mitropoliti anania jafariZe
qarTvelTa winaprebis
bibliuri istoria
adamidan iesomde
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samyaros Seqmna
WeSmaritebisa da sicocxlis gzaze Tanaxmad `qarTlis cxovrebisa~, qarTvelTa pirvelwinaprebs win waruZRva sityva RmrTisa, TviT RmerTi macxovari Cveni ieso
qriste:
ori aTasi wlis win, amaRlebis Semdgom, yovladwmida
RvTismSobels eCvena ufali da qarTveli eris momavali
cxovrebis Sesaxeb amcno:
`hoi dedao Cemo, ara ugulebel vyo eri igi sazepuro
ufrois yovelTa naTesavTa, meoxebiTa SeniTa maTTvis~
(q.c. I, gv. 38), rac Tanamedrove qarTuliT ase gamoiTqmis
_ `hoi, dedao Cemo, me ar ugulebelvyof xalxTa Soris
didebul qarTvels ers, maTTvis Seni meoxebiT~. yovladwmida dedam mis wilxvedr saqarTveloSi, misi Zisa da
Cveni macxovris ieso qristes davalebiT, gamoagzavna
mociquli andria pirvelwodebuli, romelmac daafuZna
saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia.
da, ai, ori aTasi welia Cveni mama-papani erTgulad
msaxureben RmerTs _ `romelman qmna cani gulisxmisyofiT, rameTu ukunisamdea wyaloba misi~ (fs. 135,5),
`romelman qmna cani da qveyana, zRva da yoveli rai ars
mas Sina~ (fs. 145,6), `romelman Seqmna samyaro ZaliTa mis
mieriTa, zegardmo arsni suliTa yvna zeciT monaberiTa~
(rusTv.), `romelman gardasul TaobebSi neba uboZa yvela xalxs, evloT TavianTi gziT~ (saqme, 14,16).
igi isaa, romelic ar ugulebelyofs mis gzaze myof
Cvens ers, rameTu mis mier Seiqmna yoveli xalxi da eri _
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`yovelive mis mier Seiqmna da Tvinier misa arca erTi ra
iqmna, raodeni ra iqmna~ (ioan. 1.3).
Cveni mamebis yovlad keTilma, yovlad wmida, yovlismcodne, yovlisSemZlebelma, saxierma, sulgrZelma da
mravalmowyale RmerTma eqvs dReSi Seqmna xiluli qveyana uxilavis Semdgom `rameTu man Tqva da iqmnes, amcno
da daebadnes~ (fs. 32,9).
`Tavdapirvelad RmerTma Seqmna ca da miwa. miwa iyo
usaxo da udaburi. bneli ido ufskrulze da suli RvTisa iZvroda wylebs zemoT. Tqva RmerTma: iyos naTeli! da
iqmna naTeli (dab. 1. 1-3).
meore dRes RmerTma Seqmna samyaro cisa, mesame dRes
misi brZanebiT cisqveSeTSi erTgan Segrovda wyali,
gamoCnda xmeleTi, aRmoacena miwam mcenareuli, meoTxe
dRes _ man Seqmna mnaTobebi, mexuTe dRes _ wylis suldgmulebi, cis frinvelebi.
meeqvse dRes Tav Tavis gvarisda mixedviT cxovelTa
Seqmnis Semdgom _ `Tqva RmerTma: gavaCinoT kaci Cvens
xatad, Cvens msgavsebad. epatronos zRvaSi Tevzs, caSi
frinvels, pirutyvs, mTels dedamiwas da yvela qvemZroms,
rac ki dedamiwaze daxoxavs. Seqmna RmerTma kaci, Tavis
xatad Seqmna igi, mamakacad da dedakacad Seqmna isini.
akurTxa RmerTma isini da uTxra: inayofiereT da imravleT, aavseT dedamiwa, daeufleT mas, epatroneT zRvaSi Tevzs, caSi frinvels, yovel cxovels, rac ki dedamiwaze daxoxavs~ (dab. 1.26-28).
meSvide dRes, samyaros Seqmnis Semdeg ganisvena man,
romlis saqmeni `didad Svenier arian, da simarTle misi
hgies ukuniTi ukunisamde~ (fs. 110, 3).
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Semoqmedma dasabamidan kacad da qalad Seqmna adamianebi (maTe, 19,4).
`aiyvana adami ufalma RmerTma da daasaxla edemis
baRSi mis dasamuSaveblad da dasacavad. gaafrTxila
ufalma RmerTma adami da uTxra: yvela xis nayofi geWmeva am baRSi, mxolod keTilis da borotis Secnobis xis
nayofi ar SeWamo, radgan, rogorc ki SeWam, mokvdebio~
(dab. 2, 15-17), magram gvelis mier Secdenilma evam akrZaluli nayofi Wama da qmarsac aWama.
aexilaT Tvali orives (dab. 3,7).
`Tqva ufalma RmerTma, aha, gaxda adami, rogorc erTi
CvenTagani, Semcnobeli keTilisa da borotisa. ar gaiwodos axla xeli da ar mowyvitos sicocxlis xis nayofic,
ar SeWamos da maradiulad ar icocxlos. gauSva igi
ufalma RmerTma edemis baRidan, rom daemuSavebina miwa,
saidanac iyo aRebuli. gandevna adami. edems ki aRmosavleTiT qerubimebi da cecxlovani, mbrunavi maxvili
dauyena, raTa sicocxlis xesTan misasvleli daecvaT~
(dab. 3. 22-24).
madlierebis nacvlad pirvelma adamianma ufali RmerTisagan micemuli pirveli mcneba daarRvia Tavisi
urCobiT da pirveli codva Caidina.
`erTi kacis urCobiT mravali gaxda codvili~ (rom. 5, 19).
`erTis Secodebisagan yvela kacis Tavze moiwia sasjeli~ (rom. 5, 18).
`erTis SecodebiT mravalni mokvdebian~ (5, 15).
Taobidan Taobas gadaecema adamis codva da codvis
gamo _ sikvdili (rom. 5, 12).
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ganidevna adami edemis baRidan, dawyevlili miwa unda
daemuSavebina, romlisganac tanjviT miiRebda sazrdos.
ZeZvsa da ekals aRmoucenebda miwa, pirofliani Wamda
purs, sanam miwadve gadaiqceoda, saidanac iyo aRebuli,
radgan mtveri iyo da mtvrad gadaiqceoda (dab. 3, 17-19).
edemidan gandevnis Semdeg `Seicno adamma eva, Tavisi
dedakaci, daorsulda eva da Sva kaeni da Tqva: kaci SemeZina uflisagan. mere Sva misi Zma abeli. abeli mecxvare
iyo, kaeni miwis muSaki. gamoxda xani da miarTva kaenma
ufals ZRveni _ miwis nayofi~ (dab. 4,1-3). abelmac Seswira
ufals msxverpli _ gamoarCia Tavisi faris rCeuli pirutyvidan pirvelSobilni, misTvis yvelaze Zvirfasni. `mohxeda ufalma abels da mis ZRvens, xolo kaensa da mis
ZRvens ar mohxeda~ (dab. 4. 4-5), rameTu `rwmeniT Seswira
abelma RmerTs kaenisaze ukeTesi msxverpli, romliTac
miiRo mowmoba, rom marTalia igi, rogorc RmerTma
daamowma mis ZRvenTa Sesaxeb~ (ebr. 11,4). Zmis sikeTiT
gamwarebulma kaenma Tavi CaRuna. codva gabatonda masze
_ gaiyvana abeli velad da mokla.
`uTxra RmerTma _ es ra Caidine? Seni Zmis sisxli miwidan SemomRaRadebs. daiwyevla kaeni, devnili da miusafari Seiqmna qveynad. amuSavebda miwas. uflis pirisagan
gadaxvewili kaeni gamravlda da misgan boroti STamomavloba warmosdga _ daiviwyes Semoqmedi RmerTi da
keTili saqmeni, ewodaT maT `kacTa Svilebi~.
mwuxare adamsa da evas RmerTma momadla sxva naSieri
nacvlad abelisa _ SeTi. `SeTsa SeeZina vaJi da uwoda
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saxelad enoSi, maSin daiwyo uflis saxelis xseneba~ (dab.
4.26). ewoda mis STamomavlebs `RvTis Svilebi~. maTgan
warmosdga noe _ Svili lameqisa.
iwyes gamravleba adamianebma dedamiwaze. Seerivnen
`kacTa Svilebs~ `RvTis Svilebi~ da SeiZines maTgan yovelive ukeTuri Cveuleba.
`dainaxa ufalma RmerTma, rom imata adamianTa ukeTurebam am qveynad, rom ukeTuri iyo mudamJams maTi
yoveli gulisTqma. inana ufalma, rom Seqmna adamiani
amqveynad da Sewuxda. Tqva ufalma _ miwis pirisagan aRvgvi
adamians, romelic Sevqmeni, adamianidan dawyebuli pirutyvamde, qvewarmavlamde, cis frinvelamde, radgan vnanob,
rom gavaCine. mxolod noes epova madli uflis TvalSi.
es aris ambavi noesi: marTali, sruli kaci iyo noe Tavis
TaobaSi, RmerTTan dadioda noe. Sva noem sami vaJi: semi,
qami da iafeTi~ (dab. 6. 5-10).
ufalma RmerTma ineba miwis pirisagan adamianisa da
yoveli xorcielis aRgva wylis warRvniT. noes ki ubrZana kidobnis gakeTeba. aswavla misi momzadeba. Seiyvana
noem kidobanSi yovelgvari cxoveli, yovelgvari xorcieli, rasac ki sicocxlis suli edga, yvela wyvilwyvilad, wmida pirutyvisagan Svid-Svidi waiyvana, uwmindurisagan or-ori. Sevidnen kidobanSi noe da misi Svilebi, colebi, raTa ganridebodnen warRvnas, meSvide dRes
movida warRvna qveynad (dab. 7. 7-10).
as ormocdameaTe dRis bolos dadga wyali da Sewyda
wvima. araratis mTebs miadga kidobani. TandaTan ikleb-
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da wyali da gamoCnda mTis mwvervalebi. jer kidev idga
wyali miwis pirze da ver ipoves brWyalis mosaWidi noes
mier kidobnidan gaSvebulma frinvelebma. meSvide dRes
xelaxla gauSva mtredi kidobnidan, `dabrunda mtredi
saRamoJams da aha, zeTisxilis nedli rto eWira niskartiT. mixvda noe, rom damwdariyo wyali dedamiwaze~ (dab.
8. 11).
gadmovida noe Tavisi col-SviliT da kidobans Sefarebuli yoveli arseba. augo noem samsxverplo ufals
da miiyvana yovladdasawvel Sesawirad TiTo-TiTo yoveli wmida pirutyvidan da frinvelidan.
iynosa ufalma keTilsurneleba da Tqva Tavis gulSi:
aRar davwyveli miwas adamianis gamo, aRar gavanadgureb
cocxal arsebas.
`akurTxa RmerTma noe da misi Svilebi da uTxra: inayofiereT, imravleT da aavseT qveyana: (dab. 9, 1). Tqveni
SiSi hqondes yovel suldgmuls, rac ki iZvris dedamiwaze, Tqvens xelT arian isini, saWmelad gaZlevT. mis
sulTan _ mis sisxlTan erTad nu SeWamT, me ki Tqvens
sisxls Tqveni sicocxlis wil movikiTxav. `vinc adamianis sisxls daRvris, adamianis mierve daiRvreba misi
sisxli, radgan RvTis xatad Seiqmna adami, inayofiereT
da imravleT, moefineT qveyanas da gamravldiT masze~
(dab. 9. 6-7).
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babilonis godolis dacema, enaTa
da tomTa warmoqmna
noes Svilebi gamravldnen, `maTgan mTeli dedamiwa iqna
dasaxlebuli~, kacobrioba am droisaTvis erTiani iyo,
erTi enis mqone, eTnikurad erTgvari. jer kidev ar iyvnen
erebi _ `erTpiri iyo mTeli dedamiwa da erT enaze metyveli. roca daiZrnen aRmosavleTidan, hpoves veli Sinyaris
qveyanaSi da iq damkvidrdnen. uTxres erTmaneTs: modi,
movziloT Tixa da gamovwvaT, qvis magivrad aguri hqondaT, kiris magivrad fisi. Tqves: aba, avaSenoT qalaqi da
godoli da cas mivuwvdinoT misi Txemi. aRvmarToT niSansveti, rom ar gavifantoT dedamiwis zurgze, Camovida
ufali, rom enaxa qalaqi da godoli, romelsac adamianebi aSenebdnen, Tqva ufalma: aha, erTi xalxia es da erTi
ena aqvs yvelas. raki es saqme wamouwyiaT, amieridan
daubrkolebliv gaakeTeben yvelafers, rasac ki ganizraxaven. aba, Caval da enas avurev maT, rom veraferi gaagebinon erTmaneTs. gafanta isini ufalma iqidan mTels
dedamiwis zurgze da maTac Sewyvites qalaqisa da godolis Seneba. amitomac ewoda saxelad babiloni, radgan
swored aq aRria ufalma mTeli dedamiwis ena da aqedan
gafanta isini ufalma dedamiwis zurgze~ (dab. 11. 1-9).
noes Ze _ `qami iyo qanaanis mamamTavari~, _ weria dabadebaSi. semma _ ebraul da sxva semitur tomebs daudo
safuZveli. iafetma ki _ evropasa da aziaSi gavrcelebul mraval xalxs. TviTon sityva `iafeti~ niSnavs `gavr-
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celebas~. sxvadasxva xalxis mamamTavarTa Soris bibliis
Zveli, gansakuTrebiT ki qristiani komentatorebi
qarTvelTa mamamTavarsac asaxeleben _ zogierTi cnobiT, is yofila iafetis Ze Tubali. saerTod iafetis
STamomavlebi, noes dalocvis Sesabamisad, raodenobiTac da RirsebiTac upiratesni iyvnen sxva mamamTavarTa
STamomavlebze. noem iafeti ase daloca _ ganufarTos
RmerTma iafets, semis karvebSi daemkvidros, daemorCilos mas qanaani (dab. 9. 27).
iafetis STamomavloba aseTia:
_ `iafetis Zeni: gomeri, magogi, madai, iavani, Tubali,
meSeqi da Tirasi.
gomeris Zeni: aSqenazi, rifaTi da Togarma.
iavanis Zeni: eliSa, TarSiSi, qiTimi da dodanimi. amaTgan ganifantnen zRvispira xalxebi Tav-Tavis qveynebSi,
TiToeuli Tavisi enis mixedviT, Tavisi tomis mixedviT,
Tav-Tavis xalxSi~ (dab. 10. 2-5).
bibliis komentatori ase ganmartavs am saxelebs:
`gomeri~ _ ...am xalxis saxels sxvaganac vxvdebiT bibliaSi _ winaswarmetyvel ezekielTan, romelic maT aRwers, rogorc mezobels Tubalisa da mosoxisa (38, 6) da
sxva xalxebis rigSi, romelnic saxlobdnen Crdilo siriaSi da mcire aziaSi.
`magogi~ ... ezekielTan es tomebi gamodian, rogorc
gamocdili da daxelovnebuli moisarni (38, 16. 39, 3).
isini cxovroben zemoT dasaxelebulebTan mezoblad,
odnav maT CrdiloeTiT. zogierTni maTSi xedaven skviTebs,
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romelnic cxovroben azovis zRvis piras. magogSi aseve
skviT-Turanelebs xedaven. skviTebis bediswera asrulda
ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebis Tanaxmad, maTi ganadgurebis Sesaxeb samon-gogis dablobze, roca isini dabrundnen palestinaSi da daavaddnen, rogorc aRwers herodote (1, 105-106).
`madai~... am saxeliT iwodebodnen arielebi, mcxovrebni dasavleT aziaSi _ midielebi. maTi didi nawili TandaTanobiT gadasaxlda aRmosavleTSi da miiRo indusebis saxeli. midielebis sparselebTan da, saerTod, arielebTan naTesaobis Taobaze werda winaswarmetyveli
danieli (V, 28).
`iavani~ _ miuTiTebs berZnebze, upirvelesad ionielebze.
`Tubal mesexi~... _ rogorc dabadebaSi, aseve wmida
werilis mraval adgilas es ori xalxi, rogorc wesi,
erTiandebian da erTad gamoisaxebian magogis moxarkeebad (ezek. 38, 2. 39, 1). erTxel sxvaTaSoris iavanTan erTiandebian (e. 37, 13). da kidev or adgilas maTi sacxovrisi ganisazRvreba palestinis CrdiloeTiT. asirieli mefeebis analebSi arcTu iSviaTad moixsenieba Muski
da Tabal, viTarca ori mezobeli xalxi, mcxovrebi kilikiaSi. xolo herodote ambobs tibarekebsa da iberianelTa (iberTa) da mosoxTa Sesaxeb, kolxidis mezoblad
mcxovrebTa Sesaxeb. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom Tavdapirvelad orive xalxi cxovrobda tigrosisa da evfratis saTaveebSi, midiasa da skviTias Soris, e.i. kolxeTsa da iberiaSi (Tubal _ savaraudoa iberebi anu qarTvelebi).
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`gomeris Zeni~: aSqezani... `_ imaze dayrdnobiT, rom
Tanamedrove ebraelebi germanias `askenazs~ uwodeben,
iudevel ganmmartebelTa umravlesoba aq xedavs miTiTebas germanelebze... advilad SesaZlebelia aseve is, rom
es erovneba Tavis Tavdapirvel sacxovrisad (igulisxmeba mcire azia) gasvlis Semdeg, droTa viTarebaSi
damkvidrda dasavleT evropaSi da aq daudo safuZveli
momavali germaniis cxovrebas.
`Togarma~ ... es saxeli kidev orjer gvxvdeba ezekielTan, rogorc cxenebisa da virebis momwodebeli tireli vaWrebisaTvis (ezek. 27, 14. 38, 6). tradiciis Tanaxmad, romelic Semonaxulia mose xorenacisTan, somxeTis
mcxovrebTa mamamTavrad iTvleboda Togarmas Svili~ (ix.
`Толковая Библия~, t. I, 1904. gv. 70).
msoflio enaTa ojaxebi
ramdenad Seefardeba mecnierul Tvalsazriss bibliaSi
gadmocemuli Txroba enaTa da xalxTa warmoqmnis Sesaxeb? amasTan dakavSirebiT komentatori wers, rom genealogiuri cxrilebi aRmosavleTis Zveli xalxebisaTvis
warmoadgendnen yvelaze mniSvnelovan da farTod gavrcelebul movlenas, umTavres da TiTqmis erTaderT istorias warsulisas, is saimedod iyo daculi da Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda.
bibliis genealogiuri cxrilebi, ueWvelad uZvelesi,
warsulis Zeglebia, wamosuli abramis epoqidan, Cans, TviT
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noes ojaxidan. axal aRmoCenaTa wyalobiT, Tanamedrove
mecnierebi ufro da ufro rwmundebian xalxTa bibliuri cxrilebis sinamdvilesa da simarTleSi, magaliTad,
mas `Zvel msoflioSi xalxTa gansaxlebis gansakuTrebiT
Zveli, gansakuTrebiT Zvirfasi da sruli istoriis~ dokuments uwodebs cnobili frangi orientalisti lenormani da ambobs, rom `mis sinamdviles gasaocrad adasturebs SedarebiTi enaTmcodneoba da fiziologiuri
gamokvleva sxvadasxva erisa~. cxrili amtkicebs kacobriobis erTa erTobis WeSmaritebas, uCvenebs, rom mTeli kacobrioba warmoiSva mxolod am sami (semi, qami, iafeti) Stosagan, romelnic Tavis mxriv gamovidnen erTi saerTo Ziridan (ix. `tolkovaia biblia~, peterburgi, 1904,
gv. 68).
dabadeba meaTe TavSi CamoTvlis semitur, qamitur da
iafetur xalxebs, maT eTnarqebs da bolos ambobs: `es
aris noes ZeTa STamomavloba Tav-Tavisi modgmis mixedviT, Tav-Tavis xalxSi. maTgan ganStovdnen xalxebi qveyanaze warRvnis Semdeg~ (dab. 10, 32).
Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebi semitur enaTa ojaxebs
akuTvneben asurul-babilonurs, anu aqadurs, Zvel
ebrauls (anu bibliis enas), finikurs, arameuls, siriuls, arabuls, eTiopurs.
qamitur enaTa ojaxs akuTvneben berberulsa da kuSitur enebs, Zvel egvipturs, kopturs (S. ZiZiguri, saenaTmecniero saubrebi, 1982, gv. 98).
msoflios yvelaze farTod ganfenili enaTa ojaxia
indoevropuli, rogorc nabrZanebia _ `ganufarTos Rmer-
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Tma iafeTs~, masSi Sedis enaTa induri, iranuli, slavuri, baltikuri, germanuli, romanuli, kelturi, berZnuli Stoebi, calkeuli enebi.
indoevropul enaTa ojaxSi Sedis 86-ze meti ena, ganfenilni atlantis okeanidan indoeTisa da wynar okeanemde.
am ojaxis enaTa calkeul StoebSic aTeulobiT ena Sedis, magaliTad, romanul (italikur) StoSi Sedis 13 ena,
germanuli Stos sxvadasxva jgufSi _ 11 ena, indur StoSi _ 12 ena, aseve iranulsa da sxva StoebSi, miuxedavad
imisa, rom aRniSnuli enebi amJamad Zlier daSorebulni
arian erTmaneTs, mecnierebi gamokvlevebis Sedegad mividnen daskvnamde, rom aRniSnuli enebi warmoSobilni arian
erTi indoevropuli fuZe enis diferenciaciis, daSladanawevrebis Sedegad. isini aRniSnul monaTesave enaTa
SejerebiT da SedarebiT rwmundebian rom, miuxedavad
droTa viTarebiT gamowveuli cvlilebisa, maT SeinarCunes saerTo struqturuli niSnebi. mecnierTa daskvniT,
fuZe indoevropul enas Tavdapirvelad gamoeyvnen winareitalikebis, winarebaltielebis, winaregermanelebis,
indoiranelebis, xeTebisa da sxvaTa enebi, romelnic
Semdgom Tavis mxriv daiSalnen calkeul enebad. xalxTa
uzarmazari indoevropuli jgufi Tavdapirvelad warmoadgenda mTlian, jer kidev dauSlel gaerTianebas,
romelic saerTo enaze metyvelebda. saerTo fuZe indoevropuli ena mecnierTa TvalsazrisiT daunawevrebeli
saxiT arsebobda `Cvens eramde IV aTaswleulSi~, unda
aRiniSnos, rom zogierTi RvTismetyvelis Tanaxmad, msof-
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lio warRvna moxda 3246 wels qristeSobamde, qronologia faqtobrivad Tanmxvedria.
`msgavsadve yvela semitur enasa da yvela qamitur enas
amJamad erTmaneTisagan daSorebulsa da gantotvils,
warsulSi gaaCndaT saerTo fuZeena, romlisganac diferencirebis Sedegad warmodgnen isini~. aseTia azri
lingvistebisa. amas mowmobs enaTa da xalxTa warmoSobis
Sesaxeb wmida werilic.
`dabadeba~ sxva Tavdapirvel xalxTa Soris qarTvelTa winaprebs _ Tobels, mosoqsa da aseve Torgams, _ pirvel
rigSi CamoTvlis. Tobeli da mosoqi (mosoxi) iyvnen iafetis Zeni, xolo Torgami iafetis Zis Ze iyo. SemTxveviT
ar uwodebda lenormani bibliis genealogiur sias msoflioSi xalxTa gansaxlebis srul istorias. arc isaa SemTxveviTi, rom kaenis _ pirveli adamianis Zis Zeebsac _ iabeli, iubeli, Tubal-kaeni ewodebodaT. yvela amaT
qarTvelur tomTa winaprebad gulisxmobdnen gamoCenili istorikosebi. bibliis genealogiuri cxrilis safuZvelze mkvlevarebs ufleba eZlevaT ganacxadon, rom msoflios Tavdapirvel xalxTa Soris qarTvelTa winaprebs
eWiraT mniSvnelovani raodenobrivi wili. Tavis mxriv,
am mosazrebas ganamtkicebs lingvist mecnierTa Teoriebi, romlis Tanaxmadac, indoevropul fuZeenaze gavlena
mouxdenia protoqarTvelur enas. marTlac, aTaswleulTa
win, kacobriobis gariJraJze, jer kidev dauyofel protoindoevropul enaze gavlenas ver moaxdenda proqarTveluri, am enis matarebel eTnoss mniSvnelovani adgili
15
rom ar sWeroda mesopotamiasa da mcire aziaSi _ kacobriobis Tavdapirvel samSobloSi. protoqarTvelur enas,
r o go r c aRin iSn a, ur TierTo ba hqo n ia p r oto semiturTanac, es kidev erTxel amtkicebs lenormanisa
da sxva mecnierTa azrs bibliis genealogiuri cxrilis
istoriulobis Sesaxeb, agreTve im azrsac, rom Tavdapirvel protoqarTvelebs mniSvnelovani adgili eWiraT
zemoaRniSnul regionSi.
winareindoevropul, winaresemitur da winareqarTvelur enaTa sistemebis qronologiuri da arealuri urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb weren: `indoevropul winare
enis arealuri kontaqtebi semitur da qarTvelur enebTan
gamovlenili leqsikur nasesxobaTa masalebiT kargad jdebian semitur da qarTvelur winare enaTa sistemebis qronologiur da arealur ganawilebaTa CarCoebSi. saerTo
semituri enis arseboba unda mivakuTvnoT periods ara
ugvianes IV aTaswleulisa... rac qronologiurad emTxveva saerTo indoevropuli enis daTariRebas. winaresemituris areali unda yofiliyo axlo aRmosavleTis gansazRvruli olqi, sadac SeiZleboda hqonodaT kontaqtebi
semitur enebs, rogorc indoevropul winare enaTa sistemebTan, aseve samxreT kavkasiur (qarTvelur) winare enis
sistemasTan~ (T. gamyreliZe, v. ivanov. `indoevropeiskii
iazik i indoevropeici~ t. II. 1984. gv. 380).
16
protoqarTveluri enis matarebeli
eTnosis gansaxleba
babilonis godolis dacemis Semdeg enaTa aRrevis Sedegad warmoqmnili Tavdapirveli xalxebi `gafanta ufalma
RmerTma dedamiwis zurgze~. Tavdapirvel xalxTa Soris,
rogorc iTqva, dabadeba asaxelebs qarTvelTa winaprebad miCneul Tobelsa da mosoxs. isini sxva xalxebTan erTad,
cxadia, unda wasuliyvnen yvela xalxis saerTo samSoblodan _ mesopotamiidan _ qveynierebis sxvadasxva kideSi, gafantuliyvnen dedamiwaze. SeZles Tu ara protoqarTvelebma gafantvis Semdeg TavianTi eTnikuri saxis
SenarCuneba, romel qveyanaSi Cans maTi kvali? es sakiTxi
yovelTvis ainteresebdaT eklesiis mamebs, aseve istorikosebs, lingvistebs, bibliis komentatorebs. Zvel samyaroSi, jer kidev qristeSobamde, espanel da kavkasiel
iberebs erTi warmoSobis xalxad Tvlidnen. Rirsi mama
ioane mTawmideli espaneTs qarTvelebiT dasaxlebulad
miiCnevda.
XIII-XIV saukuneTa istorikoss nikifore qsantopuloss,
romelsac aqvs 18 wignisagan Semdgari `saeklesio istoria~, miaCnda, rom saqarTvelos iberebi `ispaniis iberTagan arian gadmosaxlebulni~ (georgika, VII, 1966), kidev
ufro adre qarTvelTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb werdnen eklesiis mamebi. iberTa, anu qarTvelTa sacxovrisis Sesaxeb mogviTxroben eklesiis istorikosebi evsevi kesarieli (260-340), sokrati sqolastikosi, gelasi kesarieli,
rufinusi (IV-V ss.) da sxvebi.
17
amJamad sabolood damtkicebulia, rom qarTvelebi
wina aziis Zvel mkvidr mosaxleobas ekuTvnian, isini naTesaurad iyvnen dakavSirebulni msoflios uZveles kulturul mosaxleobasTan, ufro metic, `cnobil mecnierebs
fr. homels, ed. maiers, kiperts, leman-haupts, lenormans, akad. n. mars, akad. turaevs da sxvebs araerTxel
aRuniSnavT, rom qarTveli tomebi memkvidreni arian Sumerebis, xeTebis, mitanelebis, xaldebisa da sxva, romlebic wina aziis uZvelesi xalxebi iyvnen da romlebmac
Seqmnes sakacobrio kulturis yvelaze adrindeli kerebi. amgvarive mosazreba ganaviTara da mravalmxrivi faqtiuri masalebis moSveliebiT kidev ufro daasabuTa Tavis
SromebSi akad. iv. javaxiSvilma~ (S. mesxia, simon janaSia,
1950, gv. 39).
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, enaTmecnierebaSi arsebobs
Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac, indoevropuli fuZe enis
matarebeli eTnosi xmelTaSuazRvispireTsa da wina aziaSi
Semovida romeliRac mxridan. manamde es mxareebi (e.i.
wina aziis, pirineis, apeninis, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulebi) dasaxlebulni iyvnen araindoevropuli enis matarebeli tomebiT. akademikosma Tamaz gamyreliZem, rogorc
aRniSnuli iyo, wamoayena axali Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac indoevropelebi qristeSobamde IV aTaswleulSi wina
aziaSi cxovrobdnen, warmoadgendnen jer kidev aradiferencirebul, mTlian gaerTianebas, romelic metyvelebda
saerTo enaze. Semdgom maTgan warmosdgnen (dayofis Sedegad) winare italikebi, winare baltielebi, winare
18
germanelebi, indoiranelebi, xeTebi, momavali slavebi
da sxvebi. gansakuTrebiT isaa aRsaniSnavi, rom am winare
indoevropul enas urTierToba hqonia winare qarTvelur da winare semitur enebTan, amitomac qarTveluri
da semituri winare enebidan usesxebia bevri sityva. Tu
am Teorias SevadarebT n. maris Teorias, davinaxavT
garkveul msgavsebas. n. maris mixedviT, qarTvelur-kavkasiur-mediteranuli enebi warmoadgendnen im substrats,
romelzedac aRmocendnen da gaiSalnen indoevropelebi
_ `...indoevropelebi arsaidan ar mosulan, aramed isini...
igive iafetelebi arian da indoevropuli enebi iafeturi enebis Semdgomi safexuri, maTi transformaciaa
axal stadiaze~. Tamaz gamyreliZis Tanaxmadac, indoevropelebi `arsaidan ar mosulan~, maTi winare samSoblo wina aziaa, sadac maT urTierToba hqoniaT qarTvelurTan, anu n. maris mixedviT `iafeturTan~.
indoevropul winareenas, Tanaxmad T. gamyreliZisa,
urTierToba hqonia ara marto winareqarTvelurTan,
aramed winaresemiturTanac. n. maris Tanaxmadac qarTvelurs urTierToba hqonia semiturTan. da radganac
qarTvelurs, anu iafeturs mWidro kavSiri hqonda indoevropulTan, semiturTan misi dakavSirebiT gamomzeurda enaTa `msoflio kavSiris idea~. n. mari `...qarTuli da
semituri enebis~ naTesaobas cxadyofs da amiT ki msoflio kavSiris ideas amzeurebs~ (d. karbelaSvili, n. maris
saiubileo krebuli, 1934. gv. XVIII).
n. mari ar gamoricxavda kavkasiis iafeturi enebis kavSirurTierTobas qamitur enebTanac, is ambobda _
19
`CvenTvis, romlebic iafeturi enaTmecnierebis Teoriis
mTeli sistemis agebisas amovdivarT iafeturi enebis semiturTan naTesaobis faqtobrivi monacemebidan, gasagebia, gamoricxuli ar aris kavkasiis Zireuli enebis, e.i.
kavkasiis iafeturi enebis, kavSirurTierToba qamitur
enebTan...~. aqedan Cans, rom baskologiaSi adre gamoTqmuli hipoteza qamitur enebTan baskuris naTesaobisa n.
marisaTvis misaRebia (gavixsenoT magaliTad, hugo Suxardtis debuleba: baskuri enaTesaveba erTsa da imave
dros qarTvelur-kavkasiurs da qamituri modgmis enebs)...
(S. ZiZiguri, baskur-kavkasiuri problema, gv. 65).
n. maris `msoflio kavSiris idea~ qarTulis meSveobiT
albaT aseTi saxiT gamoisaxeba (ix. sqema):
sem
iafet
qam
semituri
i afet ur i
qamituri
qarTvelur-kavkasiur-mediteranistuli
pelasguri
etruskuli
baskuri
indoevropuli
20
iafetur enaTa ojaxi, n. maris Tanaxmad, moicavda
dedamiwis vrcel regions, xmelTaSuazRvispireTs, kavkasias, pamirs, afrikas (d. karbelaSvili, dasax. naSr. gv.
XXXVIII).
marTlac, enaTmecnierebis mniSvnelovani nawili
gamowvlilviTi gamokvlevebis Sedegad ar gamoricxavs
qarTulis, anda fuZe qarTveluri enis kavSirs wina aziis
uZveles xalxebTan, SumerebTan, protoxeTebTan, xuritebTan, aseve pelasgur-etruskul-iberiul enobriv
samyarosTan. amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom babilonis
godolis dacemis Semdgom protoqarTveluri enis matarebeli eTnosis erTi nawili darCa wina aziaSi, xolo sxvebi gaifantnen dedamiwis zurgze, kerZod, dasaxldnen
kavkasiaSi, xmelTaSuazRvispireTis qveynebSi, balkaneTSi, apeninisa Tu pirineis naxevarkunZulze. maT, rogorc
enaTmecnierTa monacemebidan Cans, SeunarCunebiaT TavianTi eTnikuri saxe da garkveul dromde enac.
simon janaSiam pirvelqarTuli eTnosis Sesaxeb Camoayaliba Tavisi koncefcia _ `uZveles droSi, daaxloebiT eqvsi aTasi wlis winaT, wina aziis uzarmazar miwawyalze da samxreT evropaSic (balkaneTi, apeninisa da
pirineis naxevarkunZulebi) erTi modgmis xalxebi cxovrobdnen. Semdeg am modgmis xalxTa adgilsamyofeli
TandaTan izRudeboda. Zv.w.aR-is II aTaswleulis damdegisaTvis wina aziis mkvidri xalxebidan cnobili iyvnen
xeTebi da subarebi. xeTi subarebi qarTvel tomTa winaprebi arian. xeTebi mcire aziaSi mosaxleobdnen, subarebs
21
ki eWiraT teritoria CrdiloeT mesopotamiidan moyolebuli kavkasionamde. am xeTa-miTanis samefoebis xanaSi
kavkasiis miwa-wyali xeTur-subaruli modgmis mosaxleobas ekava. ...xeTur-subaruli mosaxleoba mraval wvril
samTavrod daiqsaqsa. xeTur-subaruli tomebidan ufro
Zlierni yofilan muskebi, mermindeli mesxebi, IX saukuneSi ki yvelaze energiul brZolebs asurelebs Tubalebi umarTavdnen. Zv.w.aR-is IX-VII ss. xeTur-subarulma
tomebma axali Zlieri saxelmwifo Seqmnes _ urartu.
aqve, mezoblad arsebobda xeTur-subaruli samefo mana...~
s. janaSias koncefciam Zlieri gavlena iqonia... samecniero literaturaSi damkvidreba iwyo mis mier Semotanilma terminebma: `xeTur-iberiuli xalxebis jgufi~
(pireneis iberebi, etruskebi apeninis naxevarkunZulze)
balkaneTis pelazgebi, Sumerebi, xeTebi da subarebi (xuritebi), urartu, muSqebi da Tabali, qarTvelebi da sxva
kavkasieli xalxebi~ da a.S. (g. meliqiSvili, `qarTvelebi,
maTi warmomavlobis sakiTxi~, saq. ist. narkv. I, gv. 327).
simon janaSias Teoria CvenTvis imiTaa saintereso, rom
erTmaneTis monaTesave `xeTur-iberiuli~ xalxebi wina
aziidan, TavianT Tavdapirveli samSoblodan gavrcelebulan dasavleTisaken _ afrikis CrdiloeT sanapiroze
da samxreT evropaSi _ `evropaSi am gvartomobis xalxebi
win uswrebdnen Semdeg mosul indoevropelebs, romelTac damxvduri mosaxleobisa da misi kulturis Zlieri
gavlena ganicades. ase iyo pirineis, anu iberiis naxevarkunZulze, sadac Zveli iberiuli mosaxleobis STa-
22
momavalni, baskebad wodebulni, dRemde arian SemorCenilni. aseve moxda apeninis naxevarkunZulze, sadac
etruskebma Seqmnes italiis uZvelesi civilizacia, romelmac Semdgom mZlavri zemoqmedeba iqonia romis kulturaze. dasasrul, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze gvian mosul indoevropel berZnebsac pelazgebis dawinaurebuli mosaxleoba daxvdaT.
am xalxTa mier Seqmnil maRali kulturis keraTagan
yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovnad winaaziuri kerebi unda
CaiTvalos. wina aziaSi ...adre Caisaxa saxelmwifoebrioba. evfratisa da tigrosis auzTa qvemo nawilSi Sumerebma (Semeberebma) jer kidev Zv.w.aR-is IV aTaswleulSi
ganaviTares saqalaqo cxovreba, safuZveli Cauyares saxelmwifos da gamoigones msoflioSi uZvelesi damwerloba _ jer ieroglifuri, xolo Semdgom lursmuli~ (s.
janaSia, Sromebi, t. V, 1987, gv. 20).
damoukideblad imisgan, namdvilad aqvs Tu ara qarTul
enas genetikuri kavSiri wina aziis uZveles enebTan, mecnierTa mier dadasturebulia, rom xuritebis, xeTebisa
da urartuelebis garkveuli nakadi Serwymia qarTvel
ers _ `enobrivi monacemebi cxadyofs, rom qarTvel tomebSi unda gaTqvefiliyo da qarTveli xalxis SemadgenlobaSi unda Sesuliyo ZvelaRmosavluri civilizaciis Semqmneli, samxreTSi mcxovrebi xalxebis (xuritebis, xeTebis, urartulebis) garkveuli nakadi. amisi nakvalevi Tavs
iCens qarTvelTa enaSi~ (g. meliqiSvili, dasax. naSromi,
gv. 357). amdenad qarTvelebs ufleba aqvT TavianTi Tavi
maT memkvidreebad miiCnion.
23
qristeSobamde III aTaswleulSi saqarTveloSi arsebuli TrialeTis Sua brinjaos xanis kulturis Zlieri
kavSiri Sumerul samyarosTan mkvlevarebs afiqrebinebs,
rom winaaziuri warmoSobis zogierTma tomma saqarTveloSi SemoaRwia (iqve, gv. 353). `TrialeTis kulturas metad
mkafio paralelebi moepoveba ara marto Crdilo-dasavleT iranis materialur kulturaSi, aramed xeTur samyaroSic~ (iqve, gv. 354). saerTod TrialeTis kulturis
gamoCenas amierkavkasiaSi ukavSireben xuritebis tomis
eqspansias (iqve, gv. 355). arqeologiac emxroba zemomotanil azrs.
dadasturebuli faqtia qarTul-indoevropuli enobrivi siaxlove, Tumca ki qarTuli enaTa damoukidebel
ojaxs ganekuTvneba, es imiTaa saintereso, rom wina aziis
uZvelesi mosaxleoba indoevropelebi aRmoCndnen,
qarTvelebs mWidro kontaqtebi hqoniaT maTTan, imdenad, rom uZveles qarTvelur enas Zlieri transformacia ganucdia indoevropuli substratis gavleniT.
fiqroben, rom es garemoeba Sedegia im xangrZlivi da
mWidro kontaqtebisa, romelTac adgili unda hqonoda
uZveles xanebSi qarTvelur tomebsa da uZveles indoevropul dialeqtebze molaparake tomebs Soris (g. meliqiSvili, dasax. naSr. gv. 345).
yuradRebas ipyrobs garkveuli msgavseba qarTvel da
Zvel anatoliur indoevropul (xeTur, luviur, palaur)
enebs Soris (ix. g. giorgaZe, indoevropul-qarTul (qarTvelur) enobrivi paralelebis xasiaTis Sesaxeb, saenaTmecniero krebuli 1979, gv. 62).
24
saerTo anatoliuri indoevropuli fuZeenis daSlis
procesi dawyebula gvarovnuli wyobis dros III aTaswleulSi qristeSobamde, anatoliaSive (iqve, gv. 67). nesitebi TandaTan gavrcelebulan centralur da aRmosavleT
anatoliaSi, romelic manamde dasaxlebuli iyo xeTebis
(protoxeTebis) tomebiT (zogierTi mecnieris azriT, swored protoxeTebs hqoniaT kavSiri qarTvelebTan). nesitur-xaturi urTierTobis dros, romelic gagrZelda
aseulobiT wlobiT, protoxeTuri ena STanTqa nesiturma, romelmac Tavis mxriv ganicada garkveuli cvlileba
(fonetikaSi, leqsikaSi, morfologiaSi). Serevis da Sejvarebis Sedegad indoevropelebisa da xeTebis tomebs Soris
Camoyalibda xeTuri eTnosi. daaxloebiT XVII saukuneSi
qristemde Seqmnilma xeTurma samefom mTlianad SeiTvisa protoxeTebis mdidari tradiciebi (iqve, gv. 67).
Tavis mxriv, xeTur saxelmwifosTan urTierToba unda
hqonoda pirvel qarTul saxelmwifoebs (politikur warmonaqmnebs) _ diauxis (daianis _ asiriuli wyaroebiT) da
kulxas _ Woroxisa da dasavleT evfratis yara-sus raionebSi, sadac ZvelTaganve cxovrobdnen qarTuli tomebi,
isinive iyvnen samxreTuli periferiebi pirvelqarTuli
saxelmwifoebisa. arsebobs safuZveli vifiqroT, rom am
olqebSi, SeiZleba samxreTiT an samxreT-dasavleTiT,
ZvelTaganve imyofeboda ZiriTadi teritoria saerTo
qarTveluri fuZeenis matarebeli tomisa, romlisgan
TandaTan gamoiyvnen sxvadasxva dialeqturi erTeulebi
(svanuri, megruli, Wanuri). ivaraudeba aseve urTierTo-
25
ba ara xeTebsa da qarTvel tomebs, aramed ufro adre
saerTo anatoliur indoevropul enobriv erTeulsa da
saerToqarTuls Soris.
simon janaSia protoxeTebs, anu xatebs qarTvelTa
uSualo winaprebad miiCnevda wina aziis sxva Zvel tomebTan erTad. is werda _ `mTeli wina aziis teritoria uZveles xanaSi dasaxlebulia iseTi xalxebiT, romelTac ara
aqvT araviTari kavSiri arc indoevropelebTan, arac
semitebTan, arc Turqul-monRolur tomebTan. yvelaze
mniSvnelovanni wina aziis am uZveles xalxTagan arian
sumerebi, xatebi anu xetebi, mitanelebi, urartus (vanis)
qaldebi da sxvebi. swored am xalxebma Seqmnes kacobriobis uZvelesi kulturuli kera... Semdeg es xalxebi
TiTqos qrebian, nuTu ukvalod? ra Tqma unda ara. sxva
tomebis mowolis gamo isini icvlian teritorias da axalaxal kerebs qmnidnen. yvelaze samxreTiT mdebare raionebidan maT amoiwies mcire aziasa da mesopotamiaSi, aqedan
Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiroebsa da vanis tbis raionSi,
iqidan kidev Tanamedrove amierkavkasiaSi. satomo saxelebis istoria am mxriv did sayuradRebo masalas Seicavs~ (s. janaSia, t. III, 1959, gv. 194).
rogorc vxedavT, s. janaSia amierkavkasiis mkvidr mosaxleobas (upirvelesad, cxadia, qarTvelebs) miiCnevs
adgilmonacvlebuli Sumerebis, xatebis, mitanelebisa da
urartuelebis STamomavlebad. es xalxebi, misi azriT,
saerTo warmoSobisa SeiZleboda yofiliyvnen.
safiqrebelia, rom kavSiri arsebobs xatebis, xaldebis, anu qaldebis, xalibebis saxelebs Soris. Zveli berZe-
26
ni mwerlebi pirdapir amboben, rom xaldebi winaT xalibebad iwodebodneno. Semdeg sayuradReboa, rom xaldebi
cxovrobdnen, rogorc Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiroze,
ise vanis tbis garSemo. cxadia, es erTi xalxis ori Sto
unda iyos.
aseve sayuradReboa asurul warwerebSi moxsenebuli
muskebisa da kaskebis saxelebi. muskebi arian mermindeli
mosxebi an mesxebi. kaskebi kidev kolxebi, rogorc es
aRniSnulia ukve prof. iv. javaxiSvilis mier. mesxebisa
da kolxebis ambavi yvelasTvis cnobilia. friad sarwmunoa iberebis kavSiri tibarenebTan da tabal-TobalTan.
aseve safiqrebelia, rom termini `qarTveli~ dakavSirebulia qald-Tan (iqve, gv. 195).
arnold Ciqobavas daskvniT, rac ufro Sors vixedebiT qarTveluri da sxva iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis istoriul warsulSi, miT ufro xelSesaxebi xdeba am enaTa
warmoSobiTi kavSiri wina aziisa da SuamdinareTis Zveli
civilizaciis enebTan (urartulTan, huritulTan, xeTurTan, ulamurTan, SumerulTan). S. ZiZiguris azriT,
`mecnierebaSi dgas sakiTxi winaelinuri (pelasgur-anatoliuri) kulturis Semqmnel xalxebTan iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis kavSiris Sesaxeb. jer kidev adre SeamCnies,
rom berZnul enaSi gamoiyofa fena, romelic ar aixsneba
indoevropuli enebis safuZvelze. maSasadame, es danaleqi unda ganekuTvnebodes xmelTaSua zRvis uZveles mkvidrTa samyaros... winaberZnuli egeosuri enebis amocnobis
gzebi miimarTeba iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisaken, kerZod
27
qarTveluri enebis samyarosaken~ (baskur-kavkasiuri problema, gv. 51).
egeosuri mosaxleobis istoriis sakiTxebis mkvlevaris,
r. gordezianis azriT, Sexvedrebi iberiul-kavkasiur da
egeosur enebs Soris namdvilad mniSvnelovania, aseve
egeosur-anatoliur geografiul saxelebs garegnulad
TiTqmis zusti paralelebi aqvT kavkasiurTan, kerZod ki
qarTul toponimikasTan (ix. r. gordeziani, `iliada~ da
egeosuri mosaxleobis istoriisa da eTnogenezis sakiTxebi, 1970, gv. 299-301).
CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxs _ uZvelesi qarTuli eTnosis migracias xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebSi exeba mecnieri sxva SromaSic _ etruskulis kavkasiurTan da baskurTan mimarTebisas igi varaudobs, rom Zv.w.aR-is III
aTaswleulis miwurulSi kavkasiidan italiaSi saberZneTis gavliT gadasaxlebula kavkasiur tomTa erTi nawili, romelsac Seuqmnia e.w. kavkasiuri substrati Semdgom
formirebuli etruskulisaTvis (r. gordeziani, etruskuli da qarTveluri, 1980, gv. 6).
etruskul-qarTvelur mravalricxovan enobriv paralelebs r. gordeziani akavSirebs xalxTa migraciasTan,
`gansakuTrebiT ki kavkasiur tomTa mZlavr gadasaxlebebTan egeidasa da dasavleT xmelTaSuazRvis auzSi adre
brinjaos xanis dasawyisSi~ (iqve, gv. 6).
misi azriT, e.w. kavkasiur-pelazguri Sre italiaSi
qristeSobamde II aTaswleulSi dawyebul migracias unda
Seetana, `isini dakavSirebulni unda yofiliyvnen e.w.
28
apeninis kulturis damkvidrebasTan italiaSi... Tavis
mxriv TviT Sua heladuri kulturis warmoqmna Cven migvaCnia egeidaSi kavkasiuri, upiratesad qarTveluri tomebis migraciis Sedegad Zv.w.aR-is II aTaswleulis damdegs.
rogorc irkveva, maT egeosur samyaroSi Semoitanes aSkarad qarTveluri komponenti, rac winare berZnul enobriv
samyaroSi aTobiT wminda qarTveluri struqturis sityvisa da terminis arsebobiT dasturdeba, rogorc Cans,
es talRa Zv.w.aR-is II aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi gavrcelda dasavleT xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi, risi Sedegic
unda iyos aq Suaheladuri tipis kulturebis aRmoceneba da pelazgur-kavkasiuri enobrivi elementebis gavrceleba. swored migraciaTa am talRam moumzada, Cvenis
azriT, safuZveli Semdgom formirebul etruskul enas.
rogorc Cveni gamokvlevebis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, pelazgur-qarTveluri elementebi albaT yvelaze ufro
arsebiTia etruskulSi~ (r. gordeziani, etruskuli da
qarTveluri, gv. 60).
sabolood, albaT unda iTqvas, rom babilonis godolis daqcevis Semdgom warmoqmnil enaTa da xalxTa Soris
arsebobda protoqarTveluri enac, es cnobilia bibliis
uZvelesi komentatorebisTvisac, romelnic iafetis ZeTa
Soris qarTvelTa winaprebsac asaxeleben. protoqarTveluri eTnosi, sakmaod mravalricxovani yofila, rac
iqidan Cans, rom TviT warRvnamdec kaenis bolo STamomavalTa Soris lameqis Zeebs ewodaT iabeli (IV, 20), iubali da Tubal-kaeni. mecnierTa erTi nawili, saxelebidan
29
gamomdinare (aq unda gavixsenoT, rom iafetis Ze Tubali
_ qarTvelTa mamamTavrad iTvleboda) maT miiCnevdnen
qarTuli tomebis mosaxeleebad. iabels _ karavSi mcxovrebTa da mejogeTa mamas, iubals _ meCangeTa da
mestvireTa mamas, Tubal-kaens _ rvalisa da rkinis saWurvelTa mWedels, maTi azriT, saxelebi SerqmeviaT
ZvelqarTul tomTa saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT. warRvnas isini ver gadaurCnen, magram maTi saxelebisa da
Tobelis saxelis msgavseba mecnierebs afiqrebinebT, rom
protoqarTveluri eTnosi sakmaod mravalricxovani iyo
uZveles epoqaSi. godolis daSlis Semdeg, qarTvelTa
winaprebi, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, gavrcelebulan qveynierebis sxvadasxva kideSi, SuamdinareTidan _
wina aziasa da kavkasiisaken, xmelTaSuazRvispira qveynebSi, Crdilo afrikaSi. maT yvelgan safuZveli daudviaT Sesabamisi kulturebisaTvis, romelnic Semdgom auTvisebiaT sxvebs.
aRTqma RmerTisa erTan
dedamiwis zurgze gafantvis Semdgom adamianebma TandaTan daiviwyes TavianTi winaprebisagan gagonili da
naswavli gadmocemebi RmerTze, amas xels isic uwyobda,
rom siSorisa Tu urTierTqiSpis gamo xalxebs Soris misvla-mosvla da kavSiri Semcirebuli, anda Sewyvetili
iyo. WeSmariti RmerTis daviwyebis Semdgom gavrcelda
30
crumorwmuneoba, zeciuri da qveyniuri qmnilebebis Tayvaniscema, amitomac erTi uxilavi RmerTis magier Tayvani sces mraval cru `RmerTs~, maT gamosaxulebebs _
kerpebs emsaxurebodnen da msxverpls swiravdnen maT.
TandaTan kerpTayvanismcemlad iqca msoflios yvela
xalxi, amitomac ufalma ineba dedamiwaze yofiliyo erTi
xalxi mainc, romelSic daculi iqneboda WeSmariti sarwmunoeba, romelsac ecodineboda igi da Tayvans scemda
mas da mxolod mas.
ufalma ineba aseTi eri warmoeSva erTi kacis _ abramis STamomavlobisagan. abrami WeSmariti RmerTis madidebeli iyo, warmoSobiT Suamdinareli, misi mamis samSoblo qveyana iyo qaldea, qalaqi uri. am droisaTvis qaldea
erqva qveyanas tigrossa da evfrats Soris TiTqmis sparseTis yuredan babilonamde. aq, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo,
cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva epoqaSi jer Sumerebi, Semdgom
xuritebi da protoqarTvelebis monaTesaved miCneuli
sxvadasxva tomebi semitebTan erTad. CvenTvis sainteresoa, rom qaldea ufro mogvianebiT ewodeboda dRevandeli saqarTvelos mezoblad mdebare qveynebsac _ urartudan pontos CaTvliT gadaSlil mxares. urartuelTa
uzenaes RmerTs `xald~ _ qald ewodeboda da isini TavianT Tavs qaldevelebad miiCnevdnen. `safiqrebelia, rom
termini `qarTveli~ dakavSirebulia qald-Tan da misi
meSveobiT, sxva amave Ziris winaaziur uZveles saxelebTan~, _ werda s. janaSia (t. III, 1959, gv. 195). saxel qaldeas
ivane javaxiSvilic akavSirebda qarTvelebTan. `dakvirve-
31
bam dagvarwmuna, rom qarT-megruli Stos tomebis sakuTar saxelebSi (qarTueli, karduxi) erTi da igive qveynis
saxeli gvxvdeba. igi aris qarTu anu kardu. raki am qveynis saxeli orive Stos tomebis saxelwodebaSi moipoveba,
ueWvelia igi qarTvelebis Tavdapirveli samSoblo unda
yofiliyo. am samSoblos xsovna mesame Stos warmomadgenels, svanebsac aqvT SerCenili _ es karTu anu qarTu
ganTqmuli qveyana qaldea aris~ (qarTveli eris istoria,
I, 1951, gv. 403-404).
ase rom, qaldea ara marto abraamis winaparTa samSobloa, is qarTvelTa pirvelsamSoblodac SeiZleba CaiTvalos. aseTi versiis arseboba unda miuTiTebdes, rom
qaldevelTa qveyana semitebTan erTad albaT qarTvelTa monaTesave, anda protoqarTveluri tomiTac iyo dasaxlebuli.
rogorc wina Tavidanac Canda, SuamdinareTSi qarTvelTa monaTesave tomebs qristeSobamde aTaseuli wlebiT
adre daculi hqondaT mcire marcvali WeSmariti sarwmunoebisa. qaldevelTa urSi mcxovreb abrams ki hqonda
Seuryeveli sarwmunoeba RmerTze.
`mohkida xeli Teraxma Tavis Zes abrams, Tavis SviliSvil lots, haranis Zes, Tavis rZals sarais, Tavisi Zis
abramis cols da gavidnen erTad qaldevelTa uridan
qanaanis qveyanaSi wasasvlelad. miadgnen xarans da iq
damkvidrnen~ (dab. 11, 31).
qaldevelTa urs, sadac cxovrobda mama abramisa Tarra anu Teraxi, Cveulebriv aigiveben samxreT mesopota-
32
miis qalaq urTan, saidanac is ojaxTan erTad gadasaxlebula qalaq xarranSi mesopotamiis Crdilo nawilSi. igi iqve gardaicvala. rogorc aRiniSna, mesopotamiaSi sazogadod saukuneTa manZilze sxvadasxva xalxebi
cxovrobdnen. istorikosTa Tanaxmad, qristeSobamde IV-III
aTaswleulSi aq mcxovrebma Sumerebma Seqmnes pirveli
qalaqi-saxelmwifoebi (eridu, uri, uruki, lagaSi, nipuri). Semdgom aq Semodian semituri tomebi, romlebmac
aiTvises SumerTa kultura. qristemde III aTaswleulSi
aq sargon mefem Seqmna erTiani semituri mesopotamiis
momcveli saxelmwifo _ aqadi. amave III aTaswleulSi aq
SeiWrnen kvlav semituri _ amorevelTa tomebi, maT mier
Seqmnili saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi iyo babiloni. Zvelbabilonuri saxelmwifos Semqmneladaa miCneuli mefe
xamurabi _ kanonmdebeli. xamurabianTa dinastia daamxes
xeTurma tomebma 1530 wels qristeSobamde. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi mesopotamiaSi gamoCndnen xuritebi, saxelmwifo miTanis Semqmnelebi. xuritebi, istorikosTa
erTi nawilis Tanaxmad, qarTvelTa winaprebadaa miCneuli, iseve rogorc zogierTi xeTuri tomi da gansakuTrebiT protoxeTebi. abraamis mamis _ Tarras _ qaldevelTa
uridan gamosvlis droisaTvis qaldea, marTlac qarTvelTa winapari tomebiT yofila dasaxlebuli.
msoflio warRvnis Semdeg ufalma RmerTma aRTqma
dado, anu kavSiri Sekra mTel kacobriobasTan _ noes
saSualebiT. Semdgom abraamis saSualebiT _ adamianTa
TanamonaTesave jgufTan, xolo sinas mTaze ufali Rm-
33
erTi daukavSirda mxolod da mxolod erT xalxs, iakobis STamomavlebs _ israelTa Svilebs. man misca maT kanoni, gadaaqcia is Tavis rCeul erad.
xaranSi yofnisas, abraami (maSin jer kidev abrami erqva) iRebs RvTisagan brZanebas _ `uTxra ufalma abraams:
wadi Seni qveynidan, Seni samSoblodan, mamaSenis saxlidan im qveyanaSi, romelsac me giCveneb. gaqcev did xalxad, gakurTxeb da ganvadideb Sens saxels da kurTxeuli
iqnebi. vakurTxeb Sens makurTxebels da davwyevli Sens
mawyevars. kurTxeuli iqneba SenSi miwierTa mTeli modgma~ (dab. 12.1-3). `uTxra ufalma abrams mas Semdeg, rac
loti gaeyara: aaxile Tvali da gaixede am adgilidan,
sadac Sen dgaxar, CrdiloeTisaken, samxreTisaken, aRmosavleTisaken da dasavleTisaken. mTeli es qveyana, rasac
xedav, SenTvisa da Seni modgmisaTvis momicia samaradisod. qviSasaviT uricxvs gavxdi Sens STamomavlobas. Tu
vinme SesZlebs qviSis daTvlas, Seni STamomavlobac daiTvleba~ (dab. 13. 14-16).
Semdgomi sityva aRTqmisa azustebs wina aRTqmebis
monacemebs: `am dRes daudo ufalma aRTqma abrams da
uTxra: Seni STamomavlobisaTvis mimicia es qveyana egviptis mdinaridan did mdinaremde _ evfratis mdinaremde...~
(dab. 15. 18).
Semdeg kidev ufro gamowvlilviTaa Camoyalibebuli
_ `oTxmocdacxra wlis iyo abrami, rom gamoecxada ufali abrams da uTxra: me var RmerTi Zlieri. iare Cems
winaSe da sruli iyavi. davdeb aRTqmas Cemsa da Sens Soris
34
da didad, didad gagamravleb. pirqve daemxo abrami da
ase elaparaka mas RmerTi: `es me var, da aha, Cemi aRTqmac: `uamrav xalxTa mama Seiqmnebi! aRar gerqvas ameridan saxelad abrami, aramed abraami iyos Seni saxeli,
radganac uamrav xalxTa mamad gaqcev. didad, didad gagamravleb, xalxebad gaqcev da mefeni gamovlen Sengan.
davdeb aRTqmas Cemsa da Sens Soris da Sens STamomavalTa Soris Taobidan Taobamde, samaradiso aRTqmas, rom
Seni da Seni STamomavlobis RmerTi viqnebi. mogcem Sen
da Sens STamomavlobas Seni mdgmurobis qveyanas, qanaanis mTels qveyanas, samaradiso sakuTrebad da Tqveni RmerTi viqnebi. uTxra RmerTma abraams: oRond daicaviT
Cemi aRTqma Sen da Senma STamomavlobam Taobidan Taobamde~... (dab. 17. 1-9). aRTqmis piroba iyo winadacveTa
abraamisa da misi STamomavlobisa. winadacveTiloba iyo
niSani RvTis xalxis kuTvnilebisa.
abraami 100 wlisa iyo, roca saram, RvTis dapirebis
Tanaxmad, Sva Ze, romelsac uwodes isaaki. manamde abraams
saras nebiT mxeval agarTan eyola ismaili _ ismaitelTa
mamamTavari, aseve xeTTurasTan hyavda _ madiani, madianelTa mamamTavari. isaakma SeirTo rebeka, romelmac
Sva tyupi vaJebi esavi _ edomelTa mamamTavari da iakobi
_ israelianTa mamamTavari. marTalia, esavi pirmSo iyo,
magram iakobma Tavisi moxerxebiT miiRo pirmSoeba da
mamis kurTxevac. amis Semdeg gaeqca esavis risxvas. gaemarTa mesopotamiaSi, xaranis sanaxebSi, dedis naTesavebTan. gzaze dauRamda, daido lodi sasTumlad da dawva
35
erT adgils _ `esizmra: miwaze kibe dgas da TaviT cas
swvdeba, uflis angelozebi adi-Camodian kibeze. aha,
ufali dgas kibeze da eubneba: me var ufali RmerTi
abraamisa, mamaSenisa da RmerTi isakisa. es miwa, romelzedac wevxar, SenTvis da Seni STamomavlobisaTvis momicia. Seni STamomavloba qviSasaviT mravalricxovani iqneba
da ganivrcobi dasavleTisaken, aRmosavleTisaken, CrdiloeTisaken da samxreTisaken, SeniTa da Seni STamomavlobiT ikurTxeba miwierTa mTeli modgma. aha, SenTana
var da yvelgan dagifarav, sadac ki waxval, kvlav
dagabruneb am miwaze. ar migatoveb, vidre ar agisruleb
yvelafers rac giTxari~ (dab. 28, 12-15). xarranSi iakobs
SerTes lia da raxili, maTTan da agreTve maT mxevlebTan iakobs eyola Tormeti vaJi da erTi qali, maTgan warmoiSva israelis Tormeti tomi. Tavisi ojaxiT ukan dabrunebisas iakobs `uTxra RmerTma: iakobia Seni saxeli,
aRar gerqmeva amieridan saxelad iakobi, aramed israeli
iqneba Seni saxeli. da uwoda saxelad israeli. uTxra
RmerTma: me var RmerTi yovladZlieri, inayofiere da
gamravldi. xalxi da xalxTa krebuli warmoiSoba Sengan
da mefeni gamovlen Seni sazardulidan. qveyana, romelic miveci abraams da isaks, SenTvis momicia, Seni STamomavlobisaTvis momicia es qveyana~ (dab. 35, 10-12).
iakobis Zem _ iosebma _ egvipteSi gadidkacebis Semdgom
qveynad Camovardnili SimSilobis gamo mamamisi ojaxiT
miiwvia maRZar egvipteSi: `uTxra RmerTma israels Rameul
xilvaSi: iakob, iakob! miugo: aqa var. uTxra: me var Rmer-
36
Ti, RmerTi mamaSenisa. nu geSinia egvipteSi Casvlis, radgan iq gaqcev did xalxad. me Cagyvebi egvipteSi, meve
amogiyvan iqidan da iosebi dagixuWavs Tvalebs sakuTari
xeliT~ (dab. 46, 2-3).
egvipteSi Casvlis Semdgom iakobis ojaxi dasaxlda
mdidar mxareSi, ramdenime aseuli wlis Semdgom is iqca
did xalxad, magram droTa viTarebaSi egviptelTa monebi gaxdnen _ ``gamoxda mravali xani da mokvda egviptis
mefe. akvnesdnen mZime Sromisagan israelianebi, gahkiodnen da miswvda maTi RaRadi RmerTs. moesma RmerTs maTi
kvnesa da gaixsena RmerTma abraamTan, isakTan da iakobTan dadebuli aRTqma. moxeda RmerTma israelianebs da
icno RmerTma isini~ (gam. 1. 23-25).
gamoiyvana ufalma israelianebi egviptidan da miiyvana aRTqmul qveyanaSi. xalxis winamZRvroba ufalma daakisra winaswarmetyvelsa da rjulmdebels.
mose Cvilobidanve izrdeboda sasaxleSi. is faraonis
qaliSvilis mier iyo naSvilebi, magram mowifulobisas
gamoamJRavna egviptelTa mier daCagruli Tavisi erisadmi
siyvaruli da Tavdadeba. am dros mokla zedamxedveli
egvipteli da iZulebuli gaxda gaqceuliyo egviptidan.
is gaemarTa sinas naxevarkunZulisaken, madiamelTa
miwaze, iq SeirTo coli da mwyemsavda cxvrebs. erTxel
cxvari waasxa udabnos iqiT da miadga RvTis mTas _ xorebs.
`gamoecxada uflis angelozi cecxlis alad Suagul mayvlovanSi. xedavs, cecxli ukidia mayvlovans, magram ar
iwvis mayvlis buCqi. Tqva mosem, mival da vnaxav am dide-
37
bul sanaxavs ratom ar iwvis mayvlovani. dainaxa ufalma
rom modis mose sanaxavad da dauZaxa Suagul mayvlovanidan: mose, mose! miugo _ aqa var. uTxra: axlos nu
moxval! gaiZre fexsamosi, radgan es adgili, sadac Sen
dgaxar wmida miwaa. uTxra: me var mamaSenis RmerTi. saxe
daifara mosem, radgan RvTis xilvisa SeeSinda. da Tqva
ufalma: vixile Cagvra Cemi erisa egvipteSi da momesma
zedamxedvelebisagan gamwarebuli RaRadi. raki gavige
misi gasaWiri. Camovedi, rom vixsna igi egviptelTagan da
waviyvano mag qveynidan madliansa da vrcel qveyanaSi,
sadac Rvarad moedineba Tafli da rZe, qanaanelTa, xeTelTa, amorevelTa, ferizevelTa, xivielTa da iebusevelTa qveyanaSi. `aha, moiwia Cemamde israelianTa
RaRadma da vixile maTi Cagvra, rogor Cagraven maT
egviptelebi. axla gagzavni faraonTan, rom gamoiyvano
egviptidan Cemi eri, israelianebi~ (gam. 3. 2-10).
kvlav uTxra ufalma moses israelianTa Sesaxeb _ `migiReT Cems erad da viqnebi Tqveni RmerTi. gecodinebaT,
rom me var ufali, Tqveni RmerTi, egviptelTa kirTebisagan Tqveni gamomxsneli~ (gam. 6.7).
amis Semdgom ufali RmerTi `Cems ers~, `Cems xalxs~
uwodebs israelianebs. mosem icoda, rom faraoni uars
ityoda egviptidan aseulaTasobiT muSis, anu ebraelTa
gaSvebaze. ufali ambobs _ `ar mogismenT faraoni. maSin
xels movuWer egviptes da didi sasjelebis ZaliT gamoviyvan Cems krebuls, Cems ers, israelianebs egviptis qveynidan~ (gam. 7.4).
38
yoveli wardgomis dros mose faraons eubneboda: `ambobs ufali, ebraelTa RmerTi: gauSvi Cemi xalxi, raTa
memsaxuron~.
faraoni ar uSvebda ebraelebs, risTvisac aTi saswaulebrivi sasjeliT daisaja egvipte, romelTa drosac
ebraelebi uvnebelni rCebodnen, Tanaxmad uflis sityvisa _ `gamovarCev Cem xalxs Seni xalxisagan...~ (gam. 8. 23).
isjeboda faraoni, Tumca ufali agebinebda dasjis mizezs:
`aqamde abuCad igdeb Cems ers da ar uSveb~ (gam. 9.17).
ebraelTa gauSveblobisaTvis egviptelebi sastikad
daisajnen. Tavzardacemulma faraonma gauSva uflis eri.
eqvsasi aTasi kaci qalebisa da bavSvebis garda gaemarTa
mewamuli zRvisaken. win miuZRodaT maT ufali, dRisiT
Rrublis svetSi gzis saCveneblad, RamiT cecxlis svetSi gzis gasanaTeblad. gons mosvlis Semdgom egviptelebi ukan gaekidnen ebraelebs, mosem RvTis brZanebiT zRva
kverTxiT orad gahyo, ebraelebi mSrali zRvis fskeris
gavliT gavidnen meore napiras, faraoni ki Tavisi mxedrebiTa da etlebiT kvlav kverTxis dakvriT SeerTebulma zRvam daaxrCo.
rogorc aRiniSna, aRTqma _ kavSiri _ ufal RmerTsa
da mis ers Soris egviptidan gamosvlis Semdgom daido.
egviptidan gamosvlis sami Tvis Semdgom mose Tavisi
xalxiT miadga sinais mTas.
`avida RmerTTan mose da mTidan CamosZaxa mas ufalma:
ase uTxari iakobis saxls da amcne israelianebs: Tqven
naxeT, ra davmarTe egviptes, rogor agitaceT arwivis
39
frTebiT da CemTan migiyvaneT, amieridan Tu SeismenT
Cems sityvas da daicavT Cems aRTqmas, Cems sakuTrebaT
gamogarCevT yvela xalxisagan, radgan Cemia mTeli qveyana. mRvdelTa samefod da wmida erad meyolebiT. ai,
sityvebi, rac unda uTxra israelianebs~ (gam. 19: 3-6).
yvela xalxisagan gamorCeulobisa da uflis erad qcevisTvis israelianebs unda daecvaT aRTqma uflisa _
SeesminaT misi sityva. `mRvdelTa samefod da wmida erad~
gamorCevisaTvis israelianebma mzadyofna ganacxades _
`erTxmad miugo erma da uTxra: yvelafers SevasrulebT,
rac brZana ufalma. wauRo mosem ufals xalxis naTqvami~
(gam. 19.8).
ufalma ubrZana moses moemzadebina xalxi RvTis
gamocxadebisaTvis. xalxi ori dRis manZilze iwmendda
Tavs, Tavis tansacmels, mosem mTis garSemo xazi Semoavlo, rogorc ineba RmerTma, raTa mas aravin miaxloveboda sikvdilis SiSiT, rameTu am dros RmerTi mTaze iyo.
mesame dRis diliT sinas mTa RrubliT daifara, daiwyo
elva da quxili.
`gamoiyvana banakidan xalxi mosem RvTis Sesaxvedrad
da dadgnen mTis Ziras.
bolavda mTeli sinais mTa, radgan ufali iyo masze
Camosuli cecxlis alSi, rogorc quras, ise asdioda kvamli da Zlierad iryeoda mTa. TandaTan Zlierdeboda
sayviris xma. laparakobda mose da exmianeboda RmerTi~
(gam. 19. 18-20).
RmerTma warmosTqva xalxis gasagonad mcnebebi:
40
1. Tqva RmerTma yvela es sityva:
2. me var ufali, Tqveni RmerTi, romelmac gamogiyvaneT egviptelTa qveynidan, monobis saxlidan.
3. ar gaiCinoT Cems garda sxva RmerTebi.
4. ar gaikeTo kerpebi, arc rame xati imisa, rac aris
maRla caSi, dabla miwaze da wyalSi, miwis qveS.
5. ar sce Tayvani maT, arc emsaxuro, radgan me var
ufali Tqveni RmerTi, Surismgebeli RmerTi, romelic
mamis codvas Svilebs movkiTxav, Cems moZuleebs, mesame
da meoTxe TaobaSi.
6. aTaswlil sikeTis mzRveli Cems moyvarulTaTvis
da Cemi mcnebebis dammarxvelTaTvis.
7. ar daifico fuWad uflis, Seni RvTis saxeli, radgan dausjeli ar gadaurCeba ufals misi saxelis fuWad
maficari.
8. gaxsovdes SabaTi dRe, rom wmida hyo igi.
9. eqvs dRes imuSave da akeTe Seni saqmeebi.
10. meSvide dRe ki uflis, Seni RvTis SabaTia. ara
saqme ar gaakeTo, arc Sen, arc Senma vaJma, arc asulma,
arc Senma ymam, arc Senma mxevalma, arc Senma pirutyvma,
arc Senma mdgmurebma, saxlSi rom gyavs.
11. radgan eqvs dReSi Seqmna ufalma ca da miwa, zRva
da yvelaferi, rac masSia da meSvide dRes Seisvena, amitomac akurTxa ufalma SabaTi dRe da wmida hyo igi.
12. pativi eci mamas da dedas, raTa dRegrZeli iyo
miwaze, romelic ufals, Sens RmerTs moucia SenTvis.
13. ara kla.
41
14. ar imruSo.
15. ar iqurdo.
16. ar gamoxvide cru mowmed Seni Tvistomis winaaRmdeg.
17. ar indomo Seni Tvistomis saxli; ar indomo Seni
Tvistomis coli, arc misi yma, arc misi mxevali, arc misi
xari, arc misi saxedari, arc araferi misi qonebidan (gam.
20. 1-17).
rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, ufali RmerTis mier dedamiwaze mcxovreb mraval xalxTa Soris erTis gamorCeva
gamoiwvia kerpTayvanismcemlobis gavrcelebam _ yvela
xalxs daviwyebuli hyavda WeSmariti RmerTi. sarwmunoebis damcvelad ufalma israelianebi amoirCia. marTlac
am erma saukuneTa manZilze SeZlo siwmindiT gadaeca
sxvadasxva erebisa da kacobriobisaTvis (TviT am erSi
ganxorcielebuli RvTis Zis _ ieso qristes mier) _ WeSmariti sarwmunoeba. saerTod eris _ erTi warmoSobisa
Tu sxva mxriv gaerTianebuli xalxis amorCeviT ufalma
RmerTma akurTxa kacobriobis xalxebad, erebad dayofa.
ieso qristes Semdgom yoveli eri, matarebeli marTali sarwmunoebisa, RvTis xalxad iqca, maT Soris qarTveli eric. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, es momxdara
suliwmidis mofenis Semdeg, roca deda RvTisas wilad
xvda iverielTa moqceva. CvenebiT gamocxadebisas macxovari mas eubneba _ `hoi, dedao Cemo, me ar ugulebelvyof
yvela xalxze ufro sazepuro qarTvel ers maTze Seni
meoxebiT~ (q. c. I, gv. 37).
42
Tubali da mosoqi
saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis wmida mamebi, ucxoel saeklesio moRvaweTa darad cnobiswadiliT eZiebdnen winaprebs RvTismSoblis wilxvedri erisas. dasturi
amisa aris leonti mrovel episkoposis da arsen beris
Sromebi qarTvelTa eTnogenezisis Sesaxeb.
arsen berma icis, rom mkiTxvels ainteresebs, _ `Cven,
qarTvelni romelTa naTesavTa Svilni varT~, igi pasuxobs _ `Cven qarTvelni Svilni varT maT arian-qarTliT
gamosulTani da enai maTi `vuwyiT~ (Zv. qarT. agiogr.
lit. Zegl. 1971, III, gv. 46). `arian-qarTliT~ gamosuli
xalxi qristeSobamde dasaxlebula dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi aleqsandre makedonelis mier,
romelsac Cveni qveynis _ e.i. saqarTvelos _ Seneba dauwyia _ `iwyo Senebad qveyanasa Cvensa, xolo Tanahyva azove,
Ze arian-qarTvelTa mefeTa da misca qveyana es Cveni sameufod da samkvidreblad da gauCina sazRvari hereTi da
egriswyali, somxiTi da mTai crolisai da TviT wavida~
(iqve, gv. 47).
am koncefciis Tanaxmad, mosaxleoba, rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloisa, STamomavalia `arian-qarTvelebisa~. isini azovem _ `arian-qarTlis~ mefis
Zem, saqarTveloSi Camoasaxla. magram vin iyvnen da sad
cxovrobdnen `arian-qarTvelebi~, sad iyo `arian-qarTli~?
arsebobs meore koncefciac, romelic miewereba leonti mrovel episkoposs. leontis Tanaxmad, qarTveli
43
eri Camoyalibda saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze; qarTvel
tomTa eTnarqebi iyvnen qarTlosi, egrosi, herosi da
sxvebi. maTi winapari Targamosi ki samxreTis qveynidan
Camosaxlda amierkavkasiaSi.
saerTod Cveni eris, anda misi winapris samxreTidan
Camosaxleobis Teoria bunebrivia, rameTu samSoblo kacobriobisa, Zveli xalxebisa da erebis mesopotamiaa,
saidanac, bibliis Tanaxmad, isini gavrceldnen msoflioSi. yvela Zveli eri Tavis winapars mesopotamiasa da
wina aziaSi eZebda, maT Soris qarTvelebic, miT umetes,
rom wmida werilis Zveli komentatorebi qarTvelTa anu
iberTa winaprebs asaxelebdnen noes uaxloes STamomavalTa Soris.
`dabadebaSi~ noes Zis iafetis STamomavalTa Soris
moxseniebuli Tubali da mosoxi _ qarTvelTa winaprebadaa miCneuli rogorc Zvel ise axal istorikosTa mier.
ioseb flaviusi iafetis Svid ZeTagan oris _ Tubalisa
da mosoxis Sesaxeb wers _ `daamkvidrebs ukue Tovilosca
TovilTasa, romel aw ivirad iwodebian. xolo mesqinni,
mesxois mier aRSenebulni kahpadukad iwodebian~... (ioseb
flaviusi, moTxrobani iudaebrivisa Zuelisityvaobisani,
1987, gv. 103). iverielTa winaprebad bibliis Tubali miiCneva. `qarTlis cxovreba~ ki, rogorc cnobilia, qarTvelTa winaprebad miiCnevs bibliur Targamoss. is ioseb
flaviusis Tanaxmad, `RomaroYs~ Zea. misgan warmomavloba
aseTia _ `TorRamis ukue _ TorRamelni, romelni Tnebisagan ellinTaisa frigvad iwodes~ (iqve, gv. 103).
44
flaviusi Targamoss frigielTa winaprad miiCnevs,
lursmul da ieroglifur teqstebze dayrdnobiT, `cnobilma germanelma mkvlevarma h. vinklerma mecnierulad
daasabuTa ZvelberZnuli wyaroebis `frigiisa~ da sargon II-is (Zv. w. 722-705 ww.), droindeli asuruli teqstebis _ `muSqebis~ qveynis igiveoba (Zveli aRmosavleTis
xalxTa istoria, 1988, gv. 252).
maSasadame, `muSqebi~ _ qarTvelTa erTi didi tomi _
Targamoss daukavSirda [Targamos _ frigielni (flaviusiT) _ muSqebi (vinkleriT)].
asuruli teqstebis `tabal~ bibliur TubalTan (septanta,; zogjer _ ; vlugata _ Thubal) gaigivebulia e. dromes mier (ix. s. janaSia, t. III, 1959, gv. 70).
maSasadame, bibliuri Tubali winaparia _ iberebisa
anu qarTvelebisa, ioseb flaviusis am komentars eTanxmebian da avrcoben Cveni mecnierebi, rac Seexeba bibliur
mosoq-mosoxs, isic qarTvelTa (mesxuri tomis) winaprad
iyo miCneuli, amJamad ki Cven SegviZlia is davukavSiroT
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ Targamoss (Targamos-frigielnimesxni) im gziT, rogorc zemoT iyo gadmocemuli, Targamosi ki, rogorc cnobilia, aRniSnuli qarTuli wyaros
Tanaxmad, ara marto qarTvelTa, aramed somexTa winapradac aris miCneuli (Targamos _ haos, qarTlos). aq ar
SeiZleba ar mogvagondes herodotes cnoba _ `frigielebs,
rogorc makedonielebi amboben, ewodebodaT brigebi mTeli im xnis ganmavlobaSi, sanam evropelebi iyvnen da makedonielebis mezoblad cxovrobdnen, xolo aziaSi rom
45
gadavidnen, miwa-wyalTan erTad saxelic gamoicvales _
frigielebi dairqves. armenielebi, romlebic frigielebisagan momdinareoben...~ (herodote, istoria I, 1976, gv.
434). `iber~ _ `brig~ saxelebis dakavSireba msgavsi etimologiiT SesaZlebelia.
frigielebs, rogorc aRiniSna, muSqebTan, xolo am
ukanasknels mesxebTan aigiveben.
aRsaniSnavia, rom mesxebs ZvelTaganve mTel qarTul
mosaxleobasTan aigivebdnen, magaliTad, straboni dasavleT saqarTvelos TiTqmis centralur nawils _ mosxebis qveyanas uwodebs, xolo Crdilokavkasieli tomebi aRmosavleT qarTul tomebs _ mesxebs uwodeben. daRestnelebi `avarielebi _ fSav-xevsurebs `mosoxis (anu `mosoqis~) saxeliT icnoben (ix. h. uslar `avarskii iazik~ 1889,
II, gv. 24, 26).
rogorc iTqva, frigielebs (romlisaganac warmomdgaran mesxebi) aseve `brig“-ebi erqvaT. am sityvis fuZe
sagulisxmo igiveobas avlens Tubal-iberis fuZesTan _
`Tbl~ _ `br~. fuZe _ `brg~ (brig.) da `br~ (ibr) uTuod
msgavsni arian.
s. janaSia bibliis Tubalebsa da mosoqebs erTi warmoSobis urTierTmezoblad mcxovreb xalxad miiCnevs.
SemTxveviTi araa, rom Tubali da meSeqi bibliaSi
TiTqmis mudam erTad moixseneba. es SeumCneveli ar darCeniaT bibliis komentatorebs. isini erTad moixsenebian
iafetis ZeTa CamoTvlis dros (`iafetis Zeni: gomeri,
magogi, madai, iavani, Tubali, meSeqi da Tirasi~ (dab.
46
10.2), aseve ezekielis mier (32:26; 38:2; 39:1), xSirad ezekieli CrdiloeTis xalxebs Soris agreTve ixseniebs `gomers Tavis urdoTi, Togarmas saxls...~ (38:6), asiriel
mefeTa analebSi, rogorc aRiniSna, arc Tu iSviaTad ixsenieba Muski da Tabal, viTarca ori mezobeli erovneba,
mcxovrebni kilikiaSi, xolo herodote ambobs, tibarekebs
anu iberianelTa (iberielebi) da mosxebis, kolxeTis axlos mcxovrebTa Sesaxeb. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom Tavdapirvelad orive aRniSnuli erovneba cxovrobda tigrosisa da evfratis saTaveebSi, midiasa da skviTias Soris,
e.i. kolxeTsa da iberiaSi (ix. `tolkovaia biblia~, peterburgi, 1904-1907 I, gv. 69. komentari).
winaswarmetyveli ezekieli Tubalsa da muSeqs axsenebs
sxva Crdiloel xalxebTan erTad, romelnic codvaTa gamo
daisjebian; ezekielze adre israelis mezoblad mcxovreb
did xalxTa dasjis Sesaxeb werda ieremia winaswarmetyveli. saqme is iyo, winaswarmetyvelebani uSualod Seexeboda israels, uflis ers, romelic eRirsa aRTqmul
miwaze dasaxlebas, magram daarRvia aRTqma ufalTan
sxvadasxva codvaTa gamravlebiT, ris gamoc unda dasjiliyo aRTqmuli miwidan gadasaxlebiTa da sxva eris monobaSi
yofniT. kerZod, israelianebi qaldevelTa mefe nabuqodonosors unda gadaesaxlebina babilonSi. ris Semdegac qaldevelebica da sxva Crdiloeli xalxebic daisjebodnen uflis mier. ieremia qadagebda _ `amas ityvis
ufali RmerTi: `aha, me movuwodeb da movavlen CrdiloeTis yovel ers da babilonis mefes nabuqodonosors,
47
monasa Cemsa, da maT moviyvan am qveyanas da yovelTa garemos
erTa zeda, davaqcev maT da Sevcvli udabnod saukunod,
da iqmnebian es erni monebad babilonis mefisa 70 wel da
mis Semdgom me davsji babilonis mefes da mis ers maTi
usjuloebisaTvis da qaldevelT qveyanasac gadavaqcev
udabnod~. marTlac, ebraelebi gadaasaxles babilonSi,
sadac isini tyveebad iyvnen 70 wels, xolo qaldevelTa
babilonis samefo Semdgom TandaTan udabnod iqca da
daviwyebas mieca. winaswarmetyvelebis Sesabamisad daeca
TiTqmis yvela imdroindeli tomebi da cnobili saxelmwifoebi (igulisxmeba ebraelTa babilonSi tyveobis xana),
daeca da saxelovneba dakarga aTaswleulebis manZilze
didebulma egviptem, rac iwinaswarmetyvela ezekielma _
`adamis Zev, mimarTe piri faraonisaken, egviptis mefisaken da uwinaswarmetyvele mas da mTel egviptes elaparake
da uTxari, ase ambobs-Tqo ufali RmerTi, aha, Senze var
faraono, egviptis mefev, dido gveleSapo, rom gawolilxar Sens mdinareebSi da ambob Cemia mdinare, CemTvis Sevqmenio. layuCebSi Canglebs gagiyri, ...mogisvri udabnoSi
Seni mdinareebis TevzebTan erTad... mixvdeba egviptis
yvela mcxovrebi, rom ufali var, radgan lerwmis sayrdeni
iyavi israelis xalxisaTvis~ (ezek. 29. 2-4). anda: `adamis
Zev, gamarTe godeba faraonze, egviptis mefeze da uTxari: Wabuk loms hgavdi xalxTa Soris da gveleSapiviT
iyavi-Tqo zRvebSi! irqinebodi Sens mdinareebSi da fexebiT amRvrevdi wylebs, Telavdi-Tqo maT mdinareebSi. ase
ambobs ufali RmerTi: movisvri Senze Cem saTxevels xalxTa
simravleSi da amogaTreven Cemi badiT...~ (32. 1-3).
48
marTlac, qristeSobamde mexuTe saukunidan, ebraelTa babilonis tyveobis Semdgom saxelovani egvipte daeca da is umniSvnelo, sxvebze damokidebul qveynad iqca.
msgavsadve asrulda ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebani sxva
xalxebsa da saxelmwifo warmonaqmnebze. daecnen israelTa
mtrebi _ yamonianebi (amonitebi) TandaTan daeca finikielTa cnobili tvirosi, rameTu winaswarmetyvelTa
TqmiT, `vaglaxs ambobs ierusalimze, Seimusreba igi _
xalxebis karibWe... gaukacrieldeba~ (iez. 26:2). tvirosi
cnobili qalaqi, saxelmwifos centri iyo, sadac xalxebTan erTad qarTvelTa winaprebic vaWrobdnen _ `iavani, Tubali da meSeqi iyvnen Seni gamsaReblebi, tyveebs
da spilenZis WurWels gixdidnen saqonelSi, Togormas
saxlidan cxenebs, sabrZolo raSebs da jorebs gigzavnidnen sanacvlod~ (iez. 27:13-14).
aq qarTvelTa winapari tomebi _ Tubali, meSeqi da
Togarma erTad ixseniebian, radganac isini mezoblebi da
monaTesaveni iyvnen. saukunod daeca asureTi _ israelis
mteri. `iq aris aSuri da mTeli misi krebuli, mis garSemo
misi saflavebi yvelani gangmirulni arian, maxviliT
dacemulni~ (32:22).
daeca cnobili elami, edomi, daeca meSeqi da Tubali.
maT winaswarmetyveli sxva dasjil xalxTa Soris asaxelebs _ `iq aris meSeqi da Tubali da mTeli misi simravle~ (32:26). isini isjebian maTi mezoblis israelis winaaRmdeg mtrobis gamo, isjeba TviT israelic, romelic
Semdgom ipovis Tavis TavSi Zalas, aRadgens siyvaruls
49
ufalTan, daicavs aRTqmas da kvlav aRorZindeba, aseve
aRorZindeba RvTis mcnebaTa damcveli yoveli dacemuli eri. marTlac, meSeqis da Tubalis Zveli didebisagan
dacema da umniSvnelo tomad qceva SeumCneveli arc Semdegdroindel istorikosebs darCeniaT. pirvelqarTvelTa didebuleba, maTi saxelmwifoebi, qalaqebi, kulturis brwyinvaleba aCrdilad iqca. ivane javaxiSvili wers,
rom qristeSobamde 3-4 saukuniT adre qarTvelTa dacemis Sesaxeb _ `Tumca asurul wyaroebSi Cveni eris maSindeli mdgomareoba dawvrilebiT ar aris aRwerili, magram IV saukunis qarTveli tomebis yofa-cxovrebas Tu
imdroindel mdgomareobas SevadarebT, SeuZlebelia mainc
ver SevamCnioT, rom CrdiloeTisaken waweul qarTvelebs
cxadi daqveiTeba etyobaT. vazis movlas, Rvinis dayenebas,
saqonlis moSenebas, madneulis damuSavebasa da iaraRWurWlis gakeTebas, marTalia, winandeburad misdevdnen,
magram sad iyo winandeli simdidre, sasaxleebi, auarebeli ganZi da qoneba, romlis xelSi Cagdebas Tavis droze
asureTis batonebi kvexulobdnen xolme. winaT maT qalaqebi hqondaT, meoTxe saukuneSi ki salaparakodac ar Rirda, rac iyo isic cixeebs ufro miagavda, vidre qalaqs,
winaT qarTvelebi Zlier da mdidar erad iTvlebodnen,
aReb-micemobisaTvis Soreul qveynebSi midiodnen da yvelgan saxeli gavardnili hqondaT. IV saukuneSi ki isini
patara-patara tomebad iyvnen danawilebulni, mamacobis
pativi mezoblebSiRa hqondaT SerCenili, msoflioSi ki
maTi saxeli aRar ismoda~... (iv. javaxiSvili, t. I, gv. 70).
50
diax, Cveni eri daeca, ezekielis winaswarmetyveleba
Tubalsa, meSeqsa da Togormaze aRsrulda. ezekieli
qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi cxovrobda. IV saukuneSi
qarTvelTa winaprebis Zveli dideba mezoblebs Tu axsovdaT. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom maTi saxsenebeli ufalma ar gaaqro, rameTu isini uflis ers laSqravdnen ara
damoukideblad, aramed skviTebis iZulebiT, romelTac
`gogs~ uwodebdnen. is mTavari iyo meSeqisa da Tubalisa,
e.i. kavkasiis iqiT mcxovreb CrdiloeTis xalxebs auZulebia samxreTeli mezoblebi _ qarTvelTa winaprebi,
elaSqraT `israelis mTebze~. ezekieli ambobs RvTis sityvas _ `adamianis Zev! iwinaswarmetyvele gogze da Tqvi,
ase ambobs-Tqo ufali RmerTi, aha, Senze var roSis, meSeqis da Tubalis mTavaro, mogatrialeb, gamogaTrev da
wagiyvan CrdiloeTis kideebidan da mogiyvan israelis
mTebze gagagdebineb mSvilds marcxena xelidan da isrebs marjvena xelidan dagayrevineb. israelis mTebze
daecemi mTeli Seni urdoianad da xalxTan erTad, Sen
rom gaxlavs~... (ezek. 39: 1-3).
mravali xalxi daisaja, romelTac winaswarmetyvelis
piriT amis mizezs amcnobs ufali _ `raki saukuno mtroba gqonda da maxvils miugde israelianebi maTi gasaWiris
Jams, saboloo sasjelis Jams~ (ezek. 35: 5).
qarTvelTa winaprebi dasjilan imis mier, visi xeliTac daisajnen israelianebi; mefe nabuqodonosoris mier
datyvevebul da gadasaxlebul iqnen ucxo qveynebSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom nabuqodonosors, zogierTi Zveli is-
51
torikosis azriT, ara marto ebraelTa gadasaxleba miewereba, aramed qarTvelTa gadasaxlebac samxreTis qveynebidan ufro CrdiloeTiT.
qristeSobamde IV-III saukunis berZeni mwerali, geografi
da istorikosi nabuqodonosors axsenebs viTarca iberielTa Zveli saxelmwifos dampyrobels.
`nabuqodonosorma, romelic herakleze ufro Zlieri
iyo, mas Semdeg rac saomari jari Sekriba, miaRwia libielTa qveyanaSi da iberTa qveyanaSi, ajoba maT, gaacamtvera da daimorCila, erTi wili maTgani gadaadgila
man pontos zRvis marjvena mxareze, iq daasaxla~ (georgika,
1961, gv. 30). evsevi kesarieli wers _ `agreTve megasTene
ambobs Tavis `indoeTis~ meoTxe wignSi, romelSic
mogviTxrobs amis win moxsenebuli babilonelTa mefis
Sesaxeb, rom is simamaciT da sagmiro saqmeebiT herakles
aRemateboda, imdenad aRemateboda, rom libiis da iberiis
meti wili, ambobs igi, daipyroo~ (iqve, gv. 30).
am cnobiT nabuqodonosors daumorCilebia da daupyria mTeli iberiis saxelmwifo, romelic samxreTiT
libiasTan mdebareobda, auyria qarTvelebi da gadmousaxlebia Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze, anu kolxeTsa
da Semdgomdroindel lazikaSi. es momxdara qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi. megasTenis aRniSnul cnobas imeoreben Semdegi drois istorikosebi marabas-katina (I s.),
mose xorenaci (V s.) da sxvebi.
nabuqodonosors qaldeelTa mefec erqva.
qveynis saxelwodebam `qaldeam~ aTaswleulTa manZilze
adgili wainacvla samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken, Sumere-
52
bidan _ qarTvelebamde. nabuqodonosori, qaldeuri babilonis yvelaze cnobili mefe asurelTagan axlad ganTavisuflebul samSoblos saTaveSi Caudga 604 wlisaTvis da
562 wlamde marTavda mas.
nabuqodonosors hqonia RvTis siyvaruli (babilonSi
53 didi taZari da asobiT samlocvelo arsebobda). man
xelaxla aaSena daqceuli babiloni, taZarTa da sataZro
nagebobaTa aSeneba misi umTavresi sazrunavi iyo. maTken
iyo mimarTuli saxelganTqmuli babilonis saprocesio
gzebi, romlebsac mTel sigrZeze feradi (lurj-cisferi)
Wiquri miyveboda, maTze gamoyvanili yviTelfafriani
TeTri lomebiT, xarebiTa Tu gveleSapebiT. qaldeelTa
mefe dauRalavi mSenebeli iyo. misi xeliT ineba ufalma
ierusalimis dasja, sadac 597 wels gailaSqra, iudeis
mefe ioakimi ojaxiTa da warCinebulebiT babilonSi gadaasaxla, ierusalimis umdidresi taZris ganZTan erTad.
male, ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebis Sesabamisad, nabuqodonosorma kvlav aiRo ajanyebuli ierusalimi 587 wels,
gaZarcva, dawva, aTasobiT iudeveli gadaasaxles babilonSi, risTvisac aTwleulTa Semdgom TviT babilonic daisaja. uflisagan gandgoma iyo mizezi ebraelTa datyvevebisa, rogorc ieremia winaswarmetyveli wers _ `iyo uflis sityva Cems momarT naTqvami: wadi da yurSi CasZaxe
ierusalims: ase ambobs-Tqo ufali: me maxsovs Seni ymawviluri erTguleba da patarZluri siyvaruli, roca momyvebodi udabnoSi, uxnav-uTes miwaze. uflis siwmidea
israeli, misi mosavlis naTavari. yoveli misi mWameli
53
dadanaSauldeba, ubedureba daatydeba Tavs, ambobs ufali. ismine uflis sityva iakobis saxlo da israelis saxlis yovelo sagvareulov! ase ambobs ufali: ra naxa CemSi cudi Tqvenma mama-papam, rom ganmidga, amaoebas rom
ahyva da Tavadac amaoebaSi Caeflao?.. ar uTqvams
mRvdlebs, sad ariso ufali, rjulis kacebma ar micnes,
mwyemsebi gamidgnen, winaswarmetyvelni baalis saxeliT
giqadageben da usargeblo kerpebs akeTeben, amitomac
kidev meqneba TqvenTan dava... kargad gamoikvlieT, naxeT,
Tu sadme momxdara amgvari rame. Tu Seucvlia romelime
xalxs Tavisi RmerTebi, Tumca ar yofilan isini RmerTebi. Cemma erma ki usargeblo kerpebze gadacvala Tavisi
dideba~ (ier. 2, 1-11). israelma ori danaSauli Caidina, _
ambobs ufali ieremias azriT: miatoves RmerTi _ cocxali wyarosTvali da axali wylis Zebna daiwyes _ e.i. cru
RmerTebis Zieba (ier. 2.13). israelma amiT miatova uflis saxlis Sviloba, ris gamoc iqca nadavlad mbrdRvinavi lomebisaTvis, romlebic udabnod uqceven qveyanas,
gadawvaven da gaaukacrieleben mis qalaqebs (2,15).
`radgan ase ambobs cabaoT ufali: gaCexeT xe da daaxvaveT ierusalimis irgvliv. unda daisajos es qalaqi!
savsea ZaladobiT. rogorc WaSi grovdeba wyali, ase dagrovda masSi boroteba. Zaladoba da Zarcva ismis iq.
sneuleba da Wrilobebia. Cems winaSe mudam frTxilad
iyavi ierusalimo, ar migatovos Cemma sulma, ar gadagaqcioT udabnod, ukacriel qveynad... radgan pataridan didamde yvela momxveWelia, winaswarmetyvelidan mRvde-
54
lamde yvela yalbismqmneli. zereled mkurnaloben Cemi
eris Wrilobebs. amboben mSvidobaao, mSvidoba! Tumca ar
aris mSvidoba. gana ar rcxveniaT, sibilwes rom Cadian?
ara! sulac ar rcxveniaT, amitomac daecemian dacemulTa Soris, waiforxileben, roca davsji maT, _ ambobs
ufali~ (ier. 6.6-15).
ieremias RvTis sityvis gancxadebisaTvis simarTliT
Seuracxyofili brbo emuqreboda, cils swamebda da eswrafoda mis daRupvas. ukeTuri qceviT datanjuli
winaswarmetyveli wyevlida Tavis dabadebis dRes, magram
simarTlis Tqmas ganagrZobda. man pirdapir uTxra mis
dilegSi Camgdeb erT mRvdels: `ase ambobs ufali: aha,
SiSis zars dagcem Sen da Sens megobrebs. daecemian isini
mtrebis maxvilisagan da Seni TvaliT ixilav amas.
babilonelTa mefis xelSi Cavagdeb mTels iudas. gadaasaxlebs maT babilonSi da maxviliT amoswyvets~ (ier.
20,4).
winaswarmetyvelis sityvisamebr babilonis mefe nabuqodonosori gars Semoadga ierusalims. ieremiam ganucxada iudeas mefes: `...ambobs ufali _ Cavagdeb cidkias,
iudas mefes da mis morCilebs, xalxs da yvelas... nabuqodonosoris, babilonis mefis xelSi...~ (21.7).
marTlac, aRsrulda winaswarmetyveleba. israelianebi babilonSi gadaasaxles, ieremia godebda: `rogor marto darCa qalaqi, odesRac xalxmravali, zis qvrivi qaliviT, xalxTa qalbatoni da mxareTa dedofali moxarke
Seiqmna. tiris RamRamobiT, Rawvebze cremli sdis, aravin
55
hyavs nugeSinismcemeli, yvelam uRalata, mtrad gadaekidnen megobrebi~ (godeba, I: 1-2). `aRasrula ufalma
ganzraxuli, aaxdina Tavisi naTqvami, rac hqonda nabrZanebi ZvelTaganve, daaqcia da ar Seibrala. mteri gaaxara
Senze, rqa aRumaRla Sens duSmanebs... yrian quCis mtverSi ymawvili da moxuci, Cemi qalwulebi da moymeebi maxviliT daecnen; daxoce Seni risxvis dRes, dakali, ar
dainde~ (2.17,21).
nabuqodonosorma daatyveva da gadaasaxla ebraeli
xalxi, masve, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Zvel istorikosTa
cnobebiT, daulaSqravs qarTvelTa saxelmwifo, sadRac
samxreTSi mdebare, dautyvevebia qarTveloba da gadausaxlebia CrdiloeTis qveyanaSi, Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze. israel dedaTa darad tirodnen albaT
qarTveli dedebic, magram maTi godebis aRmweri aravin
iyo, Cans, maT Soris ar hyavda ufals gamorCeuli erTguli. isini am droisaTvis kerpTmsaxurni iyvnen, WeSmariti RmerTi mxolod eqvsasi wlis Semdeg Seicnes andria
mociqulis qadagebis meSveobiT.
aq oriode sityviT unda iTqvas imis Sesaxebac, rom
rCeul erTan, romelic aRTqmis darRvevisaTvis samarTlianad daisaja, ufalma kvlav ganaaxla Tavisi aRTqma.
babilonis tyveoba dasrulda. ebraelebi aRTqmul miwaze dabrundnen. qarTvelebi ki, Tuki vendobiT Zvel
istorikosTa cnobas maTi samxreTidan CrdiloeTSi gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb, dafuZdnen axal qveyanaSi, uwodes mas
Tavisi saxeli saqarTvelo. Tumca, simon janaSias dakvirve-
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biT, kavkasia ZvelTaganve samSoblo iyo qarTvelebis,
iseve rogorc wina aziis zogierTi regioni. am droisaTvis moxda ara qarTvelTa gadasaxleba, aramed
samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken gadainacvles maTma politikurma centrebma. ese igi, samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT
gadasaxlda mxolod politikuri elita. yovel SemTxvevaSi Tubalisa da meSeqis Zveli dideba saukuno warsulad iqca. maTi adgili `iberma~ daiWira.
ibe ri
ezekielis piriT gamoTqmuli winaswarmetyvelebis kiTxvisas _ `uTxari, ase ambobs-Tqo ufali RmerTi: aha, Senze var gog, roSis, muSeqis da Tubalis mTavaro!
gagabruneb da ybaSi Cangals amogdeb... Togormas saxls
CrdiloeTs kideebidan mTeli Tavisi urdoTi, uricxvi
xalxiTurT SenTan erTad~ _ gvaxsendeba s. janaSias sityvebi _ `ueWvelia, rom VI-I saukuneebSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde qarTvelobam didi zarali ganicada. am xanaSi
Semcirda qarTveli tomebis mosaxleoba da masTan erTad
am tomebma Tavisi msoflio-istoriuli poziciebi dahkarges~ (s. janaSia, t. V, 1987, gv. 212).
raRa darCa erT dros pirineidan pamiramde ganfenili
(n. mari) qarTveluri eTnosidan?
qristeSobamde ramdenime saukuniT adre qarTveluri
warmoSobis xalxebi iqcnen mcire tomebad, daemxo maTi
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erT dros saxelovani saxelmwifoebi. TavianTi ubedurebisa da gaWirvebis dros ramdenime nakadad moaSures kavkasias, sadac egulebodaT saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba
maTi monaTesave qarTuli tomebisa _ saxelganTqmuli
kolxeTi. marTalia, kolxeTis Zlierebis xana (qristeSobamde IX-VIII ss.) am droisaTvis ganvlili iyo, magram is
mainc fexze idga da bunebrivi sazRvrebisagan daculs
Zlieri mtrebic naklebad hyavda. momavali saqarTvelosaken moiwevdnen tibaranebad qceuli Tubalebi, mesxebad qceuli muSqebi, axla mcire tomebad qceuli qaldevelebi anu xalibebi, karduxebi. herodotes Tanaxmad,
wina aziaSi amierkavkasiisken cxovrobdnen Semdegi tomebi _ mosxebi, tibaranebi, makronebi, mosinikebi, kolxebi,
alarodielebi, saspeirebi. is erT momentTan dakavSirebiT wers _ `mosxebs Tavze xis muzaradebi exuraT. patara farebi da Subebi hqondaT... laSqrobdnen tibaranebi, makronebi da mosinikebi, romlebic mosxebiviT iyvnen
aRWurvilni... kolxebs Tavze xis muzaradebi hqondaT...
alarodielebi da saspeirebi kolxebis msgavsad SeiaraRebulni laSqrobdnen~ (herodote, istoria, II, 434).
rogorc Cans, qarTuli tomebi im droisaTvis kidev ufro
mravalricxovani iyo.
`vrcel miwa-wyalze mcire aziasa, samxreT evropasa
da CrdiloeT afrikis sanapiroze mcxovrebi qarTuli
gvartomobis xalxebi~ (s. janaSia) aRniSnuli droisaTvis
kavkasiaSi SeyuJul tomebad iyvnen qceulni, magram ufal
RmerTs isini ar dauviwyebia. misca Zala, raTa Camoeyal-
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ibebinaT erTiani `qarTlis samefod~ cnobili saxelmwifo. Sehkra isini erTian erad da imis Semdeg, rac dedamiwaze mosuli Ze RvTisa, WeSmariti RmerTi amaRlda, eCvena deda RvTisas da uTxra qarTveli eris Sesaxeb: _ `hoi,
dedao Cemo, ara ugulebel vyo eri igi sazepuro ufros
yovelTa naTesavTa, meoxebiTa SeniTa maTTvis (`qarTlis
cxovreba~, t. I, gv. 38) uflis rCeul erad iqca, yvela
qristemoyvare eris msgavsad.
am siyvarulis niSnad pirvel saukuneSive Cvenma erma
miiRo zeciT qsovili kvarTi uflisa, erTiani, mTliani
da daunawevrebeli, niSnad imisa rom `sazepuro eri~ mis
wiaRSi Senaxul kvarTis msgavsad samaradJamod, mis meored mosvlamde, erTiani, mTliani da daunawevrebeli unda
darCeniliyo, Tuki qristianobas daicavda. ufalma aTeul
tomebad qceuli qarTuli eTnosi qristeSobamde 3-4
saukuniT adre erTian erad aqcia erovnuli saxelmwifos
daarsebiT. erTian qarTul saxelmwifos `qarTlis samefos~, xolo ucxoelebi iberias uwodebdnen, `moqcevaY
qarTlisaYs~ Tanaxmad, misi dasavleTi sazRvari egriswyalze gadioda, ase rom, is moicavda aRmosavleT, samxreT
da dasavleT saqarTvelos. am saxelmwifos xalxi erTian
erad SekavSirda da mas `qarTvelni~ ewodebodaT. aqve
isic unda iTqvas, erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebs
gareT, samxreTSi aRmoCndnen mravalricxovani qarTuli
tomebi. qarTuli tomebi agreTve cxovrobdnen egriswyalTan gamavali sazRvris gadaRmac da aseve aRmosavleTiT _ albaneTis mimarTulebiT.
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rogorc iTqva, gansakuTrebiT mravali qarTuli tomi
aRmoCnda qarTuli saxelmwifos gareT _ Savi zRvis sanapiro mxareSi, romelsac qaldeas, anda WaneTs uwodebdnen.
aRsaniSnavia, rom erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daarsebam mefe farnavazis epoqaSi, faqtobrivad gamoiwvia
qarTuli eTnosis orad gayofa, kerZod, erTi nawili
aRmoCnda Tavis erovnul saxelmwifoSi, xolo meore nawili samxreT-dasavleTiT aRmoCnda sxva saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi. am mdgomareobam xeli Seuwyo saerTo
qarTuli enis diferenciacia-danawevrebis gaRrmavebas.
amis mizezi iyo is, rom jer kidev farnavazis saxelmwifos Seqmnamde saukuneebiT adre kolxuri kultura
moicavda ara marto dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed aRmosavleTis umetes nawils. kolxuri kulturis arealze
ki, rogorc miiCneva, gavrcelebuli iyo fuZe qarTuli
enis diferenciaciis Sedegad miRebuli, jer kidev gauyofeli e.w. zan-qarTuli ena.
Zveli kolxeTi mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos ar
moicavda, masSi aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos didi
nawili Sedioda. kolxeTi kavkasiaSi qarTuli tomebis
gamarTianebeli iyo. herodotes aRweridanac Cans, rom
samxreT kavkasiur samyaroSi or qarTul toms aqvs hegemonoba Tavis Tavze aRebuli, kolxebsa da mosxebs. kerZod, laSqrobisas (anu politikuri moRvaweobisas) mosxebTan erTad molaSqre tibaranebi, makronebi da mosinikebi mosxebiviT arian aRWurvilni, xolo kolxebTan er-
60
Tad myofi alarodielebi da saspeirebi kolxebiviT SeiaraRebulni. mosxebi da kolxebi ki warmmarTvelebad
Canan. magram mosxebs qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi mcxovrebi berZeni avtori hekatos mileteli `kolxur tomad~ miiCnevs, anu mesxebi da kolxebi erTi xalxia, zogadi saxelia kolxi, maSasadame, kolxeTi, kolxuri kultura da yovelive, rac Zvel kolxeTTanaa dakavSirebuli, aris ara dasavleT saqarTvelos lokaluri kultura, aramed zogad-qarTuli eTnosisa, yvela qarTveluri
tomisa, es Seexeba enasac. Zvel-kolxuri ena unda iyos im
droisaTvis sustad diferencirebuli fuZe qarTulidan
gamoyofili, e.w. zan-qarTuli (jer kidev dauSleli) ena.
g. meliqiSvili wers _ `mosxebs Zv.w.aR-is VI s-is berZeni avtori hekatos mileteli `kolxur toms~ eZaxis. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mesxuri elementi mudam qarTebis
elements emTxveva, `kolxurs~ aq dasavlurqarTulis mniSvnelobas ver mivaniWebT, radgan, rogorc iTqva, Zveli
legendaruli kolxeTis arsebobis xanaSi (Zv.w.aR-is I
aTaswleulis pirveli saukuneebi) kolxeTi jer kidev
sustad diferencirebul qarTvelur eTnikur jgufs
moicavda. am dros megrel-Wanebsa da qarTebs Soris enobrivi gansxvaveba, yovel SemTxvevaSi jer ar unda yofiliyo. amitomac `kolxi~ saxeli am uZveles xanaSi saerTo qarTveluri, Tu qarTi-zanuri (megrul-Wanuri) elementis aRmniSvneli unda yofiliyo. ionieli berZnebi
qarTvel tomebs jer kidev qarTul-zanuri erTobis arsebobis `kolxur~ xanaSi gaecnen da `kolxi~ saxelsac,
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unda vifiqroT, am erTobis aRsaniSnavad xmarobdnen. amitomac mosxebis `kolxur tomad~ moxsenieba hekatos miletelTan, saerTod, maT qarTvelobaze miuTiTebs da
megrul-Wanur warmomavlobaze arafers laparakobs~ (saq.
ist. narkv, I, gv. 395).
erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos formirebis epoqa,
romelic, cxadia, ramdenadme win uswrebda farnavazis
xanas (IV-III ss. qristeSobamde) xasiaTdeboda didi cvlilelebebiT... kerZod, am dros VIII-VI saukuneebSi kolxuri
kulturis arealSi samxreTidan Semovidnen sxvadasxva
qarTveluri tomebi, rac gamoiwvevda Zvrebs, mniSvnelovan gadanacvlebebs.
rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, am drois qarTveluri jgufis
ZiriTadi kultura swored `kolxuri kultura~ unda
yofiliyo (ix. iqve, gv. 431). `akad. b. kuftinis azriT,
`kolxuri kulturis~ gavrcelebis sazRvari Tavdapirvelad mcxeTamde aRwevda. dRevandeli samxreT oseTis
mosaxleobac gviani brinjaos xanaSi mWidrod ukavSirdeboda `kolxuri kulturis~ zonis mosaxleobas...
akad. s. janaSia xazs usvamda im garemoebas, rom qarTli,
kerZod, istoriuli Sida qarTli, is teritoria unda
iyos, sadac gvian brinjaos xanaSi xdeboda aRmosavlur
da dasavlur kulturaTa gavrcelebis sazRvrebis urTierTkveTa~ (iqve, gv. 432).
kolxuri kulturis areali vrceldeboda araTu Tanamedrove saqarTvelos umetes nawilze, aramed Crdilo
kavkasiaSic da vrclad samxreTis mimarTulebiTac _ `ase-
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Tia, magaliTad, upirveles yovlisa Crdilo oseTi da
yabardo-balyareTi mTavari qedis miRma, aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos vrceli zoli mdinare mtkvris CrdiloeTiT, mesxeTidan vidre aragvis xeobamde. istoriuli
samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo Woroxis auzi da ufro
dasavleTiT Savi zRvis sanapiro, yovel SemTxvevaSi qalaq
ordumde mainc. aRarafers vambobT CvenTvis saintereso
tipis calkeul nivTebze, romlebic aRmoCenilia somxeTis teritoriaze (axtala-lalvaris midamoebi, golovino, parkari, leninakani) da urmiis tbis raionSi~ (iqve, gv.
255).
Tanamedrove CrdiloeT somxeTi, yovel SemTxvevaSi
bambakis mTis CrdiloeTiT mtkvris auzSi moqceuli teritoria, istoriulad, aTaswleulTa manZilze saqarTveloSi Semaval miwa-wylad, samxreT-aRmosavleT mxared miiCneoda, amitomac aq kolxuri kulturisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli nivTebis aRmoCena unda CavTvaloT mtkvris samxreTiT kolxuri kulturis gavlenis gavrcelebad. rogorc Cans, kolxuri kultura vrceldeboda
Woroxisa da saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamaval mtkvris
auzebSi, aseve dasavleT saqarTveloSi. sad mdebareobda
centri, bude kolxuri kulturisa? _ miCneulia, rom is
mdebareobda dasavleT saqarTveloSi. `rogorc araerT
mkvlevars aRuniSnavs, TviT dasavleT saqarTvelo am
kulturis ZiriTadi bude unda iyos~ (iqve, gv. 256), magram ratom ar SeiZleba es bude aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
yofiliyo, vTqvaT mtkvris xeobaSi (istoriul diaoxTan,
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Semdegdroindel taosTan, klarjeTTan), anda Woroxis
xeobaSi, sadac zogierTi mkvlevari metalurgiis centrebis arsebobas varaudobs? safiqrelia, rom bude kolxuri kulturisa mdebareobda rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, is erTiani kulturaa da ara
lokaluri romelime kuTxisa. marTalia, jerjerobiT
ucnobia, vrceldeboda Tu ara kolxuri kultura mcxeTis aRmosavleTiT, magram, ZvelqarTul wyaroTa Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT teritoriebi dasaxlebuli iyo qarTuli tomebiT (qarTlis cxovrebaSi asaxulia,
rom aq saxlobdnen qarTlosis uSualo STamomavalni).
kolxuri kulturis am arealSi gauvrceleblobis Sesaxeb ki unda gavimeoroT g. meliqiSvilis naTqvami: `ra Tqma
unda, savaldebulo ar aris, rom materialuri kulturis esa Tu is are zustad emTxveodes ama Tu im eTnikuri
jgufis gavrcelebis sazRvrebs~, (iqve, gv. 432).
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sruliad
unda daveTanxmoT g. meliqiSvils _ qristeSobamde pirveli aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi saxeli `kolxi~ saerTo qarTveluri, anu zan-qarTuli (qarT-zanuri) elementis aRmniSvneli unda yofiliyo. saxeli `kolxi~ sustad
diferencirebul qarTul eTnikur erTobas moicavda (amitomac uwodebdnen `mosxebs~ _ kolxebs).
rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, qristeSobamde VIII saukunis
Semdgom kolxuri kulturis arealSi didi cvlilebebi
moxda, CrdiloeTidan SemoiWrnen kimerielebi, maT daarbies kolxeTi, xolo samxreTidan TandaTan Semosula sx-
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vadasxva qarTuli tomebi. es qarTuli tomebi erT dros
warmoadgendnen cnobil xalxebs TavianTi saxelmwifoebiT, maT gaaCndaT didi politikuri kultura, amitomac
Semosvlis Semdgom sakmaod male moaxdines damxvedri tomebis konsolidacia da Camoayalibes `qarTlis samefo~ _
axali qarTuli saxelmwifo. s. janaSias Tanaxmad,
samxreTiT mdebare qarTuli saxelmwifoebis gaqrobis
Semdeg politikurma centrebma CrdiloeTiT, dRevandeli saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze gadmoinacvla. amas, rogorc
aRiniSna, xeli Seuwyo Zveli kolxuri samefos ganadgurebam kimerielTa mier. am Semosevis Semdgom, rogorc
fiqroben, kolxeTis (am SemTxvevaSi dasavleT saqarTvelos) mosaxleobis nawili momxdurebTan brZolaSi gamwydara, gadarCenilebs mezobel kuTxeebSi SeufarebiaT
Tavi.
samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT qarTuli tomebis Semosvlas, anu politikuri centrebis gadmonacvlebas garkveulad gamoucocxlebia Zveli kolxeTi. samefoc Camoyalibda, saqme is iyo, rom kolxebi da Semosuli tomebi,
rogorc aRiniSna, erTi eTnosi, erTi warmoSobis xalxi
iyo. ase, magaliTad, s. janaSia fiqrobda, rom kolxuri
brinjaos kultura SeiZleboda Tubalebis (Tobelis)
kultura yofiliyo.
s. janaSia bibliaSi naxseneb iafetis Ze Tubals da
kaenis STamomavlebs _ Tubal-kaens, iabels, iubals ase
akavSirebda kolxebTan (da iberebTan): `CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxis Sesaxeb bibliis ori sxvadasxvagvari
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cnobis SeTanxmeba Zneli ar unda iyos. is garemoeba, rom
erT SemTxvevaSi Tubali martoa dasaxelebuli, xolo
meore SemTxvevaSi mas Zmebic hyavs _ Yabali da Yubali,
Cveni azriT im garemoebas mowmobs, rom pirvelad xalxi
mTliani saxiTaa warmodgenili, meored ki _ Tavisi mTavari tomebis saxiT. advilad aixsneba Tubalis ori saxelic _ Tubal-kaeni da Tobeli: `kain~ `keni~ aq epiTetia,
romelic, saTanado semituri Ziris saSualebiT `mWedels~
aRniSnavs, Tubali xom upiratesad mWedeli da metalurgia, SesaZlebelia isic (n. mari, iv. javaxiSvili), rom aq
gvqondes saTanado satomo saxelis gaazrebac (`kaenebs~,
rogorc vnaxeT, ixseniebs pliniusi da SemdegSi cnobilni
arian Wanni _ okaenitebic). dabadebis meoTxe Tavis cnobaSi
sayuradReboa fuZis axali formebi, romlebic Cven winaT
ar Segvxvedria _ Tavkiduri T//t-s nacvlad _ Y. es, ueWvelia, axali safexuria am saxelis ganviTarebaSi. am cnobiT mocemuli Sesatyvisobani: T//t _ h//Y-0 safuZvels
aZleven iv. javaxiSvilis da i. yifSiZes Tubal-Tabali
da iberi, Sualedi rgolebiT, erTmaneTs daukavSiron.
prof. iv. javaxiSvili amasTanave gamoTqvams mosazrebas,
rom tabal _ qarTebis gamoTqmaa, tubal _ tobal _
megrul-Wanuri, xolo tibar svanur gamoTqmas uaxlovdebao. sakmarisia movigonoT asuruli cnoba tabalebis 24
samefos arsebobis Sesaxeb, rom paraleluri formebis
aseTi simdidre savsebiT bunebrivad miviCnioT da sxva
dakarguli formebic vivaraudoT. dasasrul, movigonoT,
rogor axasiaTebs am qarTvelur moZme tomebs `SesaqmeTa
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wignis~ avtori. Tobelis, anu Tubal-kaenis Sesaxeb aq
naTqvamia: `ese iyo kveriT xuroY, mWedeli rvalisa da
rkinisa~ (IV, 22). Tu amas davukavSirebT Tanamedrove arqeologis mier dadgenil faqts, rom brinjaos SesaniSnavi kultura, romelsac winaT yobanis kulturas eZaxdnen, namdvilad kolxeTis kulturaa, rom am kulturis
ayvavebis xana swored Tabal-Tubalis epoqaze modis, rom
kolxuri brinjaos kultura, uaxlesi aRmoCenebiT vrceldeba Sors samxreTiT mcire aziisaken (vgulisxmobT
arTvinisa da ordus ganZebs), maSin bunebrivad SeiZleba
davsvaT sakiTxi: xom ar aris kolxuri brinjaos kultura namdvilad Tubalebis, anu Tubal-kainebis kultura?~ (s. janaSia, III, 1959, gv. 71-73).
ase akavSirebda s. janaSia Tubals kolxTan da iberTan, xolo mesxebs kolxebTan qristeSobamdec akavSirebdnen.
anTropologiurad aRniSnul xanaSi mTeli kavkasiis
mosaxleoba erTgvarovani yofila. m. abduSeliSvili wers
_ `amrigad, mTeli kavkasiis brinjaos xanis mosaxleoba
ekuTvnoda erT anTropologiur tips, romelic zogad
rasobriv sistematikaSi samxreT-evropeiduli rasis xmelTaSuazRvispiruli tipis saxeliT aris cnobili. saqarTvelos gvian brinjaos da Semdgom rkinis farTo aTvisebis
periodis mosaxleoba anTropologiuri TvalsazrisiT tipobrivad ar gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan. rac gamoricxavs raime axali, adgilobrivisagan gansxvavebuli elementebis Semosvlas sakvlev teritoriaze drois aRniS-
67
nul monakveTSi~ (`qarTveli xalxis anTropologiuri istoria~).
anTropologiuri, kulturuli, enobrivi da sxva msgavsi erToba unda yofiliyo mizezi imisa, rom qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi aRorZinebul kolxeTis samefoSi,
romelic amjerad mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos moicavda, ganfenili iyo samxreTidan Semosulad miCneuli e.w.
mesxuri tomebi. dasavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleTi provinciebi da aseve rionis samxreTiTac moqceuli miwawyali, ZvelTaganve msgavsi elementebiT Cans dasaxlebuli. `samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze SemoRweuli mcireazieli muSqebi (mesxebi), Cans, aqtiur rols
asrulebdnen am mxaris politikur cxovrebaSi... SemdegSi aqedan kidev ufro CrdiloeTiT gavrceldnen. mesxuri samosaxloni unda gaCeniliyo rogorc dasavleT, ise
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi... damaxasiaTebelia, rom mcireaziuli warmoSobis saxelwodebebi umkvidrdeba ara marto Sida qarTlis miwa-wyalze aRmocenebul cixe-qalaqebs,
aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleT raionebSi
warmoSobil zog amgvar centrsac... mcireaziuli elementis politikuri hegemonoba vrceldeba mesxeTs, Sida
qarTlsa da sxvaTa Soris, agreTve dasavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleT nawilzec. es is teritoriebia, sadac
mimdinareobda adgilobrivi qarTis da mcire aziidan
SemoRweuli mesxuri elementis wiaRSi aRmosavlur
qarTuli (qarTlis, iberiis) saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba~
(saq. ist. narkv, I, gv. 397).
68
unda vifiqroT, rom kolxeTis samefos (VI-IV ss.) wiaRSive safuZveli eyreboda axal erTian qarTlis saxelmwifos, farnavazis mier daarsebuls. amas unda miuTiTebdes, wyaroTa Cveneba imis Sesaxeb, rom farnavazis
winamorbedi (samefo taxtze) azoni ara marto aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelosac marTavda. qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi samxreT-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTSi (istoriuli kolxeTis samxreT raionebSi) mcxovrebi mosaxleoba sparselebma daimorCiles. am
adgilebSi 401 wels gaiara qsenofontem. misi aRweriT,
adgilobrivi tomebi ukve ganviTarebulni iyvnen. karduxebi, xalibebi, xaldebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosinikebi, koitebi da tibarenebi ar emorCilebodnen sparseTs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom is `kolxebs~ uwodebs ara rionis xeobaSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas, aramed trapezuntis midamoebSi mcxovrebT. daaxloebiT am dros (ramdenadme
gviandel periods) exeba qarTuli wyaro `moqcevaY
qarTlisaY~, romlis Tanaxmadac, samxreTSi _ wina aziaSi
mcxovrebi qarTvelebis elita `arian-qarTlis~ mefe
azovem gadmoasaxla da ganasaxla sruliad saqarTveloSi, maT Soris rionisa da enguris xeobebSic, vidre egris
wylamde. Tu es wyaro sworia, maSin rogorc dasavleT,
ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelos yovel kuTxeSi aqamde kolxuri kulturis arealSi mcxovreb qarTvelobas Serevia
samxreTidan gadmosaxlebuli qarTveloba da Semdegdroindeli qarTuli tomebi Tanabari xarisxiT maTi
memkvidreni arian. Tumca, rogorc aRniSnuli wyarodan
69
Cans, unda vivaraudoT, rom `arian-qarTlis~ mefem sruliad saqarTveloSi ganasaxla ara raime mniSvnelovani raodenobiT mosaxleoba, am sityvis sruli gagebiT, aramed
mxolod mmarTveli zeda fena, aznaur-Tavisufali mcirericxovani mmarTveli zeda fena. pavle ingoroyvas mier
aRdgenili Txzulebis teqstSi ikiTxeba qarTvelTa gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb _ `xolo ese azoY warvida `arianqarTlad~ mamisa Tvisisa da warmoiyvana aTasi saxli mdabioY uflisaY da aTni saxli mamamZuZeTani~ (p. ingoroyva, t. 4, gv. 515, 1978 w.). aq `mamamZuZe niSnavs mTavars,
aseve unda vifiqroT, rom `mdabioY uflisaY~ ufalTan,
anu mefesTan daaxloebul pirebs ewodebaT, arseni beri
Sesabamis teqstSi gadmoscems, rom azom arian qarTlidan moiyvana aTasi saxli `mdabioY uflisaY~ da aTi saxli `mTavarTagan~. sul moyvanilia aTas aTi saxli. `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ miaCnia, rom aRniSnuli mosaxleobis
STamomavalni arian qarTvelebi, rom maT maleve Seqmnes
saxelmwifo, magram SeuZlebelia aTas aT ojaxs Seeqmna
uzarmazari, zRvidan albaneTamde gadaWimuli saxelmwifo, cxadia, aTas aTi saxli warmoadgenda zeda fenas,
anu saxelmwifos dvritas, mmarTvel aparats, wyobilebis xerxemals. es aris swored is, razedac miuTiTebda
simon janaSia. misi Teoriis Tanaxmad, moxda ara mosaxleobis masiuri gadasaxleba, aramed qarTuli politikuri
centrebis gadanacvleba samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken. anu
iqamde kolxuri kulturis arealSi mcxovrebi qarTveloba aaxlebs Tavis saxelmwifoebriv wyobilebas. ufro
70
maRali saxelmwifoebrivi organizaciisa da kulturis
mqone samxreTuli qarTuli zedafenis meoxebiT maT Camoayalibes `qarTlis samefo~ (anu iberiisa), aRmosavleTdasavleT saqarTvelos gamaerTianebeli saxelmwifo.
swored zeda fena rom movida, amis anarekli Cans `qarTlis cxovrebaSic~. am Txzulebis mixedviT azo _ dampyrobelia, makedoneli, romelsac hyavs `asi aTasi romaeli~, romlis ZaliTac xelisufleba aqvs damyarebuli
qarTvelobaze. `moqcevaYs~ mixedviT, rogorc viciT, azos
Tan mohyva `aTasi saxli mdabio~, _ `qarTlis cxovrebis~
mixedviT ki `asi aTasi~ romaeli. unda vigulisxmoT, rom
Tavis mxriv `saxlic~ Tavis qveS gulisxmobs SeiaraRebuli mebrZolebis (anu brZolisunariani mamakacebis) _ aramcire raodenobas. Tu gvian saukuneebSic ki `komlSi~ 20mde mamakacs gulisxmobdnen, qristeSobamde, roca ojaxebi gauyofelni iyvnen, `saxlSi~ uTuod didi raodenobis mamakacebi unda igulisxmebodes. Tu mocemul ricxvebs `asi aTasi~ da `aTas saxls~ erTmaneTs SevadarebT,
SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom erT `saxls~ asamde SeiaraRebuli mamakacis gamoyvana SeeZlo. sad daasaxla azom Semoyvanili mosaxleoba, anu romel qveyanas Cauyara man safuZveli `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT _ `igi imorCilebs
qarTlTan erTad hereTs da, amrigad, avrcelebs Tavis
xelisuflebas mdinare berdujidan (dRevandeli debeda)
vidre `speris zRvamde (e.i. Sav zRvamde), ipyrobs agreTve
dasavleT saqarTvelos (egriss), xarks adebs osebs, lekebs da xazarebs~ (narkv. gv. 438). `moqcevaYs~ mixedviT, azo
71
Semoiyvana aleqsandre makedonelma. ai, rogor sazRvrebSi moaqcia misi qveyana _ `da Tana hyvanda aleqsandres
mefesa azo, ZeY arian qarTlisa mefisa da mas miuboZa
mcxeTaY sajdomad da sazRvari daudva mas hereTi da
egris wyali da somxiTi da mTa crolisa da warvida~ (Zv.
qarT. ag. lit. Zegl. t. I, 1964, gv. 81).
am wyaros Tanaxmadac, azo _ dasavleT saqarTvelos
sruli mpyrobelia, vidre egriswylamde, maSasadame, mas
Tavisi `aTasi saxli~ mdabioni, xolo, Cveni azriT, Tavisi
sayrdeni xelisufalni, unda gaenawilebina mTel samarTav teritoriaze, rogorc dasavleT, aseve aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi. cxadia, moxdeboda damxvdurebisa da momsvlelebis Serwyma, amitomac Semdgomi drois mematianeni
TavianT Tavs (e.i.qarTvelobas) Tvlidnen _ `arian qarTlidan~ mosuli qarTvelobis memkvidreebad.
swrafad urTierTSerwymas xeli albaT imanac Seuwyo,
rom momsvlelnic da damxvdurnic erTi eTnosisani, erTi
warmoSobisani iyvnen. `wmida ninos cxovrebis~ zemoxsenebul arsen beriseul variantSi naTqvamia, rom Cven,
qarTvelebi am arian-qarTlidan gadmosaxlebulTa STamomavlebi varTo. igivea naTqvami `moqcevaYs~ ufro Zvel,
Satberdiseul xelnawerSi. armazis mTaze mdgomi gacisa
da gas kerpebis aRwerisas nino ambobs, rom isini iyvnen
Tqveni (qarTvelTa) `arian-qarTleli~ mamebis (e.i. winaprebis) RmerTebi. mefe miriani, mimarTavs ra ninos, amave
gacisa da gas eZaxis `Cveni mamebis (winaprebis) Zvel RmerTebs~ (narkv. gv. 438).
72
yovelive zemoaRniSnuliT Cven imis Tqma gvsurs, rom
farnavazis mier Seqmnili saxelmwifos mdgradoba
gamowveuli iyo mosaxleobis erTgvarovnebiT, Tumca ki,
erTi SexedviT, saxelmwifos sazRvrebs SigniT egriswylidan da Savi zRvidan somxeT-albaneTamde arsebobda
tomTa siWrele, magram saxelmwifom es tomebi Sekra, erad
aqcia, amitomac, Cveni matianeebi aTaswleulTa manZilze
yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe Cveni saxelmwifos rogorc
dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT nawilSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas qarTvelebs uwodebdnen, ucxoelebi ki iberebs. sxvadasxva qarTuli tomebis erTian xalxad gadaqcevas xeli
uTuod imanac Seuwyo, rom saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis
dros qarTuli fuZe-enis daSlis xarisxi didi ar iyo.
tomebis enebi axlos iyvnen erTmaneTTan, e.w. qarTebisa,
zanebisa da svanebis enebi, cxadia, am oriaTas xuTasi
wlis win erTmaneTis mimarT dialeqtebs warmoadgendnen.
isini damoukidebel enebad Camoyalibdnen Semdgom,
safiqrebelia mas Semdeg, rac farnavazis mier Seqmnili
saxelmwifo daiSala (igulisxmeba vaxtang gorgaslis
SvilTa dros). qristeSobamde IV saukuneSi, jer kidev
farnavazis saxelmwifos warmoSobamde, pirvelad iqna
moxsenebuli iberTa saxeli ucxour mwerlobaSi. rogorc
Cans, qarTvelebi iberTa saxelwodebiT pirvelad moixsenies platonma da aristotelem. s.janaSia wers _ `platoni Tavis `kanonebSi~, ixseniebs `iberebs~ im `meomar
xalxTa~ Soris, romelnic svamen uwylo Rvinos. aristotele ki ambobs _ `iberebis~ meomari xalxi saflavis
73
garSemo imden sars arWoben xolme, ramdeni mteric mokluli hyavs micvalebulso~. safiqrebelia, rom aq
qarTvelebi igulisxmebian, magram gadaWriT amis TqmisaTvis damatebiTi masalaa saWiro~ (s.janaSia, t. III, gv. 48).
oriode saukuniT adre herodotesTvis ucnobi iyo es
sityva _ iberi, rogorc Cans, is sxvagvarad gamoiTqmoda
im dros, _ sasperebad. herodote erTi modgmis sasperebsa da kolxebs ixseniebs aseve erTi modgmis sparselebsa
da midielebTan erTad. es ukanasknelnic Semdgom erT
xalxad iqcnen. swored aRniSnuli ori modgmis xalxi _
sparsuli (sparsel-midielni) da qarTuli (kolx-sasperebi)
cxovrobdnen uzarmazar teritoriaze _ sparseTis yuresa (wiTeli zRva) da Sav zRvas Soris. _ `sparsebi cxovroben samxreTis zRvamde, romelic `wiTlad~ iwodeboda. maT zemoT CrdiloeTisaken cxovroben midielebi,
midielebis zemoT _ sasperebi, sasperebis zemoT _ kolxebi, CrdiloeTis zRvamde, romelsac erTvis mdinare fazisi. es oTxi xalxi cxovrobs zRvidan zRvamde~.
sasperebs, rogorc Cans, faqtobrivad eWiraT adgili
urartuelebisa, romelTa politikuri centrebi VI saukunisaTvis ukve ganadgurebuli iyo midielTa da skviTTa
mier, Tumca, rogorc Cans, sasperebi CrdiloeTis (momavali aRmosavleT iberiis) teritoriasac moicavdnen.
CrdiloeTis aRniSnuli teritoriebi, Tavis droze nawilobriv kolxuri kulturis arealSi Sediodnen. aq unda
gavixsenoT isic, rom Semdgomi drois avtorTa Tanaxmad,
iberielebi mdinare araqsamde cxovrobdnen. sasperebis
74
Seviwroeba armenielTa tomebis Semosvlam gamoiwvia yofili urartus teritoriaze.
s. janaSias saxeli `iberi~ gamohyavda terminebidan _
subar-sasperi-sper. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom
mas ukavSirebda bibliis Tubalsa da Tobels.
`CvenTvis saintereso satomo saxelis fuZis, zemoT,
dokumenturad, damowmebuli Tu kanonzomierad aRdgenili variantebi _ tibar, taber, tabar, tiber, hiber,
iber da am saxelwodebaTa matarebeli tomebis gavrcelebis are, gansakuTrebiT mcire aziis Sinagani olqebi, aucileblobiT da savsebiT damarwmuneblad ukavSirdeba, erTi
mxriT, `dabadebis~ Tubalsa da Tobels, meore mxriv,
asuruli warwerebis tabals (rogorc Cveulebriv sweren) anu Tabals. `dabadebis~ faqtebi, ukve didi xania, rac
specialur ganmartebis sagnad iqca. jer kidev cnobili
swavluli ebraeli ioseb flabiosi (I s., ax.w.aR-iT) amtkicebda, rom iafetis Svilis Tubal-Tobelis STamomavalni mis dros iberebad iwodebodnen... SemdgomSi
flabioss xSirad imeorebdnen Zveli mwerlebi, gansakuTrebiT, bibliur genealogiaTa ganmmartebelni, magram axalma mecnierebamac es debuleba TiTqmis uyoymanod miiRo~ (s.janaSia, III, gv. 63).
davamatebT, rom `Tubals~ da misgan nawarmoeb `tibarenis~ ukavSireben kolxebsac da lazebsac. amiT kidev erTxel xazi esmeba kolxebisa da iberebis erT eTnikur
mTlianobas _ `straboniT, jer kidev pirvel saukuneSi
mTeli mxare kolxeTis dasavleTiT md. Ralisis SesarTa-
75
vamde iwodeboda tibaraniad da dasaxlebuli iyo tibaranuli tomebiT. bizantiuri, ZvelqarTuli da Zvelsomxuri cnobebiT ki viciT, rom am miwa-wyals Sua saukuneebis mTel manZilze ewodeboda kolxida, lazika (lazeTi), xaldia da (dasavleT ganapiras) Waniki...~ (s. janaSia,
t. V, gv. 49). bibliuri Tubalis STamomavalni arian iberebi, rogorc aRmosavleT ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
iberebi ewodaT dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobasac _
kolxebsac, erTiani saxelmwifos Seqmnis Semdgom. am saxelmwifos mTeli mosaxleobis saxelis tibaran TobelebTan dakavSireba swored amis Sesaxeb metyvelebs. qarTvelni,
anu iberni iafetis Zis STamomavalni arian, wilxvedri
yovladwmida RvTismSoblisa, nakurTxni uflis mier.
alali da arami (urartu da armenia)
arsebobda Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac, saberZneTSi,
italiasa da xmelTaSuazRvispireTis zogi sxva regionis
uZvelesi mcxovrebni pelasgebi, etruskebi, iberebi da
sxvebi kavkasielebTan, SumerebTan, elamelebTan, xeTebTan, urartuelebTan erTad ganekuTvnebodnen `xalxTa
alarodiul ojaxs~. maT akuTvnebdnen qarTvelebsac. faqtobrivad, aRniSnuli Teoriis gaRrmavebas warmoadgens
amJamad miRebuli Tvalsazrisi iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxis SesaZlo naTesaobis Sesaxeb xuritulTan (aqedan
urartulTan), protoxeTurTan, elamurTan. es enebi
76
Turme avlenen zogierT saerTo niSans gramatikul wyobaSi. s. janaSia urartuelebs, romelTac xaldebs (TavianT saxels) uwodebda _ qarTvelTa uSualo winaprebad miiCnevda. `xaldebis eTnikuri vinaoba sruliad ueWvelia, isini qarTveli xalxis erT nawils Seadgendnen~, _
werda is (s. janaSia, t. V, 1987, gv. 35). s.janaSia faqtobrivad aviTarebs Cveni eklesiis wmindanis ilia marTlis
(WavWavaZis) Tvalsazriss urartuelTa Sesaxeb.
`diax, batonebo, urartelni qarTvelTa winaparni
yofilan, qarTvelTa sisxl-xorci eri yofila... Cven
usabuTod ar vambobT urartelebis qarTvelobas~ (i.
WavWavaZe, Txz., t. V, 1987, gv. 84).
urartuelebs IX-VI saukuneebSi samxreT amierkavkasiasa
da mis momijnave teritoriebze gaaCndaT TavianTi damwerloba, religia, TavisTavadi kultura, xelovneba,
uZlieresi saxelmwifo, romelic qristeSobamde VII-VI
saukuneebSi dasustda da sabolood daeca midielTa xeliT. urartueli xalxi usaxelmwifod darCa, uZlieresi
mtrebi swored eTnikur urartuelebs devnidnen. yvela
gadamTieli batonad iqca maT qveyanaSi.
`urartus samefos dacemis Semdeg mis dasavleT periferiaze gaaqtiurdnen somexi tomebi. maT TandaTanobiT iwyes aRmosavleTiT winsvla da Zveli urartus mTel
rig raions daeuflnen. Zv.w.aR-is VI saukunis bolos sparsul warwerebSi Zveli urartu ukve `arminad~ iwodeba,
xolo es saxeli TandaTan ucxoelTa wreSi swored somxebs ukavSirdeba. amaSi gamoxatuleba hpova urartus Ziri-
77
Tad raionebSi somxebis hegemonobis damyarebis faqtma.
urartus mosaxleobis erTi nawili amasobaSi somexTa
wreSi gaiTqvifa... ra Tqma unda, yvelaferi es nel-nela
xdeboda, xangrZlivi, mravalsaukunovani procesi iyo.
urartuelT ucbad ar daukargavT Tavisi sakuTari tomobrioba, Tavisi ena, kultura, eTnikuri individualoba. sainteresoa, rom swored Zveli urartus teritoria
igulisxmeba sparseTis XVIII satrapiaSi (olqSi), romelSic, Zv.w.aR-is V s-is berZeni avtoris herodotes cnobiT, Sediodnen alarodiebi, matienebi da sasperebi. amaTgan alarodi, ueWvelia, Zvel urartelebs gulisxmobs
_ saxeli `alarodi~ (ararodi) odnav saxecvlili igive
`urartua~. es saxeli SemorCa dRes araratis mTas, romelsac adgilobrivi somxuri mosaxleoba `masiss~ uwodebs
(Zv. aRm. xalxTa istoria, gv. 359).
urartuelTa saxeli qarTvelTa mexsierebas `alalis~
saxiT unda Semoenaxa. amis safuZveli iqneboda isic, rom
berZnebic urartuelebs _ alarodebs, alalodebs
uwodebdnen.
_ movses xorenaci, mama somxuri istoriografiisa,
arams somxur tomebs uwodebs, is wers _ `rogorc yvelasaTvis cnobilia, garSemo mobinadre xalxebi Cvens qveyanas dRemde aramis saxelis mixedviT eZaxian~ (`somxeTis
istoria~, 1984 w., gv. 77).
`arami~ _ somexTa ramdenime eTnarqis saxelia xorenacis mixedviT. somexTa mamamTavrebis genealogia aseTia _
`iafetma Sva gameri, gamerma Sva Tirasi, Tirasma Sva
78
Torgomi, Torgomma Sva amasia, amasiam Sva gelami, gelamma Sva harma, harmam Sva arami, aramma Sva ara mSvenieri~
(iqve, gv. 62).
rogorc vxedavT, maT Soris `arami~ ramdenimes hqvia,
mxolod sxvadasxva variaciebiT. amitomac SeiZleba Zvel
cnobierebaSi somxeTis saxeli _ arams daukavSirda. alali da arami xalxebi Cveni mezoblebi iyvnen, maT erTmaneTTan araviTari naTesauri kavSiri ar hqonia ilia
WavWavaZisa da sxva mecnierTa mosazrebiT. lenormanio,
wers ilia, urartuelebs qarTvelebad da qarTvelTa
monaTesaveebad miiCnevs da ara somxebis `romelTanac
urartuelebs araviTari naTesaoba ara aqvT~ (i. WavWavaZe,
Txz., t. V, gv. 88).
yovelive zemomoyvanili sainteresoa Cveni eklesiis
ierarqisa da mematianis, leonti mroveli episkoposis
qarTvel eTnarqTa genealogiis ganxilvisaTvis.
`qarTlis cxovreba~, SeiZleba iTqvas, somexTa xsenebiT
iwyeba, `pirvelad vaxsenoT ese, rameTu somexTa da
qarTvelTa, ranTa da movaknelTa, herTa da lekTa,
megrelTa da kavkasianelTa _ amaT TvisTa erTi iyo mama,
saxeliT Targamos. ese Targamos iyo Ze TarSisi, Ziswuli
iafeTisi, Zisa noesi~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 3).
mrovelis mier gadmocemuli genealogiiT, Targamosis STamomavloba aseTia: `pirvelsa erqva haos, meoresa
qarTlos, mesamesa bardos, meoTxesa movakan, mexuTesa
lek, meeqvsesa heros, meSvidesa kavkas, mervesa egros~
(iqve, gv. 4).
79
Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT xorenacisa da mrovelis mier
gadmocemul genealogiur siebs, aseT suraTs miviRebT:
xorenaciT:
mroveliT:
iafeti _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ iafeti
gameri _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ iafetis Ze
Tarasi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ TarSi
Torgomi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Targamos
haiki _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ haos, qarTlos da
a.S.
xorenacis Torgomi, rogorc mrovelis Targamosi, iafetis STamomavalia, mrovels (iseve, rogorc xorenacis)
Targamosis Zed miaCnia haos anu haiki. gansxvaveba isaa,
rom qarTveli episkoposis azriT, Targamoss rva Ze hyavda, xolo somexi qeTxudis (rjulis maswavleblis) azriT,
_ erTi Ze.
xorenaciT
mroveliT
Torgomi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Targamosi
haiki
haos, qarTlos, bardos,
movakan, lek, heros, kavkas, egros
sruliad aSkaraa _ leonti mroveli an xorenacis genealogiiT sargeblobs da umatebs mas saxelebs qarTveli
eTnarqebisas, anda xorenaci iyenebs romeliRac Zvel
genealogias, sadac Targamosi kavkasielebis mamamTavradaa
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gamoyvanili, magram ar asaxelebs Targamosis sxva Zeebs,
garda haosisa. amgvari qmedebebis mizezs TviTonve asaxelebs, oRond `saRvTo rjulis~ magaliTis moSveliebiT
_ `saqme isaa, rom saRvTo werili gamohyofs Tavisianebs, Tavis sakuTar ers. xolo sxvebs, viTraca uRirsT
da SeuracxT, ugulebelyofs, maTi STamomavlobis Sesaxeb arafers ambobs~ (movses xorenaci `somxeTis istoria~, gv. 63).
Tu saRmrTo werilic ki ar asaxelebda eTnarqebs,
aramed mxolod `Tavisianebs~, Tavis sakuTari eris eTnarqebs gamohyofda da sxvebs ugulebelhyofda, e.i. ar
asaxelebda, srulebiT araa gasakviri, rom xorenacs ar
daesaxelebina Targamosis sxva STamomavlebi, garda haosisa _ somexTa eTnarqisa, miT umetes rom mas kavkasiis
sxva erebi SedarebiT umniSvnelo erebad miaCnda.
ufro savaraudoa, rom xorenacma daasaxela Targamosis erTi Ze _ haosi, xolo mrovelma Targamosis Zeebis
ricxvi gazarda. leonti mroveli imeorebs xorenacis
genealogias, oRond avsebs mas sakuTari eris eTnarqebis
saxelebiT. ismis kiTxva _ leonti mrovelma ratom miiCnia qarTvelTa eTnarqebi da somexTa eTnarqi erTi mamis
Svilebad, hqonda Tu ara mas amisTvis raime safuZveli?
unda vifiqroT, rom amis safuZveli iyo qarTvel xalxSi
daculi Zveli gadmocema (anda cnoba) imis Sesaxeb, rom
uZveles dros saqarTvelos samxreTiT, romelsac Semdgom
somxeTi ewoda, erT dros cxovrobda qarTvelTa monaTesave didi eri.
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alali xalxis xsovna mrovelis dros, aTeulobiT saukunis win, uTuod metad iyo SemorCenili Zvel saqarTveloSi, vidre Semdgom. vin icis, iqneb haosSi Cveni Zveli
mematianeni Zvel urartuelebs gulisxmobdnen, romelTa Sesaxebac ilias Zveli Tavaduri sisxli aTqmevinebda
_ `diax, batonebo, urartelni qarTvelTa winaparni
yofilan~.
marTalia, urartus qarTvelTa monaTesave Zveli tomebi maT qveyanaSi Semosul armenielebSi asimilirdnen,
magram SeuZlebelia qarTul azrovnebaSi ar darCeniliyo mogoneba an gadmocema maT Sesaxeb. albaT, mogvianebiT leonti mrovelis an misi wyaros epoqaSi qarTulma azrovnebam Zveli urartus qarTvelebi da somxebi
gauTanabra erTmaneTs da mematianem miiCnia, rom swored
somxebi iyvnen `Tvisni~ qarTvelebisa. ufro metic, Targamosis ZeTa Soris udidesnica da upiratesnic _ `xolo
haos umetes gmiri iyo yovelTasa, rameTu egeviTari
araodes yofil iyo arca wylis-rRunis winaT da arca
Semdgomad taniTa, ZaliTa, simxniTa~ (q. c. I, gv. 4).
somexTa winapris aseTi qeba, adamis STamomavalTa Soris
yvelaze ukeTesad miCneva, TviT somex mematianeebsac ara
aqvT gamoTqmuli, miT umetes, rom armenielebi arc ki
moixseniebodnen urartus saxelmwifos daqcevamde (qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi), msgavsi qeba ki namdvilad SeSvenoda alarodielT, urartus brwyinvale saxelmwifos mqone
ers, romlis dideba, Zliereba da xelovneba Zvel samyaroSi erT-erTi uSesaniSnavesi iyo. albaT amitomac miC-
82
neul iqna alalTa adgilas mcxovrebi armenielebis warsuli ase saxelovnad.
leonti mroveli qarTvelTa da kavkasielTa eTnarqebs erTmaneTis `Tvisebs~ uwodebda da Zmebad miiCnevda,
anu kavkasiel xalxebs erTi eTnikuri warmoSobis mqone
monaTesave erebad Tvlida. iberiul-kavkasiurma mecnierebam, romelic meoce saukuneSi Seiqmna, xangrZlivi ZiebiT
daasabuTa kavkasiis mkvidr erTa monaTesaveoba. amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom leonti mrovels, anu misi epoqis mecnierebas gaaCnda raRac sabuTi anda gadmocema
kavkasielTa monaTesaveobis Sesaxeb. xolo Tuki mis mier
naxseneb `haosis~ qveS vigulisxmebT urartuelebs, maSin
Cvens Tvalwin gacocxldeba Teoria e.w. alarodiel xalxTa ojaxis (e.i. Zvel urartuelTa da sxvaTa) monaTesaveobis Sesaxeb.
armenieli xalxi, rogorc aRiniSna, qristeSobamde VI
saukuneSi Camoyalibda, xolo leonti mroveli qristeSobamde aTaswleulebis win debs Targamosisa da misi
Zeebis kavkasiaSi Semosvlis TariRs. niko mari miiCnevda,
rom am epoqisaTvis (aTaswleulebis win) iafeturi (qarTveluri) enebi moicavda msoflios vrcel regions. am droisaTvis, misi azriT, qarTveluri enebi gavlenas axdendnen fuZe indoevropulze, urTierToba hqondaT semiturTan, somxur enas ki niko mari miiCnevda `narevi tipis~
enad, `n. mari intensiurad muSaobda somxur filologiaSic. mas, rogorc qarTulis karg mcodnes, uTuod unda
SeeniSna, rom somxur enaSi bevri ram, rac indoevropul
83
enebTan SedarebiT ver aixsneba, SeiZleba aixsnas qarTulTan SedarebiT~ (i. SilakaZe, Zveli somxuri enis gramatika~, 1975 w., gv. 27). `n. maris mixedviT, rogorc cnobilia,
am minarevma somxuri ena aqcia raRac saSualod kavkasiursa (Semdeg iafetursa) da indoevropul (Semdeg promeTeidul) enebs Soris mdgom enad~ (iqve, gv. 30). i. SilakaZe wers _ `somxeTis teritoriaze indo-evropuli modgmis xalxs mermindel mosulebad vivaraudebT Tu adgilobriv mkvidrad (rogorc zogierTi fiqrobs), erTi
cxadia: am teritoriaze winaT arsebobda saxelmwifoebi
da cxovrobdnen xalxebi (Tu tomebi), romelTac qarTvel xalxTan (da saerTod kavkasiel xalxebTan) garkveuli kavSiri hqondaT, Tu asea, cxadia, somexi xalxi, rogorc
eTnikuri erTeuli, uTuod Seicavs am xalxebis da tomebis minarevs. am minarevs ki Tavisi wvlili unda Seetana
axal ojaxSi. es eWvs gareSea. maSasadame, somxurSi indoevropul enebTan SedarebiT auxsnelTagan bevri ram SeiZleba aixsnas qarTvelursa da kavkasiur enobriv samyarosTan SedarebiT (am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa saSualo da axali somxuri enebi dialeqtiTurT,
romelTac ramdenadac ufro Rrmad vswavlobT, imdenad
metad vrwmundebiT, rom somxur enas bevri iseTi Tviseba
SeuZenia, rac qarTul-qarTveluri enebis Tvisebas
gvagonebs da rasac Zvel somxurSi adgili ar hqonda.
aman aTqmevina i. karstes _ somxuri enis dialeqtebi indoevropuli warmoSobisa ar ariano~ (iqve, gv. 29).
xorenaci mudam laparakobs somexTa gadmosaxleobis
dros samxreT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi arasomxuri tomebis
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Sesaxeb, romlebic aTqvefilan Semosul mosaxleobaSi.
xorenacis `istoriis~ qarTulad mTargmneli a. abdalaZe
wers: `xorenacis am da msgavs cnobebSi asaxulia istoriuli sinamdvile imis Sesaxeb, rom e.w. `didi somxeTis~
miwa-wyalze somexTa mosvlamde mkvidrobdnen sxva xalxebi, maT Soris qarTuli modgmis tomebic~ (`istoria~
gv. 249).
xorenaci aRwers urartus qveyanaSi somexTa winapari
tomebis gadasaxlebis suraTs, is wers, rom haiki
`...babilonSi vaJis arameneakis SeZenis Semdeg gaeSura
CrdiloeTis mxareebSi mdebare araradis qveynisaken Tavisi
vaJebiTa da qaliSvilebiT... igi mivida da damkvidrda
erTi mTis Ziras, vakeze, sadac ukve dasaxlebuliyo mcireodeni xalxi adrindeli gafantvis dros. haikma daimorCila isini da aago iq samemkvidreo saxli. amas Zveli
zepirgadmocemebic adastureben~ (m. xorenaci, istoria,
gv. 70).
harqis zeganze, sadac `Torgomis saxlis mamani~ damkvidrebulan, xorenacis cnobiT, `adridanve cxovrobdnen
mcireodeni kacni, romlebic nebiT daemorCilnen gmirs,
zepiri gadmocemebi amasac adastureben~ (iqve, gv. 70).
xorenaci kvlav wers _ `sakvirvelia mematianes naTqvami, rom Cvens qveyanaSi mraval adgilas gafantulad
mkvidrobda mcireodeni xalxi, Cveni Zireuli winapris
haikis mosvlamde~ (iqve, gv. 73).
mosulma armenielebma damxvedri tomebi STanTqes,
moaxdines maTi asimilacia, es pirdapir Cans xorenacidan.
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magaliTad _ `amasTanave (aramma) ubrZana iqaur mkvidrT,
SeeTvisebinaT somxuri ena da laparaki~ (iqve, gv. 77).
isic unda iTqvas, rom urartus miwa-wyalze Sesvlis
Semdgom moxda Camoyalibeba somexi xalxisa, rogorc es
aRiniSneba somex istorikosTa mier. am dros Cans, somxur
enaze gavlena iqonia, damxvdur, mkvidr xalxTa enam.
S. ZiZiguri wers _ `niko maris koncefciiT, qarTul
enobriv samyaros didi gavlena mouxdenia somxur enaze
winaistoriul xanaSi, uZveles periodSi, rodesac xdeboda somxuri eTnosis formireba, Sesabamisad _ somxuri
enis Camoyalibeba. niko maris udidesi wvlili armenologiaSi, swored es aris. koncefciis sqema aseTia: somxuri narevi enaa, orbunebovania, erTi fena, Senarevi da
Sezrdili sxva fenasTan, qarTul-kavkasiur samyarosTan
siaxloviT aris aRbeWdili~ (S. ZiZiguri, `niko mari qarTuli kulturis mkvlevari~, (1985, gv. 104).
yovelive zemoaRniSnuli uflebas iZleva gamoiTqvas
mosazreba, rom Zvel saqarTveloSi arsebobda mogoneba
saqarTvelos samxreTiT mcxovrebi Zlieri, qarTvelTa
monaTesave xalxis Sesaxeb, da vinaidan saqarTvelos
samxreTiT im droisTvis somxebi cxovrobdnen, qarTvelTa genealogiis Semdgenelma mematianem sxva qarTvelur
monaTesave tomebis eTnarqTa Soris haosic CarTo, viTarca pirovnuli gamoxatuleba xsenebuli mogonebisa.
Cans, mrovelis haosi _ urartus Zlierebis anareklia.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi verc erTi Tavisufali eri aitanda
Tavis erovnul matianeSi mtkicebas imisas, rom maTi me-
86
zobeli eris winapari TavianT winaparze upiratesi da
uZlieresi iyo. swored qarTvel xalxSi darCenil mogonebas samxreTeli monaTesave mezoblis Sesaxeb unda gaexada asatani mrovelis genealogiis erovnul matianeSi
CarTva.
rogorc aRiniSna, mroveli Tavisi genealogiis Sedgenis dros iyenebda xorenacis genealogias. maSasadame, es
genealogia V saukuneze adre ver Sedgeboda. Zneli
safiqrebelia, VIII-XI saukuneebSi qarTvelebisa da somxebisaTvis ewodebinaT Zmebi da `Tvisni~, qarTul-somxuri
eklesiebis daSorebisas atexili ideologiuri brZolis
gamo. manaskertis 726 wlis krebis Semdgom qarTuli da
somxuri eklesiebi (da Sesabamisad ideologiac) srulebiT
gansxvavebuli gzebiT ganviTardnen, srulebiT gancalkevdnen, ufro metic, saqarTveloSi somxeTTan da
somxur eklesiasTan kulturuli an raime erTobis damadasturebeli yovelgvari Txzuleba ispoboda anda redaqtirdeboda.
sul sxva viTareba iyo VI-VII saukuneebSi. am dros
qarTveli da somexi erebi, eklesiebi gansakuTrebiT dakavSirebulni iyvnen erTmaneTTan. yovel SemTxvevaSi, qarTuli mxare iZulebuli iyo qarTuli eklesia somxuri eklesiis mokavSired waredgina sparsi xelisuflebisaTvis.
saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdgom sparseTi gansakuTrebiT uWerda mxars somxur eklesias, aZlierebda mas da
amasTan erTad aiZulebda mis imperiaSi mcxovreb qristianebs mieRoT qristianuli sarwmunoebis is orienta-
87
cia, romelsac adga somxuri eklesia (e.i. antibizantiuri). am dros xdeboda qarTuli wmida wignebis redaqtireba da `gamarTva~ somxuris mixedviT (amis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT).
unda vifiqroT, rom mematianem qarTvel eTnarqTa
genealogia Seadgina somxur-qarTuli eklesiebis `erTobis~ dros VI-VII saukuneebSi. jer kidev m. TarxniSvilma
gamoTqva azri, rom leonti mrovelis literaturuli
saqmianoba VI-VII saukuneebs ganekuTvneba.
`m. TarxniSvilis azriT, leonti mrovelis literaturuli saqmianoba merve saukunis meore naxevars ver gadascildeba _ ufro zustad is unda daidos VI-VII sauk.
somex-qarTvelTa saeklesio ganxeTqilebamde~ (k. kekeliZe, lit. ist. gv. 238).
farna vazi
saqarTvelos pirveli erTiani saxelmwifos damaarseblis, anbanis gamavrceleblis, qarTuli mwignobrobis
fuZemdeblis, mefe farnavazis cxovreba aRwerilia
qarTvelTa umTavres saistorio, erovnuli siwmindis
xarisxamde amaRlebul wignSi, romelsac `qarTlis cxovreba~ ewodeba. miCneulia, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~
Sesavali, TargamosianTa genealogia, TviT redaqtors
Seudgenia (kerZod, mas Tavisi drois moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad dauweria Zvel wyaroTa gamoyenebiT `ambavi
88
rvaTa ZmaTa~, `gamosvla xazarTa~, `Semosvla aleqsandresi~), xolo `cxovreba farnavazisi~ _ ukve arsebuli
Zveli qarTuli saistorio moTxroba, Tavisi gemovnebiT
gaumarTavs da CaurTavs wignSi.
qveynis gamaerTianebeli pirveli mefis mamis saxeli
mematianisaTvis ucnobia, samagierod misTvis cnobilia
saxeli mamis Zmisa. amasTan dakavSirebiT pavle ingoroyva wers _ `leonti mroveli aq, Cans, imeorebs romeliRac
Zveli saistorio wyaros cnobas~ (t. IV, gv. 523).
mematiane farnavazis ambis gadmocemisas wers, rom
farnavazi `iyo mamulad qarTleli, naTesavi uflosi,
mcxeTosis Zisa~ (qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 20). misi genealogia, cxadia, wyvetilebiT, aseTia:
qarTlos
mcxeTos
gardabos
kaxos
kuxos
gaCios
uflos oZrxos javaxos
farnavaz
farnavazamde didi xniT adre, qarTvelTa erT mTavar
winaparTagani _ qarTlosi, dasaxlebula mtkvrisa da
89
aragvis SesarTavTan mdebare armazis mTaze. aq auSenebia
simagreebi (SemdgomSi aq armazis kerpi aRmarTes, iqamde
ki am mTis saxeli `qarTli~ yofila). qarTloss auSenebia
orbis (Semdgom samSvilded wodebuli) da xunanis (anu
mtueris) cixeebi. ucocxlia didxans.
qarTlosisa da Targamosis STamomavalT erTmaneTSi
siyvaruliT ucxovriaT, Semdgom ki aSlilan da dakninebulan. am mizeziT maT Soris aRaravin yofila uwarCinebulesi da usaxelovanesi. adgil-adgil Tavadebi (gamoCenili meTaurebi) Cndebodnen, magram mcxeTis Tavadi yvelaze warCinebulad iTvleboda sxvebTan SedarebiT. mas
mefis, an erisTavis saxeli ar ewodeboda, aramed mamasaxlisi. is gamzavebeli da mosamarTle iyo qarTlosianTa
Soris.
swored am droisaTvis dauviwyniaT WeSmariti RmerTi,
romelic qarTvelTa winaprebs swamdaT, dauwyiaT msaxureba mzisa, mTvarisa da xuTi varskvlavisa, `mtkice da
ufrosi saficari maTi iyo saflavi qarTlosisa~.
didi xnis Semdgom gamoCenila aleqsandre makedoneli.
igi sxva qveyanaTa dapyrobis Semdgom Semosula qarTlSi,
sadac mas uxilavs mkvidrni qveynisa; unda iTqvas, rom aq
mematianes mier gadmocemuli ambavi aSkarad areulia,
Cans ara marto sxvadasxva wyaros, aramed sxvadasxva koncefciis gavlenac. magaliTad, rogorc viciT, sxva wyaros,
`moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ _ koncefciis Tanaxmad, qarTvelebi
samxreTis `arian-qarTlis~ qveynidan gadmosaxlebulan
makedonelis dros. maT am qveyanaSi daxvedriaT ucxo eri,
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`qarTlis cxovrebis~ koncefciiT ki qarTveloba xalxad
yalibdeba saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze, e.i. ar gadmosaxlebula. zemoaRniSnuli ambis gadmocemis dros, rogorc
aRiniSna, es ori koncefcia erTmaneTSia areuli. magaliTad, makedonels qarTlSi xvdeba qarTveloba da... ucxo
eri _ bunTurqebi da yivCaRebi. aq, cxadia, aRebulia
`moqcevaYs~ ambavi, romelic saTanadod araa Sejerebuli
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ koncefciasTan.
qarTlSi Semosvlis Semdgom aleqsandre makedoneli
SeebrZola da daamarcxa zogierT kuTxeSi mcxovrebi
araqarTuli tomebi _ `mosrna yovelni igi naTesavni
aRreulni qarTls myofni da ucxoni igi naTesavni mosrna da daatyvevna da dedani da yrmani ucebni, TxuTmetisa
wlisa umcrosni~ (q. c. I, gv. 18). araqarTvelTa mospobis
Semdeg darCenil qarTvel mosaxleobas (qarTlosianebs)
patrikad dautova makedoneli azoni, iaredosis Ze. mas
emorCileboda 100000 romaeli qveiTi.
maTi sarwmunoeba, mematianes gadmocemiT, aseTi iyo:
ebrZana azons aleqsandres mier qarTvelTa qveyanaSi
danergiliyo Tayvaniscema mzisa, mTvarisa, xuTi varskvlavisa, msaxureba uxilavi RmerTisa, yovlis dambadeblisa. aleqsandres wasvlis Semdgom azonma miatova es
sarwmunoeba _ `iwyo kerpTmsaxurebad da Seqmnna orni
kerpni vercxlisani: `gaci da gaim~. azoni sastiki da sisxliani kaci yofila, mas qarTvelTaTvis iaraRis tarebis
nebac ki ar daurTavs _ gaucia brZaneba: `yovelman
qarTvelTaganman, romelman povos saWurveli, mokaliT
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igi~. _ `da iyo Wiri didi naTesavsa zeda qarTvelTasa~.
swored aseT dros gamoCenila farnavazi _ qarTvelTa
ganmaTavisuflebeli. siyrmidanve kavkasiis mTebSi
ltolvili farnavazi saxelovan vaJkacad aRzrdila. is
`iyo kaci gonieri, mxedari SemmarTebeli da monadire
xelovani~. mcxeTaSi dabrunebis Semdgom is gaucniaT
azonisaTvis, rogorc saxelganTqmuli monadire. `Seiyvara igi azonman monadireobisaTvis~. azonTan daaxloebas didad SeuSinebia deda farnavazisi, evedreboda Svils
daetovebina mcxeTa, qarTli da wasuliyvnen, raTa azonis xels dasxltomodnen. marTlac ojaxma gadawyvita
sxvagan, farnavazis dedis qveyanaSi gadasaxleba. mematiane ganagrZobs:
maSin ixila farnavazma sizmari, TiTqosda igi iyo erT
ukacur saxlSi, undoda gasvla da ver gadioda. maSin
sarkmlidan Semovida mzis sxivi Semoertya welze, gaizida da gaiyvana sarkmelidan. da rodesac velze gavida
mze, farnavazma is ixila dadablebuli, xeliT Seexo mzis
pirs, moxoca cvari da icxo Tavis pirze. gaiRviZa farnavazma, gaukvirda da Tqva _ es sizmari albaT dedaCemis
samSobloSi Casvlis Semdeg amixdeba, iq sikeTeSi viqnebio.
im dReebSi farnavazi sanadirod gaemarTa da diRmis
velze irmebs gaekida. irmebi Tbilisis xriokebisaken
gaiqcnen. misdevda farnavazi, styorcna isari, hkra irems,
man cota gaiara da daeca kldis ZirSi. amasobaSi daRamda, CamoqveiTda farnavazi da iremTan gadawyvita Ramis
92
gaTeneba. am dros gawvimda Zlier. kldis ZirSi farnavazma
gamoqvabuli SeamCnia, amoqolili. amoiRo Cuglugi da
gamoarRvia kari, raTa simSraleSi Sesuliyo. Sevida SigniT da ixila ganZi miuwvdomeli, oqro da vercxli, uTvalavi WurWeli oqrovercxlisa. Zlier gaukvirda, aRivso sixaruliT da gaaxsenda sizmari. isev amoqola gamoqvabulis kari. uTxra es ambavi dedasa da or das. gamoitanes es ganZi malviT. amis Semdgom azonis qmedeba miuTiTebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra Zlieri iyo im uZveles drosve,
qristeSobamde aswleulebiT adre, qarTvelTa Soris
erovnuli erTianobis grZnoba da qarTvel tomebs rogor
hqondaT SenarCunebuli eTnikuri erTianobis simZafre.
ganZis povniT uceb gamdidrebulma farnavazma, upirveles yovlisa, gagzavna Tavisi warmomadgeneli egrisis
dasavlur qarTuli saerisTaos meTaurTan _ qujisTan
da Seatyobina mas momxdari ambavi. farnavazma SeuTvala
survili, Tavisi ganZiT misuliyo qujisTan da erTiani
ZaliT SebrZolebodnen azons _ qarTvelTa qveynis dampyrobels.
mematiane wers, rom am ambis mosmeniT `ganixara qujim
sixaruliTa didiTa da hrqua: `aRsdeg da moved Cem Tana,
nu Surob xvastagsa Sensa, da xvastagiTa SeniTa, gangimravlne spani Senni, vidre gamovCndeT mtrad azonisa, maSin
ganixaron yovelTa qarTvelTa awyvedilTa misgan da miwyvedulTa~ (q.c. gv. 22).
pasuxis miRebis Semdeg farnavazi dediTa da debiT
sixaruliT wavida qujisTan. quji aseTi sityvebiT See-
93
geba mas: `Sen xar Svili TavTa maT qarTlisaTa da Sen
gmarTebs ufloba Cemi... Sen xar ufali Cveni da me var
mona Seni~ (gv. 22). farnavazi am droisaTvis, rogorc
viciT, ubralo, yovelgvari pativisa da Tanamdebobis
uqonel pirs warmoadgenda, xolo quji egrisis vrceli
qveynis mflobeli iyo, amitomac misgan Tavisi Tavis
`monad~, xolo farnavazis `uflad~ gamocxadeba aixsneba
genealogiuri ufros-umcrosobiTi urTierTdamokidebulebiT, rac Zveli droisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli da
savaldebulod Sesasrulebeli. farnavazi `qarTlis TavTa
Svilia~, amitomaco, ambobs `egrisis TavTa Svili~, _ me
Sen unda dagemorCilo, Sen `Cveni ufali xaro~. aseTi
urTierToba gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tavdapirvel genealogiur variantSi, romelsac Semdgom asaxva ver upovnia
`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~, genealogiuri Sto, Cans aseTi
saxiT iyo gadmocemuli:
qarTlos
mcxeTos
egros
farnavaz
quji
gardabos
kaxos
kuxos
gaCios
qujica da farnavazic erTi winapris STamomavalni
arian, magram farnavazi pirmSoebiTi uflebis ZaliT
94
ojaxSi, gvarSi, ufrosad iTvleba, is `ufalia~, misi yvela naTesavi mas unda daemorCilos. aseTia im Jamis kanoni.
farnavazma da qujim moilaparakes osebTan da lekebTan, isini sixaruliT daTanxmdnen azonis winaaRmdeg
ajanyebas, radganac ar surdaT misTvis xarkis micema.
maTgan miiRes damxmare samxedro Zala, egrisSi Seikriba
uTvalavi spa. Seuties azons. azoni damarcxda da Tavi
Seafara klarjeTs. farnavazi Sevida mcxeTaSi, imave wels
daimorCila `yoveli qarTli~, klarjeTis garda _ ase
wers mematiane, _ `daipyra yoveli qarTli Tvinier klarjeTisa~, aq uTuod `yoveli qarTlis~ qveS igulisxmeba
rogorc aRmosavleTi, aseve dasavleTi saqarTvelo _
swored dasavleT saqarTvelo warmoadgenda farnavazis
sayrden baziss azonis winaaRmdeg ajanyebisas.
azons farnavazis winaaRmdeg omSi daexmara `saberZneTi~ _ misgan miiRo didZali damxmare Zala, samagierod
farnavazs _ `asuristanis mefe antioqozi~. kidev erTxel SeebrZolnen erTmaneTs azonisa da farnavazis jarebi _ artaanis naqalaqevSi, romelsac huri anu `qajTa
qalaqi~ erqva. berZenTa jarebi daamarcxes qarTvelebma,
mokles azoni, SeiWra farnavazi saberZneTis sazRvrebSi
_ Sevida anZioZorSi da ukan dabrunda ekelecis gziT.
klarjeTi SeuerTa Tavis samefos da dabrunda mcxeTaSi.
qarTlis samefos sazRvari Crdilo-dasavleTiT daido
mdinare egriswyalze. am mdinaris marjvena sanapiroc
(iseve rogorc marcxena) warmoadgenda egrosis wils, e.i.
95
warmoadgenda egrosis STamomavalTa sacxovriss (vidre
xazareTis mdinaremde `saca warswudebis wueri kavkasisa~), magram egriswyalsa da xazareTis mdinares (e.i. md.
egriswyalsa da md. yubans) Soris mcxovrebma egriselebma
ar inebes gandgoma `berZenTa~ saxelmwifosagan da Sesvla farnavazis samefoSi. sazRvari `yoveli qarTlisa~ am
mimarTulebiT daido mdinare egriswyalze. mematiane wers
_ `xolo egriswyals qvemoT darCa berZenTa, rameTu
mkvidrTa mis adgilisaTa ara inebes gandgoma berZenTa~,
xolo egrisis meore nawili Sevida qarTlis samefoSi,
Tavisi saxelmwifo farnavazma dayo saerisTavoebad.
pirvelTa Soris mematiane asaxelebs egriss da mis
erisTavs qujis. is gaxda siZe farnavazisa da miiRo
saerisTavod yoveli qarTlis qveyana egriswyalsa da rions
Sua. man aaSena cixe-goji. margveTis saerisTavoSi Sedioda miwebi mdinare rionsa da lixis mTas Soris. Semdegi saerisTavoebi iyvnen kaxeTSi, xunanSi, samSvildeSi,
wundaSi, oZrxeSi, klarjeTSi. erTi erisTavi daadgina _
spaspetad, mas Sida qarTlic mieca sagamgeod, is warmoadgenda mefis Semdeg pirvel Tanamdebobis pirs, yvela
erisTvis ganmgebels. Tavis mxriv erisTavebs emorCilebodnen spasalarebi da aTasisTavebi, maTgan Semodioda
saerisTavo da samefo xarki.
farnavazma aaSena aleqsandre makedonelis mier
saqarTveloSi dangreuli qalaqebi da cixeebi, dedaqalaq
mcxeTas ki Semoavlo galavani.
farnavazs Seuqmnia Tavis saxelze _ kerpi armazi,
rameTu farnavazs sparsulad armazi erqva. es armazis
96
kerpi aRmarTa qarTlis mTis Tavze. didi dResaswauli
gadaixada kerpis aRmarTvisas.
gamefebisas 27 wlis iyo. 65 weli nebierad imefa. `aRaSena da ganavso qarTli~.
farnavazma qarTuli ena saxelmwifo enad gamoacxada,
ris gamoc qarTulis garda sxva ena saqarTveloSi ar
ixmareboda. manve Seqmna qarTuli mwignobroba.
sikvdilis Semdeg armazis kerpis win daasaflaves.
ase gadmogvcems farnavazis cxovrebas Cveni matiane.
qarTlis, anu iberiis erTiani didi saxelmwifos warmoqmnas mecnierebi qristeSobamde IV-III saukuneebiT aTariReben.
farnavazisa da misi memkvidre mefeebis anu farnavazianebis dros mcxeTaSi _ samefos dedaqalaqSi, Sendeboda cixesimagreebi, sxvadasxva nagebobani, kidev sxva kerpebic aRumarTavT. farnavazis mier armazis aRmarTvis
Semdgom mefe saurmagma aRmarTa kerpi ainina, iwyo armazis cixe-qalaqis Seneba. mefe mirvanma daninas kerpi
aRmarTa, daasrula armazis mSenebloba. mefe farnajomma kerpi zaden mTaze aRmarTa, cixec auSena. arsok mefem
_ qalaqs sxva zRude Semoavlo. mefe artags ki armazSi
Sida cixe (akropolisi) auSenebia.
maTi Semdgomi mefeebi ukve sakuTriv mcxeTas aSenebdnen, anu mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze mdebare qalaqs.
dedaqalaqs icavdnen rTuli TavdacviTi sistemis meSveobiT. armaz-cixe somxeTidan, albaneTidan da dasavleT saqarTvelodan momavali gzebis TavSeyris adgilas
97
idga, zadencixe ki CrdiloeTis momTabareTa qveynebidan
momaval gzas akontrolebda. qveyanaSi Sedioda didi
saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis savaWro gza, rogorc amas
gvacnobs straboni. saerTod iberia savaWro gzebiT yofila daserili. strabonis cnobiT, iberia kargad yofila
dasaxlebuli, qalaqebi da dabebi mravalricxovani iyo.
saxlebi da nagebobebi kargad nagebi, xuroTmoZRvruli
xelovnebiT, hqondaT kramitis saxuravebi. iberiaSi mdebareobda qalaqebi _ ufliscixe, wunda, oZrxe, cixegoji
(am qveynis dasavleTi sazRvari, rogorc aRiniSna, mdinare
egriswyalze ido).
uTuod yovel saerisTavos gaaCnda Tavisi centri.
CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT iberiis sazRvars, Cans, kavkasionis wyalmyofi qedi warmoadgenda, romlis iqiTac
mcxovreb tomebzec vrceldeboda samefos gavlena.
samxreTis mimarTulebiT iberia vrclad iyo gadaWimuli. armeniasa da iberias, qristeSobamde II saukunis avtoris _ apolodoris cnobiT, erTmaneTisgan hyofda
mdinare araqsi. araqsi yofila gamyofi iberielebisa da
armenielebisa.
samxreT-dasavleTiT iberiis sazRvari gadioda piriadris mTis kalTebze, mas ekuTvnoda xorzene da gogarene, rogorc berZnebi uwodebdnen samxreT saqarTvelos
kuTxeebs. Semdeg, strabonis cnobiT, armenias iberiisaTvis
waurTmevia aRniSnuli kuTxeebi, daaxloebiT 190 wels
qristeSobamde (ix. saq. ist. narkv., t. I, gv. 456).
farnavazis rezidencias da samefo qalaqs warmoadgenda armazi. misi saxeli mraval ucxour Tanadroul
98
wyaroSic aris asaxuli, rogorc Cans, is cnobili da saxelovani qalaqi iyo. am qalaqis sidiade daadastura arqeologiurma gaTxrebma, qarTvel erismTavarTa da warCinebulTa brwyinvale fufuneba da didebuleba naTlad gamoaCina arqeologiurma Zeglebma. armazidan samefo rezidencia gadatanil iqna sakuTriv mcxeTaSi, es
momxdara pirveli saukunis meore naxevarSi. p. ingoroyvas Tanaxmad, mefe farnavazi mefobda qristeSobamde 284219 wlebSi. 284 welsve damyarebula qarTuli welTaRricxva.
`ZvelqarTuli kalendris Seswavlidan irkveva, rom
qarTuli nacionaluri welTaRricxva iwyeba swored im
droidan, rodesac, leonti mrovelis cnobiT, aleqsandre makedonelis imperiis dayofis Sedegad moxda axali
iberiis saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba, farnavazianTa dinastiiT xelisuflebis saTaveSi. saxeldobr, dasawyisi
qarTuli nacionaluri welTaRricxvisa aris 284 weli
Cvens eramde. es weli aris gamosavali TariRi, romelic
Semdeg safuZvlad daedo qarTuli qoronikonis sistemas, ...es TariRi, 284 weli, romelidanac iwyeba qarTuli
nacionaluri era, aris TariRi iberiis saxelmwifo
damoukideblobis gamocxadebisa da farnavazianTa dinastiis damkvidrebisa iberiis saxelmwifos xelisuflebis
saTaveSi (p. ingoroyva, t. IV, 1978, gv. 558).
pavle ingoroyvam saTanado kvlevis Sedegad daaskvna,
rom qarTul matianeTa antikuri xanis iberiis mefeTa
sia (`mefeni qarTls Sina warmarTni~) _ warmoadgens is-
99
toriuli sinamdvilis Semcvel dokuments, romelic momdinareobs winaqristianuli epoqis ZvelqarTuli saistorio wyaroebidan (iqve, gv. 559).
farnavazma erT saxelmwifoSi gaaerTiana qarTuli
tomebi, Sehkra isini erT xalxad, man SesZlo aseve am
saxelmwifos gavlenis sferoSi moeqcia iberiul-kavkasiurad wodebuli, qarTvelTa monaTesave sxvadasxva
tomebi. kerZod, rogorc iTqva, iberielTa da armenielTa Soris sazRvari erT dros mdinare araqsze gadioda.
CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT qarTvelTa gavlenis sferoSi, mematianes Tanaxmad, Sediodnen osTa, durZukTa da
lekTa tomebi. durZukebi da lekebi _ qarTvelTa monaTesaveebad uZveles drosve miiCneoda. osTa Sesaxeb unda
iTqvas, rom rogorc wyaro miuTiTebs, osebi im droisaTvis ar miiCneodnen iranulenovan tomebad, aramed iTvlebodnen qarTvelTa monaTesave kavkasiur (adgilobriv)
tomad. Cveni matianes Tanaxmad, osebi yofilan STamomavalni xazarTa mefis Zisa uobosisa _ `mrovelis warmodgeniT, uobos xazarTa mefisSvili yofila, xolo osebi
TiTqos am uobosis, e.i. xazarTa da qarTvelTa da somexTa tyveebis `naTesavebi~, anu STamomavalni yofilan. e.i.
narevi erovneba yofila~ (iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris
istoriis Sesavali, t. I, 1950 w. gv. 277).
aqedan Cans, rom farnavazis epoqaSi osebi marTalia
narev, magram mainc qarTvelTa monaTesave tomad miiCneoda. osebi _ romelTac Semdgom alanebi ewodaT _
ucxoelTa mier iberielebad miiCneodnen _ `XI saukunis
100
bizantieli mwerali ioane cece amtkicebs: iberebi, abazgebi da alanebi erT xalxs Seadgendneno, xolo XV saukunis somexi mematiane Toma mewofeli ganumartavs mkiTxvelebs, rom qarTvelTa saxlSi, e.i. qarTul erovnulkulturul gaerTianebaSi Sedis rva tomi _ qarTebi (`vracebi~), imerlebi, megrelebi, svanebi, afxazebi, mesxebi,
dvalebi da osebi~ (s. janaSia, t. V, gv. 12). Semdgomi
saukunis evropeli avtoric aseve miiCnevs _ `Striteri
Tavisi Sromis nawilSi, sadac laparakia zemo iberiis
mezoblad binadar alanebze, kategoriuli da sruli
eWvmiutanlobis kiloTi acxadebs, rom esenic iberielebi ariano~ (S. ZiZiguri, saenaTmecniero saubrebi, gv. 174).
dvalebs, marTalia, ratomRac durZukTa toms aTvlidnen bolo dromde, magram sinamdvileSi qarTvelebi
iyvnen. Semdgom moxda dvalTa tomis iranizacia, gaoseba.
SesaZlebelia, Tavdapirvelad osebad saxeldebuli tomic ar iyo iranulenovani da Semdgom, Sua saukuneebis
manZilze, Crdilo kavkasiaSi moxda osebis gairanulenovneba.
sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli, rom alanebi iranulenovani tomi iyo, magram arc is unda darCes uyuradRebod,
rom sakmaod didi nawili Zveli istorikosebisa alanebs,
qarTvel istorikosTa msgavsad, xazarul (e.i. Turqul)
kavkasiur warmomavlobis tomad miiCnevda. magaliTad,
XIV saukunis arabi geografi alanebs Turqulenovan xalxad Tvlida, is erT alanur qalaqze werda _ `is dasaxlebulia alani xalxiT, da isini Turqebi arian _ romelnic
101
gaqristiandnen~. XV saukuneSi i. Siltbergeri iyo asebTan (osebTan) da alanebTan. isini Turme maSin RmerTs
TaTrul enaze adidebdnen (ix. f. burn, `puteSestvie ivana Siltbergera...~, wigni `zapiriski imperatorskogo novorosiiskogo universiteta~. t. I, vip. 1 da 2. odessa
1867, gv. 31-33). prof. n. baskakovis Tanaxmad, Cinur
wyaroebSi moxsenebuli tomi iaoSe (iasebi, osebi) Turquli
warmoSobisa yofila. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom yaraCaevel
da balyarel istorikosebs TavianTi tomebi alanuri
warmoSobisad, alanebi ki Turqul-xazarul warmoSobisad
miaCniaT. am mxriv, Cans aris raRac saerTo Zvel qarTul
da ucxour wyaroTa Soris.
farnavazis droisaTvis sruliad SesaZlebelia, osebi
iseve yofiliyo iberiul-kavkasiuri warmomavlobis tomi,
rogorc sxva mezobeli tomebi.
farnavazis saxelmwifo faqtobrivad mTel kavkasias
aerTianebda Tavis gavlenis sferoSi, magram yvelaze
arsebiTi isaa, rom qarTvel tomTa gamaerTianebeli saxelmwifos Seqmnam saxelmwifosave meSveobiT SesaZlebeli gaxada qarTvelTa erovnebis formireba, erTiani xalxis, eris Camoyalibeba. sazogadod cnobilia, rom saxelmwifos aqvs Tviseba erTian xalxad Camoayalibos saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba, aseTive Tvisebebis iyo,
cxadia, qarTuli erTiani saxelmwifoc. miT umetes, rom
qarTul wyaroTa Tanaxmad, farnavazis mier Camoyalibebulma saxelmwifom iarseba TiTqmis aTasi weli. kerZod, es saxelmwifo daSlila vaxtang gorgasalis Svilebis
102
Semdgom VI saukuneSi _ ase gadmogvcems `qarTlis cxovrebac~ da `moqcevaY qarTlisaYc~. qarTveli eris Camoyalibebis dros Sesaxeb laparakia qvemoT, xolo aq unda
iTqvas, rom farnavazis epoqaSi qarTvelTa erTianobas
miuTiTebs ZvelqarTuli gvarebis formaTa erTianoba
uZveles saqarTveloSi. gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom
uZvelesi gvaris aRmniSvneli sufiqsi egrisSi, anu samegreloSi iyo `iani~ (misgan iqna Semdgom miRebuli daboloeba `ia~, `va~ da sxva). uZvelesi sagvarovano sufiqsi svaneTSi iyo da aris `iani~. uZvelesi sagvarovano sufiqsi
sruliad saqarTvelos mTianeTSi _ fSav-xevsureTidan
svaneTamde iyo `iani~ (saojaxod, saSinaod amJamadac `ian~
formebi ixmareba). uZvelesi sagvarovano sufiqsi
saqarTvelos barSic iyo _ `iani~. ganvixiloT ramdenime
magaliTi: Zvel wyaroebSi erTaderTi damaboloebeli
sufiqsi _ `iani~-a _ gvarebSi _ `farnavaziani~, `xosroiani~,
`arSakuniani~, `baqariani~, `reviani~ (q. c. gv. 138). `maruSiani~, `bagratoniani~ (q. c. gv. 251). `ariSiani~ (q. c. gv.
328). `barabiani~ (q. c. 116). `bivritiani~ (erisTavi oZrxisa) q. c. 185). `goderZiani~ (es gvaria, rac iqedan Cans,
rom mravlobiTis formiTaa wyaroSi mocemuli _ `goderZianni tbelni~), (q. c. gv. 248). iqvea `mameanni~, `mame-i-ani.
`Targamosianni~ _ eTnarqebi. Savliani (ivane _ afxazeTis
mefe. 258). `kavkasianni~ _ sadaurobis aRsaniSnavad (130).
`nebroTianni~, `nersiani~ (nerse _ qarTlis erisTavi, 241),
`qarTlosianni~ (qarTlosis STamomavalni, 27), juanSeriani (juanSeri-istorikosi, gv. 248) da sxva uamravi.
103
marTalia, zogierT SemTxvevaSi CamonaTvali jer kidev
ar aris namdvili gvar-saxelebi da aRniSnuli forma pirTa
STamomavlobas miuTiTebs, magram isini sagvareulo saxelebad iqcnen ZiriTadad. `ian~ sufiqsiT, rogorc aRiniSna, mTel saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi arsebobda gvarebi (gvar-saxelebi). amis dasturia megrul-svanuri da
mTiuluri uZvelesi formebi. s. janaSia wers _ `gabatonebuli unda yofiliyo gvar-saxelebis es forma
samegreloSic... megruli `ia~ _ `ianis~ naSTia. es cxadi
xdeba, kerZod, cnobil gvar-saxelTa istoriul da cocxal formaTa SedarebiT, amrigad, istoriulsa da literaturul (dadians, lipartians, ratians, bedians megrul
cocxal metyvelebaSi udris: dadia, lipartia, ratia,
bedia... bolokidur _ n-s dakargva niSandoblivia
megrulisaTvis (s. janaSia, t. III, 1959, gv. 40-41).
iqve s. janaSias ganxiluli aqvs `ian~ formis gamoyeneba gvar-saxelebisavis aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi (mTiuleTi, raWa, leCxumi, svaneTi). _ `gvarsaxelebis es daboloeba Tavdapirvelad gavrcelebuli
iyo, Cans, yvela qarTul tomSi, da qarTvelurs patronomistikul morfologiaSi igi erTi yvelaze adrindeli
movlenaTagania. droTa viTarebaSi es forma zogs qarTvel
tomSi dasustda, zogan TiTqmis mTlad daikarga~ (iqve,
gv. 35).
Cven vfiqrobT, rom eTnikuri erTianoba qarTveli
tomebisa farnavazianTa saxelmwifoSi (qristeSobamde III
saukunidan VI-mde) gacilebiT ufro Rrma iyo, vidre am
104
saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg (VI s.). rogorc cnobilia,
pirveli erTiani saxelmwifos daSlidan mxolod oriode
saukunis Semdeg, VIII-IX saukuneebSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva
kuTxeebSi Camoyalibda erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli
saxelmwifoebi, ramac, cxadia, qarTuli tomebi erTmaneTs ufro daaSora (zemoT aRniSnuli erTiani niSnebis
`dasusteba~ da `dakargva~ amis Sedegi unda iyos), marTalia, Semdeg arsebobda erTiani saxelmwifo (XI-XV ss), ramac
xeli Seuwyo konsolidacias, magram Semdgomma kvlav
daSlam gaaRrmava svanur, megrul, gurul, imerul,
qarTlur, kaxur da sxva eTnografiul jgufSi individualuri Tvisebebi. farnavazis saxelmwifos dros ki erTiani erovnuli niSnebi Rrma iyo.
qarTuli saRvTismsaxuro
anbanis fuZisdeba
saukuneTa da aTaswleulTa manZilzec, qarTveli xalxi
sargeblobs erovnuli anbaniT. arsebobs misi ori saxeoba _ xucuri da mxedruli. TviT sityva `xucuri~ miuTiTebs, rom is RvTis sadideblad eklesiaSi, samRvdeloebis (xucebis) mier ixmareboda. xucuri anbaniTaa dawerili Cveni uflisa da macxovris ieso qristes pirveli
qarTuli saxarebani, Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebi.
xucuri _ srulyofili anbania imiT, rom mas aqvs e.w.
mTavruli da nusxuri asoebi, rogorc sxva evropul an-
105
banebs, maSin roca mxedruls _ mTavruli asoebi ar gaaCnia. miRebulia, rom mTavruli pirvelsafuZvelia misgan
ganviTarebuli nusxuri da mxedruli asoebisa, isini
qarTuli Sriftis saxeobebia. mxedruli SemoRebulia XI
saukunis Semdeg, manamde VIII-IX saukuneebSi gamoiyeneboda
nusxa-xucuri, V-VII saukuneebSi asomTavrul-xucuri. aseTi
periodizacia pirobiTia. rogorc aRiniSna, miRebulia,
rom asomTavrulis ganviTarebis Sedegadaa miRebuli _
nusxa-xucuri, am ukanasknelisagan ki mxedruli, Tumca
ZvelTaganve paralelurad ixmareboda samive, gansakuTrebiT ki wina ori. saeklesio da saRvTismsaxuro saWiroebisaTvis saqarTveloSi yovelTvis xucuri anbani
gamoiyeneboda.
ivane javaxiSvili uZveles, V saukunisad miCneul,
qarTul warweraze dakvirvebiT werda: `jer xanad cnobili qarTuli damwerlobis Zeglebi iseTi maRalxarisxovani kaligrafiuli ganviTarebis safexurs warmoadgenen,
rom qarTuli anbanis dasawyisi xana sul cota 7-8 saukunis uwinares aris sagulisxmebeli~. mecnierebaSi miRebuli iyo azri, rom Cvenamde moRweuli qarTuli alfabeti qristeSobamde VII-VI saukuneebSi unda warmoSobiliyo finikur-semituri saanbano sistemidan.
saerTod cnobilia, rom anbani pirvelad finikielebma
Camoayalibes, masSi yoveli aso gamoxatavda erT romelime bgeras da yoveli bgera gadmocemuli iyo erTi
romelime asoTi. am anbanma udidesi gavrceleba hpova
msoflioSi, pirvel rigSi finikur-semituri anbani TviT
106
semituri modgmis erTa Soris gavrcelda, misgan mravali
axali damwerloba gaCnda. dasavleTis mimarTulebiT yvelaze adre finikiuri anbani berZnebma SeiTvises, misganac mravali axali anbani warmoiqmna. berZnuli anbanis
Tavdapirveli saxeoba zusti asli yofila finikiuri
anbanisa. finikiur anbans gavrceleba dauwyia qristeSobamde IX saukunidan (S. ZiZiguri, saenaTmecniero saubrebi, gv. 124-125).
pavle ingoroyvas azriT, qarTuli anbani finikiurisagan miRebuli arameulis erTi ganStoeba yofila. sxva
TvalsazrisiT, is berZnulis mixedviT SemuSavebula. ufro
ki, rogorc aRiniSna, aRiarebulia Teoria, romlis mixedviTac, qarTuli uSualod finikiuri anbanisagan aris gadmoRebuli, iseve rogorc berZnuli anbani.
sxvagan pavle ingoroyva wers: `qarTuli anbani ekuTvnis arqauli periodis mcire aziis alfabetebis jgufs.
qarTuli anbani araa Seqmnili Tanamedrove saqarTvelos
teritoriaze, aramed igi Camoyalibebulia jer kidev im
xanaSi, rodesac xeTas qarTveli xalxis erTi nawili _
hiberebi (Tobelebi) da mesxebi mcire aziis teritoriaze mkvidrobdnen, hiberebs (Tobelebs) da mesxebs, rogorc
irkveva, Tavdapirvelad ieroglifuri damwerloba hqondaT~ (p. ingoroyva, t. IV. gv. 247).
mecnieris azriT, xeTas qarTvelebi qristeSobamde VIIIVII saukuneebSi gadasulan alfabetur damwerlobaze, risi
damsaxurebac miaweres mesxTa, anu frigielTa saxelganTqmul mefes miTas _ `miTa mesxs~. p. ingoroyvas Tanax-
107
mad, finikiuri alfabetis qarTul da berZnul enebTan
morgebisaTvis Seqmnila sagangebo komisia, romelsac es
sakiTxi gadauWria. kerZod, delfosis samisnoSi aRniSnul komisias mouxdenia finikiuri uxmovnebo anbanis vokalizacia _ SemouRia xmovani asoebi, daumatebia Tanxmovani bgerebi qarTulisaTvis, romelnic finikiurs aklda
(iqve, gv. 249).
qarTuli anbanis warmoSobis Sesaxeb sul sxva azrisaa
T. gamyreliZe: qarTuli anbani qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg saeklesio-samwignobro saWiroebisaTvis Seqmnilao (gulisxmobs V saukunis Semdgom periods), magram
TviT qarTuli eklesiis ierarqia, qristiani samRvdeloeba
TiTqmis aTasi wlis winac ki qarTuli anbanis Seqmnas ar
akavSirebda qristianobis gavrcelebasTan, piriqiT,
ZvelqarTuli Rrmad morwmune sazogadoeba darwmunebiT
amtkicebda, rom qarTuli alfabeti (qarTuli mwignobroba) warmarTi mefis, qristeSobamde aswleulobiT adre
mcxovrebi farnavazis mier iyo SemoRebuli.
cxadia, qarTuli anbani qristianobis gavrcelebis
Semdeg rom warmoSobiliyo, xsovna am yovladmniSvnelovani ambisa uTuod Semoinaxeboda qarTul eklesiaSi, saeklesio mwerlobaSi. bunebrivia ismeba kiTxva, Tuki anbani
SemoRebul iqna V saukunis Semdeg da ukavSirdeba qristianuli sarwmunoebis gavrcelebas, TviTon qristianulma eklesiam (kerZod, eklesiis ierarqma episkoposma
leonti mrovelma) is ratom daukavSira warmarTul xanas,
warmarT mefes, miT umetes rom warmarTuli xanis
108
qarTveloba qristianuli xanis samRvdeloebis mier sakmaod velurad miiCneoda, rogorc es Zveli wyaroebidan
Cans?
rogorc aRiniSna, didi ivane javaxiSvili Rrma kvlevis Sedegad mivida daskvnamde, rom qarTuli anbani warmarTuli, qristianobamdeli xanis produqtia.
leonti mroveli episkoposi ki mefe farnavazis damsaxurebaTa CamoTvlis dros wers _ `amanve Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli~. mefe farnavazs miiCneven anbanis ara
Semqmnelad, aramed manamde arsebulis gamavrceleblad,
e.i. farnavazamde anbans ramdenime saukunis istoria hqonia.
s. janaSia wers _ `qarTuli anbanis mecnierulma Seswavlam gamoarkvia, rom igi SeTvisebuli unda iyos mcire
aziaSi ara ugvianes meSvide saukunisa qristes win (ix.
prof. iv. javaxiSvili, qarT. paleografia). msgavsi alfabeturi damwerloba SeiZleboda mxolod ganviTarebis garkveul safexurze gaCeniliyo. manamde mcire aziaSi
mcxovreb qarTvel tomebsac xatovani da lursmuli damwerloba unda exmaraT. am mxriT uaRresad sayuradReboa
qarTuli termini `wera~, igi Tavdapirvelad `Wras~, `kveTas~ niSnavda, aqedanaa `weraqvi~, e.i. qvis saWreli, sakveTi; xvnis mniSvnelobisaa mTaSi `wera~ da aqedan _ `wereuli~ _ `yanis nakrefi, Sekonvili~, `sawereli~, e.i. mWameli, mWreli... werasTan dakavSirebuli meore mniSvnelovani terminis warmoSobas gvixsnis `wertili~ (`werta~
zmnisagan nawarmoebi). `wertac~ xom Cxvletas, amokveTas,
109
CaWras niSnavs. maSasadame, orive termini im xanisaa, roca
wera realurad iyo raime magar masalaze (qvaze, Tixis
dafaze, liTonze) amoWris, amokveTis procesi. Cven gvgonia, rom qarTvelma tomebma Tavisi uZvelesi samSoblodan
amierkavkasiaSi moitanes ara marto es terminebi, aramed
TviT saTanado damwerlobanic...~ (s. janaSia, t. III, gv.
192).
s. janaSiamde msgavsi Tvalsazrisi qarTuli damwerlobis siZvelis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli hqonda Teimuraz
batoniSvils, Cans is eyrdnoboda sazogadoebaSi dacul
Zvel gadmocemas, an romelime werilobiT wyaros: _ `ara
uwignoni iyvnen qarTvelni uwinaresTa JamTaca Sina. vidre farnavazamde swerdnen igini uxucesTa weriliTa.
ese igi, qurumTa maT, romelTac uxucesTa da xevisberTa
uxmoben. igini iyvnen kerpTa mRvdelni da memsxverpleni
erisni `RmerTTa~ mimarT da werili maTi ars werili ese
xucuri Cveni. werilni xucesni pirvelsa Jamsa qmnil ars
werilisagan ebraulisa da qaldeurisa da msgavsica arian asoTa maTTa Cveni xucurni~ (T. bagrationi, cxovreba,
1972, gv. 126).
Zvel saqarTveloSi xucur anbans akavSirebdnen ara
berZnul, aramed semitur alfabetTan.
Teimuraz bagrations mohyavs aseve Zveli gadmocema,
romlis mixedviTac, maStocis mier somxuri anbanis Seqmnamde somxebi ukve arsebuli qarTuli mwignobrobiT
sargeblobdnen, xolo maStocs somxuri anbanis zogierTi aso qarTulis mimsgavsebiT Seuqmnia. rac Seexeba
110
mwignobrobaso, _ wers Teimuraz bagrationi, `ara iyo
maT (somexTa) Soris ZvelTa Sina saukuneTa... igini (somxebi) sargeblobdes pirvel berZnuliTa wigniTa da qarTuliTa, qristes mosvliTgan mravalTa welTa ganvles, merme
qmnes somexTa werili Tvisi, romelsac ityvian igini
moZRvrisa maTisa mesrofisaTvis, viTarmed man ganawesa
da qmna asoni maTni, msgavsni qarTulis xucuris werilisa. werils qarTulsa somxuri romelnime asoni hgvanan
da ara yovelni. somexni vieTnime ityvian, rom somxuri
wignis asoebi da qarTulis wignis asoebi xucurio mesrofma gaakeTao. magram qarTuli xucuri asoebi mesrofs
ar gaukTebia, didi tyuili aris~ (iqve, gv. 126). es bolo
winadadeba Tavisi gamokvlevebiT daadastura iv. javaxiSvilma.
Teimurazi ganagrZobs: `sanam mesrof daibadeboda da
am sofelSi Semovidoda, agreTve qarTuli xucuri wigni
iyo da mesrofze uwin, saRmrTos werilis mTargmnelni
CvenTa wmidaTa mamaTagani mravalni iyvnes, romelnic
ebraulisagan da berZnulisa da asurulisagan qarTulad sTargmnidnen, da odes srulebiT ara aqvndaT jer
somexTa werilni TvisTa zeda enaTa sargeblobdes da
xmarobdes igi qarTuliTa wigniTa da weriliTa~ (iqve).
mecnierTa erTi nawilis TvalsazrisiT, mefe farnavazma
anbani ki ar Seqmna, aramed man ukve arsebuli, mosaxleobis mxolod erTi nawilisaTvis cnobili damwerloba,
sruliad saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi gaavrcela.
111
ramaz patariZis TvalsazrisiT, romelic eyrdnoba
qarTuli asomTavruli aso-niSnebis grafikul analizs,
qarTuli damwerloba Seqmnilia finikiuri damwerlobis
safuZvelze qristeSobamde mexuTe saukunis dasasruls
(ix. r. patariZe, qarTuli asomTavruli, 1980, gv. 268).
anbani qarTvel qurumTa wiaRSi Seqmnila.
r. patariZem Tavisi kvlevis Sedegad daadastura sxva
mecnierTa mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebani, rom qristeSobamde 284 weli aris sruliad qarTuli saxelmwifo damwerlobis oficialurad SemoRebis TariRi da agreTve
qarTuli erovnuli welTaRricxvis dasabami. qristeSobamde 284 wels gasula farnavaz mefis gamefebidan 19
weli. is vaxuStis Tanaxmad, gamefebula 303 wels.
284 welTan dakavSirebiT vaxuSti wers: `am farnavazis
mefobis iT (19) wels qarTuli xuTiaTasiani qoronikoni
i-jer (10-jer) mobrunebuli ganvida da meTerTmete iwyebis~ (iqve, gv. 305). aq igulisxmeba 532-wliani didi indiqtioni, romlis safuZvels mzis 28-wliani da mTvaris
19-wliani ciklebi warmoadgens, is nikeis I msoflio saeklesio krebam daakanona. ase rom, vaxuStis mier naxsenebi
`qarTuli qoronikoni~ farnavazTan dakavSirebiT
anaqronizmia, romlis Sesaxebac r. patariZe wers _ `iqneb
saxelovani mecnieri aq zogadad qarTuli welTaRricxvis dasabams gulisxmobdes, romelic gvian qarTuli
qoronikonuli welTaRricxvis dasabamic gaxda~ (iqve, gv.
306). mecnieris daskvniT, 284 weli aris ara marto qarTuli
112
damwerlobis SemoRebis TariRi, aramed qarTuli warmarTuli welTaRricxvis dasabamic.
rogorc aRiniSna, 284 wels qristeSobamde 10X532 weli
gasula, anu 5332 weli dasabamidan.
dasabamidan, anu qveynis gaCenidan qristeSobamde
qarTuli angariSiT sul gasula 284+(10X532)=5604 weli.
saerTod qristianul qveynebSi miRebuli iyo welTaRricxvis sami sistema: `qristesiT~, `dasabamidan~ da `qoronikoniT~. `qristesiT~ welTaRricxva _ amJamad gamoiyeneba
msoflios yvela qveyanaSi. welTaRricxva qoronikoniT,
rogorc aRiniSna, 532-wliani cikliT xdeboda. saerTod,
qarTuli qoronikonis dasawyisis TariRad miCneuli iyo
780 weli. 781 weli aris pirveli weli qarTuli qoronikonis me-13 moqcevisa, xolo qristeSobamde 284 weli _ me10 moqcevisa. am wlidan 2-jer 532 wlis gavlis, anu ori
moqcevis Semdeg dadga 780 weli. xolo dasabami am moqcevebisa qarTuli welTaRricxviT (aTvlis wertili) aris
5604 weli qristemde, anu `dabadebidan~ _ qveynis gaCenidan
qristemde qarTuli welTaRricxva iTvlis aRniSnul
(5604) wels. adamidan qristes Sobamde, anu `dasabamiTganis~ saxeliT cnobili welTaRricxva sxvadasxva saxis iyo
ZvelTaganve. ZiriTadad cnobilia `dasabamiTganis~ Semdegi variaciebi: 1. 5198 weli _ evsevi kesarielisa, 2.
5492 weli _ pandore aleqsandrielisa, 3. 5500 weli _
aniane aleqsandrielisa, 4. 5508 weli _ bizantielebisa
anu bizantiuri era, 5. qarTuli era _ 5604 weli _ qarTuli `dasabamiTgani~ (ix. iqve, gv. 75).
113
`unda davaskvnaT: qarTuli dasabamiTganis gamosavali TariRi yofila Zv.w.aR-is 284 weli. 5604-wlian qristianul qarTul dasabamiTgans safuZvlad dasdebia damwerlobis SemoRebis qarTuli warmarTuli TariRi _ 284
weli Zveli welTaRricxvisa~ (iqve, gv. 75).
qarTul anbanSi iyo 37 aso-niSani. Zvelad ricxvis
aRsaniSnavad anbanis asoebi ixmareboda.
aso-niSnebis ricxviTi mniSvneloba da anbanuri saTvalavi aseTia:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
a_1
b_2
g_3
d_4
e_5
v_6
z_7
H_8
T_9
10. i_10
11. k_20
12. l_30
13. m_40
14. n_50
15. Y_60
16. o_70
17. p_80
18. J_90
19. r_100
20. s_200
21. t_300
22. u_400
23. f_500
24. q_600
25. R_700
26. y_800
27. S_900
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
C_1000
c_2000
Z_3000
w_4000
W_5000
x_6000
P_7000
j_8000
h_9000
O_10000
xucuri anbanis moxazuloba da saxelebi aseTia (pirvelad naCvenebia asomTavruli aso-niSani, mis gverdiT nusxuri da misi saxeli):
114
1. a
2. b
3. g
4. d
5. e
6. v
7. z
8. Ù
9. T
10. i
11. k
12. l
13. m
14. n
15. Š
16. o
17. p
18. J
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
a
b
g
d
e
v
z
C
T
i
k
l
m
n
Š
o
p
J
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
an
ban
gan
don
en
vin
zen
he
Tan
in
kan
las
man
nar
Ye
on
par
Jan
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
r
s
t
Â
f
q
R
y
S
C
c
Z
w
W
x
ª
j
h
H
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
r
s
t
Y
f
q
R
y
S
C
c
Z
w
W
x
K
j
h
Ÿ
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
rae
san
tar
Yie
far
qan
Ran
yar
Sin
Cin
can
Zil
wil
War
xan
xar
jan
hae
hoi
u-aso-niSani SemoRebul iqna gvian ori asos kombinaciiT _ uy da mieniWa ricxviTi mniSvneloba 400, man Ys adgili daiWira. asomTavruli monumenturi (kapitaluri)
damwerlobaa berZnul-laTinuris msgavsad. monumenturoba gulisxmobs asoebis geometriuli sworxazovneba-simetriulobas. yvela aso-niSani Tanabari simaRlisaa da
or paralelur xazs Soris Tavsdeba. nusxuri damwerloba ki oTxxazovan badezea damyarebuli, misi asoebi grZe-
115
li, mokle da tolmetia, rac adamians Zalian uadvilebs
kiTxvas. mxedruli damwerlobac, nusxuris msgavsad,
oTxxazovani sistemis damwerlobaa.
Tavdapirveli anbani mTavrdeboda `jan~ asoTi (T.
gamyreliZe, weris anbanuri sistema da Zveli qarTuli
damwerloba, 1988, gv. 186.), xolo h-hae fonema Cndeba
SedarebiT mogvianebiT, VII saukunidan moyolebuli (iqve,
gv. 128).
maSasadame, Tavdapirvel anbanSi ara 37, aramed 35 asoniSani iyo da is mTavrdeboda janiT. r. patariZis azriT,
H-s eWira anbanSi merve adgili, sadac Semdeg gaCnda e.w.
e-merve.
ramaz patariZem, romelic qarTuli damwerlobis yvelaze nayofieri mkvlevaria CvenSi, didi ivane javaxiSvilis Semdeg, aRmoaCina, rom Cveni anbani amave dros asrulebda kalendris movaleobasac.
ZvelTaganve, Zveli civilizaciis qveynebSi drois kalendaruli aRricxva problemas warmoadgenda. `mizezi
amisa iyo is, rom dRe-Rame da weliwadi drois sxvadasxva
astronomiuli sidideebia. dRe-RameTa mTeli ricxviT
weliwadis gamoxatva SeuZlebelia, e.i. dRe-Rame da weliwadi ara jeradi, aramed uTanazomo sidideebia. swored
aRniSnuli uTanazomobis rogorme daZleva, misi SeZlebisamebr zustad asaxvis saSualebiT, warmoadgenda nebismieri kalendaruli sistemis mizans. am mxriv, qarTuli
anbaniT ganxorcielebuli kalendari bednieri gamonaklisia. qarTuli kalendari eyrdnoba anbanSi aso-niSneb-
116
is anbanuri da rigiTi saTvalavis unikalur wesrigianobas, aseve aso-niSnebis mizandasaxul saxeldebasa
da sxva.
r. patariZis gamokvleviT, qarTuli warmarTuli kalendaris martivi sqema aseTi saxiT gadmoicema:
am sqemiT: anbanis 7 aso-niSani Svideuli dRe-Rame anu
erTi msgefsia, anbanis 12 aso-niSani weliwadis 12 Tvea.
anbanis 19 aso-niSani mzisa da mTvaris 19-wliani ciklia.
anbanis 24 aso-niSani dRe-Ramis 24 saaTia. anbanis 31 asoniSani nakiani weliwadis oTxwliani da 128-wliani
ciklebia. anbanis 5 ukanaskneli aso-niSani (wil-jan) weliwadis 5 epagomeni dRe-Ramea (r. patariZe, qarTuli
asomTavruli, 1980, gv. 526).
Cvens eklesiaSi amJamadac gamoyenebulia romauli,
iuliusis uZravi weliwadis kalendari, romliTac weliwadis xangrZlivoba 365,25 dRe-Ramea, sam weliwads weliwadis xangrZlivoba 365 dRe-Ramea, xolo meoTxe weliwads _ 366 dRe-Rame, e.i. meoTxe weliwadi nakiania.
iuliusis kalendariT, wlis bolos epagomenebis 5 da 6
dRis darTva moSlilia. manamde gamoyenebul uZveles
kalendarul sistemebSi weliwadis xangrZlivobas 360
dRe-RamiT gansazRvravdnen (egviptesa da sxvagan). weliwadSi egviptelebi 12 Tves angariSobdnen, yovel TveSi
30 dRes, wlis bolos zeimobdnen 5 sadResaswaulo dRes
(5 epagomens), amitomac egvipturi mzis weliwadis xangrZlivoba 365 dRe-Rames Seadgenda, maSin, roca realuri,
anu tropikuli weliwadis xangrZlivoba 365, 2422 dRe-
117
Ramea, e.i. egvipturi kalendari arazusti iyo. qristeSobamde 46 wels romSi iulius keisris mier ganxorcielebuli kalendari ufro zusti iyo, romliTac weliwadis
xangrZlivoba 365,25 dRe-Ramea, isic arazustia, radganac tropikul weliwads aRemateba wuTebiTa da wamebiT,
rac 128 weliwadSi iZleva 1 dRe-Ramis sxvaobas. es Seusabamoba gaaswora grigorianulma kalendarma 1582 wels.
qarTul warmarTul kalendars saukuneebiT adre SedarebiT sworad gamouxatavs tropikuli weliwadis xangrZlivoba. es r. patariZis dakvirvebiT ase ganxorcielebula: qarTuli kalendriT TveSi aris 30 dRe-Rame, weliwadSi _ 12 aseTi Tve, xolo wlis bolos emateba 5
kalendaruli dRe-Rame, nakian wels ki _ 6 da aseve 0,25
dRe-Rame. kerZod, es ase xdeba: qarTuli anbanis 30 asoniSani (maTi saxeldebis principis safuZvelze dayrdnobiT) _ gamoxatavs 30 kalendarul dRe-Rames, qarTuli
anbanis ukanaskneli 5 aso-niSani wlis bolos dasarTveli kalendaruli dRe-Ramea. anbaniT gamoxatulia mzis
weliwadis formulac. kerZod, anbanis meTormete asoTi
(`lasi~), romlis ricxviTi mniSvneloba aris 30. am formulis ZiriTadi elementia: 12l30. `asomTavruli `lasi~
qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis 30 kalendarul aso-niSans
_ 30 kalendarul dRe-Rames 12-jer angariSobs. amitomac, qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis 5 darCenili aso-niSani
is 5 kalendaruli dRe-Ramea, romelic wlis bolos, axali wlis dadgomamde 360 dRe-Rames emateba epagomenebis saxiT, raTa weliwadis xangrZlivobis mzis Zvel-egvip-
118
turi kalendaruli sistema ganxorcieldes~ (iqve, gv. 412).
`lasis~ formuliT, weliwadSi 365 dRea. 12l30=12X30=360
da 5 epagomeni, sul 365 dRe-Rame.
yoveli sami wlis Semdeg ki weliwadis xangrZlivoba
qarTuli warmarTuli kalendriT 366 dRe-RamiT ganisazRvreboda. es xorcieldeboda anbanis aso-niSan
`wilis~ formuliT. misi anbanuri da rigiTi saTvalavi,
aseTia: 31 wili 4000=31w4000 anu 3+1w4000.
`rogorc `wili~ cxadyofs, erTxel yovel oTx weliwadSi, e.i. nakian weliwads 365 dRe-Rames erTi _ 31-e
dRe-Rame emateba, amis gamo, yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel weliwadis xangrZlivoba 365+1=366 dRe-Ramea. amgvarad aso-niSani `wili~ yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel 30
dRe-Ramis nacvlad 31 dRe-Rames angariSobs, xolo es
saidumlo `wili~-s rigiTi saTvalaviT aris gancxadebuli~ (iqve, gv. 422).
amas Turme miuTiTebs aRniSnuli asos rigiTi saTvalavi _ 31 (es aris 3+1 e.i. 3 sruli, 1 nakiani), ricxviTi
mniSvneloba _ 4000 (`aTasi weli viTarca erTi dRe~ _
4000=4-s, e.i. oTx weliwadSi erTxel damateba). misi anbanuri saTvalavia, (romlis mixedviTac ricxvi 31 iwereba) _ `la~, rac udris 30+1-s, anu 30-dRian Tveebs erTiT
meti Tve emateba saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, (formulis Sesabamisad), amasve Turme miuTiTebs am aso-niSanis saxeli
_ sityva `wili~, rac nawils, wilads aRniSnavs. mas anbanSi dafaruli mniSvnelobac hqonia, rogorc amis Sesaxeb
wers `qebaY da didebaY qarTulisa enisaY~, romelSic aseve
119
aRniSnulia: `wili~ asoY ars da ityvis yovlad oTx aTassa da ese ars oTxi `rameTu aTasi viTarca erTi~, e.i. w=4,
rac `dafarulad unda acxadebdes, rom 4 wili erTi dReRamea, amitom `wili~ aso-niSani kalendarulad weliwadSi dRe-Ramis naoTxalia, dRe-Ramis meoTxedia, oTx weliwadSi ki erTi kalendaruli dRe-Ramea~ (iqve, gv. 422).
sabolood qarTuli kalendriT weliwadis xangrZlivoba Seadgens 365,25 dRe-Rames (3X365 da 1X366), magram
Turme tropikul weliwads anbanSi ganxorcielebuli
qarTuli kalendari kidev sxva sistemebiT uaxlovdeba,
rac gadmocemuli aqvs Tavis wignSi r. patariZes.
qarTuli anbanis saSualebiT gadmocemuli yofila
aseve mTvaris kalendaric.
qarTuli anbaniT mTvaris kalendari Semdegi sistemiTaa gadmocemuli: anbanis aso-niSanTa saxelwodebani, maTi
rigiTi da anbanuri saTvalavi kalendris gasaRebs warmoadgens. qarTuli anbanis kalendaruli monacemebi
gamowvlilviT aqvs mimoxiluli Tavis wignSi r. patariZes. masve sruliad ueWvelad aqvs dasabuTebuli qarTuli anbanis grafikuli moxazulobis finikiuridan warmomavloba. patariZis azriT, qarTuli anbani SeumuSavebiaT qurumebs qristeSobamde 412 wels, rac imavdroulad kalendris SemoRebasac niSnavda. 128 wlis Semdeg
qristeSobamde 284 wels dawyebula qarTuli saxelmwifo
erovnuli welTaRricxva.
qar Tuli an ban -kalendr is Semo qm ed qur um ebs
babilonel, qaldevel da berZen maTematikosTa miRweve-
120
bze daufuZnebiaT TavianTi Sroma. iv. javaxiSvilis, s.
janaSias da sxva mecnierTa Sromebze dayrdnobiT, erTi
mxriv, Cven Tu vaRiarebT, rom qristeSobamde VII-V saukuneebSi saqarTvelos moaSures Zveli damsxvreuli civilizaciis namsxvrevma tomebma, STamomavlebma xuritebisa, qaldevelebisa, Tobalebisa Tu muSqebisa, unda vaRiaroT isic, rom, maTma inteleqtualurma nawilma Tan
moitana Zveli aRmosavleTis astronomiuli, maTematikuri
codna, sarwmunoeba da kultura.
Zveli qaldevelebis kulturas udidesi gavlena
mouxdenia sxva qveynebis kulturaze. maTgan gavrcelebula ricxviTi mistika, maTematikuri codna, romelic
ganuyofeli nawili yofila qaldeuri mecnierebisa da
kulturisa. ricxviTi mistikis akvnad da aseve sxva saidumlo mecnierebis kerad ZvelTaganve iTvleboda qaldea.
saberZneTSi qaldeuri swavleba piTagores ganuviTarebia (ix. iqve. i. Cistiakovis da sxvaTa Sromebze miTiTeba
gv. 487). r. patariZis azriT, swored qarTuli piTagorelebis mier unda Seqmniliyo qarTuli anbani,
romelSic dasturdeba codna, rogorc aRmosavluri, ise
dasavluri civilizaciisa. saqarTveloSi Semosul odesRac didi civilizaciis memkvidre qarTul tomebs unda
SemoetanaT egvipturi mzisa da babilonuri mTvaris kalendrebi, romelnic Semdgom qarTul anban-kalendarSi
SenivTda. qarTuli anban-kalendari, msgavsad piTagoruli moZRvrebisa _ saidumlo yofila. is mxolod qurumTa viwro wreSi yofila cnobili, farnavazis dros mas
121
ramdenadme gavrceleba miuRia sruliad saqarTvelos
qurumTa Soris. qristeSobis Semdeg, qristian qarTvelobas swored es ukve arsebuli anbani gamouyenebia saeklesio saWiroebisaTvis. ufro metic, qarTuli anbani nawilobriv, r. patariZis gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, safuZvlad
dasdebia somxuri anbanis Seqmnis princips (ix. iqve, gv.
528-596), rasac ufro adrec miuTiTebdnen qarTveli istorikosebi.
Cven vfiqrobT, rom anbani, romliTac daiwera qarTul
enaze axali aRTqma, bibliis wignebi, locvebi, qadagebani, romelsac efuZneboda aTaswleulTa manZilze naweriT gadmocemuli saRmrTo didebismetyveleba, SeuZlebelia Seqmniliyo suliwmindis monawileobis gareSe.
uTuod qarTuli xucuri anbani suliwmindis Cagonebis
Sedegia. dideba mas!
axali aRTqma uflisa
israilis didma winaswarmetyvelebma gamoacxades, rom
arsi WeSmariti religiisa _ RmerTisa da kacis kavSirSia,
swored am kavSirs anu erTobas ewodeboda aRTqma.
aRTqma wmida werilSi gamoiTqmoda sityviT `berit~,
rac niSnavs pirobas, kanons, dadgenilebas, romelzec
Tanxmdeba ori SemTanxmebeli mxare. wmida wignebi, romlebSic aRwerilia kavSiri RmerTisa kacTan, warmoadgendnen erT-erT saSualebas aRTqmis damowmebisas, amit-
122
omac maTac `aRTqmas~ uwodebdnen. is arsebobda ukve moses
ep o qaS i. Z vel aRT qm as gan eku Tvn e ba p ir ve li
winaswarmetyveluri miTiTeba `axali aRTqmisa~. kerZod,
ieremias cnobil winaswarmetyvelebaSi _ `ai, dadgeba
dReebi, ambobs ufali, roca me davdeb israelisa da iudas saxlTan axal aRTqmas~ (ier; 31.30).
Semdgom termini `axali aRTqma~ mravalgzis ixmares
TviT ieso qristem da misma wmida mociqulebma (maTe 26.28,
mark. 14.24; luka 22.20; 1 kor. 11.25; 2 kor. 3.6 da sxva).
rogorc aTi mcneba, anu kanoni iwodeboda `aRTqmad~,
zustad aseve, gamoTqma `axali aRTqma~ qristianuli eklesiis mier mieniWa wmida wignebs, romlebSic gadmocemulia qristesa da mociqulebis swavleba (ix. tolkovaia biblia, III, peterb. 1911-1913, gv. 2).
jer kidev ieremias piriT brZanebs ufali `axali aRTqmis~ pirvelad xsenebisas (qristeSobamde 600 wliT adre)
kacobriobis codvaTa daxsnis Sesaxeb _ `...me maT vapatieb ukanonobas da ar gavixseneb maT codvebs. ase ambobs ufali, romelmac mogvca mze dRis sinaTled da
mTvare da varskvlavebi Ramis sinaTled, romelic
aRelvebs zRvas, ise, rom xmauroben misi talRebi, iaRve
sabaoTia _ misi saxeli~ (31.33-34).
RvTismetyvelTa Tanaxmad, Zveli aRTqma warmoadgenda momzadebasa da winaswarmetyvelebas qristeze. nawinaswarmetyvelebi iyo zusti dro da adgili mesiis Sobisa, mogvTa Tayvaniscema, yrmaTa gawyveta, egvipteSi
gaqceva, winamorbed-winaswarmetyvelis gamoCena, iudev-
123
el mwignobarTa da xelisufalTa mtroba, macxovaris
saswaulebi, mesiis uaryofa iudeveli xalxis mier, tanjva, sikvdili, jojoxeTSi Casvla, aRdgoma, amaRleba da
a.S. (p. svetlov, xristianskoe verouCenie, kiev, 1912, t. I,
gv. 125).
`sarwmunoebis simbolo~, romelsac `mrwamssac~ uwodeben, ase gadmoscems qristes gankacebas _ `romeli CvenTvis
kacTaTvis da Cvenisa cxovrebisaTvis gardmoxda zeciT
da xorcni Seisxna sulisagan wmidisa da mariamisagan qalwulisa gankacna, da jvars ecva CvenTvis pontoelisa
pilates ze da ivno da daefla. da aRsdga mesamesa dResa
msgavsad werilisa~.
cxadia, `werilSi~ igulisxmeba Zveli aRTqmis wmida
wignebi, kerZod ki winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi. jer kidev
abraamis Sesaxeb iyo nabrZanebi (dabadeba, 12), rom mis
mier warmoSobili xalxis mier `ikurTxeba yvela tomebi
da xalxebi dedamiwisa~. swored am erSi ganxorcielebuli macxovris mier moxda gamosyidva kacobriobisa. sinais aRTqmaSi safuZveli Caeyara xalxs, romelic unda
qceuliyo `wmida xalxad da mRvdelTa samefod~ (gamosvl. 19). am xalxidan qristianobis macocxlebeli sarwmunoeba miiRes msoflios sxva xalxebma. esaiac yvela xalxTa mxsnelad warmoadgens mesias _ `...yoveli eri misken
daiwyebs denas. daiZvreba uTvalavi xalxi da ityvis: modi,
avideT uflis mTaze iakobis saxlSi. gvaswavlos Tavisi
gzebi da misi bilikebiT viaroT, radgan rjuli sionidan
gamova da uflis sityva _ ierusalimidan. samarTals
124
ganikiTxavs igi erebs Soris da amxilebs uTvalav xalxs.
maxvilebisgan saxnisebs gamoWedaven da Subebisagan _
namglebs, eri erze aRar aRmarTavs maxvils da aRaravin
iswavlis oms~ (esaia, 2).
winaswarmetyveli xedavs momaval cxebuls, romelic
moitans mSvidobasa da Tavisuflebas. misi mefoba Secvlis yovel arsebas _ `xalxma, bnelSi moarulma, ixila
naTeli didi, wyvdiadis qveyanaSi mcxovreblebs naTeli
gamoubrwyinda. Sen gaamravle xalxi, gauzarde mas sixaruli... radgan Sen dalewe misi kirTebis uReli... radgan SegveZina Svili, mogveca Ze... ewoda saxelad sakvirveli
mrCeveli, RmerTi Zlieri, maradisobis mama, mSvidobis
mTavari, xelmwifebis gansadideblad da uboloo mSvidobisaTvis daviTis taxtze da mis samefoSi...~ (esaia, 9).
winaswarmetyveli ganagrZobs mesiis Sesaxeb _ `amova
ylorti ieses Rerodan da misi fesvebis amonayari gaixarebs. daivanebs masze uflis suli, suli sibrZnisa da
gonierebisa, suli rCevisa da simxnevisa, suli Segnebisa
da uflis SiSisa... simarTliT gansjis Rarib-RatakT,
sisworiT ganikiTxavs qveynis bedSavT... simarTle iqneba
sartyelad mis welze... dadgeba mgeli cxvarTan erTad
da vefxvi dabinavdeba cikanTan erTad, xbo, lomi da nasuqali pirutyvi erTad iqnebian da Cvili bavSvi waruZRveba maT... im dRes xalxTa droSad dadgeba ieses fesvi da
misken daiwyeben denas tomebi, dideba iqneba misi saSvebeli~ (esaia, 11).
esaias darad miqa winaswarmetyvelic mesiis eras ukavSirebs yvela xalxebis moqcevasa da gadarCenas _ `uka-
125
nasknel dReebSi iqneba, rom mTebis TavSi damyardeba
uflis saxlis mTa, gorakebze maRla aRimarTeba da misken daiwyebs denas xalxebi. movlen uamravi xalxebi da
ityvian: wamo, avideT uflis mTaze da iakobis RvTis
taZarSi, rom gvaswavlos Tavisi gzebi da viaroT misi
bilikebiT, radgan sionidan gamodis rjuli da ierusalimidan _ uflis sityva~ (miqa, 4:1-2).
uflis mosvlis Semdgom damyarebul dausrulebel
samefos ieremia `axal aRTqmas~, xolo ezekieli `saukuno aRTqmas~ uwodebs _ winaswarmetyvelis piri RaRadebs
_ `davudeb maT mSvidobis aRTqmas da saukuno aRTqma
iqneba maTTvis. davamkvidreb maT da gavamravleb, maT
Soris davdgam Cems sawmindars saukunod. iqneba maTze
Cemi movaneba, veyolebi maT RmerTad, isini ki Cemi eri
iqnebian. maSin mixvdebian xalxebi, rom ufali var, israelis ganwmendeli, da Cemi sawmidaris saukuno myofobiT
maT Soris~ (ezek. 37:26-27).
Zveli aRTqmis gam ocxadebis mwvervalia esaias
winaswarmetyveleba, romelmac iwinaswarmetyvela ara
marto Cveni mxsnelis _ qristes _ daviTis sagvareulodan
warmoSoba, qalwulis mier misi mucladReba, Soba da
emanuelad saxeldeba (esaia 7:14), aramed Cveni codvebis
daxsnisaTvis misi vnebaca da sikvdili _ `namdvilad ki,
man ikisra Cveni snebebi da itvirTa Cveni satanjveli,
Cven ki gvegona, RvTisagan iyo nacem-nagvemi da damcirebuli. magram is Cveni codvebisaTvis iyo daWrili, Cveni
ukeTurobebisaTvis dalewili. masze iyo sasjeli Cveni
126
simrTelisaTvis da misi wylulebiT Cven ganvikurneT...
evno da ewama, magram ar dauZravs bage, kraviviT dasaklavad miiyvanes da rogorc cxvari dums mparsvelTa winaSe,
masac ar dauZravs bage~ (esaia, 53:4-5, 7-8).
man iwinaswarmetyvela, rom macxovris uwinares mova
winamorbedi da moamzadebs xalxs mis misaRebad, ityvis
rom is iqneba qriste, ese igi cxebuli RvTisa, rom is
iqneba RmerTi da kaci, rom is moaxdens saswaulebs; misi
sityviT, koWlebi ivlian, brmebi aRixilaven, mkvdrebi
aRdgebian, rom is ewvaleba, mokvdeba da amiT gamoixsnis
yvela mis morwmunes, is aRsdgeba da daafuZnebs simarTlis da mSvidobis sasufevels da mis sufevas ar eqneba
dasasruli, rameTu misi samefo, axali ierusalimi, iqneba WeSmariti samefo RvTisa gardamosuli qveynad.
winaswarmetyvelebani aRsrulda, magram ise, rom is,
visac elodnen, movida wynarad da SeumCnevlad (emanuil
svetlov, vestniki carstva boJia, 1972, gv. 488-492), raTa
axali aRTqma daedo rCeul erTan, rogorc ambobda ieremias piriT ufali _ `es aris is aRTqma, romelic unda
davudo israelis saxls im drois Semdeg, ambobs ufali.
wiaRSi Cavudeb maT Cems rjuls da gulze davawer. maTi
RmerTi viqnebi me da isini Cemi eri iqnebian~ (ier. 31:32).
movida is, romelic ixila danielma CvenebiT _ `Cems
Ramis xilvaSi vnaxe: aha, cis Rrublebze modioda kacis
Zis msgavsi, igi Zvel dReTagan movida da wardgenil iqna
mis winaSe. mieca mas xelmwifoba, dideba da mefoba, raTa
yvela xalxi, tomni da enani mas emsaxuron. misi xe-
127
lisufleba saukuno xelmwifebaa, bolo ar eqneba mas da
misi samefo ar daiqceva~ (dan. 7:13-14).
yvela xalxi, tomi da ena iqca ieso qristes Tayvanismcemlad, rCeuli eri israilisa, amis Semdgom, swored maT,
mis morwmune qristianebs ewodaT, swored maT miecaT
axali aRTqma.
yvela qristianma erma Tavisi sasuliero mwerloba
`saRmrTo werilis~, anu bibliis TargmniT daiwyo. axali
aRTqmis berZnulidan Targmna meore saukunidanve dauwyiaT. maT Soris pirveli siriuli Targmanebi yofila.
siriuli ena axlos yofila arameul dialeqtTan,
romelzec laparakobdnen qriste da mociqulebi.
qarTulad saxareba mexuTe saukuneSi ukve Targmnili
iyo. iakob xucesi, romelmac `wameba wmidisa SuSanikisi
dedoflisa~ 476-483 wlebSi dawera, sxva wignTa Soris
moixseniebs saxarebasac _ `evangelies~ saxeliT. iakob
xucesi wers: rodesac curtavSi SuSanik dedofali ganudga gamazdeanebul qmars _ varsqen pitiaxSs da kvlav
taZrad mivida, man `Tana waritanna evangelie Tvisi da
wmidani igi wignni mowameTani~, sapyrobileSi ki `...didiTa gulis-modginebiTa xelTa aRixvna daviTni da mciredTa dReTa Semdgomad asergasisni igi fsalmunni daiswavlna~. maSasadame, V saukuneSi ukve arsebula qarTulad `saxareba~, wmida mowameTa cxovrebis aRwera da daviTni (iv. lolaSvili, wignisa da mwerlobis sawyisebTan,
1978, gv. 8).
sityva `evangelie~ klasikur berZnulSi aRniSnavs
keTili ambis cnobas _ xarebas. axal aRTqmaSi aRniSnavs
128
xarebas imisas, rom qristem Seariga adamianebi RmerTTagan da Cven mogvitana sasufevlis sikeTe, amitomac ewoda
qarTulad evangeles _ saxareba.
Cveni mematianes Tanaxmad, vaxtang mefis dedisaTvis
saxareba gaucvniaT V saukunis Sua wlebSi, xolo VI saukunis 30-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos farglebs gareT arsebuli saba ganwmendilis monastris damaarseblis, wmida sabas `anderZi~ gvauwyebs, rom iberielebs `neba eZlevaT
warTqvan Jamni da samxrisaY, warikiTxon samociqulo da
saxareba TavianT dedaenaze~. maSasadame, sabawmindel
qarTvel berebs V saukunis meore naxevarSi xelT hqoniaT qarTuli `samociqulo~ da qarTulive `saxareba~ (iqve,
gv. 9).
saxarebis uZveles qarTul Targmanebs `pirveliTgans~
uwodebdnen, giorgi mTawmideli am Targmanebs `wmidad
Targmnilebs~ uwodebda da did mniSvnelobas aniWebda:
`Cvenni yovelni saxarebani pirveliTgan wmidad Targmnilni arian da keTilad _ xanmetnica da sabawmindurnica~. i. lolaSvilis azriT, `pirveliTganSi~ igulisxmeba
IV saukuneSive, CvenSi qristianobis saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad gamocxadebisas Targmnili saxarebani (iqve, gv. 9).
saRmrTo werili yvelaze adre Targmnila qarTulad.
am TargmanebiT dawyebula qarTuli saeklesio mwerloba. efrem mcires sityviT, qarTvelebs maSin dauwyiaT
saRmrTo werilis Targmna, roca msoflio eklesias jer
kidev `araraY aqunda sxvaY sagalobelad saeklesioY, Tvinier fsalmunTa wignisa~. e.i. maSin, roca RvTismsaxureba-
129
Si himnografiuli elementi jer ganviTarebuli ar iyo
da araviTari wesis Sesruleba ar SeiZleboda `saRmrTo
werilis~ (bibliis) wignebis gareSe (k. kekeliZe, qarT.
lit. istoria I, gv. 441). marTlac, petre iberis cxovrebis Tanaxmad, petres jer kidev saqarTveloSi, konstantinepols gamgzavrebamde (424 wlamde) Seuswavlia wmida
werili, xolo, matianes cnobiT, vaxtang gorgasals mdidrulad Seumkia saxareba (iqve, gv. 412).
Tu verwmunebiT cnobas andria pirvelwodebulisa da
sxva mociqulebis saqarTveloSi qadagebis Sesaxeb, mesukavel mowameTa (I-II ss) cxovrebis cnobebsa da agreTve
ioane sabanisZis VIII saukuneSi naTqvams, rom mesame saukunidan saqarTvelos mosaxleoba ukve gaqristianebulia,
maSin unda vifiqroT, rom wmida werils zepirad Targmna
_ qadagebis gziT qarTvelebi meoTxe saukunemde unda
gacnobodnen, xolo IV-V saukuneebSi CvenSi ukve rom arsebobda `pirveliTgani~ Targmanebi, sandod unda miviCnioT. miT umetes, rom moRweulia mravali xelnaweri,
mecnierTa mier V-VI saukuneebiT daTariRebuli. gansakuTrebiT ki palimfsestebi. arsebobs Zveli Targmanebis
(pirveliTganis) ramdenime redaqcia. esenia xanmeti (aso
x-aniT meti) da haemeti. Semdgomia e.w. `sabawminduri~.
romelic, k. kekeliZis Tanaxmad, xanmetisagan fonetikurad gansxvavdeboda, imiT, rom xan-ebi ukve aRar ixmareboda, Tumca SesaZleblad miiCneva sabawmindur redaqciaSi x-anis magier h-aes xmareba. es redaqciebi IV-IX
saukuneebSi Tavsdeba. axali redaqcia wmida werilisa,
130
kerZod ki saxarebisa ekuTvnis eqvTime aTonels (mestiis
saxareba 1033 w. da metexis saxareba 1049 w.) _ mas teqsti
Seujerebia axal, imJamindel berZnul redaqciasTan. es
Sroma gaugrZelebia giorgi mTawmindels, mas saxarebis
teqsti samjer Seumowmebia berZnul teqstTan da moucia
axali, damoukidebeli redaqcia, romelmac saqarTveloSi moipova kanonikuri Rirseba da mniSvneloba qarTuli
vulgatisa (iqve, gv. 414).
saeklesio saWiroebisaTvis, cxadia, Zveladve `pirveliTgan~ iTargmneboda samociquloc.
SuSanikis martvilobidan Cans, rom pavles epistoleni V saukuneSi arsebobda, Tumca samociqulos Zveli
nusxebi (XI s-mde arsebulni) naklebad Semonaxula CvenSi.
eqvTime aTonels, samociqulos zogierTi teqstis redaqtirebac unda ekuTvnodes, kerZod ki apokalifsisa,
anu gamocxadebisa. mas k. kekeliZe miiCnevs pirvel Targmanad, magram SeuZlebelia is manamdec ar hqonodaT
qarTvelebs, masve uTargmnia pavles zogierTi epistole,
ganmartebebTan erTad. samociqulo ufro srulad uTargmnia (e.i. moucia axali redaqcia axali aRTqmis am nawilisa) giorgi mTawmindels. mas uTargmnia `pavle sruli da
saqme mociqulTa da kaTolikeni mociqulTani~. is yofila Zveli qarTuli teqstis redaqtireba da ara axali
Targmani berZnulidan. redaqtireba rom yofila, amas
amowmebs efrem mcirec _ kerZod, aRniSnavs, rom giorgim
mTlianad ver gawyvita kavSiri Zvel qarTul teqstTano
(iqve, gv. 416). es redaqciac samociqulosi kanonikuri
gamxdara.
131
Zveli aRTqmis wignebi qarTvelebs, rogorc Cans, septantadan uTargmniaT (cnobilia, rom Zveli aRTqmis
ebrauli dedani qristeSobamde mesame saukuneSi aleqsandriaSi berZnul enaze gadauTargmnia 70 mTargmnels _
mas uwodes septanta (`septuaginta~), Tumca, zogierTi
qarTuli Targmani Sedarebulia II saukuneSi ebraulidan
berZnul enaze Sesrulebul TargmanebTanac (cnobilia II
saukunis sami Targmani: akvilasi, svimaxosisa da Teodotianesi).
dReisaTvis gadarCenilia Zveli aRTqmis zogierTi
wignis xelnawerebis nawilebi, zogierTi wigni ki mTlianad. bibliis sruli qarTuli nusxa, romelic Cvenamdea
moRweuli, 978 welsaa gadawerili mesxeTSi, `lavrasa
Sina didsa uSks~ (oSks) da daculia aTonze, iverTa monasterSi.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom eqvTime da giorgi mTawmindelebs uTargmniaT mTeli biblia, k. kekeliZe am azrs ar
eTanxmeba.
bibliis meore redaqcia aris 1743 wlisa, esaa moskovSi baqar batoniSvilis mier dabeWdili teqsti.
mesame redaqcia meTvramete saukunisaa, mas mcxeTuri
biblia ewodeba. is uZvelesi xelnaweridan gadauweriaT,
romelSiac bibliis teqsti dayofili ar yofila Tavebad da muxlebad. gansakuTrebul, anu m. janaSviliseuls
uwodebs k. kekeliZe XV-XVI saukuneebis xelnawerebs (iqve,
gv. 418-419);
1884 wels TbilisSi meored daibeWda moskovis gamocema.
1989 wels TbilisSi gamoica bibliis axali Targmani,
manamde ki axali aRTqmis teqsti ramdenjerme daibeWda.
132
armazi, ahuramazda,
molodini mesiisa
Cven mama-papaTa rjuli, sarwmunoeba, ukve ori aTasi
welia qristianobaa, yovladwmida samebis Tayvaniscema.
iqamde ki, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, `sjuli mamaTa
CvenTa~ iyo Tayvaniscema kerpTa da mnaTobTa.
mamaTa rjuli Zvel qarTvelobas mtkiced epyra, iqamde, rom TviT mefesac ki, qveynis TviTmpyrobels qveynidan aZevebdnen, Tuki is gabedavda da winaparTa sarwmunoebisadmi orgulobas gamoamJRavnebda. farnavazis SvilTaSvili, meoTxe mefe iberiisa, anu qarTlis samefosi _
farnajomi _ mazdeanobisa da cecxlTayvanismcemlobisaken midrekila da kerpmsaxureba uaruyvia, amis gamo qarTlis erisTavebma ganacxades: _ `mefe Cveni gardaxda sjulsa
mamaTa CvenTasa, arRara msaxurebs RmerTTa mpyrobelTa
qarTlisaTa, aw arRara Rirs ars igi mefed Cvenda~ (qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 29). marTlac, mefes SeebrZolnen,
mokles da mis nacvlad taxtze sul sxva, axali dinastiis fuZemdebeli mefe aiyvanes.
axalgazrdobisas (da gamefebis Semdeg) farnajomi
qarTuli rjulis moyvare da misi morwmune yofila,
aRumarTavs zadenis kerpi zaden cixesTan, rac im droisaTvis taZris movaleobas asrulebda. `amis Semdgomad
Seiyvara sjuli sparsTa, cecxlis msaxureba, moiyvana
sparseTiT cecxlismsaxurni da mogvni da dasxna igini
mcxeTas, adgilsa mas, romelsa ese hqvian mogvTa da iwyo
133
cxadad gmobad kerpTa, amisTvis moiZules igi mkvidrTa
qarTlisaTa, rameTu didi sasoeba aqundaT kerpTa mimarT~ (iqve, 29). qarTvel `mamaTa rjulis~ gmoba Zvirad
daujda qarTvelTa mefes.
qarTvelTa warmarTuli sarwmunoebis amsaxveli
pirvelwyaroebi kerpebis Sesaxeb naklebad laparakoben
_ qarTvelni Tayvans scemdneno mzes, mTvaresa da xuT
varskvlavs, Tumca ki ufro adre _ warmarTobamde,
qarTvelebi WeSmariti RmerTis mcnobni da misi morwmuneni iyvneno.
WeSmariti RmerTi qarTvelebs dauviwyebiaT erTiani,
protoqarTveluri eTnosis daSlis Semdeg an ufro mogvianebiT: `STavarda Suri Soris SvilTa qarTlosisaTa: iwyes
brZolad da xdomad urTierTas... da ganagrZeles maT
Soris brZola, romel Jamsame aRdgian amaTganni orni
naTesavni erTsa zeda da sxvani Seeweodian... da romelnimme kvalad sxvani aRsdges erTmaneTsa zeda da sxvani
Seeweodian~ (qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 10).
am droisaTvis, rogorc aRiniSna, maTSi moSlila WeSmariti sarwmunoebis codna _ `da mas Jamsa daiviwyes
RmerTi, dambadebeli maTi da iqmnes msaxur mzisa da
mTvarisa da varskvlavTa xuTTa da mtkice da ufrosi
saficari maTi iyo saflavi qarTlosisa~ (iqve, gv. 11).
rogorc vxedavT, am epoqaSi qarTvelebs xeliT qmnili
kerpebi, raime qandakebani, `TavianTi Tavis msgavsi kerpi~
ar SeuqmniaT da arc Tayvans scemdnen maT, Tumca ki dambadebelis, qveynis Semoqmedis nacvlad Tayvani sces mis
134
qmnilebebs _ zeciur sxeulebs. mzis, mTvarisa da xuTi
varskvlavis Tayvaniscemis mogoneba bolo dromde SemorCenila qarTvelTa Soris. XX saukunis dasawyisSi, ambobs
ivane javaxiSvili, samegreloSi deda akvnis Cvils xelSi
ayvanils mnaTobTa saxelebs agonebdao:
_ `TuTa, Taxa, juma, ca, vobi, sabateni, bJa~, TuTa _
mTvarea, Taxa _ Tarxoni anu marsia (iv. javaxiSvili, I,
1979, gv. 176), juma _ hermesi _ merkuria (`jimaRi~), ca _
ciskris varskvlavi anu afroditea (iqve, gv. 178), vebi _
elva-quxilis, xeTur-xaldeuris monaTesave RvTaeba,
sabateni _ nasesxebi sityva `SabaTia~, amiT aRiniSneboda
mnaTobi kronosi, romelsac qarTulad `morige~ hqvia da
meSvide caze myofad miiCneoda.
xazgasmiTaa aRsaniSnavi: qarTuli warmarToba imdenad srulyofilad damuSavebuli da daxvewili iyo, rom
`aramcTu sazogado qarTuli, yvela qarTul tomTaTvis,
maT Soris megrelTa da svanTaTvisac, saerTo warmarToba arsebobda, aramed am warmarTobas saerTo terminologiac, saerTo enac qarTuli hqonia~ (iqve, gv. 156).
saqarTveloSi sarwmunoebis ena qarTuli iyo, es wesi
mtkiced damkvidrebula uZveles dros yvela qarTul
tomSi. es miT ufro dasafasebelia, rom sarwmunoebis ena
TviT gvian saukuneebSic ki, xSirad ara mSobliuri ena
iyo zogierT xalxSi.
qarTuli warmarToba qarTvelebisaTvis gamSobliurebul-gaerovnebuli yofila, amitomac mas mtkice winaaRmdegoba gauwevia TviT iranuli religiisaTvis, romel-
135
sac asaxva upovia `sparselTa wminda wignSi~ _ avestaSi
(zoroastrizmi).
`qarTul warmarTobas Tavisi mtkiced Camoyalibebuli panTeonic hqonia, am panTeonSi zogi mTavar RvTaebad iTvleboda, zogi da umetesoba umcros RvTaebaTa
jgufs ekuTvnoda~ (iqve, gv. 156).
ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, warmarTobisdroindeli
qarTvelebis mTavar `RvTaebad~ mTvare iTvleboda. yvelgan, sadac ki qarTvelebs ucxovriaT, mTvaris Tayvaniscemis kvali SerCenilia. ara marto saqarTveloSi, pontosa da frigiaSi, `sadac erT dros qarTveli tomebi
binadrobdnen strabonis sityviT, mTvaris Tayvaniscema
gavrcelebuli yofila~ (iqve, gv. 99).
mTvaris, viTar mTavar meufis da RvTaebis Tayvaniscema, yvela qarTveli tomis rwmenad unda CaiTvaloso, _
werda is (iqve, gv. 99). panTeonSi umaRles RvTaebebad
miiCneoda aseve `RmerTi Semoqmedi~ da `ca _ RrubelTa
batoni~ (iqve, gv. 101). uzenaes RvTaebas `morigesac~
uwodebdnen. is kronosi unda yofiliyo. qarTuli 7-dRiani msgefsis yoveli dRe mnaTobTadmi iyo miZRvnili da
maT sadideblad iyo saxeldebuli. kvira mzis dRe iyo,
orSabaTi _ mTvarisa, samSabaTi _ ariasi, oTxSabaTi _
ermisa, xuTSabaTi _ afroditisa, paraskevi _ diosisa,
SabaTi _ kronosisa. mTvare marTlac gansakuTrebiT pativdebuli yofila. TviT Cems siymawvileSic ki zogi
moxuci orSabaTs uqmobda (orSabaTi ki mTvarisadmi,
uzenaesisadmi yofila miZRvnili), xolo zogan Cvil bavSvs
136
mTvares daanaxebdnen da pirjvars asaxvinebdnen. am dros
eubnebodnen _ `ai, fufala~ da gulisxmobdnen ufals
(warmarTuli Cvevebis aRorZineba eklesiis dacemam gamoiwvia XX s-Si). r. patariZem ZvelqarTuli anban-kalendris kvlevisas faqtobrivad daadastura ivane javaxiSvilis sityvebi: `exla roca gamoirkva, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba hqonda Zveli qarTvelebis sarwmunoebaSi mTvares da mis mdgomareobas, mcxralisa, gavsebulisa, da
mTvaris aRvsebis gamocnobas, cxadia, rom xatis msaxurebs kargad unda scodnodaT mTvaris angariSi, swored
ase iyo kidec, fSavsa da xevsureTs, xevisbersa da dekanozs rom hkiTxoT, _ ambobda am 55 wlis winaT
r.erisTavi, mTvare ramdeni dRisaa, erT wamsve miiRebT
swor pasuxso. vin ar icis, rom saqarTveloSi am oci wlis
winaT yvelam Cinebulad icoda, zogma exlac icis mTvaris raodenobis gaangariSeba~ (iqve, gv. 98).
qarTul warmarTobasac Tavisi istoria hqonia, droTa ganmavlobaSi ganviTarebula, SeuZenia axal-axali
elementebi, mnaTobTa Tayvaniscemis gverdiT kerpTa
Tayvaniscemac SemouRia qarTvelobas.
saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT qarTul warmarTul
panTeonSi pirveloba hqonia armazs.
safiqrebelia, kerpTa Tayvaniscema axladSeqmnili
erTiani warmarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkicebis
saWiroebisTvis SemouRiaT qveynis mmarTvelebs, magaliTad, dasavleT-aRmosavleT-samxreT saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da damoukidebeli samefos sazRvarTa ganmt-
137
kicebis Semdgom `farnavaz Seqmna kerpi didi saxelsa zeda
Tvissa; es ars armazi, rameTu farnavazs sparsulad armaz erqva, amarTa kerpi igi Tavsa zeda qarTlisasa da
amieriTgan ewoda armazi kerpisa misTvis da qmna satfureba didi kerpisa misTvis aRmarTebulisa~ (`qarTlis
cxovreba~, I, gv. 25) armazi _ gaerTianebuli da gaTavisuflebuli pirveli erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos mfarvel
`RvTaebad~ unda yofiliyo warmodgenili. wyaros Tanaxmad, farnavazamdec azonis qveynis sazRvrebic faqtobrivad sruliad saqarTvelos moicavda, azons, Cans, Tavisi
saxelmwifos ganmtkicebis mizniT, pirvelad SemouRia
kerpTayvaniscema. `qarTlis cxovreba~ wers _ `aman azon
dauteva sjuli aleqsandres mocemuli, iwyo kerpTmsaxurebad da Seqmnna orni kerpni vercxlisani: `gaci da
gaim~. aleqsandre makedonelis mier qarTvelTaTvis datovebuli sjuli ki yofila mnaTobTa da uxilavi RmerTis Tayvaniscema _ `ubrZana aleqsandre azons, raTa pativs scemdes mzesa da mTvares da varskvlavTa xuTTa da
hmsaxurebdnen RmerTsa uxilavsa, dambadebelsa yovlisasa,
rameTu mas Jamsa ara iyo winaswarmetyveli da moZRvari
sjulisa WeSmaritisa, romelmanca aswava da amxila aramed
TviT moigona sjuli ese aleqsandre, mefobasa Sina yovelsa qveyanasa sjuli ese daudva da wavida aleqsandre~
(iqve, gv. 19).
cnobilia, rom aleqsandre makedoneli Tayvans scemda
`RmerTTa~ berZnul panTeons, mnaTobTa da uxilavi RmerTis Tayvaniscema iyo ara aleqsandres rjuli, aramed
138
qarTvelTa pirvelwinaprebisa, rogorc amas iqve, ramdenime Tavis win wers qarTveli mematiane. unda vifiqroT,
rom aleqsandrem an misma romelime satrapma, Tuki isini
saqarTveloSi iyvnen, saWirod CaTvales qarTvelTa
erovnuli sarwmunoebisaTvis pativi miegoT da daekanonebinaT.
saxels armazisas mematiane sparsulTan akavSirebs,
`farnavazs sparsulad armaz erqva~-o, mecnierTa erTi
nawili mas ahuramazdasTan _ sparsul uzenaes RvTaebasTan akavSirebs, sxvebi ki xeTur mTvaris RvTaebis saxel `armas~-Tan. armazis saxels ahuramazdasTan akavSirebda ivane javaxiSvili da werda: `armazis Sesaxeb cnobebs
rom sparsul ahuramazdasTan saxelis meti saerTo
araferi aqvs, es ucilobelia~ (iv. javaxiSvili, dasax.
naSr. gv. 145).
armazis Tayvaniscemasa da mazdeanobas Soris saerTo
niSnebs ver xedaven, magram, miuxedavad amisa, cecxlTayvanismcemlobas saqarTveloSic SemouRwevia da nawilobriv gavrcelebula kidec.
`mazdeanoba rom erT xans saqarTveloSic gavrcelebuli iyo da maSasadame, ahuramazda-armazis Tayvaniscemac unda yofiliyo Cvens qveyanaSi _ es cxadia~, _ wers
iv. javaxiSvili.
`...wmida nino maSindel qarTvelebs ase axasiaTebs:
`vxedevdiT, cecxlis msaxursa mas ersa da mogvebsa da
cTomasa maTsa zeda vtirodio~.
zoroastrizmi _ iranidan gavrcelda sxva qveynebSi,
isic `uxilav RmerTsa~, da ciur sxeulebs Tayvanscemda
139
da amitomac, albaT qarTvelTa sarwmunoebasTan msgavsebis gamo, saqarTveloSic hpova gavrceleba. Tumca ki,
qarTul erovnul sarwmunoebas misTvis medgari winaaRmdegoba gauwevia.
zoroastri, anu zaraTuStra winaswarmetyvelad miiCneva. am religiis wmida kanonia _ avesta, xolo uzenaesi
RvTaeba _ ahuramazda, romlis saxelis mixedviTac zoroastrizms mazdeanobac hqvia. is saqarTveloSi qristianobamde imdenad gavrcelebula, rom misi mZlavri
gavlenis kvali dRemde SemorCa qarTul enas (taZari,
kerpi, zvaraki, eSma, jojoxeTi, marTali, warmarTi, bagini,
droSa, anderZi, dasturi da sxva). Cans gansakuTrebiTac
moukidnia fexi qarTlis samefos mmarTvel zedafenaSi,
amis maCvenebelia maT Soris gavrcelebuli iranul-zoroastruli Teoforuli saxelebi _ farnavazi, farnajomi, artavazi, arSaki, bagrati, bakuri, bartomi, mirdati, adarnase, azorki da sxva (m. andronikaSvili, narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobidan 1. 1966).
`parsebis wminda wigni _ avesta, romelsac zogjer
`iranul bibliasac~ ki uwodebdnen _ zoroastrizmis
sulieri codnis Semcvelia. Cans, swored mas uwodebdnen
qarTvelebi `nebroTis wigns~, romelic ZvelqarTuli
wyaroebis Tanaxmad, winaqristianul epoqaSi qarTvelTaTvis cnobili yofila, pavle ingoroyva miiCnevs, rom is
qarTul enazec iyo Targmnili da mefeTa saxlebSi inaxeboda.
mazdeanoba popularuli gaxda qristianobamdel msoflioSi, mas gavlenac ki mouxdenia gviandel iudaizmze,
140
SeWrila romaul religiaSi, suli Cauberia gnosticizmisa
da maniqevelobisaTvis (e. svetlovi, vestnik carstva boJia,
V, briuseli, 1972 gv. 363).
unda iTqvas, rom msoflioSi erTaderTi religia,
romelic icnobda mesianizms (igulisxmeba bibliuri samyaros gareT) esaa mesianizmi zaraStutrasi (iqve, gv. 493),
sxvaTa Soris, es Cans qarTuli wyaroebidanac, romelsac
qveviT ganvixilavT. israelis winaswarmetyvelTa garda
mxolod mazdeanobas swamda momavali sufeva uflisa,
mxolod is moeloda msoflios mxsnelis mosvlas amqveynad, swored zaratuStras qurumebi _ mogvebi _ mividnen
pirvelni Cveni macxovris iesos Sobisas mis Tayvanissacemlad, swored isini elodnen mis mosvlas am qveynad da
pirvelebma Seityves es. Tanaxmad maTe maxareblisa _ `xolo
roca iudeis beTlemSi daibada ieso qriste, herodes mefobis Jams, aha, aRmosavleTiT movidnen mogvni ierusalims da Tqves: sad aris iudevelTa axalSobili mefe? vinaidan vixileT misi varskvlavi aRmosavleTSi da movediT,
raTa Tayvani vceT mas. es rom gaigo, SeZrwunda mefe herode
da mTeli ierusalimi masTan erTad. da Sekriba yvela
mRvdelmTavari da eris mwignobarni da gamoikiTxa maTgan,
sad unda Sobiliyo ieso qriste. xolo maT uTxres mas:
iudeis beTlemSi, vinaidan ase daiwera winaswarmetyvelis
mier... maSin herodem farulad mouwoda mogvebs da gamoikiTxa maTgan varskvlavis gamoCenis Jami da wargzavna
isini beTlems... xolo maT usmines mefes da wavidnen da
aha varskvlavi, romelic ixiles aRmosavleTiT, win mi-
141
uZRvoda maT, sanam ar mivida da Tavs ar daadga im adgils, sadac yrma iyo... da rodesac Sevidnen saxlSi, ixiles yrma mariamTan, Tavis dedasTan erTad, da daemxnen
da Tayvani sces mas da gaxsnes TavianTi saunje da miarTves mas ZRveni: oqro, gundruki da muri~ (maTe, 2:1-11).
es moTxroba, e.svetlovis azriT, gviCvenebs, rom axali aRTqma raRacnairad dakavSirebulia bibliisgare
religiur samyarosTan, rom israelis sazRvrebs gareTac adamianebi elodnen mxsnelis mosvlas.
saxarebis dedanSi sityva `mogvi~ JRers rogorc `magi~
(, rac saerTod ewodeba jadoqrobaSi daxelovnebul adamianebs; Zvelad ki antikur dros sityva `mags~
iranuli religiis qurumebs uwodebdnen, rogorc es aRniSnuli iyo, da swored maT sces pirvelebma Tayvani warmarTTagan RmerTkacs bagaSive.
es SemTxveviT ar yofila: e. svetlovis azriT, niSandoblivia, rom Zveli aRTqma, medgrad mebrZoli egviptis, babilonis, finikiis, saberZneTis `RmerTebis~ winaaRmdeg, arsad pirdapir ar gamodis iranis religiis winaaRmdeg (iqve, gv. 362). mazda ahura (ahuramazda) niSnavda
yovlismpyrobel da yovladbrZen ufals. isaa `Semoqmedi~ samyaroisa da simarTlisa. samyaro RmTaebrivi Semoqmedis mieraa Seqmnili, ahuramazdas gverdiT dgas eqvsi
zeciuri suli (esenia) _ `keTili fiqri~ (azri), `simarTle~, `siwminde~, `sikeTis samefo~, `janmrTeloba~, `ukvdaveba~ _ yvelani eseni suliwmindis mier arian Seqmnilni, ras niSnavs es? _ erTian RmerTs Tu qristes war-
142
marT winamorbeds iranis miwaze? arsebiTad es sruliad
dasaSvebia, visa aqvs ufleba SezRudos suli wmidis moqmedeba erTi adgiliT? maxareblis sityvebiT, gana is ar
sunTqavs, iq, sadac nebavs? Tu eklesiis mamebi antikur
azrovnebaSi xedavdnen axali aRTqmis preludias, ra uSlis
xels igive iTqvas zarastutras swavlebaze? TviT biblia ar gamoricxavs imis SesaZleblobas, rom RmerTi ixsneba `warmarTTaTvis~ (iqve, gv. 368).
mazdeanobas swamda, rom sikeTis RmerTi sabolood
gaimarjvebda da didebiT moevlineboda dedamiwas,
boroteba ki damarcxdeboda, xolo is adamianebi, romlebic mazdas emsaxurebodnen azriT, sityviT da saqmiT,
dajildovdebodnen RvTis am sasufevelSi (iqve, gv. 375).
RmerTis sasufeveli (kxSatra) warmoadgenda jamsa da
gvirgvins msoflio yofisas, zarastutras sikvdilis Semdeg warmoiSva rwmena imisa, rom mazda adamianebs gamougzavnida axal mxsnels, es rwmena sabolood iudaur mesianizms daemsgavsa. magebi aswavlidnen, rom garkveuli
drois Semdeg mxsneli dedamiwaze movidoda, raTa boroteba daemarcxebina (iqve, gv. 377). am rwmeniT xom ar gahyvnen
iraneli mogvebi beTlemisaken varskvlavs?
yovelive zemomoyvanili CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa `qarTlis cxovrebis~ erTi adgilis amoxsnisaTvis,
romelic dakavSirebulia mociqulTa swor mefe mirianTan.
mematiane mogviTxrobs, rom warmarTobis xanis
qarTvelma mefe mirianma wmida ninos qadagebis mosmenis
143
Semdeg `iwyo gamoZieba sjulisa~ da gadaikiTxa warmarTuli `nebroTis wigni~ (mazdeanuri rjulisa), garda amisa
aman gamowvlilviT gamoikiTxa moxuc ebraelTagan sjulis sakiTxebi, is dainteresda swored `mxsneliT~. wmida
ninos, aseve moxuc ebraelTa da `nebroTis wignis~ miTiTebani mxsnelsa da mesiaze erTmaneTs emsgavsebodnen
_ `maSin mirian mefe gankvirda da iwyo gamoZiebad sjulisa
qristessa da mravalgzis hkiTxaven huria-yofilsa mas
abiaTars ZvelTa da axalTa wignTasa da igi auwyebda
yovelsa. da wignica romeli hqonda mirian mefesa nebroTisi da masca wignsa Sina pova werili esreTi: ...~me var
miqael, romeli dadginebul var RmerTisa mier mTavrobasa
zeda aRmosavlisasa... xolo ukanasknelTa JamTa movides
meufe igi cisa... man gixilos Wirsa Sina da gixsen Sen~.
maSin gulisxma yo mefeman mirian rameTu Zvelni wignni
da axalni ewamebodes da nebroTis wignica daamtkicebda
da Seeqmna survili qristes sjulisa~ (qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 105).
aSkaraa, rom qarTul wyaroSi dadasturebulia zemomoyvanili azri, rom bibliur wignebSi gadmocemuli mesianizmis idea zoroastrizmSic arsebobda. swored aman
SesZra mefe miriani da ukve movlinebul mxsnelad aRiara Cveni macxovari. aq sainteresoa isic, rom `nebroTis
wigni~, rogorc Cans, namdvilad arsebobda Zvel
saqarTveloSi, radganac misi citata damowmebuli mematianis mier, swored zoroastrizmis umTavresi ideis Semcvelia, masSi naTqvamia `cis meufis mosvlisa~ da `xsnis~
Sesaxeb.
144
mefe miriani, romelic iqamde cecxlTayvanismcemeli
yofila, emsgavseba mogvebs, romelnic uflis akvanTan
mividnen da Tayvani sces mas TavianTi sarwmunoebrivi
codnis wyalobiT, magram amiT maT Soris msgavseba
mTavrdeba, mefe miriani ufro amaRlda imiT, rom man ara
marto Tayvani sca mxsnels, aramed gaxda misi upirvelesi
moqadage da misi rwmenis gamavrcelebeli saqarTveloSi,
amitomac is mociqulTa sworad iwoda. isic unda iTqvas,
rom mefe miriani warmarTobis dros, sxva qarTvelTa
darad, `qarTvel mamaTa rjulis~ mimdevaric iyo da Tayvans scemda winaparTa `RmerTebs~, misi azriT, isini arian `RmerTni didni, soflis mpyrobelni, mzisa momfenelni,
wvimis momcemelni da qveynis naSobTa gamomzrdelni RmerTni qarTlisani armaz da zaden, yovlisa dafarulisa
gamomZiebelni, Zvelni RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani gaci da
gaim~ (iqve, gv. 106).
aqve uTuod unda iTqvas, rom msgavseba Zveli aRTqmis
mxsnel RmerTsa da cecxlTayvanismcemelTa mazdas Soris
mxolod calmxrivia. mazdeanizmi dualisturi religiaa,
mazdas miekuTvneba yovelgvari sikeTe, is Semoqmedia
yovelive mSvenierisa samyaroSi, xolo yovelive bnelisa
da borotisa ki `aiaSma~, sicruea. am borot suls angramaniu (ahrimani berZnulad) _ `mowinaaRmdege suli~ hqvia.
is mudmivi mowinaaRmdegea RmerTisa, masTan mebrZolia,
meore `boroti Semoqmedia~. mis Seqmnilad iTvleboda _
jadoqrebi, mebrZoli tomebi, devebi da sxva. gansakuTrebiTi gansxvaveba isaa, rom zarastutra araTu ibrZoda
145
maT winaaRmdeg, vinc ar iziarebda mazdeanur sarwmunoebas, aramed avaldebulebda mis yvela morwmunes, iaraRiT xelSi, ukompromisod moespo yvela religiuri mowinaaRmdge, religiuri omi wminda omad miaCnda. yvela
sarwmunoebriv mowinaaRmdeges ahrimanis, anu boroti
sulis mier Seqmnilad miiCnevda, religiur sakiTxebs cecxlTayvanismcemlebi iseve Wridnen, rogorc Semdgom muhamedi. amiT sparseTi rogorc mazdeanuri ise mahmadianuri, qarTvelTaTvis agresiuli iyo, misi sarwmunoebrivi
politika ar Secvlila. xolo iranelebTan qarTvelebis
zneobriv-moraluri damokidebulebis Sesaxeb unda iTqvas, rom antikur epoqaSi, qarTul wyaroTa Tanaxmad,
qarTvelebs sparselebTan urTierToba, maTTan naTesaoba da sulieri kavSiri saTakilod ar miaCndaT (sul sxva
suraTia qarTul-sparsuli urTierTobisas Sua saukuneebSi). mizezi amisa iyo is, rom cecxlTayvanismcemlobis
dros TavianTi sarwmunoebrivi moTxovnilebebis gamo
iranelebs sicrue, boroti, arazneobrivi saqmis Cadena
ejavrebodaT. `sicrues isini samarcxvino naklad Tvliano~, _ wers herodote, Semdgom, mongolebis dros,
Cveni mematianes sityviT, mongolebi sparselebs yvela
xalxTa Soris yvelaze matyuarad da crud miiCnevdnen
(albaT, am epoqaSi qarTvelTa Soris maT zneobasac saxeli gautyda). mazdeanobisas ki maT evalebodaT Sesruleba
valdebulebisa _ `keTili azri, keTili sityva, keTili
saqme~. evalebodaT amoerCiaT keTilsa da borots Soris
erTi _ keTili. rjulis pirveli maswavleblis gar-
146
dacvalebis Semdgom mazdeanobaSi SeiWra mravalRmerTianoba. ahuramazda ukve aRar iyo erTaderTi RmerTi.
ahuramazdas avestaSi ewodeba `simarTlis dambadebeli~, romelmac gakvala gza mzisa da varskvlavebisaken;
mas adareben mTvares, romelic ivseba da ileva. amitomac
SesaZlebelia armazs _ ahuramazdas qarTul saxes _ mTvaris RmerTis funqciac miewereboda.
Tu armazs mTvaris RmerTis funqcia eniWeboda, maSin
is misaRebi iqneboda warmarTul saqarTveloSi arsebuli ori sarwmunoebrivi mxarisaTvis. erTni iyvnen saxelmwifo religiis _ `mamaTa rjulis~, anu qarTuli
erovnuli panTeonis Tayvanismcemlebi (xalxis farTo
masebi da erisTavebi), meoreni ki zoroastrizmis mimdevrebi _ am ukanasknelTa ricxvs, Cans dafarulad
TanaugrZnobda samefo ojaxic (`qarTlis cxovrebis~
Tanaxmad, farnavazis Semdgomi qarTuli samefo dinastiebi _ nebroTianebi da arSakunianebi enaTesavebodnen
aRmosavlur iranul dinastiebs). maT esaWiroebodaT
mazdeanobis dafarva, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, rogorc
Tavidan iyo aRniSnuli, taxtidan Camoagdebdnen.
Tavisi wminda saxiT mazdeanoba kerpTayvanismcemlobas uaryofda, magram Semdeg misi Tavdapirveli `siwminde~
SeimRvra.
qristianobis gamarjvebis Semdeg samefo ojaxSi darCenila naSTi mazdeanizmisa, is kvlav dafaruli iyo, amas
miuTiTebs vaxtang gorgaslis mematianis sityvebi, romelic `nebroTis wignis~ Sesaxeb gvamcnobs `mamaTa CvenTa
farulad epyraT wigni ese~.
147
armazi _ warmarTobis dros, xalxis TvalsazrisiT,
cecxlTayvanismcemlobis mowinaaRmdege `RmerTs~ warmoadgenda.
saqarTveloSi qristianoba ukve pirveli saukunidanve
TandaTan vrceldeboda, amave dros CvenSi cxovrobdnen
iudaisturi religiis mimdevrebi da mzis (cecxlis) Tayvanismcemlebi.
qarTveli warmarTebi cdilobdnen `mamaTa RmerTis~ _
armazis _ risxva ar gamoewviaT qristianobis, iudaizmis
anda cecxlTayvanismcemlobis miRebiT. isini eTayvanebodnen armazs da ambobdnen _ `vai Tu da-sada-vaklo rai
didebasa didisa RmrTisa armazissa da Se-rasme-vcde sityvasa ebraelTa Tana, gina mogvTa smenasa daxvdomil
viyo mzis msaxurTa da romelime ityvian ucebni didsa
visme RmerTsa caTasa~ (qarT. agiogr. lit. Zegl. I, gv.
119).
armazi _ mamaTa RmerTi _ gansxvavdeba ebraelTa,
mazdeanTa da qristianTa RmerTisagan. ufro metic, _ is
mteria `atroSanisa~ anu `iTrujanisa~ _ cecxlis RvTaebisa. `qaldevelTa RmerTi iTrujan da Cveni ese RmerTi
armaz yovladve mter arian. aman rame mas zeda zRva moaqcia...~ k. kekeliZis kvlevis Tanaxmad, iTrujani atroSania, xolo qaldevelebs im droisaTvis sparselebs
uwodebdnen.
armazi wyliT aqrobs cecxlis sagznebels (iseve,
rogorc Semdgom Cveni wmida mamebi _ cecxlTayvanismcemlobis winaaRmdeg mebrZolni).
148
sabolood ZvelqarTuli sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb gavimeoroT sidonias sityva:
`egreT iyo cxovrebaY Cveni qarTvelno, rameTu viqceodiT naTelsa da mkvidr viyveniT bnelsa, vixarebdiT
SvebiTa da viunjebdiT glovasa, romlisa nugeSinismcemeli ara iyo. vhmsaxurebdiT same dabadebulTa da ara
dambadebelsa, qerobinTa etlTa zeda mjdomarisa wil
mTaTa maRalTa Tavyuanis-scemdes mamani Cvenni, gebalsa
da garizinsa da mas zeda ara iyo arca RmerTi, arca mose,
arca niSi maTi, aramed kerpni qvisani usuloni. xolo
amas qveyanasa qarTlisasa iyvnes orni mTani da maT zeda
orni kerpni, armaz da zaden, romelni iynosdes sulmyralobiT aTassa sulsa yrmisa pirmSoisasa armaz da
zaden da Sesawiravad uCndes mSobelTa maTTa msxverplad, viTarmca ukunisamde ara iyos sikvdili. da ese iyo
moaqamde, xolo iyvnes kerpni sxvanica samefoni: gaci da
ga. da Seiwirvoda maTa erTi sefewuli cecxliTa dawvad
da mtveri gardabnevad Tavsa kerpisasa~ (`moqcevai qarTlisai~, iqve, gv. 125, var. a).
yrmaTa kerpTadmi Sewirva, Tu marTla arsebobda aseTi wesi, matianis Tanaxmad, qristianobis gavleniT
aRukveTia mefe rev marTals III saukunis dasawyisSi. strabonis Tanaxmad, mTvares albaneTSi marTlac swiravdnen
adamians msxverplad.
isic unda iTqvas, rom ivane javaxiSvils eeWveboda
CvenSi kerpTayvanismcemlobis arseboba, misi kvlevis
Tanaxmad, warmarTobis xanaSi qarTvelebi Tayvans scemd-
149
nen `Semoqmed RmerTs~, mnaTobebs, sxva qmnilebebs da
swored es miiCneoda `mamaTa rjulad~.
pompeusis laSqroba israelsa
da iberiaSi
qristeSobamde 65 wlis gazafxulze romaelTa laSqari
saqarTvelos samxreT sazRvars moadga. mxedarTmTavarma, romaeli xalxis usazRvro siyvaruliT mosilma
pompeusma, roca albaneTTan omisas Seityo iberTa mefe
artagis saomrad mzadebis Sesaxeb, daswreba amjobina da
swrafi marSiT gaiara manZili iberiis dedaqalaqamde.
armazis kedlebTan momdgari romaeli legionebisa da
polkebis niSnebis moulodnelma aelvarebam daabnia
qarTvelTa mefe.
Tu ara xerxianoba romaelTa saxelovani sardlisa,
mas didi usiamovneba da SeiZleba marcxic ki eloda iberTa mxridan, miT umetes, rom sul ramdenime dRis win
pompeuss albanelTa 40-aTasiani laSqari daesxa Tavs.
miTridates, pontos mefes, romaelTa winaaRmdeg mebrZols, iberTa didi imedi hqonda. plutarqe, Zveli
berZnuli mwerlobis saukeTeso warmomadgeneli, Tavis
`paralelur biografiebSi~ werda: `iberni ricxviT albanelebs ar Camouvardebodnen. guladobiTac sxvebze
ufro mamacni iyvnen da Zalian undodaT miTridatesTvis
eamebinaT da pompeusi ukueqciaT: iberni arc midielebis
150
morCilebaSi yofilan, arc sparsebs eqvemdebarebodnen
da Tavis droze makedonelTa mbrZaneblobac aicdines
Tavidan imis wyalobiT, rom aleqsandre friad swrafad
gabrunda hirikaniidan, magram pompeusma iberebic daamarcxa did brZolaSi ise, rom cxra aTasi kaci mokles,
xolo aTi aTasze meti romaelebs CauvardaT tyved~ (plutarqe, rCeuli biografiebi, 1975, gv. 330).
plutarqes mier naxsenebi iberebTan gamarTuli `didi
brZola~, namdvilad didi unda yofiliyo, radganac mxedarmTavar pompeusisaTvis, romelmac manamde ori triumfi moawyo romSi afrikisa da evropis dalaSqvrisaTvis,
Cveulebrivi omis `did brZolad~ saxeldeba didebis momtani ar iqneboda.
iberebis damarcxeba sasaxelo iyo pompeusisaTvis,
romaelTa mier `didad~ saxeldebulisaTvis, radganac,
rogorc plutarqe ambobs, manamde iberebis damorCileba
verc midielebma da verc sparselebma SeZles da aleqsandre makedonelic hirkaniidan ukan gabrunebula.
Tu ras niSavda midielTa, sparselTa da makedonelTa
saxelmwifoTa morCilebisagan Tavis arideba, kargad Cans
danielis winaswarmetyvelebidan. babilonSi ebraelTa tyveobis dros mefe nabuqodonosoris sizmris axsnisas
danielma Tqva, rom mraval xalxze gabatonebuli babilonis samefos Semdeg msoflioSi warmoiSoboda sami udidesi
imperia: sparsTa `mere gamefdes, romeli euflos yovelsa qveyanasa (mefoba makedonelTa, berZenTa), mefoba meoTxe
(romaelTa) iyos Zlieri rogorc rkina~.
151
damarcxeba iberielebisa, romlebmac Tavidan aiciles
midiel-sparselTa da berZenTa xelqveS yofna, sasaxelo
iyo romaelTa sardlisaTvis.
romaelTa somxeTSi gamarjvebis Semdeg iberiis mefes
eWvi gasCenia, vaiTu pompeusi saqarTvelosac moadges da
daipyroso, da TviTonac saswrafo saomar mzadebas Sesdgomia, pompeusisTvis ki despanebi gaugzavnia _ megobrobis dasamyareblad. pompeusi ar Semcdara da, rogorc
iTqva, saswrafod iberiaSi SeWrila. iberebs verc sazRvarTan dadgoma mouswriaT da verc Casafreba, omis samzadisSi myofi mefe armazSi imyofeboda.
saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis saxeli berZen-romaeli mwerlebisaTvis I saukunidanve cnobilia, mas `armaz cixesac~ uwodebdnen, mcxeTis Sida cixe-akropolisis sasaxleSi Seutyvia artags, rom pompeuss misi samyofelidan
mxolod kedlebiRa hyofda. mefem, romelsac ucxoelebi
artoks uwodebdnen, ver moaxerxa cixis dacva da saCqarod miatova igi. armazSi panika Seqmnila, garnizoni dabneula, brZolaSi damarcxebula da danebebia pompeuss,
mdinaris meore mxares gadasul mefes ki romaelTa laSqari
dadevnebia. mterma moaswro mtkvris mTeli marjvena sanapiros dapyroba. miuxedavad imisa, rom romaelebi mtkvris meore napirzec gadavidnen da qarTuli laSqaric
ramdenime SebrZolebis Semdeg ZiriTadad daamarcxes,
mefis Sepyroba ver moaxerxes.
qarTlis mefesa da pompeuss Soris molaparakeba gamarTula, mSvidobis sanacvlod pompeusi mefes mZevlebs
152
sTxovda _ sefewulebs. mefe yoymanobda, amasobaSi zafxulmac moatana da mdinare pelori dapataravda, amiT
isargebla pompeusma da erT adgilas, sadac foni iyo,
gaRma gadavida. maSin ki artag mefem ikadra da Tavisi
Svilebi mZevlebad gamoimeta. amis Semdeg iberiis mefem
da romaelebis sardalma xelSekruleba dadves~.
pompeusma samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ kolxeTSic ilaSqra, Semdeg kvlav ajanyebul albanelebs Seutia da TiTqmis miadga kaspiis zRvas.
pompeuss iberiisa da albaneTis dalaSqvris Semdeg
gadauwyvetia samyaros mopirdapire mxarec daelaSqra.
amis Semdeg is samyaros oTxive kuTxis mpyrobelad CaiTvleboda, iqamde mis mier dalaSqruli iyo evropa da
afrika. `pompeuss metad mgznebare wadili da miswrafeba
hqonda siria aeRo da arabeTze gavliT mewamul zRvamde
misuliyo, raTa gamarjvebuls mieRwia okeanemde, samyaros rom yovelmxriv gars evleba. marTlac, igi gamarjvebuli pirveli gavida libiaSi gare zRvis napirebamde, mere espaneTSi atlantis okeaneTi SemosazRvra romaelTa sabrZanebeli da mesamejer sul axlaxan, albanelebis devnis dros, cota daaklda, Torem hirkaniis
zRvasac miadgeboda, amgvarad pompeusma gadawyvita
laSqrobaTa wre mewamuli zRviT Seekra da mxedroba
aqeTken daZra~ (plutarqe, iqve, gv. 333).
swored siriaSi omis dros pompeusTan mivida iudevelTa deputacia da mefobis maZiebeli Zmebis saxeliT
iTxova davis gadaWraSi daxmareba.
153
aleqsandre makedonelis Semdeg, rac imperia oTxad
gaiyves misma mxedarTmTavrebma, iudea xelT igdo ptolemeelTa dinastiis damaarsebelma, egviptis mefe ptoleme
lagem (Zv.w.aR-is 320-283), igive soterma. amis Semdeg 120
wlis manZilze iudea ptolemeTa dinastiis xelqveS iyo.
egvipturi xelisufleba iudeaSi selevkidTa siriulma dinastiam Secvala. mefe antioqe III lmobierad epyroboda ebraelebs, xolo misi taxtis memkvidre selevk IV
filipatori (qristeSobamde 187-175) piriqiT, man ebraelTa taZrebis gaZarcva moiwadina, antioqe IV-m (175-163
wlebi) ki ebraelebs sinagogaSi siaruli, locva aukrZala. moiTxova Tayvani ecaT zevsisaTvis da mxolod berZnuli eniT elaparakaT. daiwyo represiebi, misi brZanebiT
dawves wmida wignebi, daangries taZrebi, urCebi sikvdiliT
dasajes, sastikad awamebdnen da CvilebTan erTad klavdnen ebrael morwmune dedebsac ki. am dros ebraelebs
moevlinaT saxalxo gmiri oTxmoci wlis maTaTia (xasmonelTa STamomavali) Tavisi xuTi vaJiT. xalxi sayovelTaod ajanyda da gahyva maTaTias (Zv.w.aR-is 167).
misi gardacvalebis Semdeg ajanyebas saTaveSi Caudga
iuda, romelsac makabi (uro) Searqves. man marTlac gaaTavisufla Tavisi qveyana, aRadgina taZari. misi sikvdilis Semdeg saxelmwifos meTaurobda ionaTan makabeli,
Semdeg ki misi umcrosi Zma simoni (Zv.w.aR-is 143-135). mis
dros iudea damoukidebel saxelmwifod aRiares da simons uwodes nasi _ Tavadi. dadginda qveyanaSi umaRlesi
sasuliero wodeba mRvdelmTavrisa (qurumis) memkvidreobiT gadasuliyo makabelTa gvarSi.
154
romma cno iudeis damoukidebloba da masTan megobruli urTierTobac daamyara. simonis vaJis ioan hirkanis dros iudeam didebisa da Zlierebis umaRles dones
miaRwia. daimorCila samarielebi, gaanadgura maTi mTavari taZari gerizimis mTaze, daimorCila idumelebi,
miaRebina maT iudevelTa sarwmunoeba. misi sikvdilis
Semdeg daeca Zliereba iudevelTa saxelmwifosi, aristobulis uzneo qmedebebma saTave daudo sisxlian omebs taxtisaTvis. misi sikvdilis Semdeg saxelmwifos saTaveSi
Caudga meore vaJi aleqsandre ianai (Zv.w.aR-is 103-76) _
ufro uzneo mmarTveli. taxtisTvis ZmaTa Soris oms ormocdaaTi aTasi iudeveli Seewira. qmris sikvdilis Semdeg
dedofalma salomem erT vaJs _ hirkan II-s uzenaesi qurums xarisxi mianiWa, xolo meore vaJi aristobul II CamoaSora saxelmwifos saqmeebs. dedis sikvdilis Semdeg ZmaTa Soris omi daiwyo. orives surda taxtis daWera. aristobulma Tavi mefed gamoacxada. ZmaTa Soris omi wlebis
manZilze grZeldeboda. bolos, qristeSobamde 63 wels,
Zmebma daxmarebisaTvis pompeuss mimarTes, romelic,
rogorc iTqva, iberiaSi gamarjvebis Semdeg samxreTisken
gaemgzavra. pompeusi imJamad sirias ebrZoda. romaeli
mxedarTmTavari Zmebs dahpirda, rom siriaSi gamarjvebis
Semdeg iudeasac ewveoda da maT saqmeebs gaarCevda.
ori aTasi welia, axali da Zveli aRTqmis istorikosebi siamovnebiT uTmoben adgils TavianT SromebSi pompeusis laSqrobas iudeaSi, magram isic unda iTqvas, rom
berZen-romaeli istorikosebisaTvis es TiTqmis SeumCneveli iyo.
155
plutarqe, romelic aRwers iberiaSi pompeusis
laSqrobas, iudeaSi mxedarmTavris Sesvlas gakvriT ixseniebs. es uTuod imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom iberia im
droisaTvis Zveladve arsebul saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, xolo iudeis saxelmwifoebrioba romaelTa mier sul
ramdenime wlis win iyo aRiarebuli. egviptelTa da sirielTa, anu ptolemeTa da selevkidTa saxelmwifoebis
uRelqveS moqceulma iudeam romaelTa Tvalwin aRidgina saxelmwifoebrioba, romelic romaelTa mierve iqna
saukunod dasamarebuli.
ratom miiwvies taxtisaTvis moqiSpe ebraelebma pompeusi TavianTi saqmis gadasaWrelad? TiTqos am kiTxvas pasuxobs plutarqe _ `pompeusis Zlierebis xma sakmaod
Soris iyo gavardnili, magram amaze nakleb rodi quxda
xma mis samarTlianobaze da keTilmowyalebaze~ (iqve, gv.
334). samarTlianma da keTilmowyale pompeusma daudo
safuZveli Zlivs aRorZinebul iudevelTa saxelmwifos
ngrevas.
samTviani Zneli alyis Semdeg gaWirvebiT Sevida romaeli mxedarTmTavari ierusalimSi gabzaruli kedlidan.
omi gagrZelda taZris SemogarenSi. brZolebisas mRvdlebi
uwyvetliv agrZelebdnen RvTismsaxurebas sakurTxevlis
win, iqamde, sanam ukanaskneli maTgani maxviliT gangmiruli ar daeca.
aseTi mZime brZolebis miuxedavad, plutarqe mxolod
oriode sityviT gadmogvcems pompeusis iudeaSi Sesvlas,
siriis romis provinciad gamocxadebis Semdego, _ wers is
156
_ mxedarTmTavarma `iudea daipyro da mefe aristobule
daatyveva~ (plutarqe, rCeuli biografiebi, 1975, gv. 334).
Tuki ierusalimis kedlebTan xangrZlivi omi plutarqes
aRweris Rirsad ar CauTvlia, unda vifiqroT, rom iberiaSi pompeusis laSqroba ufro mniSvnelovnad da sasaxelod miaCnda.
pompeuss ierusalimis aRebis Semdeg gadauwyvetia
msoflioSi saxelganTqmuli taZris daTvaliereba da
wmidaTa wmidaSi Sesvlac ki, sadac mxolod mRvdelmTavars SeeZlo Sesvla, isic weliwadSi erTxel, romaelebi
iq cnobismoyvareobam Seiyvana. mTel qveyanaze sxvadasxva xmebi dadioda wmidaTa wmidas Sesaxeb. warmarTebis
erTi nawilis mtkicebiT, iq sasikvdilod ganwiruli kaci
hyavdaT gamomwyvdeuli, sxvebi amtkicebdnen, rom iq Tavis
gamosaxuleba inaxeboda. magram ra inaxeboda iq sinamdvileSi? romaelebi raRac arabunebrivs elodnen, magram
rogori iyo maTi gaoceba, roca bisonis mZime fardis
gadawevis Semdeg iq sicariele ixiles. wmidaTa wmidaSi
araferi ar iyo, maT sakurTxevlis win mxolod Svidtota
Sandali ixiles, anTebuli sanTlebiT. gaoceblebma SiSiT
datoves taZari, `magram romaelebi kidev ufro gaocdebodnen, Tu gaigebdnen, rom isini pirispir Sexvdnen religias, akvans axali sarwmunoebisa, romelic male daipyrobda aRmosavleTsac, dasavleTsac, TeTrmarmarovan
eladasa da maT mSobliur romsac~ (ix. a. bogoliubov,
sin CeloveCeski, gv. 12-16).
miTridate pontoelis damarcxebisa da sikvdilis Semdeg gamarjvebuli pompeusi romisken gaemgzavra. mas
157
brwyinvale Sexvedra mouwyes da yovelmxriv aleqsandre
makedonels amsgavsebdnen.
`zeimis dros win mohqondaT dafebi im qveynebisa da
xalxebis saxelTa aRniSvniT, romelnic pompeusma daamarcxa da romlebzedac gamarjvebis triumfs ixdida. es
iyo: ponto, somxeTi, kapadokia, paflagonia, midia, kolxeTi, iberia, albaneTi, siria, kilikia, mesopotamia, finikiisa da palestinis tomebi, iudea, arabeTi...~ (plutarqe, gv. 340). triumfSi midiodnen sxvaTa gverdiT iudevelTa mefe aristobule da iberieli sefewulebi. plutarqes cnobiT, pompeuss iberTa mefisagan miRebuli hqonda oqros sawoli, taxti da magida, safiqrebelia, rom am
nivTebma triumfs brwyinvaleba SesZines.
Cveni epoqis arqeologebma, romlebmac mcxeTis midamoebSi samefo saxlisaTvis saWiro mravali zRapruli
sidiadis nivTi aRmoaCines, aRtaceba ver dafares sawolis naSTis aRmoCenisas _ `yvelaze did STabeWdilebas
tovebso, _ wers istorikosi _ sareclis CuqurTmovan
fexTa vercxlis oTxi erTnairi garesakravi _ kaklis xisgan
gamoTlili mrgvali qandakeba erTmaneTze gadabmuli
arwiv-spilos stilizebuli gamosaxulebebiT, arwivis
Tavis qan dakebebiT ver cxlis sqeli firfitebiT
garSemoWedili~ (saq. ist. narkv. I, gv. 704). plutarqes
cnobiT, rogorc aRiniSna, pompeusisTvis mirTmeuli sawoli, magida da taxti vercxlis ki ara, oqrosi yofila.
iberia pompeusis epoqaSi oqromravali, elinuri gemovnebiT ayvavebuli qveyana iyo, rogorc amas arqeologia adasturebs.
158
triumfis dros forumze pompeuss miTridate pontoelis damarcxebisadmi miZRvnili sityva warmouTqvams.
swored miTridates dasamarcxeblad moawyo man aziaSi
didi laSqroba. pontos samefos romi TiTqmis naxevari
saukunis manZilze ebrZoda. ponto ZvelTaganve qarTveli tomebis sacxovrisi yofila da iq samefo Seqmnila
`_qarTveli (megrul-Wanuri) da misi monaTesave tomebis
miwa-wyalze~ (saqarTvelos istoria, I, 1958, gv. 58).
ara Tu ponto, misi samxreTiT momijnave kapadokiac
qarTveli tomebiT yofila dasaxlebuli. ponto da kapadokia politikurad zogjer erTmaneTs faravda.
ZvelqarTuli tomi tabalebi (Tubalebi) _ swored Semdegdroindel kabadokiaSi saxlobdnen (iv.javax. qarT. eris
ist. I, gv. 404).
ioseb flaviosi, rogorc iTqva, tabalebs _ iberTa
winaprebad, xolo mesxebs kabadokielebad miiCnevda. IV
saukuneSic kabadokia mesxebis sacxovrisi yofila, arqiepiskoposi evstate (+360) _ qarTvelTa winaprebis Sesaxeb
wers: `obelma _ Tobelebi, axlandeli iberebi; osoxma _
mesxebi, axlandeli kabadokielebi~ warmoSveso (ix. g.
gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, gv. 161).
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa CvenTvis winaswarmetyvel
isaias ganmarteba IV saukunis kvirieli episkoposisa Teodotes mier, is ambobs, rom isaia `...mosoxebSi _ kabadokielebs, TobelebSi ki _ iberielebs gulisxmobdao~
(iqve, gv. 162).
pontos qarTvelTa sacxovrisad asaxelebda V saukuneSic rufinusi.
159
IV saukunis eklesiis sami didi mama _ grigol nazianzeli, basili didi da grigol noseli, Cveulebriv cnobilni arian sami didi kabadokielis saxeliT. Cveni istoriuli matiane, rogorc es vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebidan Cans, grigol nazianzels miiCnevda saqarTvelos
sakaTalikosos daarsebis sulier meTaurad. swored mis
saflavze misul vaxtang mefes eCvena suli grigolisa da
misi saflavis eklesiis mRvdeli pirveli qarTveli kaTalikosi gaxda. kabadokielni iyvnen CvenTvis erovnul
wmindanebad qceulni _ wmida giorgi, qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli wmida nino, Cvens eklesiaSi istoriulad
didad miRebuli basili didi episkoposi, misi Zma _ episkoposi grigol noseli, misi debi _ wmindanebi: emilia, makrina da Teozevia. 1877 wels daibeWda d. CubinaSvilis
naSromi miZRvnili kabadokiis mosaxleobisa da qarTveli xalxis naTesaobis Sesaxeb. mkiTxvelisaTvis es mtkiceba gasagebi iyo, radganac istoriulad kabadokieli
moRvaweni mSobliurad iyvnen miCneulni qarTvelTaTvis.
e.xinTibiZem, Tavisi kvlevis Sedegad daaskvna, rom `basili kesarieli erovnebiT iyo qarTveli, mcire aziis
teritoriaze mcxovrebi qarTveluri tomebis erT-erTi
StoTaganis warmomadgeneli, romlebmac adre iwames qristianuli aRmsarebloba, dauaxlovdnen mcire aziis kulturul centrebs da eziarnen berZnul kulturasa da
ganaTlebas~ (g. gozaliSvili, ori etiudi, 1965, gv. 105).
kirion episkoposi werda _ `kapadokielebs, didi Rvawli miuZRviT qristianobis gavrcelebis saqmeSi. ostguTeb-
160
Si qristianoba danerges, rogorc amas basili amtkicebs,
kapadokielma tyveebma, vestguTebSi (IV s.) gaavrcela da
ganamtkica qristianoba episkoposma ulfilam, tyve kapadokielTa STamomavalma. sugdelebis ganmanaTlebeli...
kapadokielia~ (episkoposi kirioni, kulturuli roli
iveriisa ruseTis istoriaSi, 1900, gv. 9), kapadokieli
iyo wmida nino.
pontos samyarodan iyo miTridate, mis vaJsac qarTuli saxeli _ `maxare~ erqva, misi samefos dedaqalaqi,
romelsac Semdgom kesaria daerqva _ pompeusis iniciativiT xelaxla gaSenda, miTridates omebis Semdeg es
qalaqi qristianobis udides kerad iqca.
dasruleba gmirulisa da dawyeba
sulieri epoqisa
gaqristianebis Semdgom, rogorc mosalodneli iyo,
Seicvala da Seivso zneoba yoveli qarTvelisa. axalma
erovnulma sarwmunoebam gardaqmna erovnuli TvalTaxedva, Seicvala warmodgenebi, wes-Cveulebani da midrekilebani. miT ufro, rom qarTveloba qristes erTguli iyo
ara asi da orasi wlis, aramed ori aTasi wlis manZilze
da aseTad rCeba amJamadac.
warmarTobis dros qarTvelTa xasiaTi, qcevebi da
Cveulebani sxvagvari yofila, ufro heroikuli da gmiruli _ am sityvebis swored imdroindeli, Zveleburi gagebiT.
161
`gmirebs~ qarTvelTa winaprebi TavianT mama-papebs da
maT mSoblebs uwodebdnen, romelTac warmoSobiT noes
Zes iafets ukavSirebdnen, iafetis Zmiswuli TarSi mama
yofila Targamosisa. qarTvelTa winaprebi Targamosis
STamomavlebi iyvnen, swored Targamoss uwodebdnen
`gmirs~. is babilonis godolis daqcevis Semdeg wamosula SuamdinareTidan da damkvidrebula kaspiisa da Savi
zRvis Sua, araratisa da kavkasiis mTebs Soris. mas rva
Svili hyolia _ `gmirni Zlierni da saxelovanni~. es ambavi momxdara qristeSobamde ramdenime aTasi wliT adre.
Targamosis ZeTagan pirveli, Tanaxmad matianisa,
`umetes gmiri iyo yovelTasa, rameTu egeviTari arasodes
yofiliyo arca wylis-rRvnis winaT da arca Semdgomad
taniTa, ZaliTa simxniTa~ (q.c. I, gv. 4). masSi unda igulisxmebodes Zveli urartuelni _ xuritebi, romelTa
qveyanasac `xurlas udnes~ uwodebdnen, xolo Targamosis sxva Zeebis saxelebSi JRers qarTvelTa da kavkasiel
tomTa saxelebi (zogi maTgani mTavrdeba berZnuli bolosarTiT _ `os~, romelic, Cans, Semdeg daurTes). esenia: `qarTlos, bardos, movakan, lek, heros, kavkas, egros~.
rva gmiri, ganudga cnobil, saxelovan, dedamiwaze
pirvel gmirs _ nebroTs, romlis Sesaxebac dabadebaSi
naTqvamia _ `quSma Sva nebroTi, aman daiwyo Zalis gamoCena
qveyanaze. Zlieri monadire iyo igi uflis winaSe, amitomac Tqmula, nebroTiviT bumberazi ariso uflis winaSe,
misi samefos rCeuli qalaqebi iyo babiloni, ereqi, aqadi, da qalne, Sinayaris qveyanaSi. am qveynidan gamovida
162
aSuri da aaSena nineve, rexoboT-qalaqi, qalaxi~ (dab. 10.
8-11).
TargamosianTa gandgomis gagebisTanave nebroTi Tavis
ZalebiT gaemarTa kavkasiisaken.
aq nebroTs `Wurvils rkiniTa da rvaliTa terfidan
vidre Txemamde~ ver uSvela javSanma, Semogebebuli rva
gmirTagan uZlieresma `styorcna isari da hkra mkerdsa
nebroTisasa, ficarsa zeda rvalisas. da ganvlo zurgiT~ (q.c. I, gv. 7).
mamaTa gmirul sulsa da sagmiro saqmeebs kargad aRwers `qarTlis cxovreba~.
aseve aRweren Cveni mematianeebi gmirTa STamomaval
qarTvel mefeTa garegnobasa da xasiaTs: _ `taniTa sruli, Svenieri, Zlieri, mxne da qveli~. ai, rogor ebrZvis
ucxo SemoWril toms mefe mirvani _ `waruZRva wina qveiTTa, zurgiT Semoadginna mxedarni da movida karTa maT
Sina, viTarca jiqi sificxiTa, viTarca vefxi simxniTa,
viTarca lomi zaxiliTa. iqmna maT Soris brZola Zlieri,
xolo mirvans ver hkveTda maxvili durZukTa, viTarca
kldesa sipsa da dga uZravad, viTarca koSki mtkice da
gagrZelda maT Soris brZola da moswyda orgniTve uricxvi, xolo iZlivnes durZukni da ivltodes. miudges ukan
qarTvelni, mosres da tyve qmnes da Sevida mirvan durZukeTs... da Seabna karni qviTkiriTa da uwoda saxelad
darubal da dajda mirvan mcxeTasa mefobda nebierad da
uSiSad. iyo kaci mimniWebeli keTilisa uxvad da Seiyvares igi yovelTa mkvidrTa qarTlisaTa~ (q.c. gv. 28).
163
aderki, romlis saqarTveloSi mefobis drosac beTlems
uriastanisasa iSva Cveni macxovari ieso qriste, ase ebrZoda metoqes taxtisaTvis _ `aRizaxnes orTave xmiTa sastikiTa da mietevnes urTierTas da iwyes orTave gvemad
orolisa da vera hkveTes saWurvelsa erTmaneTisasa da
brZolisa sigrZesa Sina ganutyda orolebi. aRmoiRes Cuglugebi da iwyes brZolad CuglugebiTa odes uxeTqian
Cuglugi igi saWurvelsa zeda maTsa, hgvandis xma igi
xmasa mas uros mWedlisasa, romeli ecemis grdemlsa da
xma zaxilisa maTisa msgavs iyo quxilisa. maSin ver sZles
urTierTas, daSvres da ukuagdes imier da amier. SeRamda
dRe igi da ganisvenes orTave da dileul kvalad gamovides aiRes mSvildebi da iwyes rbevad da svrad erTmaneTisa, hkra aderki mkerdsa arSakisasa da veRara ufara
simagreman saWurvelisaman. ganvarda zurgiT da Camovarda arSak cxenisgan~ (q.c. I, gv. 34).
ase xedavdnen sagmiro saqmeebs qristianobamdeli
qarTvelebi. qristianobis miRebis Semdeg ki maTi Sexeduleba Seicvala. sulieri gamarjveba da ara xorcieli,
ai, ra miiCneva axla gmirobad.
warmarTi gmiri amirani iqamde uZleveli da daumarcxebeli, xalxuri TqmulebiT, marcxdeba qristes mier. gmiria
amiranis mama. dedac warmarTul RvTaebad iTvleba. Zmobilebi badri da usupi _ Zlieri gmirebi, zeSTabunebrivi Tvisebebis mqoneni arian. `usups beWeb-Sua mzis
msgavsi niSani aqvs da badrs mTvaris msgavsi~. amiranic
`RvTaebrivi~ TvisebebiTaa dajildoebuli; oqros kbili
164
da sacrisodena Tvalebi aqvs. xasiaTiT ki `Savsa Rrubelsa
saavdrod gamzadebulsa~ hgavs. ukvdavi arsebaa _ sikvdili
kidec rom indomos, ar SeuZlia. amirans Ronec gmiruli
aqvs. siCqare gaqanebuli xisa aqvs, simarde zvavisa, Rone
Tormet uRela xar-kameCisa, miwas umZims misi tareba,
devebs advilad xocavs, mzis mylapvel da cecxlis
mfrqvevel gveleSaps amarcxebs. ZaRlic araCveulebrivi
hyavs _ orbis lekvi, frTosani, `mas beWebze orbis frTebi aqvs~
amirani itacebs qals yamars. ivane javaxiSvilis mier
elamitur `RvTaeba~ lagamarad anu afroditad miCneuls
(qarT. eris ist. I, gv. 194, 1979), am qals ded-mama caSi
hyoloda. mama amindis Semcvleli da wvimis momyvania,
roca amirani Seeba, mis muzarads cecxlis naperwklebi
scvioda. misi sulis SeberviT ki amirani `Coqze daeca~.
mamis jaris adgilidan daZvrisas _ ca moiRrubla, wamowinwkla, Semdeg ki kokispiruli wvima wamovida. Rrubeli
jaris Crdilia. amiranis masTan brZola mogvagonebs Targamosianebisa da nebroTianebis SebrZolebas _
_ `iqmna maT Soris brZola sastiki _
romeli emsgavsa sastikebasa haerisasa,
rameTu mtveri ferxisa maTisa _
viTarca Rrubeli sqeli,
xma pirisa maTisa _
viTarca xma quxilisa
simZlavre isrisa maTisa _
viTarca texa mexisa
165
tyorcna qvisa maTisa _
viTarca setyva xSiri
da daTxeva sisxlisa maTisa
viTarca wvimisa Rvari~
amirani araCveulebrivi gmiria Zvel qarTvelTa warmodgeniT. imdenad araCveulebrivi, rom gabeda da TviT
RmerTs SeebrZola. xalxuri fantaziiT da sarwmunoebriv-simboluri ganxatebiT, amirani Tavis naTlias _ ieso
qristes gaukadnierda da RmerTi `saWidaod~ gamoiwvia,
rom gamoecada, vin ufro Ronieri iyo~ (am saxiT warmarTuli qarTuli Teologia ejibreba axals, qristianuls). avsulebTan da devebTan uZleveli, TavisTavad keTilSobili da kacTmoyvare gmiri, RvTis mimarT
gaamayebuli, daisaja. xalxuri TqmulebiT, ieso qristem
is miajaWva kavkasionis mwvervalze.
unda CavTvaloT, rom RmerTTan mebrZoli amiranis
damarcxeba aris simboluri saxe gmirul-warmarTuli
epoqis dasrulebisa da dawyeba axali sulieri epoqisa,
qristianobisa, anu sulis zeimisa xorcze. daTrgunva xorcis da ayvaveba sulis _ ai, ra moeTxoveba axali sarwmunoebis mimdevrebs. qristes mier amiranis mijaWva simboluri saxea aseve imisa, rom erovnuli TvalTaxedva
Seicvala, axla warsuli sxvagvarad analizdeba, momavali sxvagvarad ganiWvriteba. gmiroba axla sulierebaa,
sulieri epoqis erT-erTi mTavari sakiTxia rkveva imisa,
Tu ra aris sicocxle, cxovreba, ra aris sikvdili, SeiZleba Tu ara sikvdilis damarcxeba, sicocxlis gamara-
166
diuleba. samagaliToa erTi ambavi: warmarT ufliswuls
_ iodasafs _ umalaven, rom arsebobs avadmyofoba, sibere, sikvdili, magram is axerxebs gamovides mis irgvliv
xelovnurad Seqmnil iluziur samyoflidan da pirispir
Sexvdes cxovrebas. Tavis sicocxleSi pirvelad naxavs
avadmyofs, mixrwnil moxucs. ikiTxavs mis Sesaxeb ra moelis am kacso?~ _ upasuxes _ sikvdilio. `da rai ars
sikvdili~? kiTxulobs gaocebiT. `ganqardebis saxsenebeli amisi qveyniT~. iodasafi roca Seityobs, rom igive
sikvdili elis yovel adamians da TviT masac, SeZrwundeba, auduRdeba guli. urva-tiriliT kiTxulobs, aris Tu
ara sadme qveyana, sadac adamianebi ar kvdebian. ufliswulis usasoobiT Sewuxebuli aRmzrdelebi tiriliTve
pasuxoben _ `ar aris casa qveSe egeviTari qveyana, hoi
Zeo mefisao, romelTa Sina ganeren kacni salmobaTagan
da sikvdilisagan~ (Zveli qarT. literaturis qrestomaTia, t. I, 1946, gv. 280).
yovel adamians, mdidars Tu Raribs, gmirs Tu jabans,
erTnairi bolo aqvs _ sikvdili, gaqroba. amis gagebiT
SeZrwunebul da damwuxrebul ufliswuls avtori
adarebs Tvalauxelel brmas, yrus, utyvs, uZlursa da
naklulevans. Tumca ki, garegnulad brwyinvales, xorcielad mSveniers, axalgazrdasa da jansaRs. mis
`gankurnebas~ inebebs udabnodan mosuli qristiani, garegnulad Raribi, Rataki da xorcielad uZluri. misi
Semxedvare ufliswuli cdilobs udabnoSi mcxovrebi
qristiani moRvaweebis daxmarebas. Txovs waiRos `safase~
167
_ fuli, raTa is Seewios Tavis udabnoel Zmebs. meudabnoe miugebs _ `viTar miscem safasesa moyvasTa CemTa,
rameTu ukanaskneli maTi umdidres ars Sensa?~
_ da rogor aris Sens ZmaTagan uglaxakesi Cemze mdidari, maSin, roca TviTonve ambob, rom arafris mqoneni
xarT?
_ imas mogaxsenebT, rom TqvenSi mdidari kidev zrunavs
Tavis qonebis gazrdisaTvis, amis gamo mudam SfoTavs,
xan iqiT ecema, xan aqeT, raTa kidev ufro meti Sekribos,
xolo Cemi Zmebi arafrisaTvis ar zrunaven _ arc saWmlisaTvis, arc SesamoselisaTvis, radgan mdelos balaxisagan zomierad ikvebebian da mis gamo adideben RmerTs.
maT datovebuli aqvT qveyniuri simdidre da soflis
amaoebani, ixareben da iSveben suliT, rameTu moelian
caTa sasufevels.
iodasafi Seityobs, rom arsebobs suli da arsebobs
ukvdaveba sulisa. mas aexileba Tvali, dainaxavs, Tu sad
da rogor eZebos ukvdaveba da moipovos igi. amis Semdeg
eubneba Tavis mamas mefes _ `dainaxe umjobesi da Seitye,
rom mokvdavi xar da Sens yovel amqveyniur didebas sxvas
dautoveb, radganac yvela kvdeba da maTi sacxovrebeli,
monagebi sxvebisa xdeba, `xolo Semdgomad JamTa aRdgomad varT da miegebis kacad-kacadsa saqmeTa maTTaebr~
(iqve, gv. 296).
erTxel ixilavs CvenebiT samoTxis didebulebasa da
simSvenieres, angelozebi mis Sesaxeb auwyeben `es aris
wmidaTa gansasvenebeli~. ixilavs aseve jojoxeTis
168
saSinelebas da satanjvels da mis Sesaxeb Seityobs, rom
is aris `misagebeli codvilTa~. swored jojoxeTis
saSinelebiT SeZrwunebuli iTmens da mis sacduneblad
miyvanili qalis siyvaruls ar pasuxobs, ufro meti, anTebs sanTels, cecxlis als uSvers TiTs, xorci ewvis, is
ki ambobs _ `Tu am mcire cecxls ver gavuZleb, jojoxeTis saukunovan dauSretel cecxls rogorRa gavuZleb,
Tu am qalTan codvas ar gaveridebi?~.
daTrgunva xorcisa, galaReba sulisa _ saukuno sicocxlis misaRebad _ ai, axali sarwmunoebrivi ideali.
swored esaa axla gmiroba.
aRniSnul Temas exmaureba `moTxroba abekuraisi~,
romlis gmiri (ukve ara Zveli, aramed axali mniSvnelobiT) aris `yviTel piriTa, mZafriTa marxviTa, SromiTa
da mRviZarebiTa~, romelic dedoflis xorciel siyvaruls
uaryofs, da nacvlad miiRebs satanjvels, is ambobs: _
`gvemaY Cemi _ gansvenebaa sulisa CemisaY, satanjveli Cemi
_ saSvebeli sulisa CemisaY~ (p. ingoroyva, dasax. naS. gv.
281). is iTmens Tavisi sulis ukvdavebisaTvis, sulis gadarCenisaTvis. esaa axali gmiroba.
qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis, romelsac qristianobis
miRebamde aseuli wlebis manZilze gmirobis sxvagvari
ideali hqonda, misi tradiciebiTa da memkvidreobiT, ar
unda yofiliyo advili axlis miReba da gaTaviseba. xdeboda maTi urTierTSerwyma.
Zvelgmirul heroikulisa da axali sulieris Serwymis kargi magaliTia wmida mefe vaxtangis cxovrebis mo-
169
mentebi. is amarcxebs bumberaz goliaT bayaTars, romlis mSvildis sigrZe Tormeti mtkavelia, isari ki eqvsi
mtkaveli. misi mokvlis Semdeg is ambobs _ `ara ZaliTa
CemiTa vZlie, aramed dambadeblisa CemisaTa, rameTu Zali
qristesi _ CemTana da jvari misi patiosani saWurvel
Cemda~.
msgavsi suliskveTeba _ mxneoba RvTis SewevniT _ saukuneTa manZilze gasdevda qarTvelobas, grigol bakurianis Ze werda: `qarTvelni varT naTesaviT mxneni da
mxedrobiT aRzrdilni~ _ da amave dros _ misive sityviT
_ `umankoni da gul-martivni~ (petriwonis qarTuli monastris tipikoni, a. SaniZe, t. IX, gv. 103). imdenad, rom
`Cveni naTesavis umankoebisa da gul-martivobis~ gamo
TviT deda RvTismSobeli eSveleba qarTvelebs Sesaferis momentSi. magaliTad, qarTvelebs garekvas upirebdnen
_ saberZneTis erTi monastridan, amis gamo deda RvTisa
brZanebs, vinc qarTuli eniT metyvel adamianebs ar Seiwynarebs _ Cemi mtrebi ariano: `anu ara uwyia, viTarmed
mravalni damkuidrebad arian mTasa amas maTisa enis
metyvelni da cxovnebad arian da romelni maT ara Seiwynareben, mter Cemda arian~ (cxovreba ilarion qarTvelisa,
qrestomaTia, 1946, gv. 172).
erTi saukunis Semdeg, kvlav deda RvTisa gamoecxada
ucxoeTSi mcxovreb momakvdav patara eqvTime mTawmindels, moxeda mis sneulebas da uTxra _ `aRsdeg, nu geSinin da qarTulad xsnilad ubnobdi!~ (iqve, gv. 183). da
amis Semdeg qarTuli sityva, misgan viTarc wyarod amo-
170
dioda `uwmindes yovelTa qarTvelTasa~, gaamdidra wignTagan didad naklovani qarTlis qveyana sulieri saunjiT.
asureli mamebi, grigol xanZTeli, ilarion qarTveli,
ioane, eqvTime da giorgi mTawmidelebi da mravali sxva
sulieri moRvaweni iqcnen qarTvelTa zneobriobis maswavleblebad, maT daiWires is adgili, romelic adre
qarTvelTa cnobierebaSi `gmirebs~ eWiraT.
171
sarC evi
samyaros Seqmna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
babilonis godolis dacema, enaTa
da tomTa warmoqmna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
msoflio enaTa ojaxebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
protoqarTveluri enis matarebeli
eTnosis gansaxleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
aRTqma RmerTisa erTan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tubali da mosoqi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iberi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
alali da arami (urartu da armenia) . . . . .
farnavazi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
qarTuli saRvTismsaxuro anbanis fuZisdeba
axali aRTqma uflisa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
armazi, ahuramazda, molodini mesiisa . . . .
pompeusis laSqroba israelsa da iberiaSi .
dasruleba gmirulisa da dawyeba
sulieri epoqisa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
172
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17
30
43
57
76
88
105
122
133
150
. . . . . 161