Αρχαία α΄ Λυκείου: Ξενοφώντος «Ελληνικά» ΜΑΘΗΜΑ 1o

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Arca a a Luke ou: Xenof ntoV «Ellhnik »
MAQHMA 1
APANTHSEIS STIS ASKHSEIS
EISAG GHS TOU SCOLIKOU BIBLIOU
(scolik sel deV 37-38)
1)
ig ptioi, Ass rioi kai Babul nioi kat sthsan ta katorq µat
touV aq nata se µnhµei deiV epigraf V. Dioikhtik ggrafa kai lla
pou anaf rontan sth d xa touV br skontan sta arce a twn
anakt rwn.
Ta gegon ta µetax 1.300-400 p.C. up rcoun sta istorik bibl a thV
Palai V Diaq khV. D skola µporo n na suscetisto n µe gegon ta
anafer µena ap lleV phg V. Ta ke µena thV apotelo n kur wV
oµolog a p stewV kai den coun k rio skop thn katagraf istorik n
suµb ntwn.
Ap tiV Arc V thV 1hV ciliet aV sthn pw Anatol couµe grapt
stoice a gia istorik gegon ta. Thn kin zikh istoriograf a
carakthr zoun h ap luta suneidht katagraf twn gegon twn kai to
endiaf ron perior zetai µ no stouV kratiko V axiwµato couV.
Genik tera h kin zikh istoriograf a endiaf retai an h µel th thV
prosf rei cr siµa did gµata gia th zw .
2)
Oi llhneV istoriko prosp qhsan na diakr noun ta pragµatik ap
ta fantastik gegon ta kai na broun episthµonik µ qodo pou qa
akolouq soun. H ellhnik istoriograf a anapt cqhke µ sa se duo
ai neV (t loV arca k V wV ta µ sa tou 4ou ai na). Oi llhneV
istoriko endiaf rontan gia th gl ssa kai thn kfrash touV cwr V na
katagr foun apl V ta gegon ta. Sthn arcai thta eµfan sthkan
dek deV istoriko . Sthn aqanas a µwV µeinan µ no ta rga eke nwn µe
axi seiV logotecnik V .
3)
Oi koinwnik V, politik V, oikonoµik V exel xeiV eke kat thn arca k
per odo feran µetabol V ston tr po sk yhV, t cnhV kai zw V. H
gewgraf a, h istor a kai h filosof a qewro ntai µeg la
epite gµata. H filosof a prospaqe na exhg sei k tw ap n o pr sµa
th dhµiourg a tou k sµou, h gewgraf a bas zetai sthn autoy a tou
Arca a a Luke ou: Xenof ntoV «Ellhnik »
APO TH FILOLOGO CRHSTOU MAIRH
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t pou, en h istor a katagr fei gegon ta shµantik tou parelq ntoV
all kai s gcrona.
4)
O Dion sioV o Mil sioV, o C rwn o Laµyakhn V, o Ekata oV o
Mil sioV, o X nqoV o Lud V.
Endiaf rontan gia:
- istorik V perigraf V
- katagraf proforik n parad sewn
- topik qiµa la n
- par ktia nausiplo a
- µuqograf a, genealog a
- s ntaxh katal gwn µe on µata aqlht n kai arc ntwn.
5)
O Hr dotoV perigr fei thn ex plwsh twn Pers n se As a, Afrik
kai Eur ph. Existore tiV treiV ekstrate eV touV enant on thV Ell daV
kai staµat sthn µ ch twn Platai n (479 p.C.).
O Qoukud dhV kat graye ton Peloponnhsiak P leµo pou di rkese
ap to 431 wV to 404 p.C. To rgo tou staµat ap toµa to 411 p.C.
O Xenof n µe to rgo tou kal ptei thn per odo 411-404 p.C., en
peri cei kai ta suµb nta thV peri dou 411- 462 p.C. (µ ch thV
Mant neiaV).
6)
O Hr dotoV katagr fei rga gen µena ex nqr pwn gia na g noun
µeg la te kai qwµast .
O Qoukud dhV epidi kei to rgo tou na kataste kt µa V e .
St coV tou e nai oi nqrwpoi tou µ llontoV na µhn epanal boun thn
ol qria suµperifor twn eµpol µwn t te.
O Xenof n q lei na sunec sei to rgo tou Qoukud dh.
7)
O Qoukud dhV epidi kei na brei ta baq tera a tia twn gegon twn.
K ti t toio µwV apaite d skolh diere nhsh, afo oi ek stote
µ rtureV µporo n na d soun gia aut diaforetik ekdoc .
Crhsiµopoie th µ qodo thV autoy aV kai thV diere nhshV twn
phg n. Ak µh ta arce a twn p lewn ereun ntaV tiV phg V. B baia gia
thn katagraf twn palai terwn suµb ntwn duskole thke
periss tero afo den up rcei antikeiµenik thta. Sthn exist rhsh tou
Arca a a Luke ou: Xenof ntoV «Ellhnik »
APO TH FILOLOGO CRHSTOU MAIRH
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Peloponnhsiako Pol µou fhse µ na ta gegon ta gia ta opo a e ce
k nei ep ponh reuna kai di qete proswpik gn sh.
8)
Baq tero a tio tou Peloponnhsiako Pol µou qewre thn oikonoµik ,
stratiwtik kai pneuµatik an ptuxh thV Aq naV H Sp rth aut den
µp rese na to decte pot . tsi odhg qhkan sth fober aut
s gkroush. Up rce troµer V antagwnisµ V µetax touV gia thn
hgeµon a twn ellhnik n p lewn.
9)
Pol bioV o Megalopol thV Ap ta 40 bibl a tou pio shµantiko
rgou tou (Istor ai) coun swqe ta 5 pr ta kai aposp sµata ap ta
up loipa. K luye thn per odo 220-168 p.C., dhlad ap thn arc tou
B Karchdoniako pol µou wV thn kuriarc a twn Rwµa wn sthn
Ell da. E nai o pr toV pou dhl nei pwV gr fei sunoptik ,
pagk sµia istor a. H R µh e ce pl on kuriarc sei kai to rgo tou
e nai µia sunoptik qe rhsh gia touV anagn steV. Q lei na de xei µe
poio tr po kai µe poia µorf polite µatoV h R µh kat labe lh thn
oikouµ nh µ sa se 53 cr nia, k ti prwtofan V.
10)
- Ta µeg la epite gµata tou arca ou dr µatoV kai oi problhµatisµo
twn tragik n poiht n,
- h kainot µoV iatrik tou Ippokr th,
- h epan stash sto tr po sk yhV ap touV Sofist V.
11)
- Prosbl qhke kai o dioV ap to fober liµ thV Aq naV
- ton tiµ rhsan oi politiko tou ant paloi µe exor a giat den
µp rese na s sei thn Aµf polh, apoik a twn Aqhna wn.
12)
Exait aV thn ter stiaV poleµik V proetoiµas aV twn duo antip lwn.
t so h Aq na so kai h Sp rth µe tiV suµµacik V touV p leiV
br skontan sth µeg lh touV akµ . Ak µh ta oud tera ellhnik kr th
adunato san na eµplako n ston p leµo.
13 )
Me thn autokuriarc a twn polit n kai twn politik n kai th swst
strathgik . Aut qa µporo san na touV car soun th n kh. Dustuc V o
Arca a a Luke ou: Xenof ntoV «Ellhnik »
APO TH FILOLOGO CRHSTOU MAIRH
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Perikl V p qane sthn arc tou pol µou kai o la V paras rqhke sthn
katastrof ap touV fil doxouV dhµagwgo V pou ton diad cthkan.
14)
a) Ta egkl µata pol µou tan:
- h ex ntwsh twn Platai wn ap touV Sparti teV.
- h katastrof twn Mhl wn ap touV Aqhna ouV.
- oi agri thteV kai twn duo pleur n sthn di rkeia tou eµful ou
pol µou sthn K rkura.
- h katastrof twn Mutilhna wn, pou e can apostat sei, ap
touV Aqhna ouV .
- h sfag ap Qr keV µisqof rouV lou tou µacou plhqusµo ,
ak µh kai twn µaqht n sth boiwtik p lh Mukalhss .
b) Baq tero a tio lwn aut n qewre thn kak pleur tou eauto
touV pou oi periss teroi nqrwpoi kr boun µ sa touV kai o opo oV se
peri douV piestik V exagri netai, giat o p leµoV e nai kak V d skaloV.
15)
Oi duo proswpik thteV pou qa µaze tan o Swkr thV gia ton
carakt ra tou kai wV pr tupo zw V kai o Sparti thV basili V
Aghs laoV gia ta hgetik tou car sµata kai thn apl tht tou.
16)
- h saf neia kai h akr beia sthn kfrash
- h zwnt nia thV af ghs V tou pou quµ zei s gcrono rep rter
- perigr fei µe akr beia touV c rouV pou diadraµat zontai ta
gegon ta.
- h p sth tou se ax eV kai idanik , h ideologik tou sun peia.
- to apl foV kai h kaqar thta twn nohµ twn
- zwntane ei µe draµatik ntash thn af ghs tou.
- to aplopoihµ no attik id wµa sth gl ssa, th s ntaxh kai to
tupik .
17)
E ce entiµ thta, dikaios nh kai eus beia stouV Qeo V. Diakatec tan
ap p sth se ax eV kai idanik . Gia aut katadik zei tiV agri thteV twn
tri konta tur nnwn, apodokiµ zei thn kat lhyh thV Kadµe aV ap
touV Sparti teV, en qa µaze touV qesµo V kai to pol teuµ touV.
Arca a a Luke ou: Xenof ntoV «Ellhnik »
APO TH FILOLOGO CRHSTOU MAIRH
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Piste ei ti µe tiµwr a twn Qe n nik qhkan ap th Q ba kai kat pin
par kµasan.
18 )
Oi f seiV tou:
O Dekaet V Arcid µeioV P leµoV (431-421 p.C.), telei nei µe th
Nik eio eir nh.
H Sikelik ekstrate a (415-413 p.C.) µe katastrofik V sun peieV
gia thn Aq na. O Sparti thV basili V AgiV eis bale ek n ou sthn
Attik kai oc rwse th Dek leia.
p leµoV sto anatolik Aiga o Dekeleik V p leµoV. (413-404
p.C.), telei nei µe thn kat lhyh thV Aq naV ap touV Sparti teV kai
thn epibol thV turann aV twn tri konta.
Xenof n
O Xenof n (per. 427 p.C.-355 p.C.), Aqhna oV istorik V. tan gioV
tou Gr llou, plo siou kthµat a kai thV Diod raV. labe epiµelhµ nh
µ rfwsh kai up rxe µaqht V tou Swkr th pou ton qewro se
pr tupo. Agapo se ton tr po zw V twn Spartiat n kai sund qhke
filik µe ton basili thV Sp rthV Aghs lao sto pleur tou opo ou
pol µhse to 394 p.C. sthn µ ch thV Kor neiaV enant on tou
antispartiatiko sunaspisµo , µ roV tou opo ou tan kai h dia h
patr da tou, h Aq na. Fusik gia thn pr xh tou aut tiµwr qhke µe
exor a ap thn Aq na.
To 401 p.C. o Xenof n kale tai ap ton f lo tou Pr xeno (ton
Boiwt ) pou q lei na p rei µ roV sthn ekstrate a tou P rsh K rou
enant on tou adelfo tou basili Artax rxh B'. P ntwV, µet ton f no
tou K rou kai thn ex ntwsh twn Ell nwn strathg n ap ton
Tissaf rnh, anakhr cthke ap touV µur ouV (10.000 llhneV
µisqof rouV) strathg V, touV od ghse µe epituc a antiµetwp zontaV
pollo V kind nouV stiV akt V tou Euxe nou P ntou kai µet pleusan
proV ta dutik p sw sthn Ell da. Sth Qr kh, bo qhsan to Se qh B
na g nei basili V. H katagraf thV ekstrate aV kai tou taxidio thV
epistrof V ap ton Xenof nta p re to noµa K rou An basiV.
Arca a a Luke ou: Xenof ntoV «Ellhnik »
APO TH FILOLOGO CRHSTOU MAIRH
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H istorik katagraf tou Xenof nta sthn An bash e nai na ap ta
pr ta grapt ke µena an lushV twn carakt rwn en V hg th Sthn
katagraf , o Xenof n peri graye to carakt ra tou K rou tou
ne terou.
O Xenof n arg tera exor sthke ap thn Aq na, giat pol µhse up
to Sparti th basili Aghs lao enant on twn Aqhn n sthn Kor neia.
(E nai piqan wst so ti e ce dh exoriste l gw tou sund sµou tou µe
ton K ro.) Oi Sparti teV tou dwsan perious a sth Skillo nta,
kont sthn Oluµp a, pou kai graye thn An bash. O gioV tou
pol µhse gia thn Aq na sth Mant neia, en o Xenof n ak µh zo se,
tsi h exor a tou anakl qhke. P qane sthn K rinqo, swV sthn
Aq na, kai h hµeroµhn a qan tou tou e nai ab baih.
O Diog nhV La rtioV on µaze ton Xenof nta "Attik Mo sa" kai
"Attik M lissa" l gw thV gluk thtaV thV graf V tou.
Kat logoV rgwn
Ta rga tou Xenof nta, idiait rwV h K rou An basiV, sucn
diab zontai ap arc riouV sthn Ellhnik gl ssa. Ta Ellhnik e nai
µ a k ria phg gegon twn sthn Ell da ap to 411 wV to 404 p.C, kai
ta Swkratik tou rga e nai oi µ noi antipr swpoi twn Swkratik n
l gwn ekt V ap eke nouV tou Pl twna.
Istorik
kai Biografik
rga
K rou An basiV
Ellhnik = h exist rhsh gegon twn sthn Ell da ap to 411 wV to
404 p.C
Aghs laoV B = egkwµiastik biograf a tou Sparti th basili .
Lakedaiµon wn polite a = perigraf thV org nwshV kai twn
qesµ n thV Sp rthV.
K rou Paide a = µuqistorhµatik biograf a tou K rou tou
Meg lou.
Swkratik
Arca a a Luke ou: Xenof ntoV «Ellhnik »
APO TH FILOLOGO CRHSTOU MAIRH
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Apolog a Swkr touV = llh ekdoc thV tou fil sofou.
Apoµnhµone µata Swkr touV = suzht seiV kai di logoi tou
µeg lou fil sofou.
Oikonoµik V = ap yeiV en V f lou tou Swkr th gia th diace rish
tou noikokurio .
Suµp sion = o Swkr thV suzht µe µia suntrofi per rwtoV.
Didaktik
P roi per pros dwn = pr tash l sewn gia oikonoµik
exug ansh thV Aq naV.
Ipparcik V (L goV) = odhg eV gia tiV gn seiV tou archgo tou
ippiko scetik µe taktik kai org nwsh.
Per ippik V = odhg eV gia th peripo hsh kai crhsiµopo hsh twn
al gwn.
Kunhgetik V = odhg eV gia touV kunhgo V.
I rwn (Turannik V) = di logoV tou tur nnou µe ton poiht
Siµwn dh.
Arca a a Luke ou: Xenof ntoV «Ellhnik »
APO TH FILOLOGO CRHSTOU MAIRH

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