), vilin konjic (Libellula depressa), jesenski kralj (Aeshna mixta). Aeshna mixta, jesenski kralj, mužjak u letu (Migrant Hawker, male in flight) Igor Siwanowicz Ischnura elegans, mužjak, velika mora, česta vrsta u Hrvatskoj (Blue-tailed Damselfly, common species in Croatia) owever, the highest invertebrate diversity is present on land where we can find many popular groups like butterflies, beetles, bugs, flies, wasps, bees, and ants, grasshoppers and crickets, scorpions, spiders… and many others. A Nino Mihoković • www.zastitimo.vretenca.hr ome groups of insects, like water beetles, stoneflies, dragonflies and damselflies combine water and land habitats within their life cycle. R H aznolikost beskralješnjaka Karišnice ipak je najizraženija na kopnu, gdje nalazimo mnoge poznate skupine, poput skakavaca, leptira, kornjaša, mrava, pčela, osa, stjenica, stonoga, škorpiona, i pauka. Martina Temunović B D R Ž AV N I Z AV O D Z A ZAŠTITU PRIRODE