mitropoliti anania jafariZe qarTvelTa winaprebis bibliuri istoria adamidan iesomde 1 2 samyaros Seqmna WeSmaritebisa da sicocxlis gzaze Tanaxmad `qarTlis cxovrebisa~, qarTvelTa pirvelwinaprebs win waruZRva sityva RmrTisa, TviT RmerTi macxovari Cveni ieso qriste: ori aTasi wlis win, amaRlebis Semdgom, yovladwmida RvTismSobels eCvena ufali da qarTveli eris momavali cxovrebis Sesaxeb amcno: `hoi dedao Cemo, ara ugulebel vyo eri igi sazepuro ufrois yovelTa naTesavTa, meoxebiTa SeniTa maTTvis~ (q.c. I, gv. 38), rac Tanamedrove qarTuliT ase gamoiTqmis _ `hoi, dedao Cemo, me ar ugulebelvyof xalxTa Soris didebul qarTvels ers, maTTvis Seni meoxebiT~. yovladwmida dedam mis wilxvedr saqarTveloSi, misi Zisa da Cveni macxovris ieso qristes davalebiT, gamoagzavna mociquli andria pirvelwodebuli, romelmac daafuZna saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia. da, ai, ori aTasi welia Cveni mama-papani erTgulad msaxureben RmerTs _ `romelman qmna cani gulisxmisyofiT, rameTu ukunisamdea wyaloba misi~ (fs. 135,5), `romelman qmna cani da qveyana, zRva da yoveli rai ars mas Sina~ (fs. 145,6), `romelman Seqmna samyaro ZaliTa mis mieriTa, zegardmo arsni suliTa yvna zeciT monaberiTa~ (rusTv.), `romelman gardasul TaobebSi neba uboZa yvela xalxs, evloT TavianTi gziT~ (saqme, 14,16). igi isaa, romelic ar ugulebelyofs mis gzaze myof Cvens ers, rameTu mis mier Seiqmna yoveli xalxi da eri _ 3 `yovelive mis mier Seiqmna da Tvinier misa arca erTi ra iqmna, raodeni ra iqmna~ (ioan. 1.3). Cveni mamebis yovlad keTilma, yovlad wmida, yovlismcodne, yovlisSemZlebelma, saxierma, sulgrZelma da mravalmowyale RmerTma eqvs dReSi Seqmna xiluli qveyana uxilavis Semdgom `rameTu man Tqva da iqmnes, amcno da daebadnes~ (fs. 32,9). `Tavdapirvelad RmerTma Seqmna ca da miwa. miwa iyo usaxo da udaburi. bneli ido ufskrulze da suli RvTisa iZvroda wylebs zemoT. Tqva RmerTma: iyos naTeli! da iqmna naTeli (dab. 1. 1-3). meore dRes RmerTma Seqmna samyaro cisa, mesame dRes misi brZanebiT cisqveSeTSi erTgan Segrovda wyali, gamoCnda xmeleTi, aRmoacena miwam mcenareuli, meoTxe dRes _ man Seqmna mnaTobebi, mexuTe dRes _ wylis suldgmulebi, cis frinvelebi. meeqvse dRes Tav Tavis gvarisda mixedviT cxovelTa Seqmnis Semdgom _ `Tqva RmerTma: gavaCinoT kaci Cvens xatad, Cvens msgavsebad. epatronos zRvaSi Tevzs, caSi frinvels, pirutyvs, mTels dedamiwas da yvela qvemZroms, rac ki dedamiwaze daxoxavs. Seqmna RmerTma kaci, Tavis xatad Seqmna igi, mamakacad da dedakacad Seqmna isini. akurTxa RmerTma isini da uTxra: inayofiereT da imravleT, aavseT dedamiwa, daeufleT mas, epatroneT zRvaSi Tevzs, caSi frinvels, yovel cxovels, rac ki dedamiwaze daxoxavs~ (dab. 1.26-28). meSvide dRes, samyaros Seqmnis Semdeg ganisvena man, romlis saqmeni `didad Svenier arian, da simarTle misi hgies ukuniTi ukunisamde~ (fs. 110, 3). 4 Semoqmedma dasabamidan kacad da qalad Seqmna adamianebi (maTe, 19,4). `aiyvana adami ufalma RmerTma da daasaxla edemis baRSi mis dasamuSaveblad da dasacavad. gaafrTxila ufalma RmerTma adami da uTxra: yvela xis nayofi geWmeva am baRSi, mxolod keTilis da borotis Secnobis xis nayofi ar SeWamo, radgan, rogorc ki SeWam, mokvdebio~ (dab. 2, 15-17), magram gvelis mier Secdenilma evam akrZaluli nayofi Wama da qmarsac aWama. aexilaT Tvali orives (dab. 3,7). `Tqva ufalma RmerTma, aha, gaxda adami, rogorc erTi CvenTagani, Semcnobeli keTilisa da borotisa. ar gaiwodos axla xeli da ar mowyvitos sicocxlis xis nayofic, ar SeWamos da maradiulad ar icocxlos. gauSva igi ufalma RmerTma edemis baRidan, rom daemuSavebina miwa, saidanac iyo aRebuli. gandevna adami. edems ki aRmosavleTiT qerubimebi da cecxlovani, mbrunavi maxvili dauyena, raTa sicocxlis xesTan misasvleli daecvaT~ (dab. 3. 22-24). madlierebis nacvlad pirvelma adamianma ufali RmerTisagan micemuli pirveli mcneba daarRvia Tavisi urCobiT da pirveli codva Caidina. `erTi kacis urCobiT mravali gaxda codvili~ (rom. 5, 19). `erTis Secodebisagan yvela kacis Tavze moiwia sasjeli~ (rom. 5, 18). `erTis SecodebiT mravalni mokvdebian~ (5, 15). Taobidan Taobas gadaecema adamis codva da codvis gamo _ sikvdili (rom. 5, 12). 5 ganidevna adami edemis baRidan, dawyevlili miwa unda daemuSavebina, romlisganac tanjviT miiRebda sazrdos. ZeZvsa da ekals aRmoucenebda miwa, pirofliani Wamda purs, sanam miwadve gadaiqceoda, saidanac iyo aRebuli, radgan mtveri iyo da mtvrad gadaiqceoda (dab. 3, 17-19). edemidan gandevnis Semdeg `Seicno adamma eva, Tavisi dedakaci, daorsulda eva da Sva kaeni da Tqva: kaci SemeZina uflisagan. mere Sva misi Zma abeli. abeli mecxvare iyo, kaeni miwis muSaki. gamoxda xani da miarTva kaenma ufals ZRveni _ miwis nayofi~ (dab. 4,1-3). abelmac Seswira ufals msxverpli _ gamoarCia Tavisi faris rCeuli pirutyvidan pirvelSobilni, misTvis yvelaze Zvirfasni. `mohxeda ufalma abels da mis ZRvens, xolo kaensa da mis ZRvens ar mohxeda~ (dab. 4. 4-5), rameTu `rwmeniT Seswira abelma RmerTs kaenisaze ukeTesi msxverpli, romliTac miiRo mowmoba, rom marTalia igi, rogorc RmerTma daamowma mis ZRvenTa Sesaxeb~ (ebr. 11,4). Zmis sikeTiT gamwarebulma kaenma Tavi CaRuna. codva gabatonda masze _ gaiyvana abeli velad da mokla. `uTxra RmerTma _ es ra Caidine? Seni Zmis sisxli miwidan SemomRaRadebs. daiwyevla kaeni, devnili da miusafari Seiqmna qveynad. amuSavebda miwas. uflis pirisagan gadaxvewili kaeni gamravlda da misgan boroti STamomavloba warmosdga _ daiviwyes Semoqmedi RmerTi da keTili saqmeni, ewodaT maT `kacTa Svilebi~. mwuxare adamsa da evas RmerTma momadla sxva naSieri nacvlad abelisa _ SeTi. `SeTsa SeeZina vaJi da uwoda 6 saxelad enoSi, maSin daiwyo uflis saxelis xseneba~ (dab. 4.26). ewoda mis STamomavlebs `RvTis Svilebi~. maTgan warmosdga noe _ Svili lameqisa. iwyes gamravleba adamianebma dedamiwaze. Seerivnen `kacTa Svilebs~ `RvTis Svilebi~ da SeiZines maTgan yovelive ukeTuri Cveuleba. `dainaxa ufalma RmerTma, rom imata adamianTa ukeTurebam am qveynad, rom ukeTuri iyo mudamJams maTi yoveli gulisTqma. inana ufalma, rom Seqmna adamiani amqveynad da Sewuxda. Tqva ufalma _ miwis pirisagan aRvgvi adamians, romelic Sevqmeni, adamianidan dawyebuli pirutyvamde, qvewarmavlamde, cis frinvelamde, radgan vnanob, rom gavaCine. mxolod noes epova madli uflis TvalSi. es aris ambavi noesi: marTali, sruli kaci iyo noe Tavis TaobaSi, RmerTTan dadioda noe. Sva noem sami vaJi: semi, qami da iafeTi~ (dab. 6. 5-10). ufalma RmerTma ineba miwis pirisagan adamianisa da yoveli xorcielis aRgva wylis warRvniT. noes ki ubrZana kidobnis gakeTeba. aswavla misi momzadeba. Seiyvana noem kidobanSi yovelgvari cxoveli, yovelgvari xorcieli, rasac ki sicocxlis suli edga, yvela wyvilwyvilad, wmida pirutyvisagan Svid-Svidi waiyvana, uwmindurisagan or-ori. Sevidnen kidobanSi noe da misi Svilebi, colebi, raTa ganridebodnen warRvnas, meSvide dRes movida warRvna qveynad (dab. 7. 7-10). as ormocdameaTe dRis bolos dadga wyali da Sewyda wvima. araratis mTebs miadga kidobani. TandaTan ikleb- 7 da wyali da gamoCnda mTis mwvervalebi. jer kidev idga wyali miwis pirze da ver ipoves brWyalis mosaWidi noes mier kidobnidan gaSvebulma frinvelebma. meSvide dRes xelaxla gauSva mtredi kidobnidan, `dabrunda mtredi saRamoJams da aha, zeTisxilis nedli rto eWira niskartiT. mixvda noe, rom damwdariyo wyali dedamiwaze~ (dab. 8. 11). gadmovida noe Tavisi col-SviliT da kidobans Sefarebuli yoveli arseba. augo noem samsxverplo ufals da miiyvana yovladdasawvel Sesawirad TiTo-TiTo yoveli wmida pirutyvidan da frinvelidan. iynosa ufalma keTilsurneleba da Tqva Tavis gulSi: aRar davwyveli miwas adamianis gamo, aRar gavanadgureb cocxal arsebas. `akurTxa RmerTma noe da misi Svilebi da uTxra: inayofiereT, imravleT da aavseT qveyana: (dab. 9, 1). Tqveni SiSi hqondes yovel suldgmuls, rac ki iZvris dedamiwaze, Tqvens xelT arian isini, saWmelad gaZlevT. mis sulTan _ mis sisxlTan erTad nu SeWamT, me ki Tqvens sisxls Tqveni sicocxlis wil movikiTxav. `vinc adamianis sisxls daRvris, adamianis mierve daiRvreba misi sisxli, radgan RvTis xatad Seiqmna adami, inayofiereT da imravleT, moefineT qveyanas da gamravldiT masze~ (dab. 9. 6-7). 8 babilonis godolis dacema, enaTa da tomTa warmoqmna noes Svilebi gamravldnen, `maTgan mTeli dedamiwa iqna dasaxlebuli~, kacobrioba am droisaTvis erTiani iyo, erTi enis mqone, eTnikurad erTgvari. jer kidev ar iyvnen erebi _ `erTpiri iyo mTeli dedamiwa da erT enaze metyveli. roca daiZrnen aRmosavleTidan, hpoves veli Sinyaris qveyanaSi da iq damkvidrdnen. uTxres erTmaneTs: modi, movziloT Tixa da gamovwvaT, qvis magivrad aguri hqondaT, kiris magivrad fisi. Tqves: aba, avaSenoT qalaqi da godoli da cas mivuwvdinoT misi Txemi. aRvmarToT niSansveti, rom ar gavifantoT dedamiwis zurgze, Camovida ufali, rom enaxa qalaqi da godoli, romelsac adamianebi aSenebdnen, Tqva ufalma: aha, erTi xalxia es da erTi ena aqvs yvelas. raki es saqme wamouwyiaT, amieridan daubrkolebliv gaakeTeben yvelafers, rasac ki ganizraxaven. aba, Caval da enas avurev maT, rom veraferi gaagebinon erTmaneTs. gafanta isini ufalma iqidan mTels dedamiwis zurgze da maTac Sewyvites qalaqisa da godolis Seneba. amitomac ewoda saxelad babiloni, radgan swored aq aRria ufalma mTeli dedamiwis ena da aqedan gafanta isini ufalma dedamiwis zurgze~ (dab. 11. 1-9). noes Ze _ `qami iyo qanaanis mamamTavari~, _ weria dabadebaSi. semma _ ebraul da sxva semitur tomebs daudo safuZveli. iafetma ki _ evropasa da aziaSi gavrcelebul mraval xalxs. TviTon sityva `iafeti~ niSnavs `gavr- 9 celebas~. sxvadasxva xalxis mamamTavarTa Soris bibliis Zveli, gansakuTrebiT ki qristiani komentatorebi qarTvelTa mamamTavarsac asaxeleben _ zogierTi cnobiT, is yofila iafetis Ze Tubali. saerTod iafetis STamomavlebi, noes dalocvis Sesabamisad, raodenobiTac da RirsebiTac upiratesni iyvnen sxva mamamTavarTa STamomavlebze. noem iafeti ase daloca _ ganufarTos RmerTma iafets, semis karvebSi daemkvidros, daemorCilos mas qanaani (dab. 9. 27). iafetis STamomavloba aseTia: _ `iafetis Zeni: gomeri, magogi, madai, iavani, Tubali, meSeqi da Tirasi. gomeris Zeni: aSqenazi, rifaTi da Togarma. iavanis Zeni: eliSa, TarSiSi, qiTimi da dodanimi. amaTgan ganifantnen zRvispira xalxebi Tav-Tavis qveynebSi, TiToeuli Tavisi enis mixedviT, Tavisi tomis mixedviT, Tav-Tavis xalxSi~ (dab. 10. 2-5). bibliis komentatori ase ganmartavs am saxelebs: `gomeri~ _ ...am xalxis saxels sxvaganac vxvdebiT bibliaSi _ winaswarmetyvel ezekielTan, romelic maT aRwers, rogorc mezobels Tubalisa da mosoxisa (38, 6) da sxva xalxebis rigSi, romelnic saxlobdnen Crdilo siriaSi da mcire aziaSi. `magogi~ ... ezekielTan es tomebi gamodian, rogorc gamocdili da daxelovnebuli moisarni (38, 16. 39, 3). isini cxovroben zemoT dasaxelebulebTan mezoblad, odnav maT CrdiloeTiT. zogierTni maTSi xedaven skviTebs, 10 romelnic cxovroben azovis zRvis piras. magogSi aseve skviT-Turanelebs xedaven. skviTebis bediswera asrulda ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebis Tanaxmad, maTi ganadgurebis Sesaxeb samon-gogis dablobze, roca isini dabrundnen palestinaSi da daavaddnen, rogorc aRwers herodote (1, 105-106). `madai~... am saxeliT iwodebodnen arielebi, mcxovrebni dasavleT aziaSi _ midielebi. maTi didi nawili TandaTanobiT gadasaxlda aRmosavleTSi da miiRo indusebis saxeli. midielebis sparselebTan da, saerTod, arielebTan naTesaobis Taobaze werda winaswarmetyveli danieli (V, 28). `iavani~ _ miuTiTebs berZnebze, upirvelesad ionielebze. `Tubal mesexi~... _ rogorc dabadebaSi, aseve wmida werilis mraval adgilas es ori xalxi, rogorc wesi, erTiandebian da erTad gamoisaxebian magogis moxarkeebad (ezek. 38, 2. 39, 1). erTxel sxvaTaSoris iavanTan erTiandebian (e. 37, 13). da kidev or adgilas maTi sacxovrisi ganisazRvreba palestinis CrdiloeTiT. asirieli mefeebis analebSi arcTu iSviaTad moixsenieba Muski da Tabal, viTarca ori mezobeli xalxi, mcxovrebi kilikiaSi. xolo herodote ambobs tibarekebsa da iberianelTa (iberTa) da mosoxTa Sesaxeb, kolxidis mezoblad mcxovrebTa Sesaxeb. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom Tavdapirvelad orive xalxi cxovrobda tigrosisa da evfratis saTaveebSi, midiasa da skviTias Soris, e.i. kolxeTsa da iberiaSi (Tubal _ savaraudoa iberebi anu qarTvelebi). 11 `gomeris Zeni~: aSqezani... `_ imaze dayrdnobiT, rom Tanamedrove ebraelebi germanias `askenazs~ uwodeben, iudevel ganmmartebelTa umravlesoba aq xedavs miTiTebas germanelebze... advilad SesaZlebelia aseve is, rom es erovneba Tavis Tavdapirvel sacxovrisad (igulisxmeba mcire azia) gasvlis Semdeg, droTa viTarebaSi damkvidrda dasavleT evropaSi da aq daudo safuZveli momavali germaniis cxovrebas. `Togarma~ ... es saxeli kidev orjer gvxvdeba ezekielTan, rogorc cxenebisa da virebis momwodebeli tireli vaWrebisaTvis (ezek. 27, 14. 38, 6). tradiciis Tanaxmad, romelic Semonaxulia mose xorenacisTan, somxeTis mcxovrebTa mamamTavrad iTvleboda Togarmas Svili~ (ix. `Толковая Библия~, t. I, 1904. gv. 70). msoflio enaTa ojaxebi ramdenad Seefardeba mecnierul Tvalsazriss bibliaSi gadmocemuli Txroba enaTa da xalxTa warmoqmnis Sesaxeb? amasTan dakavSirebiT komentatori wers, rom genealogiuri cxrilebi aRmosavleTis Zveli xalxebisaTvis warmoadgendnen yvelaze mniSvnelovan da farTod gavrcelebul movlenas, umTavres da TiTqmis erTaderT istorias warsulisas, is saimedod iyo daculi da Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda. bibliis genealogiuri cxrilebi, ueWvelad uZvelesi, warsulis Zeglebia, wamosuli abramis epoqidan, Cans, TviT 12 noes ojaxidan. axal aRmoCenaTa wyalobiT, Tanamedrove mecnierebi ufro da ufro rwmundebian xalxTa bibliuri cxrilebis sinamdvilesa da simarTleSi, magaliTad, mas `Zvel msoflioSi xalxTa gansaxlebis gansakuTrebiT Zveli, gansakuTrebiT Zvirfasi da sruli istoriis~ dokuments uwodebs cnobili frangi orientalisti lenormani da ambobs, rom `mis sinamdviles gasaocrad adasturebs SedarebiTi enaTmcodneoba da fiziologiuri gamokvleva sxvadasxva erisa~. cxrili amtkicebs kacobriobis erTa erTobis WeSmaritebas, uCvenebs, rom mTeli kacobrioba warmoiSva mxolod am sami (semi, qami, iafeti) Stosagan, romelnic Tavis mxriv gamovidnen erTi saerTo Ziridan (ix. `tolkovaia biblia~, peterburgi, 1904, gv. 68). dabadeba meaTe TavSi CamoTvlis semitur, qamitur da iafetur xalxebs, maT eTnarqebs da bolos ambobs: `es aris noes ZeTa STamomavloba Tav-Tavisi modgmis mixedviT, Tav-Tavis xalxSi. maTgan ganStovdnen xalxebi qveyanaze warRvnis Semdeg~ (dab. 10, 32). Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebi semitur enaTa ojaxebs akuTvneben asurul-babilonurs, anu aqadurs, Zvel ebrauls (anu bibliis enas), finikurs, arameuls, siriuls, arabuls, eTiopurs. qamitur enaTa ojaxs akuTvneben berberulsa da kuSitur enebs, Zvel egvipturs, kopturs (S. ZiZiguri, saenaTmecniero saubrebi, 1982, gv. 98). msoflios yvelaze farTod ganfenili enaTa ojaxia indoevropuli, rogorc nabrZanebia _ `ganufarTos Rmer- 13 Tma iafeTs~, masSi Sedis enaTa induri, iranuli, slavuri, baltikuri, germanuli, romanuli, kelturi, berZnuli Stoebi, calkeuli enebi. indoevropul enaTa ojaxSi Sedis 86-ze meti ena, ganfenilni atlantis okeanidan indoeTisa da wynar okeanemde. am ojaxis enaTa calkeul StoebSic aTeulobiT ena Sedis, magaliTad, romanul (italikur) StoSi Sedis 13 ena, germanuli Stos sxvadasxva jgufSi _ 11 ena, indur StoSi _ 12 ena, aseve iranulsa da sxva StoebSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli enebi amJamad Zlier daSorebulni arian erTmaneTs, mecnierebi gamokvlevebis Sedegad mividnen daskvnamde, rom aRniSnuli enebi warmoSobilni arian erTi indoevropuli fuZe enis diferenciaciis, daSladanawevrebis Sedegad. isini aRniSnul monaTesave enaTa SejerebiT da SedarebiT rwmundebian rom, miuxedavad droTa viTarebiT gamowveuli cvlilebisa, maT SeinarCunes saerTo struqturuli niSnebi. mecnierTa daskvniT, fuZe indoevropul enas Tavdapirvelad gamoeyvnen winareitalikebis, winarebaltielebis, winaregermanelebis, indoiranelebis, xeTebisa da sxvaTa enebi, romelnic Semdgom Tavis mxriv daiSalnen calkeul enebad. xalxTa uzarmazari indoevropuli jgufi Tavdapirvelad warmoadgenda mTlian, jer kidev dauSlel gaerTianebas, romelic saerTo enaze metyvelebda. saerTo fuZe indoevropuli ena mecnierTa TvalsazrisiT daunawevrebeli saxiT arsebobda `Cvens eramde IV aTaswleulSi~, unda aRiniSnos, rom zogierTi RvTismetyvelis Tanaxmad, msof- 14 lio warRvna moxda 3246 wels qristeSobamde, qronologia faqtobrivad Tanmxvedria. `msgavsadve yvela semitur enasa da yvela qamitur enas amJamad erTmaneTisagan daSorebulsa da gantotvils, warsulSi gaaCndaT saerTo fuZeena, romlisganac diferencirebis Sedegad warmodgnen isini~. aseTia azri lingvistebisa. amas mowmobs enaTa da xalxTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb wmida werilic. `dabadeba~ sxva Tavdapirvel xalxTa Soris qarTvelTa winaprebs _ Tobels, mosoqsa da aseve Torgams, _ pirvel rigSi CamoTvlis. Tobeli da mosoqi (mosoxi) iyvnen iafetis Zeni, xolo Torgami iafetis Zis Ze iyo. SemTxveviT ar uwodebda lenormani bibliis genealogiur sias msoflioSi xalxTa gansaxlebis srul istorias. arc isaa SemTxveviTi, rom kaenis _ pirveli adamianis Zis Zeebsac _ iabeli, iubeli, Tubal-kaeni ewodebodaT. yvela amaT qarTvelur tomTa winaprebad gulisxmobdnen gamoCenili istorikosebi. bibliis genealogiuri cxrilis safuZvelze mkvlevarebs ufleba eZlevaT ganacxadon, rom msoflios Tavdapirvel xalxTa Soris qarTvelTa winaprebs eWiraT mniSvnelovani raodenobrivi wili. Tavis mxriv, am mosazrebas ganamtkicebs lingvist mecnierTa Teoriebi, romlis Tanaxmadac, indoevropul fuZeenaze gavlena mouxdenia protoqarTvelur enas. marTlac, aTaswleulTa win, kacobriobis gariJraJze, jer kidev dauyofel protoindoevropul enaze gavlenas ver moaxdenda proqarTveluri, am enis matarebel eTnoss mniSvnelovani adgili 15 rom ar sWeroda mesopotamiasa da mcire aziaSi _ kacobriobis Tavdapirvel samSobloSi. protoqarTvelur enas, r o go r c aRin iSn a, ur TierTo ba hqo n ia p r oto semiturTanac, es kidev erTxel amtkicebs lenormanisa da sxva mecnierTa azrs bibliis genealogiuri cxrilis istoriulobis Sesaxeb, agreTve im azrsac, rom Tavdapirvel protoqarTvelebs mniSvnelovani adgili eWiraT zemoaRniSnul regionSi. winareindoevropul, winaresemitur da winareqarTvelur enaTa sistemebis qronologiuri da arealuri urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb weren: `indoevropul winare enis arealuri kontaqtebi semitur da qarTvelur enebTan gamovlenili leqsikur nasesxobaTa masalebiT kargad jdebian semitur da qarTvelur winare enaTa sistemebis qronologiur da arealur ganawilebaTa CarCoebSi. saerTo semituri enis arseboba unda mivakuTvnoT periods ara ugvianes IV aTaswleulisa... rac qronologiurad emTxveva saerTo indoevropuli enis daTariRebas. winaresemituris areali unda yofiliyo axlo aRmosavleTis gansazRvruli olqi, sadac SeiZleboda hqonodaT kontaqtebi semitur enebs, rogorc indoevropul winare enaTa sistemebTan, aseve samxreT kavkasiur (qarTvelur) winare enis sistemasTan~ (T. gamyreliZe, v. ivanov. `indoevropeiskii iazik i indoevropeici~ t. II. 1984. gv. 380). 16 protoqarTveluri enis matarebeli eTnosis gansaxleba babilonis godolis dacemis Semdeg enaTa aRrevis Sedegad warmoqmnili Tavdapirveli xalxebi `gafanta ufalma RmerTma dedamiwis zurgze~. Tavdapirvel xalxTa Soris, rogorc iTqva, dabadeba asaxelebs qarTvelTa winaprebad miCneul Tobelsa da mosoxs. isini sxva xalxebTan erTad, cxadia, unda wasuliyvnen yvela xalxis saerTo samSoblodan _ mesopotamiidan _ qveynierebis sxvadasxva kideSi, gafantuliyvnen dedamiwaze. SeZles Tu ara protoqarTvelebma gafantvis Semdeg TavianTi eTnikuri saxis SenarCuneba, romel qveyanaSi Cans maTi kvali? es sakiTxi yovelTvis ainteresebdaT eklesiis mamebs, aseve istorikosebs, lingvistebs, bibliis komentatorebs. Zvel samyaroSi, jer kidev qristeSobamde, espanel da kavkasiel iberebs erTi warmoSobis xalxad Tvlidnen. Rirsi mama ioane mTawmideli espaneTs qarTvelebiT dasaxlebulad miiCnevda. XIII-XIV saukuneTa istorikoss nikifore qsantopuloss, romelsac aqvs 18 wignisagan Semdgari `saeklesio istoria~, miaCnda, rom saqarTvelos iberebi `ispaniis iberTagan arian gadmosaxlebulni~ (georgika, VII, 1966), kidev ufro adre qarTvelTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb werdnen eklesiis mamebi. iberTa, anu qarTvelTa sacxovrisis Sesaxeb mogviTxroben eklesiis istorikosebi evsevi kesarieli (260-340), sokrati sqolastikosi, gelasi kesarieli, rufinusi (IV-V ss.) da sxvebi. 17 amJamad sabolood damtkicebulia, rom qarTvelebi wina aziis Zvel mkvidr mosaxleobas ekuTvnian, isini naTesaurad iyvnen dakavSirebulni msoflios uZveles kulturul mosaxleobasTan, ufro metic, `cnobil mecnierebs fr. homels, ed. maiers, kiperts, leman-haupts, lenormans, akad. n. mars, akad. turaevs da sxvebs araerTxel aRuniSnavT, rom qarTveli tomebi memkvidreni arian Sumerebis, xeTebis, mitanelebis, xaldebisa da sxva, romlebic wina aziis uZvelesi xalxebi iyvnen da romlebmac Seqmnes sakacobrio kulturis yvelaze adrindeli kerebi. amgvarive mosazreba ganaviTara da mravalmxrivi faqtiuri masalebis moSveliebiT kidev ufro daasabuTa Tavis SromebSi akad. iv. javaxiSvilma~ (S. mesxia, simon janaSia, 1950, gv. 39). rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, enaTmecnierebaSi arsebobs Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac, indoevropuli fuZe enis matarebeli eTnosi xmelTaSuazRvispireTsa da wina aziaSi Semovida romeliRac mxridan. manamde es mxareebi (e.i. wina aziis, pirineis, apeninis, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulebi) dasaxlebulni iyvnen araindoevropuli enis matarebeli tomebiT. akademikosma Tamaz gamyreliZem, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, wamoayena axali Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac indoevropelebi qristeSobamde IV aTaswleulSi wina aziaSi cxovrobdnen, warmoadgendnen jer kidev aradiferencirebul, mTlian gaerTianebas, romelic metyvelebda saerTo enaze. Semdgom maTgan warmosdgnen (dayofis Sedegad) winare italikebi, winare baltielebi, winare 18 germanelebi, indoiranelebi, xeTebi, momavali slavebi da sxvebi. gansakuTrebiT isaa aRsaniSnavi, rom am winare indoevropul enas urTierToba hqonia winare qarTvelur da winare semitur enebTan, amitomac qarTveluri da semituri winare enebidan usesxebia bevri sityva. Tu am Teorias SevadarebT n. maris Teorias, davinaxavT garkveul msgavsebas. n. maris mixedviT, qarTvelur-kavkasiur-mediteranuli enebi warmoadgendnen im substrats, romelzedac aRmocendnen da gaiSalnen indoevropelebi _ `...indoevropelebi arsaidan ar mosulan, aramed isini... igive iafetelebi arian da indoevropuli enebi iafeturi enebis Semdgomi safexuri, maTi transformaciaa axal stadiaze~. Tamaz gamyreliZis Tanaxmadac, indoevropelebi `arsaidan ar mosulan~, maTi winare samSoblo wina aziaa, sadac maT urTierToba hqoniaT qarTvelurTan, anu n. maris mixedviT `iafeturTan~. indoevropul winareenas, Tanaxmad T. gamyreliZisa, urTierToba hqonia ara marto winareqarTvelurTan, aramed winaresemiturTanac. n. maris Tanaxmadac qarTvelurs urTierToba hqonia semiturTan. da radganac qarTvelurs, anu iafeturs mWidro kavSiri hqonda indoevropulTan, semiturTan misi dakavSirebiT gamomzeurda enaTa `msoflio kavSiris idea~. n. mari `...qarTuli da semituri enebis~ naTesaobas cxadyofs da amiT ki msoflio kavSiris ideas amzeurebs~ (d. karbelaSvili, n. maris saiubileo krebuli, 1934. gv. XVIII). n. mari ar gamoricxavda kavkasiis iafeturi enebis kavSirurTierTobas qamitur enebTanac, is ambobda _ 19 `CvenTvis, romlebic iafeturi enaTmecnierebis Teoriis mTeli sistemis agebisas amovdivarT iafeturi enebis semiturTan naTesaobis faqtobrivi monacemebidan, gasagebia, gamoricxuli ar aris kavkasiis Zireuli enebis, e.i. kavkasiis iafeturi enebis, kavSirurTierToba qamitur enebTan...~. aqedan Cans, rom baskologiaSi adre gamoTqmuli hipoteza qamitur enebTan baskuris naTesaobisa n. marisaTvis misaRebia (gavixsenoT magaliTad, hugo Suxardtis debuleba: baskuri enaTesaveba erTsa da imave dros qarTvelur-kavkasiurs da qamituri modgmis enebs)... (S. ZiZiguri, baskur-kavkasiuri problema, gv. 65). n. maris `msoflio kavSiris idea~ qarTulis meSveobiT albaT aseTi saxiT gamoisaxeba (ix. sqema): sem iafet qam semituri i afet ur i qamituri qarTvelur-kavkasiur-mediteranistuli pelasguri etruskuli baskuri indoevropuli 20 iafetur enaTa ojaxi, n. maris Tanaxmad, moicavda dedamiwis vrcel regions, xmelTaSuazRvispireTs, kavkasias, pamirs, afrikas (d. karbelaSvili, dasax. naSr. gv. XXXVIII). marTlac, enaTmecnierebis mniSvnelovani nawili gamowvlilviTi gamokvlevebis Sedegad ar gamoricxavs qarTulis, anda fuZe qarTveluri enis kavSirs wina aziis uZveles xalxebTan, SumerebTan, protoxeTebTan, xuritebTan, aseve pelasgur-etruskul-iberiul enobriv samyarosTan. amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom babilonis godolis dacemis Semdgom protoqarTveluri enis matarebeli eTnosis erTi nawili darCa wina aziaSi, xolo sxvebi gaifantnen dedamiwis zurgze, kerZod, dasaxldnen kavkasiaSi, xmelTaSuazRvispireTis qveynebSi, balkaneTSi, apeninisa Tu pirineis naxevarkunZulze. maT, rogorc enaTmecnierTa monacemebidan Cans, SeunarCunebiaT TavianTi eTnikuri saxe da garkveul dromde enac. simon janaSiam pirvelqarTuli eTnosis Sesaxeb Camoayaliba Tavisi koncefcia _ `uZveles droSi, daaxloebiT eqvsi aTasi wlis winaT, wina aziis uzarmazar miwawyalze da samxreT evropaSic (balkaneTi, apeninisa da pirineis naxevarkunZulebi) erTi modgmis xalxebi cxovrobdnen. Semdeg am modgmis xalxTa adgilsamyofeli TandaTan izRudeboda. Zv.w.aR-is II aTaswleulis damdegisaTvis wina aziis mkvidri xalxebidan cnobili iyvnen xeTebi da subarebi. xeTi subarebi qarTvel tomTa winaprebi arian. xeTebi mcire aziaSi mosaxleobdnen, subarebs 21 ki eWiraT teritoria CrdiloeT mesopotamiidan moyolebuli kavkasionamde. am xeTa-miTanis samefoebis xanaSi kavkasiis miwa-wyali xeTur-subaruli modgmis mosaxleobas ekava. ...xeTur-subaruli mosaxleoba mraval wvril samTavrod daiqsaqsa. xeTur-subaruli tomebidan ufro Zlierni yofilan muskebi, mermindeli mesxebi, IX saukuneSi ki yvelaze energiul brZolebs asurelebs Tubalebi umarTavdnen. Zv.w.aR-is IX-VII ss. xeTur-subarulma tomebma axali Zlieri saxelmwifo Seqmnes _ urartu. aqve, mezoblad arsebobda xeTur-subaruli samefo mana...~ s. janaSias koncefciam Zlieri gavlena iqonia... samecniero literaturaSi damkvidreba iwyo mis mier Semotanilma terminebma: `xeTur-iberiuli xalxebis jgufi~ (pireneis iberebi, etruskebi apeninis naxevarkunZulze) balkaneTis pelazgebi, Sumerebi, xeTebi da subarebi (xuritebi), urartu, muSqebi da Tabali, qarTvelebi da sxva kavkasieli xalxebi~ da a.S. (g. meliqiSvili, `qarTvelebi, maTi warmomavlobis sakiTxi~, saq. ist. narkv. I, gv. 327). simon janaSias Teoria CvenTvis imiTaa saintereso, rom erTmaneTis monaTesave `xeTur-iberiuli~ xalxebi wina aziidan, TavianT Tavdapirveli samSoblodan gavrcelebulan dasavleTisaken _ afrikis CrdiloeT sanapiroze da samxreT evropaSi _ `evropaSi am gvartomobis xalxebi win uswrebdnen Semdeg mosul indoevropelebs, romelTac damxvduri mosaxleobisa da misi kulturis Zlieri gavlena ganicades. ase iyo pirineis, anu iberiis naxevarkunZulze, sadac Zveli iberiuli mosaxleobis STa- 22 momavalni, baskebad wodebulni, dRemde arian SemorCenilni. aseve moxda apeninis naxevarkunZulze, sadac etruskebma Seqmnes italiis uZvelesi civilizacia, romelmac Semdgom mZlavri zemoqmedeba iqonia romis kulturaze. dasasrul, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze gvian mosul indoevropel berZnebsac pelazgebis dawinaurebuli mosaxleoba daxvdaT. am xalxTa mier Seqmnil maRali kulturis keraTagan yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovnad winaaziuri kerebi unda CaiTvalos. wina aziaSi ...adre Caisaxa saxelmwifoebrioba. evfratisa da tigrosis auzTa qvemo nawilSi Sumerebma (Semeberebma) jer kidev Zv.w.aR-is IV aTaswleulSi ganaviTares saqalaqo cxovreba, safuZveli Cauyares saxelmwifos da gamoigones msoflioSi uZvelesi damwerloba _ jer ieroglifuri, xolo Semdgom lursmuli~ (s. janaSia, Sromebi, t. V, 1987, gv. 20). damoukideblad imisgan, namdvilad aqvs Tu ara qarTul enas genetikuri kavSiri wina aziis uZveles enebTan, mecnierTa mier dadasturebulia, rom xuritebis, xeTebisa da urartuelebis garkveuli nakadi Serwymia qarTvel ers _ `enobrivi monacemebi cxadyofs, rom qarTvel tomebSi unda gaTqvefiliyo da qarTveli xalxis SemadgenlobaSi unda Sesuliyo ZvelaRmosavluri civilizaciis Semqmneli, samxreTSi mcxovrebi xalxebis (xuritebis, xeTebis, urartulebis) garkveuli nakadi. amisi nakvalevi Tavs iCens qarTvelTa enaSi~ (g. meliqiSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 357). amdenad qarTvelebs ufleba aqvT TavianTi Tavi maT memkvidreebad miiCnion. 23 qristeSobamde III aTaswleulSi saqarTveloSi arsebuli TrialeTis Sua brinjaos xanis kulturis Zlieri kavSiri Sumerul samyarosTan mkvlevarebs afiqrebinebs, rom winaaziuri warmoSobis zogierTma tomma saqarTveloSi SemoaRwia (iqve, gv. 353). `TrialeTis kulturas metad mkafio paralelebi moepoveba ara marto Crdilo-dasavleT iranis materialur kulturaSi, aramed xeTur samyaroSic~ (iqve, gv. 354). saerTod TrialeTis kulturis gamoCenas amierkavkasiaSi ukavSireben xuritebis tomis eqspansias (iqve, gv. 355). arqeologiac emxroba zemomotanil azrs. dadasturebuli faqtia qarTul-indoevropuli enobrivi siaxlove, Tumca ki qarTuli enaTa damoukidebel ojaxs ganekuTvneba, es imiTaa saintereso, rom wina aziis uZvelesi mosaxleoba indoevropelebi aRmoCndnen, qarTvelebs mWidro kontaqtebi hqoniaT maTTan, imdenad, rom uZveles qarTvelur enas Zlieri transformacia ganucdia indoevropuli substratis gavleniT. fiqroben, rom es garemoeba Sedegia im xangrZlivi da mWidro kontaqtebisa, romelTac adgili unda hqonoda uZveles xanebSi qarTvelur tomebsa da uZveles indoevropul dialeqtebze molaparake tomebs Soris (g. meliqiSvili, dasax. naSr. gv. 345). yuradRebas ipyrobs garkveuli msgavseba qarTvel da Zvel anatoliur indoevropul (xeTur, luviur, palaur) enebs Soris (ix. g. giorgaZe, indoevropul-qarTul (qarTvelur) enobrivi paralelebis xasiaTis Sesaxeb, saenaTmecniero krebuli 1979, gv. 62). 24 saerTo anatoliuri indoevropuli fuZeenis daSlis procesi dawyebula gvarovnuli wyobis dros III aTaswleulSi qristeSobamde, anatoliaSive (iqve, gv. 67). nesitebi TandaTan gavrcelebulan centralur da aRmosavleT anatoliaSi, romelic manamde dasaxlebuli iyo xeTebis (protoxeTebis) tomebiT (zogierTi mecnieris azriT, swored protoxeTebs hqoniaT kavSiri qarTvelebTan). nesitur-xaturi urTierTobis dros, romelic gagrZelda aseulobiT wlobiT, protoxeTuri ena STanTqa nesiturma, romelmac Tavis mxriv ganicada garkveuli cvlileba (fonetikaSi, leqsikaSi, morfologiaSi). Serevis da Sejvarebis Sedegad indoevropelebisa da xeTebis tomebs Soris Camoyalibda xeTuri eTnosi. daaxloebiT XVII saukuneSi qristemde Seqmnilma xeTurma samefom mTlianad SeiTvisa protoxeTebis mdidari tradiciebi (iqve, gv. 67). Tavis mxriv, xeTur saxelmwifosTan urTierToba unda hqonoda pirvel qarTul saxelmwifoebs (politikur warmonaqmnebs) _ diauxis (daianis _ asiriuli wyaroebiT) da kulxas _ Woroxisa da dasavleT evfratis yara-sus raionebSi, sadac ZvelTaganve cxovrobdnen qarTuli tomebi, isinive iyvnen samxreTuli periferiebi pirvelqarTuli saxelmwifoebisa. arsebobs safuZveli vifiqroT, rom am olqebSi, SeiZleba samxreTiT an samxreT-dasavleTiT, ZvelTaganve imyofeboda ZiriTadi teritoria saerTo qarTveluri fuZeenis matarebeli tomisa, romlisgan TandaTan gamoiyvnen sxvadasxva dialeqturi erTeulebi (svanuri, megruli, Wanuri). ivaraudeba aseve urTierTo- 25 ba ara xeTebsa da qarTvel tomebs, aramed ufro adre saerTo anatoliur indoevropul enobriv erTeulsa da saerToqarTuls Soris. simon janaSia protoxeTebs, anu xatebs qarTvelTa uSualo winaprebad miiCnevda wina aziis sxva Zvel tomebTan erTad. is werda _ `mTeli wina aziis teritoria uZveles xanaSi dasaxlebulia iseTi xalxebiT, romelTac ara aqvT araviTari kavSiri arc indoevropelebTan, arac semitebTan, arc Turqul-monRolur tomebTan. yvelaze mniSvnelovanni wina aziis am uZveles xalxTagan arian sumerebi, xatebi anu xetebi, mitanelebi, urartus (vanis) qaldebi da sxvebi. swored am xalxebma Seqmnes kacobriobis uZvelesi kulturuli kera... Semdeg es xalxebi TiTqos qrebian, nuTu ukvalod? ra Tqma unda ara. sxva tomebis mowolis gamo isini icvlian teritorias da axalaxal kerebs qmnidnen. yvelaze samxreTiT mdebare raionebidan maT amoiwies mcire aziasa da mesopotamiaSi, aqedan Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiroebsa da vanis tbis raionSi, iqidan kidev Tanamedrove amierkavkasiaSi. satomo saxelebis istoria am mxriv did sayuradRebo masalas Seicavs~ (s. janaSia, t. III, 1959, gv. 194). rogorc vxedavT, s. janaSia amierkavkasiis mkvidr mosaxleobas (upirvelesad, cxadia, qarTvelebs) miiCnevs adgilmonacvlebuli Sumerebis, xatebis, mitanelebisa da urartuelebis STamomavlebad. es xalxebi, misi azriT, saerTo warmoSobisa SeiZleboda yofiliyvnen. safiqrebelia, rom kavSiri arsebobs xatebis, xaldebis, anu qaldebis, xalibebis saxelebs Soris. Zveli berZe- 26 ni mwerlebi pirdapir amboben, rom xaldebi winaT xalibebad iwodebodneno. Semdeg sayuradReboa, rom xaldebi cxovrobdnen, rogorc Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiroze, ise vanis tbis garSemo. cxadia, es erTi xalxis ori Sto unda iyos. aseve sayuradReboa asurul warwerebSi moxsenebuli muskebisa da kaskebis saxelebi. muskebi arian mermindeli mosxebi an mesxebi. kaskebi kidev kolxebi, rogorc es aRniSnulia ukve prof. iv. javaxiSvilis mier. mesxebisa da kolxebis ambavi yvelasTvis cnobilia. friad sarwmunoa iberebis kavSiri tibarenebTan da tabal-TobalTan. aseve safiqrebelia, rom termini `qarTveli~ dakavSirebulia qald-Tan (iqve, gv. 195). arnold Ciqobavas daskvniT, rac ufro Sors vixedebiT qarTveluri da sxva iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis istoriul warsulSi, miT ufro xelSesaxebi xdeba am enaTa warmoSobiTi kavSiri wina aziisa da SuamdinareTis Zveli civilizaciis enebTan (urartulTan, huritulTan, xeTurTan, ulamurTan, SumerulTan). S. ZiZiguris azriT, `mecnierebaSi dgas sakiTxi winaelinuri (pelasgur-anatoliuri) kulturis Semqmnel xalxebTan iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis kavSiris Sesaxeb. jer kidev adre SeamCnies, rom berZnul enaSi gamoiyofa fena, romelic ar aixsneba indoevropuli enebis safuZvelze. maSasadame, es danaleqi unda ganekuTvnebodes xmelTaSua zRvis uZveles mkvidrTa samyaros... winaberZnuli egeosuri enebis amocnobis gzebi miimarTeba iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisaken, kerZod 27 qarTveluri enebis samyarosaken~ (baskur-kavkasiuri problema, gv. 51). egeosuri mosaxleobis istoriis sakiTxebis mkvlevaris, r. gordezianis azriT, Sexvedrebi iberiul-kavkasiur da egeosur enebs Soris namdvilad mniSvnelovania, aseve egeosur-anatoliur geografiul saxelebs garegnulad TiTqmis zusti paralelebi aqvT kavkasiurTan, kerZod ki qarTul toponimikasTan (ix. r. gordeziani, `iliada~ da egeosuri mosaxleobis istoriisa da eTnogenezis sakiTxebi, 1970, gv. 299-301). CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxs _ uZvelesi qarTuli eTnosis migracias xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebSi exeba mecnieri sxva SromaSic _ etruskulis kavkasiurTan da baskurTan mimarTebisas igi varaudobs, rom Zv.w.aR-is III aTaswleulis miwurulSi kavkasiidan italiaSi saberZneTis gavliT gadasaxlebula kavkasiur tomTa erTi nawili, romelsac Seuqmnia e.w. kavkasiuri substrati Semdgom formirebuli etruskulisaTvis (r. gordeziani, etruskuli da qarTveluri, 1980, gv. 6). etruskul-qarTvelur mravalricxovan enobriv paralelebs r. gordeziani akavSirebs xalxTa migraciasTan, `gansakuTrebiT ki kavkasiur tomTa mZlavr gadasaxlebebTan egeidasa da dasavleT xmelTaSuazRvis auzSi adre brinjaos xanis dasawyisSi~ (iqve, gv. 6). misi azriT, e.w. kavkasiur-pelazguri Sre italiaSi qristeSobamde II aTaswleulSi dawyebul migracias unda Seetana, `isini dakavSirebulni unda yofiliyvnen e.w. 28 apeninis kulturis damkvidrebasTan italiaSi... Tavis mxriv TviT Sua heladuri kulturis warmoqmna Cven migvaCnia egeidaSi kavkasiuri, upiratesad qarTveluri tomebis migraciis Sedegad Zv.w.aR-is II aTaswleulis damdegs. rogorc irkveva, maT egeosur samyaroSi Semoitanes aSkarad qarTveluri komponenti, rac winare berZnul enobriv samyaroSi aTobiT wminda qarTveluri struqturis sityvisa da terminis arsebobiT dasturdeba, rogorc Cans, es talRa Zv.w.aR-is II aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi gavrcelda dasavleT xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi, risi Sedegic unda iyos aq Suaheladuri tipis kulturebis aRmoceneba da pelazgur-kavkasiuri enobrivi elementebis gavrceleba. swored migraciaTa am talRam moumzada, Cvenis azriT, safuZveli Semdgom formirebul etruskul enas. rogorc Cveni gamokvlevebis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, pelazgur-qarTveluri elementebi albaT yvelaze ufro arsebiTia etruskulSi~ (r. gordeziani, etruskuli da qarTveluri, gv. 60). sabolood, albaT unda iTqvas, rom babilonis godolis daqcevis Semdgom warmoqmnil enaTa da xalxTa Soris arsebobda protoqarTveluri enac, es cnobilia bibliis uZvelesi komentatorebisTvisac, romelnic iafetis ZeTa Soris qarTvelTa winaprebsac asaxeleben. protoqarTveluri eTnosi, sakmaod mravalricxovani yofila, rac iqidan Cans, rom TviT warRvnamdec kaenis bolo STamomavalTa Soris lameqis Zeebs ewodaT iabeli (IV, 20), iubali da Tubal-kaeni. mecnierTa erTi nawili, saxelebidan 29 gamomdinare (aq unda gavixsenoT, rom iafetis Ze Tubali _ qarTvelTa mamamTavrad iTvleboda) maT miiCnevdnen qarTuli tomebis mosaxeleebad. iabels _ karavSi mcxovrebTa da mejogeTa mamas, iubals _ meCangeTa da mestvireTa mamas, Tubal-kaens _ rvalisa da rkinis saWurvelTa mWedels, maTi azriT, saxelebi SerqmeviaT ZvelqarTul tomTa saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT. warRvnas isini ver gadaurCnen, magram maTi saxelebisa da Tobelis saxelis msgavseba mecnierebs afiqrebinebT, rom protoqarTveluri eTnosi sakmaod mravalricxovani iyo uZveles epoqaSi. godolis daSlis Semdeg, qarTvelTa winaprebi, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, gavrcelebulan qveynierebis sxvadasxva kideSi, SuamdinareTidan _ wina aziasa da kavkasiisaken, xmelTaSuazRvispira qveynebSi, Crdilo afrikaSi. maT yvelgan safuZveli daudviaT Sesabamisi kulturebisaTvis, romelnic Semdgom auTvisebiaT sxvebs. aRTqma RmerTisa erTan dedamiwis zurgze gafantvis Semdgom adamianebma TandaTan daiviwyes TavianTi winaprebisagan gagonili da naswavli gadmocemebi RmerTze, amas xels isic uwyobda, rom siSorisa Tu urTierTqiSpis gamo xalxebs Soris misvla-mosvla da kavSiri Semcirebuli, anda Sewyvetili iyo. WeSmariti RmerTis daviwyebis Semdgom gavrcelda 30 crumorwmuneoba, zeciuri da qveyniuri qmnilebebis Tayvaniscema, amitomac erTi uxilavi RmerTis magier Tayvani sces mraval cru `RmerTs~, maT gamosaxulebebs _ kerpebs emsaxurebodnen da msxverpls swiravdnen maT. TandaTan kerpTayvanismcemlad iqca msoflios yvela xalxi, amitomac ufalma ineba dedamiwaze yofiliyo erTi xalxi mainc, romelSic daculi iqneboda WeSmariti sarwmunoeba, romelsac ecodineboda igi da Tayvans scemda mas da mxolod mas. ufalma ineba aseTi eri warmoeSva erTi kacis _ abramis STamomavlobisagan. abrami WeSmariti RmerTis madidebeli iyo, warmoSobiT Suamdinareli, misi mamis samSoblo qveyana iyo qaldea, qalaqi uri. am droisaTvis qaldea erqva qveyanas tigrossa da evfrats Soris TiTqmis sparseTis yuredan babilonamde. aq, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva epoqaSi jer Sumerebi, Semdgom xuritebi da protoqarTvelebis monaTesaved miCneuli sxvadasxva tomebi semitebTan erTad. CvenTvis sainteresoa, rom qaldea ufro mogvianebiT ewodeboda dRevandeli saqarTvelos mezoblad mdebare qveynebsac _ urartudan pontos CaTvliT gadaSlil mxares. urartuelTa uzenaes RmerTs `xald~ _ qald ewodeboda da isini TavianT Tavs qaldevelebad miiCnevdnen. `safiqrebelia, rom termini `qarTveli~ dakavSirebulia qald-Tan da misi meSveobiT, sxva amave Ziris winaaziur uZveles saxelebTan~, _ werda s. janaSia (t. III, 1959, gv. 195). saxel qaldeas ivane javaxiSvilic akavSirebda qarTvelebTan. `dakvirve- 31 bam dagvarwmuna, rom qarT-megruli Stos tomebis sakuTar saxelebSi (qarTueli, karduxi) erTi da igive qveynis saxeli gvxvdeba. igi aris qarTu anu kardu. raki am qveynis saxeli orive Stos tomebis saxelwodebaSi moipoveba, ueWvelia igi qarTvelebis Tavdapirveli samSoblo unda yofiliyo. am samSoblos xsovna mesame Stos warmomadgenels, svanebsac aqvT SerCenili _ es karTu anu qarTu ganTqmuli qveyana qaldea aris~ (qarTveli eris istoria, I, 1951, gv. 403-404). ase rom, qaldea ara marto abraamis winaparTa samSobloa, is qarTvelTa pirvelsamSoblodac SeiZleba CaiTvalos. aseTi versiis arseboba unda miuTiTebdes, rom qaldevelTa qveyana semitebTan erTad albaT qarTvelTa monaTesave, anda protoqarTveluri tomiTac iyo dasaxlebuli. rogorc wina Tavidanac Canda, SuamdinareTSi qarTvelTa monaTesave tomebs qristeSobamde aTaseuli wlebiT adre daculi hqondaT mcire marcvali WeSmariti sarwmunoebisa. qaldevelTa urSi mcxovreb abrams ki hqonda Seuryeveli sarwmunoeba RmerTze. `mohkida xeli Teraxma Tavis Zes abrams, Tavis SviliSvil lots, haranis Zes, Tavis rZals sarais, Tavisi Zis abramis cols da gavidnen erTad qaldevelTa uridan qanaanis qveyanaSi wasasvlelad. miadgnen xarans da iq damkvidrnen~ (dab. 11, 31). qaldevelTa urs, sadac cxovrobda mama abramisa Tarra anu Teraxi, Cveulebriv aigiveben samxreT mesopota- 32 miis qalaq urTan, saidanac is ojaxTan erTad gadasaxlebula qalaq xarranSi mesopotamiis Crdilo nawilSi. igi iqve gardaicvala. rogorc aRiniSna, mesopotamiaSi sazogadod saukuneTa manZilze sxvadasxva xalxebi cxovrobdnen. istorikosTa Tanaxmad, qristeSobamde IV-III aTaswleulSi aq mcxovrebma Sumerebma Seqmnes pirveli qalaqi-saxelmwifoebi (eridu, uri, uruki, lagaSi, nipuri). Semdgom aq Semodian semituri tomebi, romlebmac aiTvises SumerTa kultura. qristemde III aTaswleulSi aq sargon mefem Seqmna erTiani semituri mesopotamiis momcveli saxelmwifo _ aqadi. amave III aTaswleulSi aq SeiWrnen kvlav semituri _ amorevelTa tomebi, maT mier Seqmnili saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi iyo babiloni. Zvelbabilonuri saxelmwifos Semqmneladaa miCneuli mefe xamurabi _ kanonmdebeli. xamurabianTa dinastia daamxes xeTurma tomebma 1530 wels qristeSobamde. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi mesopotamiaSi gamoCndnen xuritebi, saxelmwifo miTanis Semqmnelebi. xuritebi, istorikosTa erTi nawilis Tanaxmad, qarTvelTa winaprebadaa miCneuli, iseve rogorc zogierTi xeTuri tomi da gansakuTrebiT protoxeTebi. abraamis mamis _ Tarras _ qaldevelTa uridan gamosvlis droisaTvis qaldea, marTlac qarTvelTa winapari tomebiT yofila dasaxlebuli. msoflio warRvnis Semdeg ufalma RmerTma aRTqma dado, anu kavSiri Sekra mTel kacobriobasTan _ noes saSualebiT. Semdgom abraamis saSualebiT _ adamianTa TanamonaTesave jgufTan, xolo sinas mTaze ufali Rm- 33 erTi daukavSirda mxolod da mxolod erT xalxs, iakobis STamomavlebs _ israelTa Svilebs. man misca maT kanoni, gadaaqcia is Tavis rCeul erad. xaranSi yofnisas, abraami (maSin jer kidev abrami erqva) iRebs RvTisagan brZanebas _ `uTxra ufalma abraams: wadi Seni qveynidan, Seni samSoblodan, mamaSenis saxlidan im qveyanaSi, romelsac me giCveneb. gaqcev did xalxad, gakurTxeb da ganvadideb Sens saxels da kurTxeuli iqnebi. vakurTxeb Sens makurTxebels da davwyevli Sens mawyevars. kurTxeuli iqneba SenSi miwierTa mTeli modgma~ (dab. 12.1-3). `uTxra ufalma abrams mas Semdeg, rac loti gaeyara: aaxile Tvali da gaixede am adgilidan, sadac Sen dgaxar, CrdiloeTisaken, samxreTisaken, aRmosavleTisaken da dasavleTisaken. mTeli es qveyana, rasac xedav, SenTvisa da Seni modgmisaTvis momicia samaradisod. qviSasaviT uricxvs gavxdi Sens STamomavlobas. Tu vinme SesZlebs qviSis daTvlas, Seni STamomavlobac daiTvleba~ (dab. 13. 14-16). Semdgomi sityva aRTqmisa azustebs wina aRTqmebis monacemebs: `am dRes daudo ufalma aRTqma abrams da uTxra: Seni STamomavlobisaTvis mimicia es qveyana egviptis mdinaridan did mdinaremde _ evfratis mdinaremde...~ (dab. 15. 18). Semdeg kidev ufro gamowvlilviTaa Camoyalibebuli _ `oTxmocdacxra wlis iyo abrami, rom gamoecxada ufali abrams da uTxra: me var RmerTi Zlieri. iare Cems winaSe da sruli iyavi. davdeb aRTqmas Cemsa da Sens Soris 34 da didad, didad gagamravleb. pirqve daemxo abrami da ase elaparaka mas RmerTi: `es me var, da aha, Cemi aRTqmac: `uamrav xalxTa mama Seiqmnebi! aRar gerqvas ameridan saxelad abrami, aramed abraami iyos Seni saxeli, radganac uamrav xalxTa mamad gaqcev. didad, didad gagamravleb, xalxebad gaqcev da mefeni gamovlen Sengan. davdeb aRTqmas Cemsa da Sens Soris da Sens STamomavalTa Soris Taobidan Taobamde, samaradiso aRTqmas, rom Seni da Seni STamomavlobis RmerTi viqnebi. mogcem Sen da Sens STamomavlobas Seni mdgmurobis qveyanas, qanaanis mTels qveyanas, samaradiso sakuTrebad da Tqveni RmerTi viqnebi. uTxra RmerTma abraams: oRond daicaviT Cemi aRTqma Sen da Senma STamomavlobam Taobidan Taobamde~... (dab. 17. 1-9). aRTqmis piroba iyo winadacveTa abraamisa da misi STamomavlobisa. winadacveTiloba iyo niSani RvTis xalxis kuTvnilebisa. abraami 100 wlisa iyo, roca saram, RvTis dapirebis Tanaxmad, Sva Ze, romelsac uwodes isaaki. manamde abraams saras nebiT mxeval agarTan eyola ismaili _ ismaitelTa mamamTavari, aseve xeTTurasTan hyavda _ madiani, madianelTa mamamTavari. isaakma SeirTo rebeka, romelmac Sva tyupi vaJebi esavi _ edomelTa mamamTavari da iakobi _ israelianTa mamamTavari. marTalia, esavi pirmSo iyo, magram iakobma Tavisi moxerxebiT miiRo pirmSoeba da mamis kurTxevac. amis Semdeg gaeqca esavis risxvas. gaemarTa mesopotamiaSi, xaranis sanaxebSi, dedis naTesavebTan. gzaze dauRamda, daido lodi sasTumlad da dawva 35 erT adgils _ `esizmra: miwaze kibe dgas da TaviT cas swvdeba, uflis angelozebi adi-Camodian kibeze. aha, ufali dgas kibeze da eubneba: me var ufali RmerTi abraamisa, mamaSenisa da RmerTi isakisa. es miwa, romelzedac wevxar, SenTvis da Seni STamomavlobisaTvis momicia. Seni STamomavloba qviSasaviT mravalricxovani iqneba da ganivrcobi dasavleTisaken, aRmosavleTisaken, CrdiloeTisaken da samxreTisaken, SeniTa da Seni STamomavlobiT ikurTxeba miwierTa mTeli modgma. aha, SenTana var da yvelgan dagifarav, sadac ki waxval, kvlav dagabruneb am miwaze. ar migatoveb, vidre ar agisruleb yvelafers rac giTxari~ (dab. 28, 12-15). xarranSi iakobs SerTes lia da raxili, maTTan da agreTve maT mxevlebTan iakobs eyola Tormeti vaJi da erTi qali, maTgan warmoiSva israelis Tormeti tomi. Tavisi ojaxiT ukan dabrunebisas iakobs `uTxra RmerTma: iakobia Seni saxeli, aRar gerqmeva amieridan saxelad iakobi, aramed israeli iqneba Seni saxeli. da uwoda saxelad israeli. uTxra RmerTma: me var RmerTi yovladZlieri, inayofiere da gamravldi. xalxi da xalxTa krebuli warmoiSoba Sengan da mefeni gamovlen Seni sazardulidan. qveyana, romelic miveci abraams da isaks, SenTvis momicia, Seni STamomavlobisaTvis momicia es qveyana~ (dab. 35, 10-12). iakobis Zem _ iosebma _ egvipteSi gadidkacebis Semdgom qveynad Camovardnili SimSilobis gamo mamamisi ojaxiT miiwvia maRZar egvipteSi: `uTxra RmerTma israels Rameul xilvaSi: iakob, iakob! miugo: aqa var. uTxra: me var Rmer- 36 Ti, RmerTi mamaSenisa. nu geSinia egvipteSi Casvlis, radgan iq gaqcev did xalxad. me Cagyvebi egvipteSi, meve amogiyvan iqidan da iosebi dagixuWavs Tvalebs sakuTari xeliT~ (dab. 46, 2-3). egvipteSi Casvlis Semdgom iakobis ojaxi dasaxlda mdidar mxareSi, ramdenime aseuli wlis Semdgom is iqca did xalxad, magram droTa viTarebaSi egviptelTa monebi gaxdnen _ ``gamoxda mravali xani da mokvda egviptis mefe. akvnesdnen mZime Sromisagan israelianebi, gahkiodnen da miswvda maTi RaRadi RmerTs. moesma RmerTs maTi kvnesa da gaixsena RmerTma abraamTan, isakTan da iakobTan dadebuli aRTqma. moxeda RmerTma israelianebs da icno RmerTma isini~ (gam. 1. 23-25). gamoiyvana ufalma israelianebi egviptidan da miiyvana aRTqmul qveyanaSi. xalxis winamZRvroba ufalma daakisra winaswarmetyvelsa da rjulmdebels. mose Cvilobidanve izrdeboda sasaxleSi. is faraonis qaliSvilis mier iyo naSvilebi, magram mowifulobisas gamoamJRavna egviptelTa mier daCagruli Tavisi erisadmi siyvaruli da Tavdadeba. am dros mokla zedamxedveli egvipteli da iZulebuli gaxda gaqceuliyo egviptidan. is gaemarTa sinas naxevarkunZulisaken, madiamelTa miwaze, iq SeirTo coli da mwyemsavda cxvrebs. erTxel cxvari waasxa udabnos iqiT da miadga RvTis mTas _ xorebs. `gamoecxada uflis angelozi cecxlis alad Suagul mayvlovanSi. xedavs, cecxli ukidia mayvlovans, magram ar iwvis mayvlis buCqi. Tqva mosem, mival da vnaxav am dide- 37 bul sanaxavs ratom ar iwvis mayvlovani. dainaxa ufalma rom modis mose sanaxavad da dauZaxa Suagul mayvlovanidan: mose, mose! miugo _ aqa var. uTxra: axlos nu moxval! gaiZre fexsamosi, radgan es adgili, sadac Sen dgaxar wmida miwaa. uTxra: me var mamaSenis RmerTi. saxe daifara mosem, radgan RvTis xilvisa SeeSinda. da Tqva ufalma: vixile Cagvra Cemi erisa egvipteSi da momesma zedamxedvelebisagan gamwarebuli RaRadi. raki gavige misi gasaWiri. Camovedi, rom vixsna igi egviptelTagan da waviyvano mag qveynidan madliansa da vrcel qveyanaSi, sadac Rvarad moedineba Tafli da rZe, qanaanelTa, xeTelTa, amorevelTa, ferizevelTa, xivielTa da iebusevelTa qveyanaSi. `aha, moiwia Cemamde israelianTa RaRadma da vixile maTi Cagvra, rogor Cagraven maT egviptelebi. axla gagzavni faraonTan, rom gamoiyvano egviptidan Cemi eri, israelianebi~ (gam. 3. 2-10). kvlav uTxra ufalma moses israelianTa Sesaxeb _ `migiReT Cems erad da viqnebi Tqveni RmerTi. gecodinebaT, rom me var ufali, Tqveni RmerTi, egviptelTa kirTebisagan Tqveni gamomxsneli~ (gam. 6.7). amis Semdgom ufali RmerTi `Cems ers~, `Cems xalxs~ uwodebs israelianebs. mosem icoda, rom faraoni uars ityoda egviptidan aseulaTasobiT muSis, anu ebraelTa gaSvebaze. ufali ambobs _ `ar mogismenT faraoni. maSin xels movuWer egviptes da didi sasjelebis ZaliT gamoviyvan Cems krebuls, Cems ers, israelianebs egviptis qveynidan~ (gam. 7.4). 38 yoveli wardgomis dros mose faraons eubneboda: `ambobs ufali, ebraelTa RmerTi: gauSvi Cemi xalxi, raTa memsaxuron~. faraoni ar uSvebda ebraelebs, risTvisac aTi saswaulebrivi sasjeliT daisaja egvipte, romelTa drosac ebraelebi uvnebelni rCebodnen, Tanaxmad uflis sityvisa _ `gamovarCev Cem xalxs Seni xalxisagan...~ (gam. 8. 23). isjeboda faraoni, Tumca ufali agebinebda dasjis mizezs: `aqamde abuCad igdeb Cems ers da ar uSveb~ (gam. 9.17). ebraelTa gauSveblobisaTvis egviptelebi sastikad daisajnen. Tavzardacemulma faraonma gauSva uflis eri. eqvsasi aTasi kaci qalebisa da bavSvebis garda gaemarTa mewamuli zRvisaken. win miuZRodaT maT ufali, dRisiT Rrublis svetSi gzis saCveneblad, RamiT cecxlis svetSi gzis gasanaTeblad. gons mosvlis Semdgom egviptelebi ukan gaekidnen ebraelebs, mosem RvTis brZanebiT zRva kverTxiT orad gahyo, ebraelebi mSrali zRvis fskeris gavliT gavidnen meore napiras, faraoni ki Tavisi mxedrebiTa da etlebiT kvlav kverTxis dakvriT SeerTebulma zRvam daaxrCo. rogorc aRiniSna, aRTqma _ kavSiri _ ufal RmerTsa da mis ers Soris egviptidan gamosvlis Semdgom daido. egviptidan gamosvlis sami Tvis Semdgom mose Tavisi xalxiT miadga sinais mTas. `avida RmerTTan mose da mTidan CamosZaxa mas ufalma: ase uTxari iakobis saxls da amcne israelianebs: Tqven naxeT, ra davmarTe egviptes, rogor agitaceT arwivis 39 frTebiT da CemTan migiyvaneT, amieridan Tu SeismenT Cems sityvas da daicavT Cems aRTqmas, Cems sakuTrebaT gamogarCevT yvela xalxisagan, radgan Cemia mTeli qveyana. mRvdelTa samefod da wmida erad meyolebiT. ai, sityvebi, rac unda uTxra israelianebs~ (gam. 19: 3-6). yvela xalxisagan gamorCeulobisa da uflis erad qcevisTvis israelianebs unda daecvaT aRTqma uflisa _ SeesminaT misi sityva. `mRvdelTa samefod da wmida erad~ gamorCevisaTvis israelianebma mzadyofna ganacxades _ `erTxmad miugo erma da uTxra: yvelafers SevasrulebT, rac brZana ufalma. wauRo mosem ufals xalxis naTqvami~ (gam. 19.8). ufalma ubrZana moses moemzadebina xalxi RvTis gamocxadebisaTvis. xalxi ori dRis manZilze iwmendda Tavs, Tavis tansacmels, mosem mTis garSemo xazi Semoavlo, rogorc ineba RmerTma, raTa mas aravin miaxloveboda sikvdilis SiSiT, rameTu am dros RmerTi mTaze iyo. mesame dRis diliT sinas mTa RrubliT daifara, daiwyo elva da quxili. `gamoiyvana banakidan xalxi mosem RvTis Sesaxvedrad da dadgnen mTis Ziras. bolavda mTeli sinais mTa, radgan ufali iyo masze Camosuli cecxlis alSi, rogorc quras, ise asdioda kvamli da Zlierad iryeoda mTa. TandaTan Zlierdeboda sayviris xma. laparakobda mose da exmianeboda RmerTi~ (gam. 19. 18-20). RmerTma warmosTqva xalxis gasagonad mcnebebi: 40 1. Tqva RmerTma yvela es sityva: 2. me var ufali, Tqveni RmerTi, romelmac gamogiyvaneT egviptelTa qveynidan, monobis saxlidan. 3. ar gaiCinoT Cems garda sxva RmerTebi. 4. ar gaikeTo kerpebi, arc rame xati imisa, rac aris maRla caSi, dabla miwaze da wyalSi, miwis qveS. 5. ar sce Tayvani maT, arc emsaxuro, radgan me var ufali Tqveni RmerTi, Surismgebeli RmerTi, romelic mamis codvas Svilebs movkiTxav, Cems moZuleebs, mesame da meoTxe TaobaSi. 6. aTaswlil sikeTis mzRveli Cems moyvarulTaTvis da Cemi mcnebebis dammarxvelTaTvis. 7. ar daifico fuWad uflis, Seni RvTis saxeli, radgan dausjeli ar gadaurCeba ufals misi saxelis fuWad maficari. 8. gaxsovdes SabaTi dRe, rom wmida hyo igi. 9. eqvs dRes imuSave da akeTe Seni saqmeebi. 10. meSvide dRe ki uflis, Seni RvTis SabaTia. ara saqme ar gaakeTo, arc Sen, arc Senma vaJma, arc asulma, arc Senma ymam, arc Senma mxevalma, arc Senma pirutyvma, arc Senma mdgmurebma, saxlSi rom gyavs. 11. radgan eqvs dReSi Seqmna ufalma ca da miwa, zRva da yvelaferi, rac masSia da meSvide dRes Seisvena, amitomac akurTxa ufalma SabaTi dRe da wmida hyo igi. 12. pativi eci mamas da dedas, raTa dRegrZeli iyo miwaze, romelic ufals, Sens RmerTs moucia SenTvis. 13. ara kla. 41 14. ar imruSo. 15. ar iqurdo. 16. ar gamoxvide cru mowmed Seni Tvistomis winaaRmdeg. 17. ar indomo Seni Tvistomis saxli; ar indomo Seni Tvistomis coli, arc misi yma, arc misi mxevali, arc misi xari, arc misi saxedari, arc araferi misi qonebidan (gam. 20. 1-17). rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, ufali RmerTis mier dedamiwaze mcxovreb mraval xalxTa Soris erTis gamorCeva gamoiwvia kerpTayvanismcemlobis gavrcelebam _ yvela xalxs daviwyebuli hyavda WeSmariti RmerTi. sarwmunoebis damcvelad ufalma israelianebi amoirCia. marTlac am erma saukuneTa manZilze SeZlo siwmindiT gadaeca sxvadasxva erebisa da kacobriobisaTvis (TviT am erSi ganxorcielebuli RvTis Zis _ ieso qristes mier) _ WeSmariti sarwmunoeba. saerTod eris _ erTi warmoSobisa Tu sxva mxriv gaerTianebuli xalxis amorCeviT ufalma RmerTma akurTxa kacobriobis xalxebad, erebad dayofa. ieso qristes Semdgom yoveli eri, matarebeli marTali sarwmunoebisa, RvTis xalxad iqca, maT Soris qarTveli eric. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, es momxdara suliwmidis mofenis Semdeg, roca deda RvTisas wilad xvda iverielTa moqceva. CvenebiT gamocxadebisas macxovari mas eubneba _ `hoi, dedao Cemo, me ar ugulebelvyof yvela xalxze ufro sazepuro qarTvel ers maTze Seni meoxebiT~ (q. c. I, gv. 37). 42 Tubali da mosoqi saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis wmida mamebi, ucxoel saeklesio moRvaweTa darad cnobiswadiliT eZiebdnen winaprebs RvTismSoblis wilxvedri erisas. dasturi amisa aris leonti mrovel episkoposis da arsen beris Sromebi qarTvelTa eTnogenezisis Sesaxeb. arsen berma icis, rom mkiTxvels ainteresebs, _ `Cven, qarTvelni romelTa naTesavTa Svilni varT~, igi pasuxobs _ `Cven qarTvelni Svilni varT maT arian-qarTliT gamosulTani da enai maTi `vuwyiT~ (Zv. qarT. agiogr. lit. Zegl. 1971, III, gv. 46). `arian-qarTliT~ gamosuli xalxi qristeSobamde dasaxlebula dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi aleqsandre makedonelis mier, romelsac Cveni qveynis _ e.i. saqarTvelos _ Seneba dauwyia _ `iwyo Senebad qveyanasa Cvensa, xolo Tanahyva azove, Ze arian-qarTvelTa mefeTa da misca qveyana es Cveni sameufod da samkvidreblad da gauCina sazRvari hereTi da egriswyali, somxiTi da mTai crolisai da TviT wavida~ (iqve, gv. 47). am koncefciis Tanaxmad, mosaxleoba, rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloisa, STamomavalia `arian-qarTvelebisa~. isini azovem _ `arian-qarTlis~ mefis Zem, saqarTveloSi Camoasaxla. magram vin iyvnen da sad cxovrobdnen `arian-qarTvelebi~, sad iyo `arian-qarTli~? arsebobs meore koncefciac, romelic miewereba leonti mrovel episkoposs. leontis Tanaxmad, qarTveli 43 eri Camoyalibda saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze; qarTvel tomTa eTnarqebi iyvnen qarTlosi, egrosi, herosi da sxvebi. maTi winapari Targamosi ki samxreTis qveynidan Camosaxlda amierkavkasiaSi. saerTod Cveni eris, anda misi winapris samxreTidan Camosaxleobis Teoria bunebrivia, rameTu samSoblo kacobriobisa, Zveli xalxebisa da erebis mesopotamiaa, saidanac, bibliis Tanaxmad, isini gavrceldnen msoflioSi. yvela Zveli eri Tavis winapars mesopotamiasa da wina aziaSi eZebda, maT Soris qarTvelebic, miT umetes, rom wmida werilis Zveli komentatorebi qarTvelTa anu iberTa winaprebs asaxelebdnen noes uaxloes STamomavalTa Soris. `dabadebaSi~ noes Zis iafetis STamomavalTa Soris moxseniebuli Tubali da mosoxi _ qarTvelTa winaprebadaa miCneuli rogorc Zvel ise axal istorikosTa mier. ioseb flaviusi iafetis Svid ZeTagan oris _ Tubalisa da mosoxis Sesaxeb wers _ `daamkvidrebs ukue Tovilosca TovilTasa, romel aw ivirad iwodebian. xolo mesqinni, mesxois mier aRSenebulni kahpadukad iwodebian~... (ioseb flaviusi, moTxrobani iudaebrivisa Zuelisityvaobisani, 1987, gv. 103). iverielTa winaprebad bibliis Tubali miiCneva. `qarTlis cxovreba~ ki, rogorc cnobilia, qarTvelTa winaprebad miiCnevs bibliur Targamoss. is ioseb flaviusis Tanaxmad, `RomaroYs~ Zea. misgan warmomavloba aseTia _ `TorRamis ukue _ TorRamelni, romelni Tnebisagan ellinTaisa frigvad iwodes~ (iqve, gv. 103). 44 flaviusi Targamoss frigielTa winaprad miiCnevs, lursmul da ieroglifur teqstebze dayrdnobiT, `cnobilma germanelma mkvlevarma h. vinklerma mecnierulad daasabuTa ZvelberZnuli wyaroebis `frigiisa~ da sargon II-is (Zv. w. 722-705 ww.), droindeli asuruli teqstebis _ `muSqebis~ qveynis igiveoba (Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoria, 1988, gv. 252). maSasadame, `muSqebi~ _ qarTvelTa erTi didi tomi _ Targamoss daukavSirda [Targamos _ frigielni (flaviusiT) _ muSqebi (vinkleriT)]. asuruli teqstebis `tabal~ bibliur TubalTan (septanta,; zogjer _ ; vlugata _ Thubal) gaigivebulia e. dromes mier (ix. s. janaSia, t. III, 1959, gv. 70). maSasadame, bibliuri Tubali winaparia _ iberebisa anu qarTvelebisa, ioseb flaviusis am komentars eTanxmebian da avrcoben Cveni mecnierebi, rac Seexeba bibliur mosoq-mosoxs, isic qarTvelTa (mesxuri tomis) winaprad iyo miCneuli, amJamad ki Cven SegviZlia is davukavSiroT `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Targamoss (Targamos-frigielnimesxni) im gziT, rogorc zemoT iyo gadmocemuli, Targamosi ki, rogorc cnobilia, aRniSnuli qarTuli wyaros Tanaxmad, ara marto qarTvelTa, aramed somexTa winapradac aris miCneuli (Targamos _ haos, qarTlos). aq ar SeiZleba ar mogvagondes herodotes cnoba _ `frigielebs, rogorc makedonielebi amboben, ewodebodaT brigebi mTeli im xnis ganmavlobaSi, sanam evropelebi iyvnen da makedonielebis mezoblad cxovrobdnen, xolo aziaSi rom 45 gadavidnen, miwa-wyalTan erTad saxelic gamoicvales _ frigielebi dairqves. armenielebi, romlebic frigielebisagan momdinareoben...~ (herodote, istoria I, 1976, gv. 434). `iber~ _ `brig~ saxelebis dakavSireba msgavsi etimologiiT SesaZlebelia. frigielebs, rogorc aRiniSna, muSqebTan, xolo am ukanasknels mesxebTan aigiveben. aRsaniSnavia, rom mesxebs ZvelTaganve mTel qarTul mosaxleobasTan aigivebdnen, magaliTad, straboni dasavleT saqarTvelos TiTqmis centralur nawils _ mosxebis qveyanas uwodebs, xolo Crdilokavkasieli tomebi aRmosavleT qarTul tomebs _ mesxebs uwodeben. daRestnelebi `avarielebi _ fSav-xevsurebs `mosoxis (anu `mosoqis~) saxeliT icnoben (ix. h. uslar `avarskii iazik~ 1889, II, gv. 24, 26). rogorc iTqva, frigielebs (romlisaganac warmomdgaran mesxebi) aseve `brig“-ebi erqvaT. am sityvis fuZe sagulisxmo igiveobas avlens Tubal-iberis fuZesTan _ `Tbl~ _ `br~. fuZe _ `brg~ (brig.) da `br~ (ibr) uTuod msgavsni arian. s. janaSia bibliis Tubalebsa da mosoqebs erTi warmoSobis urTierTmezoblad mcxovreb xalxad miiCnevs. SemTxveviTi araa, rom Tubali da meSeqi bibliaSi TiTqmis mudam erTad moixseneba. es SeumCneveli ar darCeniaT bibliis komentatorebs. isini erTad moixsenebian iafetis ZeTa CamoTvlis dros (`iafetis Zeni: gomeri, magogi, madai, iavani, Tubali, meSeqi da Tirasi~ (dab. 46 10.2), aseve ezekielis mier (32:26; 38:2; 39:1), xSirad ezekieli CrdiloeTis xalxebs Soris agreTve ixseniebs `gomers Tavis urdoTi, Togarmas saxls...~ (38:6), asiriel mefeTa analebSi, rogorc aRiniSna, arc Tu iSviaTad ixsenieba Muski da Tabal, viTarca ori mezobeli erovneba, mcxovrebni kilikiaSi, xolo herodote ambobs, tibarekebs anu iberianelTa (iberielebi) da mosxebis, kolxeTis axlos mcxovrebTa Sesaxeb. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom Tavdapirvelad orive aRniSnuli erovneba cxovrobda tigrosisa da evfratis saTaveebSi, midiasa da skviTias Soris, e.i. kolxeTsa da iberiaSi (ix. `tolkovaia biblia~, peterburgi, 1904-1907 I, gv. 69. komentari). winaswarmetyveli ezekieli Tubalsa da muSeqs axsenebs sxva Crdiloel xalxebTan erTad, romelnic codvaTa gamo daisjebian; ezekielze adre israelis mezoblad mcxovreb did xalxTa dasjis Sesaxeb werda ieremia winaswarmetyveli. saqme is iyo, winaswarmetyvelebani uSualod Seexeboda israels, uflis ers, romelic eRirsa aRTqmul miwaze dasaxlebas, magram daarRvia aRTqma ufalTan sxvadasxva codvaTa gamravlebiT, ris gamoc unda dasjiliyo aRTqmuli miwidan gadasaxlebiTa da sxva eris monobaSi yofniT. kerZod, israelianebi qaldevelTa mefe nabuqodonosors unda gadaesaxlebina babilonSi. ris Semdegac qaldevelebica da sxva Crdiloeli xalxebic daisjebodnen uflis mier. ieremia qadagebda _ `amas ityvis ufali RmerTi: `aha, me movuwodeb da movavlen CrdiloeTis yovel ers da babilonis mefes nabuqodonosors, 47 monasa Cemsa, da maT moviyvan am qveyanas da yovelTa garemos erTa zeda, davaqcev maT da Sevcvli udabnod saukunod, da iqmnebian es erni monebad babilonis mefisa 70 wel da mis Semdgom me davsji babilonis mefes da mis ers maTi usjuloebisaTvis da qaldevelT qveyanasac gadavaqcev udabnod~. marTlac, ebraelebi gadaasaxles babilonSi, sadac isini tyveebad iyvnen 70 wels, xolo qaldevelTa babilonis samefo Semdgom TandaTan udabnod iqca da daviwyebas mieca. winaswarmetyvelebis Sesabamisad daeca TiTqmis yvela imdroindeli tomebi da cnobili saxelmwifoebi (igulisxmeba ebraelTa babilonSi tyveobis xana), daeca da saxelovneba dakarga aTaswleulebis manZilze didebulma egviptem, rac iwinaswarmetyvela ezekielma _ `adamis Zev, mimarTe piri faraonisaken, egviptis mefisaken da uwinaswarmetyvele mas da mTel egviptes elaparake da uTxari, ase ambobs-Tqo ufali RmerTi, aha, Senze var faraono, egviptis mefev, dido gveleSapo, rom gawolilxar Sens mdinareebSi da ambob Cemia mdinare, CemTvis Sevqmenio. layuCebSi Canglebs gagiyri, ...mogisvri udabnoSi Seni mdinareebis TevzebTan erTad... mixvdeba egviptis yvela mcxovrebi, rom ufali var, radgan lerwmis sayrdeni iyavi israelis xalxisaTvis~ (ezek. 29. 2-4). anda: `adamis Zev, gamarTe godeba faraonze, egviptis mefeze da uTxari: Wabuk loms hgavdi xalxTa Soris da gveleSapiviT iyavi-Tqo zRvebSi! irqinebodi Sens mdinareebSi da fexebiT amRvrevdi wylebs, Telavdi-Tqo maT mdinareebSi. ase ambobs ufali RmerTi: movisvri Senze Cem saTxevels xalxTa simravleSi da amogaTreven Cemi badiT...~ (32. 1-3). 48 marTlac, qristeSobamde mexuTe saukunidan, ebraelTa babilonis tyveobis Semdgom saxelovani egvipte daeca da is umniSvnelo, sxvebze damokidebul qveynad iqca. msgavsadve asrulda ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebani sxva xalxebsa da saxelmwifo warmonaqmnebze. daecnen israelTa mtrebi _ yamonianebi (amonitebi) TandaTan daeca finikielTa cnobili tvirosi, rameTu winaswarmetyvelTa TqmiT, `vaglaxs ambobs ierusalimze, Seimusreba igi _ xalxebis karibWe... gaukacrieldeba~ (iez. 26:2). tvirosi cnobili qalaqi, saxelmwifos centri iyo, sadac xalxebTan erTad qarTvelTa winaprebic vaWrobdnen _ `iavani, Tubali da meSeqi iyvnen Seni gamsaReblebi, tyveebs da spilenZis WurWels gixdidnen saqonelSi, Togormas saxlidan cxenebs, sabrZolo raSebs da jorebs gigzavnidnen sanacvlod~ (iez. 27:13-14). aq qarTvelTa winapari tomebi _ Tubali, meSeqi da Togarma erTad ixseniebian, radganac isini mezoblebi da monaTesaveni iyvnen. saukunod daeca asureTi _ israelis mteri. `iq aris aSuri da mTeli misi krebuli, mis garSemo misi saflavebi yvelani gangmirulni arian, maxviliT dacemulni~ (32:22). daeca cnobili elami, edomi, daeca meSeqi da Tubali. maT winaswarmetyveli sxva dasjil xalxTa Soris asaxelebs _ `iq aris meSeqi da Tubali da mTeli misi simravle~ (32:26). isini isjebian maTi mezoblis israelis winaaRmdeg mtrobis gamo, isjeba TviT israelic, romelic Semdgom ipovis Tavis TavSi Zalas, aRadgens siyvaruls 49 ufalTan, daicavs aRTqmas da kvlav aRorZindeba, aseve aRorZindeba RvTis mcnebaTa damcveli yoveli dacemuli eri. marTlac, meSeqis da Tubalis Zveli didebisagan dacema da umniSvnelo tomad qceva SeumCneveli arc Semdegdroindel istorikosebs darCeniaT. pirvelqarTvelTa didebuleba, maTi saxelmwifoebi, qalaqebi, kulturis brwyinvaleba aCrdilad iqca. ivane javaxiSvili wers, rom qristeSobamde 3-4 saukuniT adre qarTvelTa dacemis Sesaxeb _ `Tumca asurul wyaroebSi Cveni eris maSindeli mdgomareoba dawvrilebiT ar aris aRwerili, magram IV saukunis qarTveli tomebis yofa-cxovrebas Tu imdroindel mdgomareobas SevadarebT, SeuZlebelia mainc ver SevamCnioT, rom CrdiloeTisaken waweul qarTvelebs cxadi daqveiTeba etyobaT. vazis movlas, Rvinis dayenebas, saqonlis moSenebas, madneulis damuSavebasa da iaraRWurWlis gakeTebas, marTalia, winandeburad misdevdnen, magram sad iyo winandeli simdidre, sasaxleebi, auarebeli ganZi da qoneba, romlis xelSi Cagdebas Tavis droze asureTis batonebi kvexulobdnen xolme. winaT maT qalaqebi hqondaT, meoTxe saukuneSi ki salaparakodac ar Rirda, rac iyo isic cixeebs ufro miagavda, vidre qalaqs, winaT qarTvelebi Zlier da mdidar erad iTvlebodnen, aReb-micemobisaTvis Soreul qveynebSi midiodnen da yvelgan saxeli gavardnili hqondaT. IV saukuneSi ki isini patara-patara tomebad iyvnen danawilebulni, mamacobis pativi mezoblebSiRa hqondaT SerCenili, msoflioSi ki maTi saxeli aRar ismoda~... (iv. javaxiSvili, t. I, gv. 70). 50 diax, Cveni eri daeca, ezekielis winaswarmetyveleba Tubalsa, meSeqsa da Togormaze aRsrulda. ezekieli qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi cxovrobda. IV saukuneSi qarTvelTa winaprebis Zveli dideba mezoblebs Tu axsovdaT. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom maTi saxsenebeli ufalma ar gaaqro, rameTu isini uflis ers laSqravdnen ara damoukideblad, aramed skviTebis iZulebiT, romelTac `gogs~ uwodebdnen. is mTavari iyo meSeqisa da Tubalisa, e.i. kavkasiis iqiT mcxovreb CrdiloeTis xalxebs auZulebia samxreTeli mezoblebi _ qarTvelTa winaprebi, elaSqraT `israelis mTebze~. ezekieli ambobs RvTis sityvas _ `adamianis Zev! iwinaswarmetyvele gogze da Tqvi, ase ambobs-Tqo ufali RmerTi, aha, Senze var roSis, meSeqis da Tubalis mTavaro, mogatrialeb, gamogaTrev da wagiyvan CrdiloeTis kideebidan da mogiyvan israelis mTebze gagagdebineb mSvilds marcxena xelidan da isrebs marjvena xelidan dagayrevineb. israelis mTebze daecemi mTeli Seni urdoianad da xalxTan erTad, Sen rom gaxlavs~... (ezek. 39: 1-3). mravali xalxi daisaja, romelTac winaswarmetyvelis piriT amis mizezs amcnobs ufali _ `raki saukuno mtroba gqonda da maxvils miugde israelianebi maTi gasaWiris Jams, saboloo sasjelis Jams~ (ezek. 35: 5). qarTvelTa winaprebi dasjilan imis mier, visi xeliTac daisajnen israelianebi; mefe nabuqodonosoris mier datyvevebul da gadasaxlebul iqnen ucxo qveynebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom nabuqodonosors, zogierTi Zveli is- 51 torikosis azriT, ara marto ebraelTa gadasaxleba miewereba, aramed qarTvelTa gadasaxlebac samxreTis qveynebidan ufro CrdiloeTiT. qristeSobamde IV-III saukunis berZeni mwerali, geografi da istorikosi nabuqodonosors axsenebs viTarca iberielTa Zveli saxelmwifos dampyrobels. `nabuqodonosorma, romelic herakleze ufro Zlieri iyo, mas Semdeg rac saomari jari Sekriba, miaRwia libielTa qveyanaSi da iberTa qveyanaSi, ajoba maT, gaacamtvera da daimorCila, erTi wili maTgani gadaadgila man pontos zRvis marjvena mxareze, iq daasaxla~ (georgika, 1961, gv. 30). evsevi kesarieli wers _ `agreTve megasTene ambobs Tavis `indoeTis~ meoTxe wignSi, romelSic mogviTxrobs amis win moxsenebuli babilonelTa mefis Sesaxeb, rom is simamaciT da sagmiro saqmeebiT herakles aRemateboda, imdenad aRemateboda, rom libiis da iberiis meti wili, ambobs igi, daipyroo~ (iqve, gv. 30). am cnobiT nabuqodonosors daumorCilebia da daupyria mTeli iberiis saxelmwifo, romelic samxreTiT libiasTan mdebareobda, auyria qarTvelebi da gadmousaxlebia Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze, anu kolxeTsa da Semdgomdroindel lazikaSi. es momxdara qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi. megasTenis aRniSnul cnobas imeoreben Semdegi drois istorikosebi marabas-katina (I s.), mose xorenaci (V s.) da sxvebi. nabuqodonosors qaldeelTa mefec erqva. qveynis saxelwodebam `qaldeam~ aTaswleulTa manZilze adgili wainacvla samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken, Sumere- 52 bidan _ qarTvelebamde. nabuqodonosori, qaldeuri babilonis yvelaze cnobili mefe asurelTagan axlad ganTavisuflebul samSoblos saTaveSi Caudga 604 wlisaTvis da 562 wlamde marTavda mas. nabuqodonosors hqonia RvTis siyvaruli (babilonSi 53 didi taZari da asobiT samlocvelo arsebobda). man xelaxla aaSena daqceuli babiloni, taZarTa da sataZro nagebobaTa aSeneba misi umTavresi sazrunavi iyo. maTken iyo mimarTuli saxelganTqmuli babilonis saprocesio gzebi, romlebsac mTel sigrZeze feradi (lurj-cisferi) Wiquri miyveboda, maTze gamoyvanili yviTelfafriani TeTri lomebiT, xarebiTa Tu gveleSapebiT. qaldeelTa mefe dauRalavi mSenebeli iyo. misi xeliT ineba ufalma ierusalimis dasja, sadac 597 wels gailaSqra, iudeis mefe ioakimi ojaxiTa da warCinebulebiT babilonSi gadaasaxla, ierusalimis umdidresi taZris ganZTan erTad. male, ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebis Sesabamisad, nabuqodonosorma kvlav aiRo ajanyebuli ierusalimi 587 wels, gaZarcva, dawva, aTasobiT iudeveli gadaasaxles babilonSi, risTvisac aTwleulTa Semdgom TviT babilonic daisaja. uflisagan gandgoma iyo mizezi ebraelTa datyvevebisa, rogorc ieremia winaswarmetyveli wers _ `iyo uflis sityva Cems momarT naTqvami: wadi da yurSi CasZaxe ierusalims: ase ambobs-Tqo ufali: me maxsovs Seni ymawviluri erTguleba da patarZluri siyvaruli, roca momyvebodi udabnoSi, uxnav-uTes miwaze. uflis siwmidea israeli, misi mosavlis naTavari. yoveli misi mWameli 53 dadanaSauldeba, ubedureba daatydeba Tavs, ambobs ufali. ismine uflis sityva iakobis saxlo da israelis saxlis yovelo sagvareulov! ase ambobs ufali: ra naxa CemSi cudi Tqvenma mama-papam, rom ganmidga, amaoebas rom ahyva da Tavadac amaoebaSi Caeflao?.. ar uTqvams mRvdlebs, sad ariso ufali, rjulis kacebma ar micnes, mwyemsebi gamidgnen, winaswarmetyvelni baalis saxeliT giqadageben da usargeblo kerpebs akeTeben, amitomac kidev meqneba TqvenTan dava... kargad gamoikvlieT, naxeT, Tu sadme momxdara amgvari rame. Tu Seucvlia romelime xalxs Tavisi RmerTebi, Tumca ar yofilan isini RmerTebi. Cemma erma ki usargeblo kerpebze gadacvala Tavisi dideba~ (ier. 2, 1-11). israelma ori danaSauli Caidina, _ ambobs ufali ieremias azriT: miatoves RmerTi _ cocxali wyarosTvali da axali wylis Zebna daiwyes _ e.i. cru RmerTebis Zieba (ier. 2.13). israelma amiT miatova uflis saxlis Sviloba, ris gamoc iqca nadavlad mbrdRvinavi lomebisaTvis, romlebic udabnod uqceven qveyanas, gadawvaven da gaaukacrieleben mis qalaqebs (2,15). `radgan ase ambobs cabaoT ufali: gaCexeT xe da daaxvaveT ierusalimis irgvliv. unda daisajos es qalaqi! savsea ZaladobiT. rogorc WaSi grovdeba wyali, ase dagrovda masSi boroteba. Zaladoba da Zarcva ismis iq. sneuleba da Wrilobebia. Cems winaSe mudam frTxilad iyavi ierusalimo, ar migatovos Cemma sulma, ar gadagaqcioT udabnod, ukacriel qveynad... radgan pataridan didamde yvela momxveWelia, winaswarmetyvelidan mRvde- 54 lamde yvela yalbismqmneli. zereled mkurnaloben Cemi eris Wrilobebs. amboben mSvidobaao, mSvidoba! Tumca ar aris mSvidoba. gana ar rcxveniaT, sibilwes rom Cadian? ara! sulac ar rcxveniaT, amitomac daecemian dacemulTa Soris, waiforxileben, roca davsji maT, _ ambobs ufali~ (ier. 6.6-15). ieremias RvTis sityvis gancxadebisaTvis simarTliT Seuracxyofili brbo emuqreboda, cils swamebda da eswrafoda mis daRupvas. ukeTuri qceviT datanjuli winaswarmetyveli wyevlida Tavis dabadebis dRes, magram simarTlis Tqmas ganagrZobda. man pirdapir uTxra mis dilegSi Camgdeb erT mRvdels: `ase ambobs ufali: aha, SiSis zars dagcem Sen da Sens megobrebs. daecemian isini mtrebis maxvilisagan da Seni TvaliT ixilav amas. babilonelTa mefis xelSi Cavagdeb mTels iudas. gadaasaxlebs maT babilonSi da maxviliT amoswyvets~ (ier. 20,4). winaswarmetyvelis sityvisamebr babilonis mefe nabuqodonosori gars Semoadga ierusalims. ieremiam ganucxada iudeas mefes: `...ambobs ufali _ Cavagdeb cidkias, iudas mefes da mis morCilebs, xalxs da yvelas... nabuqodonosoris, babilonis mefis xelSi...~ (21.7). marTlac, aRsrulda winaswarmetyveleba. israelianebi babilonSi gadaasaxles, ieremia godebda: `rogor marto darCa qalaqi, odesRac xalxmravali, zis qvrivi qaliviT, xalxTa qalbatoni da mxareTa dedofali moxarke Seiqmna. tiris RamRamobiT, Rawvebze cremli sdis, aravin 55 hyavs nugeSinismcemeli, yvelam uRalata, mtrad gadaekidnen megobrebi~ (godeba, I: 1-2). `aRasrula ufalma ganzraxuli, aaxdina Tavisi naTqvami, rac hqonda nabrZanebi ZvelTaganve, daaqcia da ar Seibrala. mteri gaaxara Senze, rqa aRumaRla Sens duSmanebs... yrian quCis mtverSi ymawvili da moxuci, Cemi qalwulebi da moymeebi maxviliT daecnen; daxoce Seni risxvis dRes, dakali, ar dainde~ (2.17,21). nabuqodonosorma daatyveva da gadaasaxla ebraeli xalxi, masve, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Zvel istorikosTa cnobebiT, daulaSqravs qarTvelTa saxelmwifo, sadRac samxreTSi mdebare, dautyvevebia qarTveloba da gadausaxlebia CrdiloeTis qveyanaSi, Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze. israel dedaTa darad tirodnen albaT qarTveli dedebic, magram maTi godebis aRmweri aravin iyo, Cans, maT Soris ar hyavda ufals gamorCeuli erTguli. isini am droisaTvis kerpTmsaxurni iyvnen, WeSmariti RmerTi mxolod eqvsasi wlis Semdeg Seicnes andria mociqulis qadagebis meSveobiT. aq oriode sityviT unda iTqvas imis Sesaxebac, rom rCeul erTan, romelic aRTqmis darRvevisaTvis samarTlianad daisaja, ufalma kvlav ganaaxla Tavisi aRTqma. babilonis tyveoba dasrulda. ebraelebi aRTqmul miwaze dabrundnen. qarTvelebi ki, Tuki vendobiT Zvel istorikosTa cnobas maTi samxreTidan CrdiloeTSi gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb, dafuZdnen axal qveyanaSi, uwodes mas Tavisi saxeli saqarTvelo. Tumca, simon janaSias dakvirve- 56 biT, kavkasia ZvelTaganve samSoblo iyo qarTvelebis, iseve rogorc wina aziis zogierTi regioni. am droisaTvis moxda ara qarTvelTa gadasaxleba, aramed samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken gadainacvles maTma politikurma centrebma. ese igi, samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT gadasaxlda mxolod politikuri elita. yovel SemTxvevaSi Tubalisa da meSeqis Zveli dideba saukuno warsulad iqca. maTi adgili `iberma~ daiWira. ibe ri ezekielis piriT gamoTqmuli winaswarmetyvelebis kiTxvisas _ `uTxari, ase ambobs-Tqo ufali RmerTi: aha, Senze var gog, roSis, muSeqis da Tubalis mTavaro! gagabruneb da ybaSi Cangals amogdeb... Togormas saxls CrdiloeTs kideebidan mTeli Tavisi urdoTi, uricxvi xalxiTurT SenTan erTad~ _ gvaxsendeba s. janaSias sityvebi _ `ueWvelia, rom VI-I saukuneebSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde qarTvelobam didi zarali ganicada. am xanaSi Semcirda qarTveli tomebis mosaxleoba da masTan erTad am tomebma Tavisi msoflio-istoriuli poziciebi dahkarges~ (s. janaSia, t. V, 1987, gv. 212). raRa darCa erT dros pirineidan pamiramde ganfenili (n. mari) qarTveluri eTnosidan? qristeSobamde ramdenime saukuniT adre qarTveluri warmoSobis xalxebi iqcnen mcire tomebad, daemxo maTi 57 erT dros saxelovani saxelmwifoebi. TavianTi ubedurebisa da gaWirvebis dros ramdenime nakadad moaSures kavkasias, sadac egulebodaT saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba maTi monaTesave qarTuli tomebisa _ saxelganTqmuli kolxeTi. marTalia, kolxeTis Zlierebis xana (qristeSobamde IX-VIII ss.) am droisaTvis ganvlili iyo, magram is mainc fexze idga da bunebrivi sazRvrebisagan daculs Zlieri mtrebic naklebad hyavda. momavali saqarTvelosaken moiwevdnen tibaranebad qceuli Tubalebi, mesxebad qceuli muSqebi, axla mcire tomebad qceuli qaldevelebi anu xalibebi, karduxebi. herodotes Tanaxmad, wina aziaSi amierkavkasiisken cxovrobdnen Semdegi tomebi _ mosxebi, tibaranebi, makronebi, mosinikebi, kolxebi, alarodielebi, saspeirebi. is erT momentTan dakavSirebiT wers _ `mosxebs Tavze xis muzaradebi exuraT. patara farebi da Subebi hqondaT... laSqrobdnen tibaranebi, makronebi da mosinikebi, romlebic mosxebiviT iyvnen aRWurvilni... kolxebs Tavze xis muzaradebi hqondaT... alarodielebi da saspeirebi kolxebis msgavsad SeiaraRebulni laSqrobdnen~ (herodote, istoria, II, 434). rogorc Cans, qarTuli tomebi im droisaTvis kidev ufro mravalricxovani iyo. `vrcel miwa-wyalze mcire aziasa, samxreT evropasa da CrdiloeT afrikis sanapiroze mcxovrebi qarTuli gvartomobis xalxebi~ (s. janaSia) aRniSnuli droisaTvis kavkasiaSi SeyuJul tomebad iyvnen qceulni, magram ufal RmerTs isini ar dauviwyebia. misca Zala, raTa Camoeyal- 58 ibebinaT erTiani `qarTlis samefod~ cnobili saxelmwifo. Sehkra isini erTian erad da imis Semdeg, rac dedamiwaze mosuli Ze RvTisa, WeSmariti RmerTi amaRlda, eCvena deda RvTisas da uTxra qarTveli eris Sesaxeb: _ `hoi, dedao Cemo, ara ugulebel vyo eri igi sazepuro ufros yovelTa naTesavTa, meoxebiTa SeniTa maTTvis (`qarTlis cxovreba~, t. I, gv. 38) uflis rCeul erad iqca, yvela qristemoyvare eris msgavsad. am siyvarulis niSnad pirvel saukuneSive Cvenma erma miiRo zeciT qsovili kvarTi uflisa, erTiani, mTliani da daunawevrebeli, niSnad imisa rom `sazepuro eri~ mis wiaRSi Senaxul kvarTis msgavsad samaradJamod, mis meored mosvlamde, erTiani, mTliani da daunawevrebeli unda darCeniliyo, Tuki qristianobas daicavda. ufalma aTeul tomebad qceuli qarTuli eTnosi qristeSobamde 3-4 saukuniT adre erTian erad aqcia erovnuli saxelmwifos daarsebiT. erTian qarTul saxelmwifos `qarTlis samefos~, xolo ucxoelebi iberias uwodebdnen, `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ Tanaxmad, misi dasavleTi sazRvari egriswyalze gadioda, ase rom, is moicavda aRmosavleT, samxreT da dasavleT saqarTvelos. am saxelmwifos xalxi erTian erad SekavSirda da mas `qarTvelni~ ewodebodaT. aqve isic unda iTqvas, erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebs gareT, samxreTSi aRmoCndnen mravalricxovani qarTuli tomebi. qarTuli tomebi agreTve cxovrobdnen egriswyalTan gamavali sazRvris gadaRmac da aseve aRmosavleTiT _ albaneTis mimarTulebiT. 59 rogorc iTqva, gansakuTrebiT mravali qarTuli tomi aRmoCnda qarTuli saxelmwifos gareT _ Savi zRvis sanapiro mxareSi, romelsac qaldeas, anda WaneTs uwodebdnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daarsebam mefe farnavazis epoqaSi, faqtobrivad gamoiwvia qarTuli eTnosis orad gayofa, kerZod, erTi nawili aRmoCnda Tavis erovnul saxelmwifoSi, xolo meore nawili samxreT-dasavleTiT aRmoCnda sxva saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi. am mdgomareobam xeli Seuwyo saerTo qarTuli enis diferenciacia-danawevrebis gaRrmavebas. amis mizezi iyo is, rom jer kidev farnavazis saxelmwifos Seqmnamde saukuneebiT adre kolxuri kultura moicavda ara marto dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed aRmosavleTis umetes nawils. kolxuri kulturis arealze ki, rogorc miiCneva, gavrcelebuli iyo fuZe qarTuli enis diferenciaciis Sedegad miRebuli, jer kidev gauyofeli e.w. zan-qarTuli ena. Zveli kolxeTi mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos ar moicavda, masSi aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos didi nawili Sedioda. kolxeTi kavkasiaSi qarTuli tomebis gamarTianebeli iyo. herodotes aRweridanac Cans, rom samxreT kavkasiur samyaroSi or qarTul toms aqvs hegemonoba Tavis Tavze aRebuli, kolxebsa da mosxebs. kerZod, laSqrobisas (anu politikuri moRvaweobisas) mosxebTan erTad molaSqre tibaranebi, makronebi da mosinikebi mosxebiviT arian aRWurvilni, xolo kolxebTan er- 60 Tad myofi alarodielebi da saspeirebi kolxebiviT SeiaraRebulni. mosxebi da kolxebi ki warmmarTvelebad Canan. magram mosxebs qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi mcxovrebi berZeni avtori hekatos mileteli `kolxur tomad~ miiCnevs, anu mesxebi da kolxebi erTi xalxia, zogadi saxelia kolxi, maSasadame, kolxeTi, kolxuri kultura da yovelive, rac Zvel kolxeTTanaa dakavSirebuli, aris ara dasavleT saqarTvelos lokaluri kultura, aramed zogad-qarTuli eTnosisa, yvela qarTveluri tomisa, es Seexeba enasac. Zvel-kolxuri ena unda iyos im droisaTvis sustad diferencirebuli fuZe qarTulidan gamoyofili, e.w. zan-qarTuli (jer kidev dauSleli) ena. g. meliqiSvili wers _ `mosxebs Zv.w.aR-is VI s-is berZeni avtori hekatos mileteli `kolxur toms~ eZaxis. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mesxuri elementi mudam qarTebis elements emTxveva, `kolxurs~ aq dasavlurqarTulis mniSvnelobas ver mivaniWebT, radgan, rogorc iTqva, Zveli legendaruli kolxeTis arsebobis xanaSi (Zv.w.aR-is I aTaswleulis pirveli saukuneebi) kolxeTi jer kidev sustad diferencirebul qarTvelur eTnikur jgufs moicavda. am dros megrel-Wanebsa da qarTebs Soris enobrivi gansxvaveba, yovel SemTxvevaSi jer ar unda yofiliyo. amitomac `kolxi~ saxeli am uZveles xanaSi saerTo qarTveluri, Tu qarTi-zanuri (megrul-Wanuri) elementis aRmniSvneli unda yofiliyo. ionieli berZnebi qarTvel tomebs jer kidev qarTul-zanuri erTobis arsebobis `kolxur~ xanaSi gaecnen da `kolxi~ saxelsac, 61 unda vifiqroT, am erTobis aRsaniSnavad xmarobdnen. amitomac mosxebis `kolxur tomad~ moxsenieba hekatos miletelTan, saerTod, maT qarTvelobaze miuTiTebs da megrul-Wanur warmomavlobaze arafers laparakobs~ (saq. ist. narkv, I, gv. 395). erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos formirebis epoqa, romelic, cxadia, ramdenadme win uswrebda farnavazis xanas (IV-III ss. qristeSobamde) xasiaTdeboda didi cvlilelebebiT... kerZod, am dros VIII-VI saukuneebSi kolxuri kulturis arealSi samxreTidan Semovidnen sxvadasxva qarTveluri tomebi, rac gamoiwvevda Zvrebs, mniSvnelovan gadanacvlebebs. rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, am drois qarTveluri jgufis ZiriTadi kultura swored `kolxuri kultura~ unda yofiliyo (ix. iqve, gv. 431). `akad. b. kuftinis azriT, `kolxuri kulturis~ gavrcelebis sazRvari Tavdapirvelad mcxeTamde aRwevda. dRevandeli samxreT oseTis mosaxleobac gviani brinjaos xanaSi mWidrod ukavSirdeboda `kolxuri kulturis~ zonis mosaxleobas... akad. s. janaSia xazs usvamda im garemoebas, rom qarTli, kerZod, istoriuli Sida qarTli, is teritoria unda iyos, sadac gvian brinjaos xanaSi xdeboda aRmosavlur da dasavlur kulturaTa gavrcelebis sazRvrebis urTierTkveTa~ (iqve, gv. 432). kolxuri kulturis areali vrceldeboda araTu Tanamedrove saqarTvelos umetes nawilze, aramed Crdilo kavkasiaSic da vrclad samxreTis mimarTulebiTac _ `ase- 62 Tia, magaliTad, upirveles yovlisa Crdilo oseTi da yabardo-balyareTi mTavari qedis miRma, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos vrceli zoli mdinare mtkvris CrdiloeTiT, mesxeTidan vidre aragvis xeobamde. istoriuli samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo Woroxis auzi da ufro dasavleTiT Savi zRvis sanapiro, yovel SemTxvevaSi qalaq ordumde mainc. aRarafers vambobT CvenTvis saintereso tipis calkeul nivTebze, romlebic aRmoCenilia somxeTis teritoriaze (axtala-lalvaris midamoebi, golovino, parkari, leninakani) da urmiis tbis raionSi~ (iqve, gv. 255). Tanamedrove CrdiloeT somxeTi, yovel SemTxvevaSi bambakis mTis CrdiloeTiT mtkvris auzSi moqceuli teritoria, istoriulad, aTaswleulTa manZilze saqarTveloSi Semaval miwa-wylad, samxreT-aRmosavleT mxared miiCneoda, amitomac aq kolxuri kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli nivTebis aRmoCena unda CavTvaloT mtkvris samxreTiT kolxuri kulturis gavlenis gavrcelebad. rogorc Cans, kolxuri kultura vrceldeboda Woroxisa da saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamaval mtkvris auzebSi, aseve dasavleT saqarTveloSi. sad mdebareobda centri, bude kolxuri kulturisa? _ miCneulia, rom is mdebareobda dasavleT saqarTveloSi. `rogorc araerT mkvlevars aRuniSnavs, TviT dasavleT saqarTvelo am kulturis ZiriTadi bude unda iyos~ (iqve, gv. 256), magram ratom ar SeiZleba es bude aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi yofiliyo, vTqvaT mtkvris xeobaSi (istoriul diaoxTan, 63 Semdegdroindel taosTan, klarjeTTan), anda Woroxis xeobaSi, sadac zogierTi mkvlevari metalurgiis centrebis arsebobas varaudobs? safiqrelia, rom bude kolxuri kulturisa mdebareobda rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, is erTiani kulturaa da ara lokaluri romelime kuTxisa. marTalia, jerjerobiT ucnobia, vrceldeboda Tu ara kolxuri kultura mcxeTis aRmosavleTiT, magram, ZvelqarTul wyaroTa Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT teritoriebi dasaxlebuli iyo qarTuli tomebiT (qarTlis cxovrebaSi asaxulia, rom aq saxlobdnen qarTlosis uSualo STamomavalni). kolxuri kulturis am arealSi gauvrceleblobis Sesaxeb ki unda gavimeoroT g. meliqiSvilis naTqvami: `ra Tqma unda, savaldebulo ar aris, rom materialuri kulturis esa Tu is are zustad emTxveodes ama Tu im eTnikuri jgufis gavrcelebis sazRvrebs~, (iqve, gv. 432). yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sruliad unda daveTanxmoT g. meliqiSvils _ qristeSobamde pirveli aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi saxeli `kolxi~ saerTo qarTveluri, anu zan-qarTuli (qarT-zanuri) elementis aRmniSvneli unda yofiliyo. saxeli `kolxi~ sustad diferencirebul qarTul eTnikur erTobas moicavda (amitomac uwodebdnen `mosxebs~ _ kolxebs). rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, qristeSobamde VIII saukunis Semdgom kolxuri kulturis arealSi didi cvlilebebi moxda, CrdiloeTidan SemoiWrnen kimerielebi, maT daarbies kolxeTi, xolo samxreTidan TandaTan Semosula sx- 64 vadasxva qarTuli tomebi. es qarTuli tomebi erT dros warmoadgendnen cnobil xalxebs TavianTi saxelmwifoebiT, maT gaaCndaT didi politikuri kultura, amitomac Semosvlis Semdgom sakmaod male moaxdines damxvedri tomebis konsolidacia da Camoayalibes `qarTlis samefo~ _ axali qarTuli saxelmwifo. s. janaSias Tanaxmad, samxreTiT mdebare qarTuli saxelmwifoebis gaqrobis Semdeg politikurma centrebma CrdiloeTiT, dRevandeli saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze gadmoinacvla. amas, rogorc aRiniSna, xeli Seuwyo Zveli kolxuri samefos ganadgurebam kimerielTa mier. am Semosevis Semdgom, rogorc fiqroben, kolxeTis (am SemTxvevaSi dasavleT saqarTvelos) mosaxleobis nawili momxdurebTan brZolaSi gamwydara, gadarCenilebs mezobel kuTxeebSi SeufarebiaT Tavi. samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT qarTuli tomebis Semosvlas, anu politikuri centrebis gadmonacvlebas garkveulad gamoucocxlebia Zveli kolxeTi. samefoc Camoyalibda, saqme is iyo, rom kolxebi da Semosuli tomebi, rogorc aRiniSna, erTi eTnosi, erTi warmoSobis xalxi iyo. ase, magaliTad, s. janaSia fiqrobda, rom kolxuri brinjaos kultura SeiZleboda Tubalebis (Tobelis) kultura yofiliyo. s. janaSia bibliaSi naxseneb iafetis Ze Tubals da kaenis STamomavlebs _ Tubal-kaens, iabels, iubals ase akavSirebda kolxebTan (da iberebTan): `CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxis Sesaxeb bibliis ori sxvadasxvagvari 65 cnobis SeTanxmeba Zneli ar unda iyos. is garemoeba, rom erT SemTxvevaSi Tubali martoa dasaxelebuli, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi mas Zmebic hyavs _ Yabali da Yubali, Cveni azriT im garemoebas mowmobs, rom pirvelad xalxi mTliani saxiTaa warmodgenili, meored ki _ Tavisi mTavari tomebis saxiT. advilad aixsneba Tubalis ori saxelic _ Tubal-kaeni da Tobeli: `kain~ `keni~ aq epiTetia, romelic, saTanado semituri Ziris saSualebiT `mWedels~ aRniSnavs, Tubali xom upiratesad mWedeli da metalurgia, SesaZlebelia isic (n. mari, iv. javaxiSvili), rom aq gvqondes saTanado satomo saxelis gaazrebac (`kaenebs~, rogorc vnaxeT, ixseniebs pliniusi da SemdegSi cnobilni arian Wanni _ okaenitebic). dabadebis meoTxe Tavis cnobaSi sayuradReboa fuZis axali formebi, romlebic Cven winaT ar Segvxvedria _ Tavkiduri T//t-s nacvlad _ Y. es, ueWvelia, axali safexuria am saxelis ganviTarebaSi. am cnobiT mocemuli Sesatyvisobani: T//t _ h//Y-0 safuZvels aZleven iv. javaxiSvilis da i. yifSiZes Tubal-Tabali da iberi, Sualedi rgolebiT, erTmaneTs daukavSiron. prof. iv. javaxiSvili amasTanave gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom tabal _ qarTebis gamoTqmaa, tubal _ tobal _ megrul-Wanuri, xolo tibar svanur gamoTqmas uaxlovdebao. sakmarisia movigonoT asuruli cnoba tabalebis 24 samefos arsebobis Sesaxeb, rom paraleluri formebis aseTi simdidre savsebiT bunebrivad miviCnioT da sxva dakarguli formebic vivaraudoT. dasasrul, movigonoT, rogor axasiaTebs am qarTvelur moZme tomebs `SesaqmeTa 66 wignis~ avtori. Tobelis, anu Tubal-kaenis Sesaxeb aq naTqvamia: `ese iyo kveriT xuroY, mWedeli rvalisa da rkinisa~ (IV, 22). Tu amas davukavSirebT Tanamedrove arqeologis mier dadgenil faqts, rom brinjaos SesaniSnavi kultura, romelsac winaT yobanis kulturas eZaxdnen, namdvilad kolxeTis kulturaa, rom am kulturis ayvavebis xana swored Tabal-Tubalis epoqaze modis, rom kolxuri brinjaos kultura, uaxlesi aRmoCenebiT vrceldeba Sors samxreTiT mcire aziisaken (vgulisxmobT arTvinisa da ordus ganZebs), maSin bunebrivad SeiZleba davsvaT sakiTxi: xom ar aris kolxuri brinjaos kultura namdvilad Tubalebis, anu Tubal-kainebis kultura?~ (s. janaSia, III, 1959, gv. 71-73). ase akavSirebda s. janaSia Tubals kolxTan da iberTan, xolo mesxebs kolxebTan qristeSobamdec akavSirebdnen. anTropologiurad aRniSnul xanaSi mTeli kavkasiis mosaxleoba erTgvarovani yofila. m. abduSeliSvili wers _ `amrigad, mTeli kavkasiis brinjaos xanis mosaxleoba ekuTvnoda erT anTropologiur tips, romelic zogad rasobriv sistematikaSi samxreT-evropeiduli rasis xmelTaSuazRvispiruli tipis saxeliT aris cnobili. saqarTvelos gvian brinjaos da Semdgom rkinis farTo aTvisebis periodis mosaxleoba anTropologiuri TvalsazrisiT tipobrivad ar gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan. rac gamoricxavs raime axali, adgilobrivisagan gansxvavebuli elementebis Semosvlas sakvlev teritoriaze drois aRniS- 67 nul monakveTSi~ (`qarTveli xalxis anTropologiuri istoria~). anTropologiuri, kulturuli, enobrivi da sxva msgavsi erToba unda yofiliyo mizezi imisa, rom qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi aRorZinebul kolxeTis samefoSi, romelic amjerad mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos moicavda, ganfenili iyo samxreTidan Semosulad miCneuli e.w. mesxuri tomebi. dasavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleTi provinciebi da aseve rionis samxreTiTac moqceuli miwawyali, ZvelTaganve msgavsi elementebiT Cans dasaxlebuli. `samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze SemoRweuli mcireazieli muSqebi (mesxebi), Cans, aqtiur rols asrulebdnen am mxaris politikur cxovrebaSi... SemdegSi aqedan kidev ufro CrdiloeTiT gavrceldnen. mesxuri samosaxloni unda gaCeniliyo rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi... damaxasiaTebelia, rom mcireaziuli warmoSobis saxelwodebebi umkvidrdeba ara marto Sida qarTlis miwa-wyalze aRmocenebul cixe-qalaqebs, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleT raionebSi warmoSobil zog amgvar centrsac... mcireaziuli elementis politikuri hegemonoba vrceldeba mesxeTs, Sida qarTlsa da sxvaTa Soris, agreTve dasavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleT nawilzec. es is teritoriebia, sadac mimdinareobda adgilobrivi qarTis da mcire aziidan SemoRweuli mesxuri elementis wiaRSi aRmosavlur qarTuli (qarTlis, iberiis) saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba~ (saq. ist. narkv, I, gv. 397). 68 unda vifiqroT, rom kolxeTis samefos (VI-IV ss.) wiaRSive safuZveli eyreboda axal erTian qarTlis saxelmwifos, farnavazis mier daarsebuls. amas unda miuTiTebdes, wyaroTa Cveneba imis Sesaxeb, rom farnavazis winamorbedi (samefo taxtze) azoni ara marto aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelosac marTavda. qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi (istoriuli kolxeTis samxreT raionebSi) mcxovrebi mosaxleoba sparselebma daimorCiles. am adgilebSi 401 wels gaiara qsenofontem. misi aRweriT, adgilobrivi tomebi ukve ganviTarebulni iyvnen. karduxebi, xalibebi, xaldebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosinikebi, koitebi da tibarenebi ar emorCilebodnen sparseTs. aRsaniSnavia, rom is `kolxebs~ uwodebs ara rionis xeobaSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas, aramed trapezuntis midamoebSi mcxovrebT. daaxloebiT am dros (ramdenadme gviandel periods) exeba qarTuli wyaro `moqcevaY qarTlisaY~, romlis Tanaxmadac, samxreTSi _ wina aziaSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis elita `arian-qarTlis~ mefe azovem gadmoasaxla da ganasaxla sruliad saqarTveloSi, maT Soris rionisa da enguris xeobebSic, vidre egris wylamde. Tu es wyaro sworia, maSin rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelos yovel kuTxeSi aqamde kolxuri kulturis arealSi mcxovreb qarTvelobas Serevia samxreTidan gadmosaxlebuli qarTveloba da Semdegdroindeli qarTuli tomebi Tanabari xarisxiT maTi memkvidreni arian. Tumca, rogorc aRniSnuli wyarodan 69 Cans, unda vivaraudoT, rom `arian-qarTlis~ mefem sruliad saqarTveloSi ganasaxla ara raime mniSvnelovani raodenobiT mosaxleoba, am sityvis sruli gagebiT, aramed mxolod mmarTveli zeda fena, aznaur-Tavisufali mcirericxovani mmarTveli zeda fena. pavle ingoroyvas mier aRdgenili Txzulebis teqstSi ikiTxeba qarTvelTa gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb _ `xolo ese azoY warvida `arianqarTlad~ mamisa Tvisisa da warmoiyvana aTasi saxli mdabioY uflisaY da aTni saxli mamamZuZeTani~ (p. ingoroyva, t. 4, gv. 515, 1978 w.). aq `mamamZuZe niSnavs mTavars, aseve unda vifiqroT, rom `mdabioY uflisaY~ ufalTan, anu mefesTan daaxloebul pirebs ewodebaT, arseni beri Sesabamis teqstSi gadmoscems, rom azom arian qarTlidan moiyvana aTasi saxli `mdabioY uflisaY~ da aTi saxli `mTavarTagan~. sul moyvanilia aTas aTi saxli. `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ miaCnia, rom aRniSnuli mosaxleobis STamomavalni arian qarTvelebi, rom maT maleve Seqmnes saxelmwifo, magram SeuZlebelia aTas aT ojaxs Seeqmna uzarmazari, zRvidan albaneTamde gadaWimuli saxelmwifo, cxadia, aTas aTi saxli warmoadgenda zeda fenas, anu saxelmwifos dvritas, mmarTvel aparats, wyobilebis xerxemals. es aris swored is, razedac miuTiTebda simon janaSia. misi Teoriis Tanaxmad, moxda ara mosaxleobis masiuri gadasaxleba, aramed qarTuli politikuri centrebis gadanacvleba samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken. anu iqamde kolxuri kulturis arealSi mcxovrebi qarTveloba aaxlebs Tavis saxelmwifoebriv wyobilebas. ufro 70 maRali saxelmwifoebrivi organizaciisa da kulturis mqone samxreTuli qarTuli zedafenis meoxebiT maT Camoayalibes `qarTlis samefo~ (anu iberiisa), aRmosavleTdasavleT saqarTvelos gamaerTianebeli saxelmwifo. swored zeda fena rom movida, amis anarekli Cans `qarTlis cxovrebaSic~. am Txzulebis mixedviT azo _ dampyrobelia, makedoneli, romelsac hyavs `asi aTasi romaeli~, romlis ZaliTac xelisufleba aqvs damyarebuli qarTvelobaze. `moqcevaYs~ mixedviT, rogorc viciT, azos Tan mohyva `aTasi saxli mdabio~, _ `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT ki `asi aTasi~ romaeli. unda vigulisxmoT, rom Tavis mxriv `saxlic~ Tavis qveS gulisxmobs SeiaraRebuli mebrZolebis (anu brZolisunariani mamakacebis) _ aramcire raodenobas. Tu gvian saukuneebSic ki `komlSi~ 20mde mamakacs gulisxmobdnen, qristeSobamde, roca ojaxebi gauyofelni iyvnen, `saxlSi~ uTuod didi raodenobis mamakacebi unda igulisxmebodes. Tu mocemul ricxvebs `asi aTasi~ da `aTas saxls~ erTmaneTs SevadarebT, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom erT `saxls~ asamde SeiaraRebuli mamakacis gamoyvana SeeZlo. sad daasaxla azom Semoyvanili mosaxleoba, anu romel qveyanas Cauyara man safuZveli `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT _ `igi imorCilebs qarTlTan erTad hereTs da, amrigad, avrcelebs Tavis xelisuflebas mdinare berdujidan (dRevandeli debeda) vidre `speris zRvamde (e.i. Sav zRvamde), ipyrobs agreTve dasavleT saqarTvelos (egriss), xarks adebs osebs, lekebs da xazarebs~ (narkv. gv. 438). `moqcevaYs~ mixedviT, azo 71 Semoiyvana aleqsandre makedonelma. ai, rogor sazRvrebSi moaqcia misi qveyana _ `da Tana hyvanda aleqsandres mefesa azo, ZeY arian qarTlisa mefisa da mas miuboZa mcxeTaY sajdomad da sazRvari daudva mas hereTi da egris wyali da somxiTi da mTa crolisa da warvida~ (Zv. qarT. ag. lit. Zegl. t. I, 1964, gv. 81). am wyaros Tanaxmadac, azo _ dasavleT saqarTvelos sruli mpyrobelia, vidre egriswylamde, maSasadame, mas Tavisi `aTasi saxli~ mdabioni, xolo, Cveni azriT, Tavisi sayrdeni xelisufalni, unda gaenawilebina mTel samarTav teritoriaze, rogorc dasavleT, aseve aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. cxadia, moxdeboda damxvdurebisa da momsvlelebis Serwyma, amitomac Semdgomi drois mematianeni TavianT Tavs (e.i.qarTvelobas) Tvlidnen _ `arian qarTlidan~ mosuli qarTvelobis memkvidreebad. swrafad urTierTSerwymas xeli albaT imanac Seuwyo, rom momsvlelnic da damxvdurnic erTi eTnosisani, erTi warmoSobisani iyvnen. `wmida ninos cxovrebis~ zemoxsenebul arsen beriseul variantSi naTqvamia, rom Cven, qarTvelebi am arian-qarTlidan gadmosaxlebulTa STamomavlebi varTo. igivea naTqvami `moqcevaYs~ ufro Zvel, Satberdiseul xelnawerSi. armazis mTaze mdgomi gacisa da gas kerpebis aRwerisas nino ambobs, rom isini iyvnen Tqveni (qarTvelTa) `arian-qarTleli~ mamebis (e.i. winaprebis) RmerTebi. mefe miriani, mimarTavs ra ninos, amave gacisa da gas eZaxis `Cveni mamebis (winaprebis) Zvel RmerTebs~ (narkv. gv. 438). 72 yovelive zemoaRniSnuliT Cven imis Tqma gvsurs, rom farnavazis mier Seqmnili saxelmwifos mdgradoba gamowveuli iyo mosaxleobis erTgvarovnebiT, Tumca ki, erTi SexedviT, saxelmwifos sazRvrebs SigniT egriswylidan da Savi zRvidan somxeT-albaneTamde arsebobda tomTa siWrele, magram saxelmwifom es tomebi Sekra, erad aqcia, amitomac, Cveni matianeebi aTaswleulTa manZilze yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe Cveni saxelmwifos rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT nawilSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas qarTvelebs uwodebdnen, ucxoelebi ki iberebs. sxvadasxva qarTuli tomebis erTian xalxad gadaqcevas xeli uTuod imanac Seuwyo, rom saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis dros qarTuli fuZe-enis daSlis xarisxi didi ar iyo. tomebis enebi axlos iyvnen erTmaneTTan, e.w. qarTebisa, zanebisa da svanebis enebi, cxadia, am oriaTas xuTasi wlis win erTmaneTis mimarT dialeqtebs warmoadgendnen. isini damoukidebel enebad Camoyalibdnen Semdgom, safiqrebelia mas Semdeg, rac farnavazis mier Seqmnili saxelmwifo daiSala (igulisxmeba vaxtang gorgaslis SvilTa dros). qristeSobamde IV saukuneSi, jer kidev farnavazis saxelmwifos warmoSobamde, pirvelad iqna moxsenebuli iberTa saxeli ucxour mwerlobaSi. rogorc Cans, qarTvelebi iberTa saxelwodebiT pirvelad moixsenies platonma da aristotelem. s.janaSia wers _ `platoni Tavis `kanonebSi~, ixseniebs `iberebs~ im `meomar xalxTa~ Soris, romelnic svamen uwylo Rvinos. aristotele ki ambobs _ `iberebis~ meomari xalxi saflavis 73 garSemo imden sars arWoben xolme, ramdeni mteric mokluli hyavs micvalebulso~. safiqrebelia, rom aq qarTvelebi igulisxmebian, magram gadaWriT amis TqmisaTvis damatebiTi masalaa saWiro~ (s.janaSia, t. III, gv. 48). oriode saukuniT adre herodotesTvis ucnobi iyo es sityva _ iberi, rogorc Cans, is sxvagvarad gamoiTqmoda im dros, _ sasperebad. herodote erTi modgmis sasperebsa da kolxebs ixseniebs aseve erTi modgmis sparselebsa da midielebTan erTad. es ukanasknelnic Semdgom erT xalxad iqcnen. swored aRniSnuli ori modgmis xalxi _ sparsuli (sparsel-midielni) da qarTuli (kolx-sasperebi) cxovrobdnen uzarmazar teritoriaze _ sparseTis yuresa (wiTeli zRva) da Sav zRvas Soris. _ `sparsebi cxovroben samxreTis zRvamde, romelic `wiTlad~ iwodeboda. maT zemoT CrdiloeTisaken cxovroben midielebi, midielebis zemoT _ sasperebi, sasperebis zemoT _ kolxebi, CrdiloeTis zRvamde, romelsac erTvis mdinare fazisi. es oTxi xalxi cxovrobs zRvidan zRvamde~. sasperebs, rogorc Cans, faqtobrivad eWiraT adgili urartuelebisa, romelTa politikuri centrebi VI saukunisaTvis ukve ganadgurebuli iyo midielTa da skviTTa mier, Tumca, rogorc Cans, sasperebi CrdiloeTis (momavali aRmosavleT iberiis) teritoriasac moicavdnen. CrdiloeTis aRniSnuli teritoriebi, Tavis droze nawilobriv kolxuri kulturis arealSi Sediodnen. aq unda gavixsenoT isic, rom Semdgomi drois avtorTa Tanaxmad, iberielebi mdinare araqsamde cxovrobdnen. sasperebis 74 Seviwroeba armenielTa tomebis Semosvlam gamoiwvia yofili urartus teritoriaze. s. janaSias saxeli `iberi~ gamohyavda terminebidan _ subar-sasperi-sper. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom mas ukavSirebda bibliis Tubalsa da Tobels. `CvenTvis saintereso satomo saxelis fuZis, zemoT, dokumenturad, damowmebuli Tu kanonzomierad aRdgenili variantebi _ tibar, taber, tabar, tiber, hiber, iber da am saxelwodebaTa matarebeli tomebis gavrcelebis are, gansakuTrebiT mcire aziis Sinagani olqebi, aucileblobiT da savsebiT damarwmuneblad ukavSirdeba, erTi mxriT, `dabadebis~ Tubalsa da Tobels, meore mxriv, asuruli warwerebis tabals (rogorc Cveulebriv sweren) anu Tabals. `dabadebis~ faqtebi, ukve didi xania, rac specialur ganmartebis sagnad iqca. jer kidev cnobili swavluli ebraeli ioseb flabiosi (I s., ax.w.aR-iT) amtkicebda, rom iafetis Svilis Tubal-Tobelis STamomavalni mis dros iberebad iwodebodnen... SemdgomSi flabioss xSirad imeorebdnen Zveli mwerlebi, gansakuTrebiT, bibliur genealogiaTa ganmmartebelni, magram axalma mecnierebamac es debuleba TiTqmis uyoymanod miiRo~ (s.janaSia, III, gv. 63). davamatebT, rom `Tubals~ da misgan nawarmoeb `tibarenis~ ukavSireben kolxebsac da lazebsac. amiT kidev erTxel xazi esmeba kolxebisa da iberebis erT eTnikur mTlianobas _ `straboniT, jer kidev pirvel saukuneSi mTeli mxare kolxeTis dasavleTiT md. Ralisis SesarTa- 75 vamde iwodeboda tibaraniad da dasaxlebuli iyo tibaranuli tomebiT. bizantiuri, ZvelqarTuli da Zvelsomxuri cnobebiT ki viciT, rom am miwa-wyals Sua saukuneebis mTel manZilze ewodeboda kolxida, lazika (lazeTi), xaldia da (dasavleT ganapiras) Waniki...~ (s. janaSia, t. V, gv. 49). bibliuri Tubalis STamomavalni arian iberebi, rogorc aRmosavleT ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi. iberebi ewodaT dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobasac _ kolxebsac, erTiani saxelmwifos Seqmnis Semdgom. am saxelmwifos mTeli mosaxleobis saxelis tibaran TobelebTan dakavSireba swored amis Sesaxeb metyvelebs. qarTvelni, anu iberni iafetis Zis STamomavalni arian, wilxvedri yovladwmida RvTismSoblisa, nakurTxni uflis mier. alali da arami (urartu da armenia) arsebobda Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac, saberZneTSi, italiasa da xmelTaSuazRvispireTis zogi sxva regionis uZvelesi mcxovrebni pelasgebi, etruskebi, iberebi da sxvebi kavkasielebTan, SumerebTan, elamelebTan, xeTebTan, urartuelebTan erTad ganekuTvnebodnen `xalxTa alarodiul ojaxs~. maT akuTvnebdnen qarTvelebsac. faqtobrivad, aRniSnuli Teoriis gaRrmavebas warmoadgens amJamad miRebuli Tvalsazrisi iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxis SesaZlo naTesaobis Sesaxeb xuritulTan (aqedan urartulTan), protoxeTurTan, elamurTan. es enebi 76 Turme avlenen zogierT saerTo niSans gramatikul wyobaSi. s. janaSia urartuelebs, romelTac xaldebs (TavianT saxels) uwodebda _ qarTvelTa uSualo winaprebad miiCnevda. `xaldebis eTnikuri vinaoba sruliad ueWvelia, isini qarTveli xalxis erT nawils Seadgendnen~, _ werda is (s. janaSia, t. V, 1987, gv. 35). s.janaSia faqtobrivad aviTarebs Cveni eklesiis wmindanis ilia marTlis (WavWavaZis) Tvalsazriss urartuelTa Sesaxeb. `diax, batonebo, urartelni qarTvelTa winaparni yofilan, qarTvelTa sisxl-xorci eri yofila... Cven usabuTod ar vambobT urartelebis qarTvelobas~ (i. WavWavaZe, Txz., t. V, 1987, gv. 84). urartuelebs IX-VI saukuneebSi samxreT amierkavkasiasa da mis momijnave teritoriebze gaaCndaT TavianTi damwerloba, religia, TavisTavadi kultura, xelovneba, uZlieresi saxelmwifo, romelic qristeSobamde VII-VI saukuneebSi dasustda da sabolood daeca midielTa xeliT. urartueli xalxi usaxelmwifod darCa, uZlieresi mtrebi swored eTnikur urartuelebs devnidnen. yvela gadamTieli batonad iqca maT qveyanaSi. `urartus samefos dacemis Semdeg mis dasavleT periferiaze gaaqtiurdnen somexi tomebi. maT TandaTanobiT iwyes aRmosavleTiT winsvla da Zveli urartus mTel rig raions daeuflnen. Zv.w.aR-is VI saukunis bolos sparsul warwerebSi Zveli urartu ukve `arminad~ iwodeba, xolo es saxeli TandaTan ucxoelTa wreSi swored somxebs ukavSirdeba. amaSi gamoxatuleba hpova urartus Ziri- 77 Tad raionebSi somxebis hegemonobis damyarebis faqtma. urartus mosaxleobis erTi nawili amasobaSi somexTa wreSi gaiTqvifa... ra Tqma unda, yvelaferi es nel-nela xdeboda, xangrZlivi, mravalsaukunovani procesi iyo. urartuelT ucbad ar daukargavT Tavisi sakuTari tomobrioba, Tavisi ena, kultura, eTnikuri individualoba. sainteresoa, rom swored Zveli urartus teritoria igulisxmeba sparseTis XVIII satrapiaSi (olqSi), romelSic, Zv.w.aR-is V s-is berZeni avtoris herodotes cnobiT, Sediodnen alarodiebi, matienebi da sasperebi. amaTgan alarodi, ueWvelia, Zvel urartelebs gulisxmobs _ saxeli `alarodi~ (ararodi) odnav saxecvlili igive `urartua~. es saxeli SemorCa dRes araratis mTas, romelsac adgilobrivi somxuri mosaxleoba `masiss~ uwodebs (Zv. aRm. xalxTa istoria, gv. 359). urartuelTa saxeli qarTvelTa mexsierebas `alalis~ saxiT unda Semoenaxa. amis safuZveli iqneboda isic, rom berZnebic urartuelebs _ alarodebs, alalodebs uwodebdnen. _ movses xorenaci, mama somxuri istoriografiisa, arams somxur tomebs uwodebs, is wers _ `rogorc yvelasaTvis cnobilia, garSemo mobinadre xalxebi Cvens qveyanas dRemde aramis saxelis mixedviT eZaxian~ (`somxeTis istoria~, 1984 w., gv. 77). `arami~ _ somexTa ramdenime eTnarqis saxelia xorenacis mixedviT. somexTa mamamTavrebis genealogia aseTia _ `iafetma Sva gameri, gamerma Sva Tirasi, Tirasma Sva 78 Torgomi, Torgomma Sva amasia, amasiam Sva gelami, gelamma Sva harma, harmam Sva arami, aramma Sva ara mSvenieri~ (iqve, gv. 62). rogorc vxedavT, maT Soris `arami~ ramdenimes hqvia, mxolod sxvadasxva variaciebiT. amitomac SeiZleba Zvel cnobierebaSi somxeTis saxeli _ arams daukavSirda. alali da arami xalxebi Cveni mezoblebi iyvnen, maT erTmaneTTan araviTari naTesauri kavSiri ar hqonia ilia WavWavaZisa da sxva mecnierTa mosazrebiT. lenormanio, wers ilia, urartuelebs qarTvelebad da qarTvelTa monaTesaveebad miiCnevs da ara somxebis `romelTanac urartuelebs araviTari naTesaoba ara aqvT~ (i. WavWavaZe, Txz., t. V, gv. 88). yovelive zemomoyvanili sainteresoa Cveni eklesiis ierarqisa da mematianis, leonti mroveli episkoposis qarTvel eTnarqTa genealogiis ganxilvisaTvis. `qarTlis cxovreba~, SeiZleba iTqvas, somexTa xsenebiT iwyeba, `pirvelad vaxsenoT ese, rameTu somexTa da qarTvelTa, ranTa da movaknelTa, herTa da lekTa, megrelTa da kavkasianelTa _ amaT TvisTa erTi iyo mama, saxeliT Targamos. ese Targamos iyo Ze TarSisi, Ziswuli iafeTisi, Zisa noesi~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 3). mrovelis mier gadmocemuli genealogiiT, Targamosis STamomavloba aseTia: `pirvelsa erqva haos, meoresa qarTlos, mesamesa bardos, meoTxesa movakan, mexuTesa lek, meeqvsesa heros, meSvidesa kavkas, mervesa egros~ (iqve, gv. 4). 79 Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT xorenacisa da mrovelis mier gadmocemul genealogiur siebs, aseT suraTs miviRebT: xorenaciT: mroveliT: iafeti _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ iafeti gameri _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ iafetis Ze Tarasi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ TarSi Torgomi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Targamos haiki _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ haos, qarTlos da a.S. xorenacis Torgomi, rogorc mrovelis Targamosi, iafetis STamomavalia, mrovels (iseve, rogorc xorenacis) Targamosis Zed miaCnia haos anu haiki. gansxvaveba isaa, rom qarTveli episkoposis azriT, Targamoss rva Ze hyavda, xolo somexi qeTxudis (rjulis maswavleblis) azriT, _ erTi Ze. xorenaciT mroveliT Torgomi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Targamosi haiki haos, qarTlos, bardos, movakan, lek, heros, kavkas, egros sruliad aSkaraa _ leonti mroveli an xorenacis genealogiiT sargeblobs da umatebs mas saxelebs qarTveli eTnarqebisas, anda xorenaci iyenebs romeliRac Zvel genealogias, sadac Targamosi kavkasielebis mamamTavradaa 80 gamoyvanili, magram ar asaxelebs Targamosis sxva Zeebs, garda haosisa. amgvari qmedebebis mizezs TviTonve asaxelebs, oRond `saRvTo rjulis~ magaliTis moSveliebiT _ `saqme isaa, rom saRvTo werili gamohyofs Tavisianebs, Tavis sakuTar ers. xolo sxvebs, viTraca uRirsT da SeuracxT, ugulebelyofs, maTi STamomavlobis Sesaxeb arafers ambobs~ (movses xorenaci `somxeTis istoria~, gv. 63). Tu saRmrTo werilic ki ar asaxelebda eTnarqebs, aramed mxolod `Tavisianebs~, Tavis sakuTari eris eTnarqebs gamohyofda da sxvebs ugulebelhyofda, e.i. ar asaxelebda, srulebiT araa gasakviri, rom xorenacs ar daesaxelebina Targamosis sxva STamomavlebi, garda haosisa _ somexTa eTnarqisa, miT umetes rom mas kavkasiis sxva erebi SedarebiT umniSvnelo erebad miaCnda. ufro savaraudoa, rom xorenacma daasaxela Targamosis erTi Ze _ haosi, xolo mrovelma Targamosis Zeebis ricxvi gazarda. leonti mroveli imeorebs xorenacis genealogias, oRond avsebs mas sakuTari eris eTnarqebis saxelebiT. ismis kiTxva _ leonti mrovelma ratom miiCnia qarTvelTa eTnarqebi da somexTa eTnarqi erTi mamis Svilebad, hqonda Tu ara mas amisTvis raime safuZveli? unda vifiqroT, rom amis safuZveli iyo qarTvel xalxSi daculi Zveli gadmocema (anda cnoba) imis Sesaxeb, rom uZveles dros saqarTvelos samxreTiT, romelsac Semdgom somxeTi ewoda, erT dros cxovrobda qarTvelTa monaTesave didi eri. 81 alali xalxis xsovna mrovelis dros, aTeulobiT saukunis win, uTuod metad iyo SemorCenili Zvel saqarTveloSi, vidre Semdgom. vin icis, iqneb haosSi Cveni Zveli mematianeni Zvel urartuelebs gulisxmobdnen, romelTa Sesaxebac ilias Zveli Tavaduri sisxli aTqmevinebda _ `diax, batonebo, urartelni qarTvelTa winaparni yofilan~. marTalia, urartus qarTvelTa monaTesave Zveli tomebi maT qveyanaSi Semosul armenielebSi asimilirdnen, magram SeuZlebelia qarTul azrovnebaSi ar darCeniliyo mogoneba an gadmocema maT Sesaxeb. albaT, mogvianebiT leonti mrovelis an misi wyaros epoqaSi qarTulma azrovnebam Zveli urartus qarTvelebi da somxebi gauTanabra erTmaneTs da mematianem miiCnia, rom swored somxebi iyvnen `Tvisni~ qarTvelebisa. ufro metic, Targamosis ZeTa Soris udidesnica da upiratesnic _ `xolo haos umetes gmiri iyo yovelTasa, rameTu egeviTari araodes yofil iyo arca wylis-rRunis winaT da arca Semdgomad taniTa, ZaliTa, simxniTa~ (q. c. I, gv. 4). somexTa winapris aseTi qeba, adamis STamomavalTa Soris yvelaze ukeTesad miCneva, TviT somex mematianeebsac ara aqvT gamoTqmuli, miT umetes, rom armenielebi arc ki moixseniebodnen urartus saxelmwifos daqcevamde (qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi), msgavsi qeba ki namdvilad SeSvenoda alarodielT, urartus brwyinvale saxelmwifos mqone ers, romlis dideba, Zliereba da xelovneba Zvel samyaroSi erT-erTi uSesaniSnavesi iyo. albaT amitomac miC- 82 neul iqna alalTa adgilas mcxovrebi armenielebis warsuli ase saxelovnad. leonti mroveli qarTvelTa da kavkasielTa eTnarqebs erTmaneTis `Tvisebs~ uwodebda da Zmebad miiCnevda, anu kavkasiel xalxebs erTi eTnikuri warmoSobis mqone monaTesave erebad Tvlida. iberiul-kavkasiurma mecnierebam, romelic meoce saukuneSi Seiqmna, xangrZlivi ZiebiT daasabuTa kavkasiis mkvidr erTa monaTesaveoba. amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom leonti mrovels, anu misi epoqis mecnierebas gaaCnda raRac sabuTi anda gadmocema kavkasielTa monaTesaveobis Sesaxeb. xolo Tuki mis mier naxseneb `haosis~ qveS vigulisxmebT urartuelebs, maSin Cvens Tvalwin gacocxldeba Teoria e.w. alarodiel xalxTa ojaxis (e.i. Zvel urartuelTa da sxvaTa) monaTesaveobis Sesaxeb. armenieli xalxi, rogorc aRiniSna, qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi Camoyalibda, xolo leonti mroveli qristeSobamde aTaswleulebis win debs Targamosisa da misi Zeebis kavkasiaSi Semosvlis TariRs. niko mari miiCnevda, rom am epoqisaTvis (aTaswleulebis win) iafeturi (qarTveluri) enebi moicavda msoflios vrcel regions. am droisaTvis, misi azriT, qarTveluri enebi gavlenas axdendnen fuZe indoevropulze, urTierToba hqondaT semiturTan, somxur enas ki niko mari miiCnevda `narevi tipis~ enad, `n. mari intensiurad muSaobda somxur filologiaSic. mas, rogorc qarTulis karg mcodnes, uTuod unda SeeniSna, rom somxur enaSi bevri ram, rac indoevropul 83 enebTan SedarebiT ver aixsneba, SeiZleba aixsnas qarTulTan SedarebiT~ (i. SilakaZe, Zveli somxuri enis gramatika~, 1975 w., gv. 27). `n. maris mixedviT, rogorc cnobilia, am minarevma somxuri ena aqcia raRac saSualod kavkasiursa (Semdeg iafetursa) da indoevropul (Semdeg promeTeidul) enebs Soris mdgom enad~ (iqve, gv. 30). i. SilakaZe wers _ `somxeTis teritoriaze indo-evropuli modgmis xalxs mermindel mosulebad vivaraudebT Tu adgilobriv mkvidrad (rogorc zogierTi fiqrobs), erTi cxadia: am teritoriaze winaT arsebobda saxelmwifoebi da cxovrobdnen xalxebi (Tu tomebi), romelTac qarTvel xalxTan (da saerTod kavkasiel xalxebTan) garkveuli kavSiri hqondaT, Tu asea, cxadia, somexi xalxi, rogorc eTnikuri erTeuli, uTuod Seicavs am xalxebis da tomebis minarevs. am minarevs ki Tavisi wvlili unda Seetana axal ojaxSi. es eWvs gareSea. maSasadame, somxurSi indoevropul enebTan SedarebiT auxsnelTagan bevri ram SeiZleba aixsnas qarTvelursa da kavkasiur enobriv samyarosTan SedarebiT (am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa saSualo da axali somxuri enebi dialeqtiTurT, romelTac ramdenadac ufro Rrmad vswavlobT, imdenad metad vrwmundebiT, rom somxur enas bevri iseTi Tviseba SeuZenia, rac qarTul-qarTveluri enebis Tvisebas gvagonebs da rasac Zvel somxurSi adgili ar hqonda. aman aTqmevina i. karstes _ somxuri enis dialeqtebi indoevropuli warmoSobisa ar ariano~ (iqve, gv. 29). xorenaci mudam laparakobs somexTa gadmosaxleobis dros samxreT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi arasomxuri tomebis 84 Sesaxeb, romlebic aTqvefilan Semosul mosaxleobaSi. xorenacis `istoriis~ qarTulad mTargmneli a. abdalaZe wers: `xorenacis am da msgavs cnobebSi asaxulia istoriuli sinamdvile imis Sesaxeb, rom e.w. `didi somxeTis~ miwa-wyalze somexTa mosvlamde mkvidrobdnen sxva xalxebi, maT Soris qarTuli modgmis tomebic~ (`istoria~ gv. 249). xorenaci aRwers urartus qveyanaSi somexTa winapari tomebis gadasaxlebis suraTs, is wers, rom haiki `...babilonSi vaJis arameneakis SeZenis Semdeg gaeSura CrdiloeTis mxareebSi mdebare araradis qveynisaken Tavisi vaJebiTa da qaliSvilebiT... igi mivida da damkvidrda erTi mTis Ziras, vakeze, sadac ukve dasaxlebuliyo mcireodeni xalxi adrindeli gafantvis dros. haikma daimorCila isini da aago iq samemkvidreo saxli. amas Zveli zepirgadmocemebic adastureben~ (m. xorenaci, istoria, gv. 70). harqis zeganze, sadac `Torgomis saxlis mamani~ damkvidrebulan, xorenacis cnobiT, `adridanve cxovrobdnen mcireodeni kacni, romlebic nebiT daemorCilnen gmirs, zepiri gadmocemebi amasac adastureben~ (iqve, gv. 70). xorenaci kvlav wers _ `sakvirvelia mematianes naTqvami, rom Cvens qveyanaSi mraval adgilas gafantulad mkvidrobda mcireodeni xalxi, Cveni Zireuli winapris haikis mosvlamde~ (iqve, gv. 73). mosulma armenielebma damxvedri tomebi STanTqes, moaxdines maTi asimilacia, es pirdapir Cans xorenacidan. 85 magaliTad _ `amasTanave (aramma) ubrZana iqaur mkvidrT, SeeTvisebinaT somxuri ena da laparaki~ (iqve, gv. 77). isic unda iTqvas, rom urartus miwa-wyalze Sesvlis Semdgom moxda Camoyalibeba somexi xalxisa, rogorc es aRiniSneba somex istorikosTa mier. am dros Cans, somxur enaze gavlena iqonia, damxvdur, mkvidr xalxTa enam. S. ZiZiguri wers _ `niko maris koncefciiT, qarTul enobriv samyaros didi gavlena mouxdenia somxur enaze winaistoriul xanaSi, uZveles periodSi, rodesac xdeboda somxuri eTnosis formireba, Sesabamisad _ somxuri enis Camoyalibeba. niko maris udidesi wvlili armenologiaSi, swored es aris. koncefciis sqema aseTia: somxuri narevi enaa, orbunebovania, erTi fena, Senarevi da Sezrdili sxva fenasTan, qarTul-kavkasiur samyarosTan siaxloviT aris aRbeWdili~ (S. ZiZiguri, `niko mari qarTuli kulturis mkvlevari~, (1985, gv. 104). yovelive zemoaRniSnuli uflebas iZleva gamoiTqvas mosazreba, rom Zvel saqarTveloSi arsebobda mogoneba saqarTvelos samxreTiT mcxovrebi Zlieri, qarTvelTa monaTesave xalxis Sesaxeb, da vinaidan saqarTvelos samxreTiT im droisTvis somxebi cxovrobdnen, qarTvelTa genealogiis Semdgenelma mematianem sxva qarTvelur monaTesave tomebis eTnarqTa Soris haosic CarTo, viTarca pirovnuli gamoxatuleba xsenebuli mogonebisa. Cans, mrovelis haosi _ urartus Zlierebis anareklia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi verc erTi Tavisufali eri aitanda Tavis erovnul matianeSi mtkicebas imisas, rom maTi me- 86 zobeli eris winapari TavianT winaparze upiratesi da uZlieresi iyo. swored qarTvel xalxSi darCenil mogonebas samxreTeli monaTesave mezoblis Sesaxeb unda gaexada asatani mrovelis genealogiis erovnul matianeSi CarTva. rogorc aRiniSna, mroveli Tavisi genealogiis Sedgenis dros iyenebda xorenacis genealogias. maSasadame, es genealogia V saukuneze adre ver Sedgeboda. Zneli safiqrebelia, VIII-XI saukuneebSi qarTvelebisa da somxebisaTvis ewodebinaT Zmebi da `Tvisni~, qarTul-somxuri eklesiebis daSorebisas atexili ideologiuri brZolis gamo. manaskertis 726 wlis krebis Semdgom qarTuli da somxuri eklesiebi (da Sesabamisad ideologiac) srulebiT gansxvavebuli gzebiT ganviTardnen, srulebiT gancalkevdnen, ufro metic, saqarTveloSi somxeTTan da somxur eklesiasTan kulturuli an raime erTobis damadasturebeli yovelgvari Txzuleba ispoboda anda redaqtirdeboda. sul sxva viTareba iyo VI-VII saukuneebSi. am dros qarTveli da somexi erebi, eklesiebi gansakuTrebiT dakavSirebulni iyvnen erTmaneTTan. yovel SemTxvevaSi, qarTuli mxare iZulebuli iyo qarTuli eklesia somxuri eklesiis mokavSired waredgina sparsi xelisuflebisaTvis. saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdgom sparseTi gansakuTrebiT uWerda mxars somxur eklesias, aZlierebda mas da amasTan erTad aiZulebda mis imperiaSi mcxovreb qristianebs mieRoT qristianuli sarwmunoebis is orienta- 87 cia, romelsac adga somxuri eklesia (e.i. antibizantiuri). am dros xdeboda qarTuli wmida wignebis redaqtireba da `gamarTva~ somxuris mixedviT (amis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT). unda vifiqroT, rom mematianem qarTvel eTnarqTa genealogia Seadgina somxur-qarTuli eklesiebis `erTobis~ dros VI-VII saukuneebSi. jer kidev m. TarxniSvilma gamoTqva azri, rom leonti mrovelis literaturuli saqmianoba VI-VII saukuneebs ganekuTvneba. `m. TarxniSvilis azriT, leonti mrovelis literaturuli saqmianoba merve saukunis meore naxevars ver gadascildeba _ ufro zustad is unda daidos VI-VII sauk. somex-qarTvelTa saeklesio ganxeTqilebamde~ (k. kekeliZe, lit. ist. gv. 238). farna vazi saqarTvelos pirveli erTiani saxelmwifos damaarseblis, anbanis gamavrceleblis, qarTuli mwignobrobis fuZemdeblis, mefe farnavazis cxovreba aRwerilia qarTvelTa umTavres saistorio, erovnuli siwmindis xarisxamde amaRlebul wignSi, romelsac `qarTlis cxovreba~ ewodeba. miCneulia, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sesavali, TargamosianTa genealogia, TviT redaqtors Seudgenia (kerZod, mas Tavisi drois moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad dauweria Zvel wyaroTa gamoyenebiT `ambavi 88 rvaTa ZmaTa~, `gamosvla xazarTa~, `Semosvla aleqsandresi~), xolo `cxovreba farnavazisi~ _ ukve arsebuli Zveli qarTuli saistorio moTxroba, Tavisi gemovnebiT gaumarTavs da CaurTavs wignSi. qveynis gamaerTianebeli pirveli mefis mamis saxeli mematianisaTvis ucnobia, samagierod misTvis cnobilia saxeli mamis Zmisa. amasTan dakavSirebiT pavle ingoroyva wers _ `leonti mroveli aq, Cans, imeorebs romeliRac Zveli saistorio wyaros cnobas~ (t. IV, gv. 523). mematiane farnavazis ambis gadmocemisas wers, rom farnavazi `iyo mamulad qarTleli, naTesavi uflosi, mcxeTosis Zisa~ (qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 20). misi genealogia, cxadia, wyvetilebiT, aseTia: qarTlos mcxeTos gardabos kaxos kuxos gaCios uflos oZrxos javaxos farnavaz farnavazamde didi xniT adre, qarTvelTa erT mTavar winaparTagani _ qarTlosi, dasaxlebula mtkvrisa da 89 aragvis SesarTavTan mdebare armazis mTaze. aq auSenebia simagreebi (SemdgomSi aq armazis kerpi aRmarTes, iqamde ki am mTis saxeli `qarTli~ yofila). qarTloss auSenebia orbis (Semdgom samSvilded wodebuli) da xunanis (anu mtueris) cixeebi. ucocxlia didxans. qarTlosisa da Targamosis STamomavalT erTmaneTSi siyvaruliT ucxovriaT, Semdgom ki aSlilan da dakninebulan. am mizeziT maT Soris aRaravin yofila uwarCinebulesi da usaxelovanesi. adgil-adgil Tavadebi (gamoCenili meTaurebi) Cndebodnen, magram mcxeTis Tavadi yvelaze warCinebulad iTvleboda sxvebTan SedarebiT. mas mefis, an erisTavis saxeli ar ewodeboda, aramed mamasaxlisi. is gamzavebeli da mosamarTle iyo qarTlosianTa Soris. swored am droisaTvis dauviwyniaT WeSmariti RmerTi, romelic qarTvelTa winaprebs swamdaT, dauwyiaT msaxureba mzisa, mTvarisa da xuTi varskvlavisa, `mtkice da ufrosi saficari maTi iyo saflavi qarTlosisa~. didi xnis Semdgom gamoCenila aleqsandre makedoneli. igi sxva qveyanaTa dapyrobis Semdgom Semosula qarTlSi, sadac mas uxilavs mkvidrni qveynisa; unda iTqvas, rom aq mematianes mier gadmocemuli ambavi aSkarad areulia, Cans ara marto sxvadasxva wyaros, aramed sxvadasxva koncefciis gavlenac. magaliTad, rogorc viciT, sxva wyaros, `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ _ koncefciis Tanaxmad, qarTvelebi samxreTis `arian-qarTlis~ qveynidan gadmosaxlebulan makedonelis dros. maT am qveyanaSi daxvedriaT ucxo eri, 90 `qarTlis cxovrebis~ koncefciiT ki qarTveloba xalxad yalibdeba saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze, e.i. ar gadmosaxlebula. zemoaRniSnuli ambis gadmocemis dros, rogorc aRiniSna, es ori koncefcia erTmaneTSia areuli. magaliTad, makedonels qarTlSi xvdeba qarTveloba da... ucxo eri _ bunTurqebi da yivCaRebi. aq, cxadia, aRebulia `moqcevaYs~ ambavi, romelic saTanadod araa Sejerebuli `qarTlis cxovrebis~ koncefciasTan. qarTlSi Semosvlis Semdgom aleqsandre makedoneli SeebrZola da daamarcxa zogierT kuTxeSi mcxovrebi araqarTuli tomebi _ `mosrna yovelni igi naTesavni aRreulni qarTls myofni da ucxoni igi naTesavni mosrna da daatyvevna da dedani da yrmani ucebni, TxuTmetisa wlisa umcrosni~ (q. c. I, gv. 18). araqarTvelTa mospobis Semdeg darCenil qarTvel mosaxleobas (qarTlosianebs) patrikad dautova makedoneli azoni, iaredosis Ze. mas emorCileboda 100000 romaeli qveiTi. maTi sarwmunoeba, mematianes gadmocemiT, aseTi iyo: ebrZana azons aleqsandres mier qarTvelTa qveyanaSi danergiliyo Tayvaniscema mzisa, mTvarisa, xuTi varskvlavisa, msaxureba uxilavi RmerTisa, yovlis dambadeblisa. aleqsandres wasvlis Semdgom azonma miatova es sarwmunoeba _ `iwyo kerpTmsaxurebad da Seqmnna orni kerpni vercxlisani: `gaci da gaim~. azoni sastiki da sisxliani kaci yofila, mas qarTvelTaTvis iaraRis tarebis nebac ki ar daurTavs _ gaucia brZaneba: `yovelman qarTvelTaganman, romelman povos saWurveli, mokaliT 91 igi~. _ `da iyo Wiri didi naTesavsa zeda qarTvelTasa~. swored aseT dros gamoCenila farnavazi _ qarTvelTa ganmaTavisuflebeli. siyrmidanve kavkasiis mTebSi ltolvili farnavazi saxelovan vaJkacad aRzrdila. is `iyo kaci gonieri, mxedari SemmarTebeli da monadire xelovani~. mcxeTaSi dabrunebis Semdgom is gaucniaT azonisaTvis, rogorc saxelganTqmuli monadire. `Seiyvara igi azonman monadireobisaTvis~. azonTan daaxloebas didad SeuSinebia deda farnavazisi, evedreboda Svils daetovebina mcxeTa, qarTli da wasuliyvnen, raTa azonis xels dasxltomodnen. marTlac ojaxma gadawyvita sxvagan, farnavazis dedis qveyanaSi gadasaxleba. mematiane ganagrZobs: maSin ixila farnavazma sizmari, TiTqosda igi iyo erT ukacur saxlSi, undoda gasvla da ver gadioda. maSin sarkmlidan Semovida mzis sxivi Semoertya welze, gaizida da gaiyvana sarkmelidan. da rodesac velze gavida mze, farnavazma is ixila dadablebuli, xeliT Seexo mzis pirs, moxoca cvari da icxo Tavis pirze. gaiRviZa farnavazma, gaukvirda da Tqva _ es sizmari albaT dedaCemis samSobloSi Casvlis Semdeg amixdeba, iq sikeTeSi viqnebio. im dReebSi farnavazi sanadirod gaemarTa da diRmis velze irmebs gaekida. irmebi Tbilisis xriokebisaken gaiqcnen. misdevda farnavazi, styorcna isari, hkra irems, man cota gaiara da daeca kldis ZirSi. amasobaSi daRamda, CamoqveiTda farnavazi da iremTan gadawyvita Ramis 92 gaTeneba. am dros gawvimda Zlier. kldis ZirSi farnavazma gamoqvabuli SeamCnia, amoqolili. amoiRo Cuglugi da gamoarRvia kari, raTa simSraleSi Sesuliyo. Sevida SigniT da ixila ganZi miuwvdomeli, oqro da vercxli, uTvalavi WurWeli oqrovercxlisa. Zlier gaukvirda, aRivso sixaruliT da gaaxsenda sizmari. isev amoqola gamoqvabulis kari. uTxra es ambavi dedasa da or das. gamoitanes es ganZi malviT. amis Semdgom azonis qmedeba miuTiTebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra Zlieri iyo im uZveles drosve, qristeSobamde aswleulebiT adre, qarTvelTa Soris erovnuli erTianobis grZnoba da qarTvel tomebs rogor hqondaT SenarCunebuli eTnikuri erTianobis simZafre. ganZis povniT uceb gamdidrebulma farnavazma, upirveles yovlisa, gagzavna Tavisi warmomadgeneli egrisis dasavlur qarTuli saerisTaos meTaurTan _ qujisTan da Seatyobina mas momxdari ambavi. farnavazma SeuTvala survili, Tavisi ganZiT misuliyo qujisTan da erTiani ZaliT SebrZolebodnen azons _ qarTvelTa qveynis dampyrobels. mematiane wers, rom am ambis mosmeniT `ganixara qujim sixaruliTa didiTa da hrqua: `aRsdeg da moved Cem Tana, nu Surob xvastagsa Sensa, da xvastagiTa SeniTa, gangimravlne spani Senni, vidre gamovCndeT mtrad azonisa, maSin ganixaron yovelTa qarTvelTa awyvedilTa misgan da miwyvedulTa~ (q.c. gv. 22). pasuxis miRebis Semdeg farnavazi dediTa da debiT sixaruliT wavida qujisTan. quji aseTi sityvebiT See- 93 geba mas: `Sen xar Svili TavTa maT qarTlisaTa da Sen gmarTebs ufloba Cemi... Sen xar ufali Cveni da me var mona Seni~ (gv. 22). farnavazi am droisaTvis, rogorc viciT, ubralo, yovelgvari pativisa da Tanamdebobis uqonel pirs warmoadgenda, xolo quji egrisis vrceli qveynis mflobeli iyo, amitomac misgan Tavisi Tavis `monad~, xolo farnavazis `uflad~ gamocxadeba aixsneba genealogiuri ufros-umcrosobiTi urTierTdamokidebulebiT, rac Zveli droisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli da savaldebulod Sesasrulebeli. farnavazi `qarTlis TavTa Svilia~, amitomaco, ambobs `egrisis TavTa Svili~, _ me Sen unda dagemorCilo, Sen `Cveni ufali xaro~. aseTi urTierToba gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tavdapirvel genealogiur variantSi, romelsac Semdgom asaxva ver upovnia `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~, genealogiuri Sto, Cans aseTi saxiT iyo gadmocemuli: qarTlos mcxeTos egros farnavaz quji gardabos kaxos kuxos gaCios qujica da farnavazic erTi winapris STamomavalni arian, magram farnavazi pirmSoebiTi uflebis ZaliT 94 ojaxSi, gvarSi, ufrosad iTvleba, is `ufalia~, misi yvela naTesavi mas unda daemorCilos. aseTia im Jamis kanoni. farnavazma da qujim moilaparakes osebTan da lekebTan, isini sixaruliT daTanxmdnen azonis winaaRmdeg ajanyebas, radganac ar surdaT misTvis xarkis micema. maTgan miiRes damxmare samxedro Zala, egrisSi Seikriba uTvalavi spa. Seuties azons. azoni damarcxda da Tavi Seafara klarjeTs. farnavazi Sevida mcxeTaSi, imave wels daimorCila `yoveli qarTli~, klarjeTis garda _ ase wers mematiane, _ `daipyra yoveli qarTli Tvinier klarjeTisa~, aq uTuod `yoveli qarTlis~ qveS igulisxmeba rogorc aRmosavleTi, aseve dasavleTi saqarTvelo _ swored dasavleT saqarTvelo warmoadgenda farnavazis sayrden baziss azonis winaaRmdeg ajanyebisas. azons farnavazis winaaRmdeg omSi daexmara `saberZneTi~ _ misgan miiRo didZali damxmare Zala, samagierod farnavazs _ `asuristanis mefe antioqozi~. kidev erTxel SeebrZolnen erTmaneTs azonisa da farnavazis jarebi _ artaanis naqalaqevSi, romelsac huri anu `qajTa qalaqi~ erqva. berZenTa jarebi daamarcxes qarTvelebma, mokles azoni, SeiWra farnavazi saberZneTis sazRvrebSi _ Sevida anZioZorSi da ukan dabrunda ekelecis gziT. klarjeTi SeuerTa Tavis samefos da dabrunda mcxeTaSi. qarTlis samefos sazRvari Crdilo-dasavleTiT daido mdinare egriswyalze. am mdinaris marjvena sanapiroc (iseve rogorc marcxena) warmoadgenda egrosis wils, e.i. 95 warmoadgenda egrosis STamomavalTa sacxovriss (vidre xazareTis mdinaremde `saca warswudebis wueri kavkasisa~), magram egriswyalsa da xazareTis mdinares (e.i. md. egriswyalsa da md. yubans) Soris mcxovrebma egriselebma ar inebes gandgoma `berZenTa~ saxelmwifosagan da Sesvla farnavazis samefoSi. sazRvari `yoveli qarTlisa~ am mimarTulebiT daido mdinare egriswyalze. mematiane wers _ `xolo egriswyals qvemoT darCa berZenTa, rameTu mkvidrTa mis adgilisaTa ara inebes gandgoma berZenTa~, xolo egrisis meore nawili Sevida qarTlis samefoSi, Tavisi saxelmwifo farnavazma dayo saerisTavoebad. pirvelTa Soris mematiane asaxelebs egriss da mis erisTavs qujis. is gaxda siZe farnavazisa da miiRo saerisTavod yoveli qarTlis qveyana egriswyalsa da rions Sua. man aaSena cixe-goji. margveTis saerisTavoSi Sedioda miwebi mdinare rionsa da lixis mTas Soris. Semdegi saerisTavoebi iyvnen kaxeTSi, xunanSi, samSvildeSi, wundaSi, oZrxeSi, klarjeTSi. erTi erisTavi daadgina _ spaspetad, mas Sida qarTlic mieca sagamgeod, is warmoadgenda mefis Semdeg pirvel Tanamdebobis pirs, yvela erisTvis ganmgebels. Tavis mxriv erisTavebs emorCilebodnen spasalarebi da aTasisTavebi, maTgan Semodioda saerisTavo da samefo xarki. farnavazma aaSena aleqsandre makedonelis mier saqarTveloSi dangreuli qalaqebi da cixeebi, dedaqalaq mcxeTas ki Semoavlo galavani. farnavazs Seuqmnia Tavis saxelze _ kerpi armazi, rameTu farnavazs sparsulad armazi erqva. es armazis 96 kerpi aRmarTa qarTlis mTis Tavze. didi dResaswauli gadaixada kerpis aRmarTvisas. gamefebisas 27 wlis iyo. 65 weli nebierad imefa. `aRaSena da ganavso qarTli~. farnavazma qarTuli ena saxelmwifo enad gamoacxada, ris gamoc qarTulis garda sxva ena saqarTveloSi ar ixmareboda. manve Seqmna qarTuli mwignobroba. sikvdilis Semdeg armazis kerpis win daasaflaves. ase gadmogvcems farnavazis cxovrebas Cveni matiane. qarTlis, anu iberiis erTiani didi saxelmwifos warmoqmnas mecnierebi qristeSobamde IV-III saukuneebiT aTariReben. farnavazisa da misi memkvidre mefeebis anu farnavazianebis dros mcxeTaSi _ samefos dedaqalaqSi, Sendeboda cixesimagreebi, sxvadasxva nagebobani, kidev sxva kerpebic aRumarTavT. farnavazis mier armazis aRmarTvis Semdgom mefe saurmagma aRmarTa kerpi ainina, iwyo armazis cixe-qalaqis Seneba. mefe mirvanma daninas kerpi aRmarTa, daasrula armazis mSenebloba. mefe farnajomma kerpi zaden mTaze aRmarTa, cixec auSena. arsok mefem _ qalaqs sxva zRude Semoavlo. mefe artags ki armazSi Sida cixe (akropolisi) auSenebia. maTi Semdgomi mefeebi ukve sakuTriv mcxeTas aSenebdnen, anu mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze mdebare qalaqs. dedaqalaqs icavdnen rTuli TavdacviTi sistemis meSveobiT. armaz-cixe somxeTidan, albaneTidan da dasavleT saqarTvelodan momavali gzebis TavSeyris adgilas 97 idga, zadencixe ki CrdiloeTis momTabareTa qveynebidan momaval gzas akontrolebda. qveyanaSi Sedioda didi saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis savaWro gza, rogorc amas gvacnobs straboni. saerTod iberia savaWro gzebiT yofila daserili. strabonis cnobiT, iberia kargad yofila dasaxlebuli, qalaqebi da dabebi mravalricxovani iyo. saxlebi da nagebobebi kargad nagebi, xuroTmoZRvruli xelovnebiT, hqondaT kramitis saxuravebi. iberiaSi mdebareobda qalaqebi _ ufliscixe, wunda, oZrxe, cixegoji (am qveynis dasavleTi sazRvari, rogorc aRiniSna, mdinare egriswyalze ido). uTuod yovel saerisTavos gaaCnda Tavisi centri. CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT iberiis sazRvars, Cans, kavkasionis wyalmyofi qedi warmoadgenda, romlis iqiTac mcxovreb tomebzec vrceldeboda samefos gavlena. samxreTis mimarTulebiT iberia vrclad iyo gadaWimuli. armeniasa da iberias, qristeSobamde II saukunis avtoris _ apolodoris cnobiT, erTmaneTisgan hyofda mdinare araqsi. araqsi yofila gamyofi iberielebisa da armenielebisa. samxreT-dasavleTiT iberiis sazRvari gadioda piriadris mTis kalTebze, mas ekuTvnoda xorzene da gogarene, rogorc berZnebi uwodebdnen samxreT saqarTvelos kuTxeebs. Semdeg, strabonis cnobiT, armenias iberiisaTvis waurTmevia aRniSnuli kuTxeebi, daaxloebiT 190 wels qristeSobamde (ix. saq. ist. narkv., t. I, gv. 456). farnavazis rezidencias da samefo qalaqs warmoadgenda armazi. misi saxeli mraval ucxour Tanadroul 98 wyaroSic aris asaxuli, rogorc Cans, is cnobili da saxelovani qalaqi iyo. am qalaqis sidiade daadastura arqeologiurma gaTxrebma, qarTvel erismTavarTa da warCinebulTa brwyinvale fufuneba da didebuleba naTlad gamoaCina arqeologiurma Zeglebma. armazidan samefo rezidencia gadatanil iqna sakuTriv mcxeTaSi, es momxdara pirveli saukunis meore naxevarSi. p. ingoroyvas Tanaxmad, mefe farnavazi mefobda qristeSobamde 284219 wlebSi. 284 welsve damyarebula qarTuli welTaRricxva. `ZvelqarTuli kalendris Seswavlidan irkveva, rom qarTuli nacionaluri welTaRricxva iwyeba swored im droidan, rodesac, leonti mrovelis cnobiT, aleqsandre makedonelis imperiis dayofis Sedegad moxda axali iberiis saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba, farnavazianTa dinastiiT xelisuflebis saTaveSi. saxeldobr, dasawyisi qarTuli nacionaluri welTaRricxvisa aris 284 weli Cvens eramde. es weli aris gamosavali TariRi, romelic Semdeg safuZvlad daedo qarTuli qoronikonis sistemas, ...es TariRi, 284 weli, romelidanac iwyeba qarTuli nacionaluri era, aris TariRi iberiis saxelmwifo damoukideblobis gamocxadebisa da farnavazianTa dinastiis damkvidrebisa iberiis saxelmwifos xelisuflebis saTaveSi (p. ingoroyva, t. IV, 1978, gv. 558). pavle ingoroyvam saTanado kvlevis Sedegad daaskvna, rom qarTul matianeTa antikuri xanis iberiis mefeTa sia (`mefeni qarTls Sina warmarTni~) _ warmoadgens is- 99 toriuli sinamdvilis Semcvel dokuments, romelic momdinareobs winaqristianuli epoqis ZvelqarTuli saistorio wyaroebidan (iqve, gv. 559). farnavazma erT saxelmwifoSi gaaerTiana qarTuli tomebi, Sehkra isini erT xalxad, man SesZlo aseve am saxelmwifos gavlenis sferoSi moeqcia iberiul-kavkasiurad wodebuli, qarTvelTa monaTesave sxvadasxva tomebi. kerZod, rogorc iTqva, iberielTa da armenielTa Soris sazRvari erT dros mdinare araqsze gadioda. CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT qarTvelTa gavlenis sferoSi, mematianes Tanaxmad, Sediodnen osTa, durZukTa da lekTa tomebi. durZukebi da lekebi _ qarTvelTa monaTesaveebad uZveles drosve miiCneoda. osTa Sesaxeb unda iTqvas, rom rogorc wyaro miuTiTebs, osebi im droisaTvis ar miiCneodnen iranulenovan tomebad, aramed iTvlebodnen qarTvelTa monaTesave kavkasiur (adgilobriv) tomad. Cveni matianes Tanaxmad, osebi yofilan STamomavalni xazarTa mefis Zisa uobosisa _ `mrovelis warmodgeniT, uobos xazarTa mefisSvili yofila, xolo osebi TiTqos am uobosis, e.i. xazarTa da qarTvelTa da somexTa tyveebis `naTesavebi~, anu STamomavalni yofilan. e.i. narevi erovneba yofila~ (iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoriis Sesavali, t. I, 1950 w. gv. 277). aqedan Cans, rom farnavazis epoqaSi osebi marTalia narev, magram mainc qarTvelTa monaTesave tomad miiCneoda. osebi _ romelTac Semdgom alanebi ewodaT _ ucxoelTa mier iberielebad miiCneodnen _ `XI saukunis 100 bizantieli mwerali ioane cece amtkicebs: iberebi, abazgebi da alanebi erT xalxs Seadgendneno, xolo XV saukunis somexi mematiane Toma mewofeli ganumartavs mkiTxvelebs, rom qarTvelTa saxlSi, e.i. qarTul erovnulkulturul gaerTianebaSi Sedis rva tomi _ qarTebi (`vracebi~), imerlebi, megrelebi, svanebi, afxazebi, mesxebi, dvalebi da osebi~ (s. janaSia, t. V, gv. 12). Semdgomi saukunis evropeli avtoric aseve miiCnevs _ `Striteri Tavisi Sromis nawilSi, sadac laparakia zemo iberiis mezoblad binadar alanebze, kategoriuli da sruli eWvmiutanlobis kiloTi acxadebs, rom esenic iberielebi ariano~ (S. ZiZiguri, saenaTmecniero saubrebi, gv. 174). dvalebs, marTalia, ratomRac durZukTa toms aTvlidnen bolo dromde, magram sinamdvileSi qarTvelebi iyvnen. Semdgom moxda dvalTa tomis iranizacia, gaoseba. SesaZlebelia, Tavdapirvelad osebad saxeldebuli tomic ar iyo iranulenovani da Semdgom, Sua saukuneebis manZilze, Crdilo kavkasiaSi moxda osebis gairanulenovneba. sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli, rom alanebi iranulenovani tomi iyo, magram arc is unda darCes uyuradRebod, rom sakmaod didi nawili Zveli istorikosebisa alanebs, qarTvel istorikosTa msgavsad, xazarul (e.i. Turqul) kavkasiur warmomavlobis tomad miiCnevda. magaliTad, XIV saukunis arabi geografi alanebs Turqulenovan xalxad Tvlida, is erT alanur qalaqze werda _ `is dasaxlebulia alani xalxiT, da isini Turqebi arian _ romelnic 101 gaqristiandnen~. XV saukuneSi i. Siltbergeri iyo asebTan (osebTan) da alanebTan. isini Turme maSin RmerTs TaTrul enaze adidebdnen (ix. f. burn, `puteSestvie ivana Siltbergera...~, wigni `zapiriski imperatorskogo novorosiiskogo universiteta~. t. I, vip. 1 da 2. odessa 1867, gv. 31-33). prof. n. baskakovis Tanaxmad, Cinur wyaroebSi moxsenebuli tomi iaoSe (iasebi, osebi) Turquli warmoSobisa yofila. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom yaraCaevel da balyarel istorikosebs TavianTi tomebi alanuri warmoSobisad, alanebi ki Turqul-xazarul warmoSobisad miaCniaT. am mxriv, Cans aris raRac saerTo Zvel qarTul da ucxour wyaroTa Soris. farnavazis droisaTvis sruliad SesaZlebelia, osebi iseve yofiliyo iberiul-kavkasiuri warmomavlobis tomi, rogorc sxva mezobeli tomebi. farnavazis saxelmwifo faqtobrivad mTel kavkasias aerTianebda Tavis gavlenis sferoSi, magram yvelaze arsebiTi isaa, rom qarTvel tomTa gamaerTianebeli saxelmwifos Seqmnam saxelmwifosave meSveobiT SesaZlebeli gaxada qarTvelTa erovnebis formireba, erTiani xalxis, eris Camoyalibeba. sazogadod cnobilia, rom saxelmwifos aqvs Tviseba erTian xalxad Camoayalibos saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba, aseTive Tvisebebis iyo, cxadia, qarTuli erTiani saxelmwifoc. miT umetes, rom qarTul wyaroTa Tanaxmad, farnavazis mier Camoyalibebulma saxelmwifom iarseba TiTqmis aTasi weli. kerZod, es saxelmwifo daSlila vaxtang gorgasalis Svilebis 102 Semdgom VI saukuneSi _ ase gadmogvcems `qarTlis cxovrebac~ da `moqcevaY qarTlisaYc~. qarTveli eris Camoyalibebis dros Sesaxeb laparakia qvemoT, xolo aq unda iTqvas, rom farnavazis epoqaSi qarTvelTa erTianobas miuTiTebs ZvelqarTuli gvarebis formaTa erTianoba uZveles saqarTveloSi. gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom uZvelesi gvaris aRmniSvneli sufiqsi egrisSi, anu samegreloSi iyo `iani~ (misgan iqna Semdgom miRebuli daboloeba `ia~, `va~ da sxva). uZvelesi sagvarovano sufiqsi svaneTSi iyo da aris `iani~. uZvelesi sagvarovano sufiqsi sruliad saqarTvelos mTianeTSi _ fSav-xevsureTidan svaneTamde iyo `iani~ (saojaxod, saSinaod amJamadac `ian~ formebi ixmareba). uZvelesi sagvarovano sufiqsi saqarTvelos barSic iyo _ `iani~. ganvixiloT ramdenime magaliTi: Zvel wyaroebSi erTaderTi damaboloebeli sufiqsi _ `iani~-a _ gvarebSi _ `farnavaziani~, `xosroiani~, `arSakuniani~, `baqariani~, `reviani~ (q. c. gv. 138). `maruSiani~, `bagratoniani~ (q. c. gv. 251). `ariSiani~ (q. c. gv. 328). `barabiani~ (q. c. 116). `bivritiani~ (erisTavi oZrxisa) q. c. 185). `goderZiani~ (es gvaria, rac iqedan Cans, rom mravlobiTis formiTaa wyaroSi mocemuli _ `goderZianni tbelni~), (q. c. gv. 248). iqvea `mameanni~, `mame-i-ani. `Targamosianni~ _ eTnarqebi. Savliani (ivane _ afxazeTis mefe. 258). `kavkasianni~ _ sadaurobis aRsaniSnavad (130). `nebroTianni~, `nersiani~ (nerse _ qarTlis erisTavi, 241), `qarTlosianni~ (qarTlosis STamomavalni, 27), juanSeriani (juanSeri-istorikosi, gv. 248) da sxva uamravi. 103 marTalia, zogierT SemTxvevaSi CamonaTvali jer kidev ar aris namdvili gvar-saxelebi da aRniSnuli forma pirTa STamomavlobas miuTiTebs, magram isini sagvareulo saxelebad iqcnen ZiriTadad. `ian~ sufiqsiT, rogorc aRiniSna, mTel saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi arsebobda gvarebi (gvar-saxelebi). amis dasturia megrul-svanuri da mTiuluri uZvelesi formebi. s. janaSia wers _ `gabatonebuli unda yofiliyo gvar-saxelebis es forma samegreloSic... megruli `ia~ _ `ianis~ naSTia. es cxadi xdeba, kerZod, cnobil gvar-saxelTa istoriul da cocxal formaTa SedarebiT, amrigad, istoriulsa da literaturul (dadians, lipartians, ratians, bedians megrul cocxal metyvelebaSi udris: dadia, lipartia, ratia, bedia... bolokidur _ n-s dakargva niSandoblivia megrulisaTvis (s. janaSia, t. III, 1959, gv. 40-41). iqve s. janaSias ganxiluli aqvs `ian~ formis gamoyeneba gvar-saxelebisavis aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi (mTiuleTi, raWa, leCxumi, svaneTi). _ `gvarsaxelebis es daboloeba Tavdapirvelad gavrcelebuli iyo, Cans, yvela qarTul tomSi, da qarTvelurs patronomistikul morfologiaSi igi erTi yvelaze adrindeli movlenaTagania. droTa viTarebaSi es forma zogs qarTvel tomSi dasustda, zogan TiTqmis mTlad daikarga~ (iqve, gv. 35). Cven vfiqrobT, rom eTnikuri erTianoba qarTveli tomebisa farnavazianTa saxelmwifoSi (qristeSobamde III saukunidan VI-mde) gacilebiT ufro Rrma iyo, vidre am 104 saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg (VI s.). rogorc cnobilia, pirveli erTiani saxelmwifos daSlidan mxolod oriode saukunis Semdeg, VIII-IX saukuneebSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi Camoyalibda erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi, ramac, cxadia, qarTuli tomebi erTmaneTs ufro daaSora (zemoT aRniSnuli erTiani niSnebis `dasusteba~ da `dakargva~ amis Sedegi unda iyos), marTalia, Semdeg arsebobda erTiani saxelmwifo (XI-XV ss), ramac xeli Seuwyo konsolidacias, magram Semdgomma kvlav daSlam gaaRrmava svanur, megrul, gurul, imerul, qarTlur, kaxur da sxva eTnografiul jgufSi individualuri Tvisebebi. farnavazis saxelmwifos dros ki erTiani erovnuli niSnebi Rrma iyo. qarTuli saRvTismsaxuro anbanis fuZisdeba saukuneTa da aTaswleulTa manZilzec, qarTveli xalxi sargeblobs erovnuli anbaniT. arsebobs misi ori saxeoba _ xucuri da mxedruli. TviT sityva `xucuri~ miuTiTebs, rom is RvTis sadideblad eklesiaSi, samRvdeloebis (xucebis) mier ixmareboda. xucuri anbaniTaa dawerili Cveni uflisa da macxovris ieso qristes pirveli qarTuli saxarebani, Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebi. xucuri _ srulyofili anbania imiT, rom mas aqvs e.w. mTavruli da nusxuri asoebi, rogorc sxva evropul an- 105 banebs, maSin roca mxedruls _ mTavruli asoebi ar gaaCnia. miRebulia, rom mTavruli pirvelsafuZvelia misgan ganviTarebuli nusxuri da mxedruli asoebisa, isini qarTuli Sriftis saxeobebia. mxedruli SemoRebulia XI saukunis Semdeg, manamde VIII-IX saukuneebSi gamoiyeneboda nusxa-xucuri, V-VII saukuneebSi asomTavrul-xucuri. aseTi periodizacia pirobiTia. rogorc aRiniSna, miRebulia, rom asomTavrulis ganviTarebis Sedegadaa miRebuli _ nusxa-xucuri, am ukanasknelisagan ki mxedruli, Tumca ZvelTaganve paralelurad ixmareboda samive, gansakuTrebiT ki wina ori. saeklesio da saRvTismsaxuro saWiroebisaTvis saqarTveloSi yovelTvis xucuri anbani gamoiyeneboda. ivane javaxiSvili uZveles, V saukunisad miCneul, qarTul warweraze dakvirvebiT werda: `jer xanad cnobili qarTuli damwerlobis Zeglebi iseTi maRalxarisxovani kaligrafiuli ganviTarebis safexurs warmoadgenen, rom qarTuli anbanis dasawyisi xana sul cota 7-8 saukunis uwinares aris sagulisxmebeli~. mecnierebaSi miRebuli iyo azri, rom Cvenamde moRweuli qarTuli alfabeti qristeSobamde VII-VI saukuneebSi unda warmoSobiliyo finikur-semituri saanbano sistemidan. saerTod cnobilia, rom anbani pirvelad finikielebma Camoayalibes, masSi yoveli aso gamoxatavda erT romelime bgeras da yoveli bgera gadmocemuli iyo erTi romelime asoTi. am anbanma udidesi gavrceleba hpova msoflioSi, pirvel rigSi finikur-semituri anbani TviT 106 semituri modgmis erTa Soris gavrcelda, misgan mravali axali damwerloba gaCnda. dasavleTis mimarTulebiT yvelaze adre finikiuri anbani berZnebma SeiTvises, misganac mravali axali anbani warmoiqmna. berZnuli anbanis Tavdapirveli saxeoba zusti asli yofila finikiuri anbanisa. finikiur anbans gavrceleba dauwyia qristeSobamde IX saukunidan (S. ZiZiguri, saenaTmecniero saubrebi, gv. 124-125). pavle ingoroyvas azriT, qarTuli anbani finikiurisagan miRebuli arameulis erTi ganStoeba yofila. sxva TvalsazrisiT, is berZnulis mixedviT SemuSavebula. ufro ki, rogorc aRiniSna, aRiarebulia Teoria, romlis mixedviTac, qarTuli uSualod finikiuri anbanisagan aris gadmoRebuli, iseve rogorc berZnuli anbani. sxvagan pavle ingoroyva wers: `qarTuli anbani ekuTvnis arqauli periodis mcire aziis alfabetebis jgufs. qarTuli anbani araa Seqmnili Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritoriaze, aramed igi Camoyalibebulia jer kidev im xanaSi, rodesac xeTas qarTveli xalxis erTi nawili _ hiberebi (Tobelebi) da mesxebi mcire aziis teritoriaze mkvidrobdnen, hiberebs (Tobelebs) da mesxebs, rogorc irkveva, Tavdapirvelad ieroglifuri damwerloba hqondaT~ (p. ingoroyva, t. IV. gv. 247). mecnieris azriT, xeTas qarTvelebi qristeSobamde VIIIVII saukuneebSi gadasulan alfabetur damwerlobaze, risi damsaxurebac miaweres mesxTa, anu frigielTa saxelganTqmul mefes miTas _ `miTa mesxs~. p. ingoroyvas Tanax- 107 mad, finikiuri alfabetis qarTul da berZnul enebTan morgebisaTvis Seqmnila sagangebo komisia, romelsac es sakiTxi gadauWria. kerZod, delfosis samisnoSi aRniSnul komisias mouxdenia finikiuri uxmovnebo anbanis vokalizacia _ SemouRia xmovani asoebi, daumatebia Tanxmovani bgerebi qarTulisaTvis, romelnic finikiurs aklda (iqve, gv. 249). qarTuli anbanis warmoSobis Sesaxeb sul sxva azrisaa T. gamyreliZe: qarTuli anbani qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg saeklesio-samwignobro saWiroebisaTvis Seqmnilao (gulisxmobs V saukunis Semdgom periods), magram TviT qarTuli eklesiis ierarqia, qristiani samRvdeloeba TiTqmis aTasi wlis winac ki qarTuli anbanis Seqmnas ar akavSirebda qristianobis gavrcelebasTan, piriqiT, ZvelqarTuli Rrmad morwmune sazogadoeba darwmunebiT amtkicebda, rom qarTuli alfabeti (qarTuli mwignobroba) warmarTi mefis, qristeSobamde aswleulobiT adre mcxovrebi farnavazis mier iyo SemoRebuli. cxadia, qarTuli anbani qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg rom warmoSobiliyo, xsovna am yovladmniSvnelovani ambisa uTuod Semoinaxeboda qarTul eklesiaSi, saeklesio mwerlobaSi. bunebrivia ismeba kiTxva, Tuki anbani SemoRebul iqna V saukunis Semdeg da ukavSirdeba qristianuli sarwmunoebis gavrcelebas, TviTon qristianulma eklesiam (kerZod, eklesiis ierarqma episkoposma leonti mrovelma) is ratom daukavSira warmarTul xanas, warmarT mefes, miT umetes rom warmarTuli xanis 108 qarTveloba qristianuli xanis samRvdeloebis mier sakmaod velurad miiCneoda, rogorc es Zveli wyaroebidan Cans? rogorc aRiniSna, didi ivane javaxiSvili Rrma kvlevis Sedegad mivida daskvnamde, rom qarTuli anbani warmarTuli, qristianobamdeli xanis produqtia. leonti mroveli episkoposi ki mefe farnavazis damsaxurebaTa CamoTvlis dros wers _ `amanve Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli~. mefe farnavazs miiCneven anbanis ara Semqmnelad, aramed manamde arsebulis gamavrceleblad, e.i. farnavazamde anbans ramdenime saukunis istoria hqonia. s. janaSia wers _ `qarTuli anbanis mecnierulma Seswavlam gamoarkvia, rom igi SeTvisebuli unda iyos mcire aziaSi ara ugvianes meSvide saukunisa qristes win (ix. prof. iv. javaxiSvili, qarT. paleografia). msgavsi alfabeturi damwerloba SeiZleboda mxolod ganviTarebis garkveul safexurze gaCeniliyo. manamde mcire aziaSi mcxovreb qarTvel tomebsac xatovani da lursmuli damwerloba unda exmaraT. am mxriT uaRresad sayuradReboa qarTuli termini `wera~, igi Tavdapirvelad `Wras~, `kveTas~ niSnavda, aqedanaa `weraqvi~, e.i. qvis saWreli, sakveTi; xvnis mniSvnelobisaa mTaSi `wera~ da aqedan _ `wereuli~ _ `yanis nakrefi, Sekonvili~, `sawereli~, e.i. mWameli, mWreli... werasTan dakavSirebuli meore mniSvnelovani terminis warmoSobas gvixsnis `wertili~ (`werta~ zmnisagan nawarmoebi). `wertac~ xom Cxvletas, amokveTas, 109 CaWras niSnavs. maSasadame, orive termini im xanisaa, roca wera realurad iyo raime magar masalaze (qvaze, Tixis dafaze, liTonze) amoWris, amokveTis procesi. Cven gvgonia, rom qarTvelma tomebma Tavisi uZvelesi samSoblodan amierkavkasiaSi moitanes ara marto es terminebi, aramed TviT saTanado damwerlobanic...~ (s. janaSia, t. III, gv. 192). s. janaSiamde msgavsi Tvalsazrisi qarTuli damwerlobis siZvelis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli hqonda Teimuraz batoniSvils, Cans is eyrdnoboda sazogadoebaSi dacul Zvel gadmocemas, an romelime werilobiT wyaros: _ `ara uwignoni iyvnen qarTvelni uwinaresTa JamTaca Sina. vidre farnavazamde swerdnen igini uxucesTa weriliTa. ese igi, qurumTa maT, romelTac uxucesTa da xevisberTa uxmoben. igini iyvnen kerpTa mRvdelni da memsxverpleni erisni `RmerTTa~ mimarT da werili maTi ars werili ese xucuri Cveni. werilni xucesni pirvelsa Jamsa qmnil ars werilisagan ebraulisa da qaldeurisa da msgavsica arian asoTa maTTa Cveni xucurni~ (T. bagrationi, cxovreba, 1972, gv. 126). Zvel saqarTveloSi xucur anbans akavSirebdnen ara berZnul, aramed semitur alfabetTan. Teimuraz bagrations mohyavs aseve Zveli gadmocema, romlis mixedviTac, maStocis mier somxuri anbanis Seqmnamde somxebi ukve arsebuli qarTuli mwignobrobiT sargeblobdnen, xolo maStocs somxuri anbanis zogierTi aso qarTulis mimsgavsebiT Seuqmnia. rac Seexeba 110 mwignobrobaso, _ wers Teimuraz bagrationi, `ara iyo maT (somexTa) Soris ZvelTa Sina saukuneTa... igini (somxebi) sargeblobdes pirvel berZnuliTa wigniTa da qarTuliTa, qristes mosvliTgan mravalTa welTa ganvles, merme qmnes somexTa werili Tvisi, romelsac ityvian igini moZRvrisa maTisa mesrofisaTvis, viTarmed man ganawesa da qmna asoni maTni, msgavsni qarTulis xucuris werilisa. werils qarTulsa somxuri romelnime asoni hgvanan da ara yovelni. somexni vieTnime ityvian, rom somxuri wignis asoebi da qarTulis wignis asoebi xucurio mesrofma gaakeTao. magram qarTuli xucuri asoebi mesrofs ar gaukTebia, didi tyuili aris~ (iqve, gv. 126). es bolo winadadeba Tavisi gamokvlevebiT daadastura iv. javaxiSvilma. Teimurazi ganagrZobs: `sanam mesrof daibadeboda da am sofelSi Semovidoda, agreTve qarTuli xucuri wigni iyo da mesrofze uwin, saRmrTos werilis mTargmnelni CvenTa wmidaTa mamaTagani mravalni iyvnes, romelnic ebraulisagan da berZnulisa da asurulisagan qarTulad sTargmnidnen, da odes srulebiT ara aqvndaT jer somexTa werilni TvisTa zeda enaTa sargeblobdes da xmarobdes igi qarTuliTa wigniTa da weriliTa~ (iqve). mecnierTa erTi nawilis TvalsazrisiT, mefe farnavazma anbani ki ar Seqmna, aramed man ukve arsebuli, mosaxleobis mxolod erTi nawilisaTvis cnobili damwerloba, sruliad saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi gaavrcela. 111 ramaz patariZis TvalsazrisiT, romelic eyrdnoba qarTuli asomTavruli aso-niSnebis grafikul analizs, qarTuli damwerloba Seqmnilia finikiuri damwerlobis safuZvelze qristeSobamde mexuTe saukunis dasasruls (ix. r. patariZe, qarTuli asomTavruli, 1980, gv. 268). anbani qarTvel qurumTa wiaRSi Seqmnila. r. patariZem Tavisi kvlevis Sedegad daadastura sxva mecnierTa mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebani, rom qristeSobamde 284 weli aris sruliad qarTuli saxelmwifo damwerlobis oficialurad SemoRebis TariRi da agreTve qarTuli erovnuli welTaRricxvis dasabami. qristeSobamde 284 wels gasula farnavaz mefis gamefebidan 19 weli. is vaxuStis Tanaxmad, gamefebula 303 wels. 284 welTan dakavSirebiT vaxuSti wers: `am farnavazis mefobis iT (19) wels qarTuli xuTiaTasiani qoronikoni i-jer (10-jer) mobrunebuli ganvida da meTerTmete iwyebis~ (iqve, gv. 305). aq igulisxmeba 532-wliani didi indiqtioni, romlis safuZvels mzis 28-wliani da mTvaris 19-wliani ciklebi warmoadgens, is nikeis I msoflio saeklesio krebam daakanona. ase rom, vaxuStis mier naxsenebi `qarTuli qoronikoni~ farnavazTan dakavSirebiT anaqronizmia, romlis Sesaxebac r. patariZe wers _ `iqneb saxelovani mecnieri aq zogadad qarTuli welTaRricxvis dasabams gulisxmobdes, romelic gvian qarTuli qoronikonuli welTaRricxvis dasabamic gaxda~ (iqve, gv. 306). mecnieris daskvniT, 284 weli aris ara marto qarTuli 112 damwerlobis SemoRebis TariRi, aramed qarTuli warmarTuli welTaRricxvis dasabamic. rogorc aRiniSna, 284 wels qristeSobamde 10X532 weli gasula, anu 5332 weli dasabamidan. dasabamidan, anu qveynis gaCenidan qristeSobamde qarTuli angariSiT sul gasula 284+(10X532)=5604 weli. saerTod qristianul qveynebSi miRebuli iyo welTaRricxvis sami sistema: `qristesiT~, `dasabamidan~ da `qoronikoniT~. `qristesiT~ welTaRricxva _ amJamad gamoiyeneba msoflios yvela qveyanaSi. welTaRricxva qoronikoniT, rogorc aRiniSna, 532-wliani cikliT xdeboda. saerTod, qarTuli qoronikonis dasawyisis TariRad miCneuli iyo 780 weli. 781 weli aris pirveli weli qarTuli qoronikonis me-13 moqcevisa, xolo qristeSobamde 284 weli _ me10 moqcevisa. am wlidan 2-jer 532 wlis gavlis, anu ori moqcevis Semdeg dadga 780 weli. xolo dasabami am moqcevebisa qarTuli welTaRricxviT (aTvlis wertili) aris 5604 weli qristemde, anu `dabadebidan~ _ qveynis gaCenidan qristemde qarTuli welTaRricxva iTvlis aRniSnul (5604) wels. adamidan qristes Sobamde, anu `dasabamiTganis~ saxeliT cnobili welTaRricxva sxvadasxva saxis iyo ZvelTaganve. ZiriTadad cnobilia `dasabamiTganis~ Semdegi variaciebi: 1. 5198 weli _ evsevi kesarielisa, 2. 5492 weli _ pandore aleqsandrielisa, 3. 5500 weli _ aniane aleqsandrielisa, 4. 5508 weli _ bizantielebisa anu bizantiuri era, 5. qarTuli era _ 5604 weli _ qarTuli `dasabamiTgani~ (ix. iqve, gv. 75). 113 `unda davaskvnaT: qarTuli dasabamiTganis gamosavali TariRi yofila Zv.w.aR-is 284 weli. 5604-wlian qristianul qarTul dasabamiTgans safuZvlad dasdebia damwerlobis SemoRebis qarTuli warmarTuli TariRi _ 284 weli Zveli welTaRricxvisa~ (iqve, gv. 75). qarTul anbanSi iyo 37 aso-niSani. Zvelad ricxvis aRsaniSnavad anbanis asoebi ixmareboda. aso-niSnebis ricxviTi mniSvneloba da anbanuri saTvalavi aseTia: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. a_1 b_2 g_3 d_4 e_5 v_6 z_7 H_8 T_9 10. i_10 11. k_20 12. l_30 13. m_40 14. n_50 15. Y_60 16. o_70 17. p_80 18. J_90 19. r_100 20. s_200 21. t_300 22. u_400 23. f_500 24. q_600 25. R_700 26. y_800 27. S_900 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. C_1000 c_2000 Z_3000 w_4000 W_5000 x_6000 P_7000 j_8000 h_9000 O_10000 xucuri anbanis moxazuloba da saxelebi aseTia (pirvelad naCvenebia asomTavruli aso-niSani, mis gverdiT nusxuri da misi saxeli): 114 1. a 2. b 3. g 4. d 5. e 6. v 7. z 8. Ù 9. T 10. i 11. k 12. l 13. m 14. n 15. Š 16. o 17. p 18. J _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a b g d e v z C T i k l m n Š o p J _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ an ban gan don en vin zen he Tan in kan las man nar Ye on par Jan 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. r s t  f q R y S C c Z w W x ª j h H _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ r s t Y f q R y S C c Z w W x K j h Ÿ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ rae san tar Yie far qan Ran yar Sin Cin can Zil wil War xan xar jan hae hoi u-aso-niSani SemoRebul iqna gvian ori asos kombinaciiT _ uy da mieniWa ricxviTi mniSvneloba 400, man Ys adgili daiWira. asomTavruli monumenturi (kapitaluri) damwerlobaa berZnul-laTinuris msgavsad. monumenturoba gulisxmobs asoebis geometriuli sworxazovneba-simetriulobas. yvela aso-niSani Tanabari simaRlisaa da or paralelur xazs Soris Tavsdeba. nusxuri damwerloba ki oTxxazovan badezea damyarebuli, misi asoebi grZe- 115 li, mokle da tolmetia, rac adamians Zalian uadvilebs kiTxvas. mxedruli damwerlobac, nusxuris msgavsad, oTxxazovani sistemis damwerlobaa. Tavdapirveli anbani mTavrdeboda `jan~ asoTi (T. gamyreliZe, weris anbanuri sistema da Zveli qarTuli damwerloba, 1988, gv. 186.), xolo h-hae fonema Cndeba SedarebiT mogvianebiT, VII saukunidan moyolebuli (iqve, gv. 128). maSasadame, Tavdapirvel anbanSi ara 37, aramed 35 asoniSani iyo da is mTavrdeboda janiT. r. patariZis azriT, H-s eWira anbanSi merve adgili, sadac Semdeg gaCnda e.w. e-merve. ramaz patariZem, romelic qarTuli damwerlobis yvelaze nayofieri mkvlevaria CvenSi, didi ivane javaxiSvilis Semdeg, aRmoaCina, rom Cveni anbani amave dros asrulebda kalendris movaleobasac. ZvelTaganve, Zveli civilizaciis qveynebSi drois kalendaruli aRricxva problemas warmoadgenda. `mizezi amisa iyo is, rom dRe-Rame da weliwadi drois sxvadasxva astronomiuli sidideebia. dRe-RameTa mTeli ricxviT weliwadis gamoxatva SeuZlebelia, e.i. dRe-Rame da weliwadi ara jeradi, aramed uTanazomo sidideebia. swored aRniSnuli uTanazomobis rogorme daZleva, misi SeZlebisamebr zustad asaxvis saSualebiT, warmoadgenda nebismieri kalendaruli sistemis mizans. am mxriv, qarTuli anbaniT ganxorcielebuli kalendari bednieri gamonaklisia. qarTuli kalendari eyrdnoba anbanSi aso-niSneb- 116 is anbanuri da rigiTi saTvalavis unikalur wesrigianobas, aseve aso-niSnebis mizandasaxul saxeldebasa da sxva. r. patariZis gamokvleviT, qarTuli warmarTuli kalendaris martivi sqema aseTi saxiT gadmoicema: am sqemiT: anbanis 7 aso-niSani Svideuli dRe-Rame anu erTi msgefsia, anbanis 12 aso-niSani weliwadis 12 Tvea. anbanis 19 aso-niSani mzisa da mTvaris 19-wliani ciklia. anbanis 24 aso-niSani dRe-Ramis 24 saaTia. anbanis 31 asoniSani nakiani weliwadis oTxwliani da 128-wliani ciklebia. anbanis 5 ukanaskneli aso-niSani (wil-jan) weliwadis 5 epagomeni dRe-Ramea (r. patariZe, qarTuli asomTavruli, 1980, gv. 526). Cvens eklesiaSi amJamadac gamoyenebulia romauli, iuliusis uZravi weliwadis kalendari, romliTac weliwadis xangrZlivoba 365,25 dRe-Ramea, sam weliwads weliwadis xangrZlivoba 365 dRe-Ramea, xolo meoTxe weliwads _ 366 dRe-Rame, e.i. meoTxe weliwadi nakiania. iuliusis kalendariT, wlis bolos epagomenebis 5 da 6 dRis darTva moSlilia. manamde gamoyenebul uZveles kalendarul sistemebSi weliwadis xangrZlivobas 360 dRe-RamiT gansazRvravdnen (egviptesa da sxvagan). weliwadSi egviptelebi 12 Tves angariSobdnen, yovel TveSi 30 dRes, wlis bolos zeimobdnen 5 sadResaswaulo dRes (5 epagomens), amitomac egvipturi mzis weliwadis xangrZlivoba 365 dRe-Rames Seadgenda, maSin, roca realuri, anu tropikuli weliwadis xangrZlivoba 365, 2422 dRe- 117 Ramea, e.i. egvipturi kalendari arazusti iyo. qristeSobamde 46 wels romSi iulius keisris mier ganxorcielebuli kalendari ufro zusti iyo, romliTac weliwadis xangrZlivoba 365,25 dRe-Ramea, isic arazustia, radganac tropikul weliwads aRemateba wuTebiTa da wamebiT, rac 128 weliwadSi iZleva 1 dRe-Ramis sxvaobas. es Seusabamoba gaaswora grigorianulma kalendarma 1582 wels. qarTul warmarTul kalendars saukuneebiT adre SedarebiT sworad gamouxatavs tropikuli weliwadis xangrZlivoba. es r. patariZis dakvirvebiT ase ganxorcielebula: qarTuli kalendriT TveSi aris 30 dRe-Rame, weliwadSi _ 12 aseTi Tve, xolo wlis bolos emateba 5 kalendaruli dRe-Rame, nakian wels ki _ 6 da aseve 0,25 dRe-Rame. kerZod, es ase xdeba: qarTuli anbanis 30 asoniSani (maTi saxeldebis principis safuZvelze dayrdnobiT) _ gamoxatavs 30 kalendarul dRe-Rames, qarTuli anbanis ukanaskneli 5 aso-niSani wlis bolos dasarTveli kalendaruli dRe-Ramea. anbaniT gamoxatulia mzis weliwadis formulac. kerZod, anbanis meTormete asoTi (`lasi~), romlis ricxviTi mniSvneloba aris 30. am formulis ZiriTadi elementia: 12l30. `asomTavruli `lasi~ qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis 30 kalendarul aso-niSans _ 30 kalendarul dRe-Rames 12-jer angariSobs. amitomac, qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis 5 darCenili aso-niSani is 5 kalendaruli dRe-Ramea, romelic wlis bolos, axali wlis dadgomamde 360 dRe-Rames emateba epagomenebis saxiT, raTa weliwadis xangrZlivobis mzis Zvel-egvip- 118 turi kalendaruli sistema ganxorcieldes~ (iqve, gv. 412). `lasis~ formuliT, weliwadSi 365 dRea. 12l30=12X30=360 da 5 epagomeni, sul 365 dRe-Rame. yoveli sami wlis Semdeg ki weliwadis xangrZlivoba qarTuli warmarTuli kalendriT 366 dRe-RamiT ganisazRvreboda. es xorcieldeboda anbanis aso-niSan `wilis~ formuliT. misi anbanuri da rigiTi saTvalavi, aseTia: 31 wili 4000=31w4000 anu 3+1w4000. `rogorc `wili~ cxadyofs, erTxel yovel oTx weliwadSi, e.i. nakian weliwads 365 dRe-Rames erTi _ 31-e dRe-Rame emateba, amis gamo, yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel weliwadis xangrZlivoba 365+1=366 dRe-Ramea. amgvarad aso-niSani `wili~ yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel 30 dRe-Ramis nacvlad 31 dRe-Rames angariSobs, xolo es saidumlo `wili~-s rigiTi saTvalaviT aris gancxadebuli~ (iqve, gv. 422). amas Turme miuTiTebs aRniSnuli asos rigiTi saTvalavi _ 31 (es aris 3+1 e.i. 3 sruli, 1 nakiani), ricxviTi mniSvneloba _ 4000 (`aTasi weli viTarca erTi dRe~ _ 4000=4-s, e.i. oTx weliwadSi erTxel damateba). misi anbanuri saTvalavia, (romlis mixedviTac ricxvi 31 iwereba) _ `la~, rac udris 30+1-s, anu 30-dRian Tveebs erTiT meti Tve emateba saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, (formulis Sesabamisad), amasve Turme miuTiTebs am aso-niSanis saxeli _ sityva `wili~, rac nawils, wilads aRniSnavs. mas anbanSi dafaruli mniSvnelobac hqonia, rogorc amis Sesaxeb wers `qebaY da didebaY qarTulisa enisaY~, romelSic aseve 119 aRniSnulia: `wili~ asoY ars da ityvis yovlad oTx aTassa da ese ars oTxi `rameTu aTasi viTarca erTi~, e.i. w=4, rac `dafarulad unda acxadebdes, rom 4 wili erTi dReRamea, amitom `wili~ aso-niSani kalendarulad weliwadSi dRe-Ramis naoTxalia, dRe-Ramis meoTxedia, oTx weliwadSi ki erTi kalendaruli dRe-Ramea~ (iqve, gv. 422). sabolood qarTuli kalendriT weliwadis xangrZlivoba Seadgens 365,25 dRe-Rames (3X365 da 1X366), magram Turme tropikul weliwads anbanSi ganxorcielebuli qarTuli kalendari kidev sxva sistemebiT uaxlovdeba, rac gadmocemuli aqvs Tavis wignSi r. patariZes. qarTuli anbanis saSualebiT gadmocemuli yofila aseve mTvaris kalendaric. qarTuli anbaniT mTvaris kalendari Semdegi sistemiTaa gadmocemuli: anbanis aso-niSanTa saxelwodebani, maTi rigiTi da anbanuri saTvalavi kalendris gasaRebs warmoadgens. qarTuli anbanis kalendaruli monacemebi gamowvlilviT aqvs mimoxiluli Tavis wignSi r. patariZes. masve sruliad ueWvelad aqvs dasabuTebuli qarTuli anbanis grafikuli moxazulobis finikiuridan warmomavloba. patariZis azriT, qarTuli anbani SeumuSavebiaT qurumebs qristeSobamde 412 wels, rac imavdroulad kalendris SemoRebasac niSnavda. 128 wlis Semdeg qristeSobamde 284 wels dawyebula qarTuli saxelmwifo erovnuli welTaRricxva. qar Tuli an ban -kalendr is Semo qm ed qur um ebs babilonel, qaldevel da berZen maTematikosTa miRweve- 120 bze daufuZnebiaT TavianTi Sroma. iv. javaxiSvilis, s. janaSias da sxva mecnierTa Sromebze dayrdnobiT, erTi mxriv, Cven Tu vaRiarebT, rom qristeSobamde VII-V saukuneebSi saqarTvelos moaSures Zveli damsxvreuli civilizaciis namsxvrevma tomebma, STamomavlebma xuritebisa, qaldevelebisa, Tobalebisa Tu muSqebisa, unda vaRiaroT isic, rom, maTma inteleqtualurma nawilma Tan moitana Zveli aRmosavleTis astronomiuli, maTematikuri codna, sarwmunoeba da kultura. Zveli qaldevelebis kulturas udidesi gavlena mouxdenia sxva qveynebis kulturaze. maTgan gavrcelebula ricxviTi mistika, maTematikuri codna, romelic ganuyofeli nawili yofila qaldeuri mecnierebisa da kulturisa. ricxviTi mistikis akvnad da aseve sxva saidumlo mecnierebis kerad ZvelTaganve iTvleboda qaldea. saberZneTSi qaldeuri swavleba piTagores ganuviTarebia (ix. iqve. i. Cistiakovis da sxvaTa Sromebze miTiTeba gv. 487). r. patariZis azriT, swored qarTuli piTagorelebis mier unda Seqmniliyo qarTuli anbani, romelSic dasturdeba codna, rogorc aRmosavluri, ise dasavluri civilizaciisa. saqarTveloSi Semosul odesRac didi civilizaciis memkvidre qarTul tomebs unda SemoetanaT egvipturi mzisa da babilonuri mTvaris kalendrebi, romelnic Semdgom qarTul anban-kalendarSi SenivTda. qarTuli anban-kalendari, msgavsad piTagoruli moZRvrebisa _ saidumlo yofila. is mxolod qurumTa viwro wreSi yofila cnobili, farnavazis dros mas 121 ramdenadme gavrceleba miuRia sruliad saqarTvelos qurumTa Soris. qristeSobis Semdeg, qristian qarTvelobas swored es ukve arsebuli anbani gamouyenebia saeklesio saWiroebisaTvis. ufro metic, qarTuli anbani nawilobriv, r. patariZis gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, safuZvlad dasdebia somxuri anbanis Seqmnis princips (ix. iqve, gv. 528-596), rasac ufro adrec miuTiTebdnen qarTveli istorikosebi. Cven vfiqrobT, rom anbani, romliTac daiwera qarTul enaze axali aRTqma, bibliis wignebi, locvebi, qadagebani, romelsac efuZneboda aTaswleulTa manZilze naweriT gadmocemuli saRmrTo didebismetyveleba, SeuZlebelia Seqmniliyo suliwmindis monawileobis gareSe. uTuod qarTuli xucuri anbani suliwmindis Cagonebis Sedegia. dideba mas! axali aRTqma uflisa israilis didma winaswarmetyvelebma gamoacxades, rom arsi WeSmariti religiisa _ RmerTisa da kacis kavSirSia, swored am kavSirs anu erTobas ewodeboda aRTqma. aRTqma wmida werilSi gamoiTqmoda sityviT `berit~, rac niSnavs pirobas, kanons, dadgenilebas, romelzec Tanxmdeba ori SemTanxmebeli mxare. wmida wignebi, romlebSic aRwerilia kavSiri RmerTisa kacTan, warmoadgendnen erT-erT saSualebas aRTqmis damowmebisas, amit- 122 omac maTac `aRTqmas~ uwodebdnen. is arsebobda ukve moses ep o qaS i. Z vel aRT qm as gan eku Tvn e ba p ir ve li winaswarmetyveluri miTiTeba `axali aRTqmisa~. kerZod, ieremias cnobil winaswarmetyvelebaSi _ `ai, dadgeba dReebi, ambobs ufali, roca me davdeb israelisa da iudas saxlTan axal aRTqmas~ (ier; 31.30). Semdgom termini `axali aRTqma~ mravalgzis ixmares TviT ieso qristem da misma wmida mociqulebma (maTe 26.28, mark. 14.24; luka 22.20; 1 kor. 11.25; 2 kor. 3.6 da sxva). rogorc aTi mcneba, anu kanoni iwodeboda `aRTqmad~, zustad aseve, gamoTqma `axali aRTqma~ qristianuli eklesiis mier mieniWa wmida wignebs, romlebSic gadmocemulia qristesa da mociqulebis swavleba (ix. tolkovaia biblia, III, peterb. 1911-1913, gv. 2). jer kidev ieremias piriT brZanebs ufali `axali aRTqmis~ pirvelad xsenebisas (qristeSobamde 600 wliT adre) kacobriobis codvaTa daxsnis Sesaxeb _ `...me maT vapatieb ukanonobas da ar gavixseneb maT codvebs. ase ambobs ufali, romelmac mogvca mze dRis sinaTled da mTvare da varskvlavebi Ramis sinaTled, romelic aRelvebs zRvas, ise, rom xmauroben misi talRebi, iaRve sabaoTia _ misi saxeli~ (31.33-34). RvTismetyvelTa Tanaxmad, Zveli aRTqma warmoadgenda momzadebasa da winaswarmetyvelebas qristeze. nawinaswarmetyvelebi iyo zusti dro da adgili mesiis Sobisa, mogvTa Tayvaniscema, yrmaTa gawyveta, egvipteSi gaqceva, winamorbed-winaswarmetyvelis gamoCena, iudev- 123 el mwignobarTa da xelisufalTa mtroba, macxovaris saswaulebi, mesiis uaryofa iudeveli xalxis mier, tanjva, sikvdili, jojoxeTSi Casvla, aRdgoma, amaRleba da a.S. (p. svetlov, xristianskoe verouCenie, kiev, 1912, t. I, gv. 125). `sarwmunoebis simbolo~, romelsac `mrwamssac~ uwodeben, ase gadmoscems qristes gankacebas _ `romeli CvenTvis kacTaTvis da Cvenisa cxovrebisaTvis gardmoxda zeciT da xorcni Seisxna sulisagan wmidisa da mariamisagan qalwulisa gankacna, da jvars ecva CvenTvis pontoelisa pilates ze da ivno da daefla. da aRsdga mesamesa dResa msgavsad werilisa~. cxadia, `werilSi~ igulisxmeba Zveli aRTqmis wmida wignebi, kerZod ki winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi. jer kidev abraamis Sesaxeb iyo nabrZanebi (dabadeba, 12), rom mis mier warmoSobili xalxis mier `ikurTxeba yvela tomebi da xalxebi dedamiwisa~. swored am erSi ganxorcielebuli macxovris mier moxda gamosyidva kacobriobisa. sinais aRTqmaSi safuZveli Caeyara xalxs, romelic unda qceuliyo `wmida xalxad da mRvdelTa samefod~ (gamosvl. 19). am xalxidan qristianobis macocxlebeli sarwmunoeba miiRes msoflios sxva xalxebma. esaiac yvela xalxTa mxsnelad warmoadgens mesias _ `...yoveli eri misken daiwyebs denas. daiZvreba uTvalavi xalxi da ityvis: modi, avideT uflis mTaze iakobis saxlSi. gvaswavlos Tavisi gzebi da misi bilikebiT viaroT, radgan rjuli sionidan gamova da uflis sityva _ ierusalimidan. samarTals 124 ganikiTxavs igi erebs Soris da amxilebs uTvalav xalxs. maxvilebisgan saxnisebs gamoWedaven da Subebisagan _ namglebs, eri erze aRar aRmarTavs maxvils da aRaravin iswavlis oms~ (esaia, 2). winaswarmetyveli xedavs momaval cxebuls, romelic moitans mSvidobasa da Tavisuflebas. misi mefoba Secvlis yovel arsebas _ `xalxma, bnelSi moarulma, ixila naTeli didi, wyvdiadis qveyanaSi mcxovreblebs naTeli gamoubrwyinda. Sen gaamravle xalxi, gauzarde mas sixaruli... radgan Sen dalewe misi kirTebis uReli... radgan SegveZina Svili, mogveca Ze... ewoda saxelad sakvirveli mrCeveli, RmerTi Zlieri, maradisobis mama, mSvidobis mTavari, xelmwifebis gansadideblad da uboloo mSvidobisaTvis daviTis taxtze da mis samefoSi...~ (esaia, 9). winaswarmetyveli ganagrZobs mesiis Sesaxeb _ `amova ylorti ieses Rerodan da misi fesvebis amonayari gaixarebs. daivanebs masze uflis suli, suli sibrZnisa da gonierebisa, suli rCevisa da simxnevisa, suli Segnebisa da uflis SiSisa... simarTliT gansjis Rarib-RatakT, sisworiT ganikiTxavs qveynis bedSavT... simarTle iqneba sartyelad mis welze... dadgeba mgeli cxvarTan erTad da vefxvi dabinavdeba cikanTan erTad, xbo, lomi da nasuqali pirutyvi erTad iqnebian da Cvili bavSvi waruZRveba maT... im dRes xalxTa droSad dadgeba ieses fesvi da misken daiwyeben denas tomebi, dideba iqneba misi saSvebeli~ (esaia, 11). esaias darad miqa winaswarmetyvelic mesiis eras ukavSirebs yvela xalxebis moqcevasa da gadarCenas _ `uka- 125 nasknel dReebSi iqneba, rom mTebis TavSi damyardeba uflis saxlis mTa, gorakebze maRla aRimarTeba da misken daiwyebs denas xalxebi. movlen uamravi xalxebi da ityvian: wamo, avideT uflis mTaze da iakobis RvTis taZarSi, rom gvaswavlos Tavisi gzebi da viaroT misi bilikebiT, radgan sionidan gamodis rjuli da ierusalimidan _ uflis sityva~ (miqa, 4:1-2). uflis mosvlis Semdgom damyarebul dausrulebel samefos ieremia `axal aRTqmas~, xolo ezekieli `saukuno aRTqmas~ uwodebs _ winaswarmetyvelis piri RaRadebs _ `davudeb maT mSvidobis aRTqmas da saukuno aRTqma iqneba maTTvis. davamkvidreb maT da gavamravleb, maT Soris davdgam Cems sawmindars saukunod. iqneba maTze Cemi movaneba, veyolebi maT RmerTad, isini ki Cemi eri iqnebian. maSin mixvdebian xalxebi, rom ufali var, israelis ganwmendeli, da Cemi sawmidaris saukuno myofobiT maT Soris~ (ezek. 37:26-27). Zveli aRTqmis gam ocxadebis mwvervalia esaias winaswarmetyveleba, romelmac iwinaswarmetyvela ara marto Cveni mxsnelis _ qristes _ daviTis sagvareulodan warmoSoba, qalwulis mier misi mucladReba, Soba da emanuelad saxeldeba (esaia 7:14), aramed Cveni codvebis daxsnisaTvis misi vnebaca da sikvdili _ `namdvilad ki, man ikisra Cveni snebebi da itvirTa Cveni satanjveli, Cven ki gvegona, RvTisagan iyo nacem-nagvemi da damcirebuli. magram is Cveni codvebisaTvis iyo daWrili, Cveni ukeTurobebisaTvis dalewili. masze iyo sasjeli Cveni 126 simrTelisaTvis da misi wylulebiT Cven ganvikurneT... evno da ewama, magram ar dauZravs bage, kraviviT dasaklavad miiyvanes da rogorc cxvari dums mparsvelTa winaSe, masac ar dauZravs bage~ (esaia, 53:4-5, 7-8). man iwinaswarmetyvela, rom macxovris uwinares mova winamorbedi da moamzadebs xalxs mis misaRebad, ityvis rom is iqneba qriste, ese igi cxebuli RvTisa, rom is iqneba RmerTi da kaci, rom is moaxdens saswaulebs; misi sityviT, koWlebi ivlian, brmebi aRixilaven, mkvdrebi aRdgebian, rom is ewvaleba, mokvdeba da amiT gamoixsnis yvela mis morwmunes, is aRsdgeba da daafuZnebs simarTlis da mSvidobis sasufevels da mis sufevas ar eqneba dasasruli, rameTu misi samefo, axali ierusalimi, iqneba WeSmariti samefo RvTisa gardamosuli qveynad. winaswarmetyvelebani aRsrulda, magram ise, rom is, visac elodnen, movida wynarad da SeumCnevlad (emanuil svetlov, vestniki carstva boJia, 1972, gv. 488-492), raTa axali aRTqma daedo rCeul erTan, rogorc ambobda ieremias piriT ufali _ `es aris is aRTqma, romelic unda davudo israelis saxls im drois Semdeg, ambobs ufali. wiaRSi Cavudeb maT Cems rjuls da gulze davawer. maTi RmerTi viqnebi me da isini Cemi eri iqnebian~ (ier. 31:32). movida is, romelic ixila danielma CvenebiT _ `Cems Ramis xilvaSi vnaxe: aha, cis Rrublebze modioda kacis Zis msgavsi, igi Zvel dReTagan movida da wardgenil iqna mis winaSe. mieca mas xelmwifoba, dideba da mefoba, raTa yvela xalxi, tomni da enani mas emsaxuron. misi xe- 127 lisufleba saukuno xelmwifebaa, bolo ar eqneba mas da misi samefo ar daiqceva~ (dan. 7:13-14). yvela xalxi, tomi da ena iqca ieso qristes Tayvanismcemlad, rCeuli eri israilisa, amis Semdgom, swored maT, mis morwmune qristianebs ewodaT, swored maT miecaT axali aRTqma. yvela qristianma erma Tavisi sasuliero mwerloba `saRmrTo werilis~, anu bibliis TargmniT daiwyo. axali aRTqmis berZnulidan Targmna meore saukunidanve dauwyiaT. maT Soris pirveli siriuli Targmanebi yofila. siriuli ena axlos yofila arameul dialeqtTan, romelzec laparakobdnen qriste da mociqulebi. qarTulad saxareba mexuTe saukuneSi ukve Targmnili iyo. iakob xucesi, romelmac `wameba wmidisa SuSanikisi dedoflisa~ 476-483 wlebSi dawera, sxva wignTa Soris moixseniebs saxarebasac _ `evangelies~ saxeliT. iakob xucesi wers: rodesac curtavSi SuSanik dedofali ganudga gamazdeanebul qmars _ varsqen pitiaxSs da kvlav taZrad mivida, man `Tana waritanna evangelie Tvisi da wmidani igi wignni mowameTani~, sapyrobileSi ki `...didiTa gulis-modginebiTa xelTa aRixvna daviTni da mciredTa dReTa Semdgomad asergasisni igi fsalmunni daiswavlna~. maSasadame, V saukuneSi ukve arsebula qarTulad `saxareba~, wmida mowameTa cxovrebis aRwera da daviTni (iv. lolaSvili, wignisa da mwerlobis sawyisebTan, 1978, gv. 8). sityva `evangelie~ klasikur berZnulSi aRniSnavs keTili ambis cnobas _ xarebas. axal aRTqmaSi aRniSnavs 128 xarebas imisas, rom qristem Seariga adamianebi RmerTTagan da Cven mogvitana sasufevlis sikeTe, amitomac ewoda qarTulad evangeles _ saxareba. Cveni mematianes Tanaxmad, vaxtang mefis dedisaTvis saxareba gaucvniaT V saukunis Sua wlebSi, xolo VI saukunis 30-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos farglebs gareT arsebuli saba ganwmendilis monastris damaarseblis, wmida sabas `anderZi~ gvauwyebs, rom iberielebs `neba eZlevaT warTqvan Jamni da samxrisaY, warikiTxon samociqulo da saxareba TavianT dedaenaze~. maSasadame, sabawmindel qarTvel berebs V saukunis meore naxevarSi xelT hqoniaT qarTuli `samociqulo~ da qarTulive `saxareba~ (iqve, gv. 9). saxarebis uZveles qarTul Targmanebs `pirveliTgans~ uwodebdnen, giorgi mTawmideli am Targmanebs `wmidad Targmnilebs~ uwodebda da did mniSvnelobas aniWebda: `Cvenni yovelni saxarebani pirveliTgan wmidad Targmnilni arian da keTilad _ xanmetnica da sabawmindurnica~. i. lolaSvilis azriT, `pirveliTganSi~ igulisxmeba IV saukuneSive, CvenSi qristianobis saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad gamocxadebisas Targmnili saxarebani (iqve, gv. 9). saRmrTo werili yvelaze adre Targmnila qarTulad. am TargmanebiT dawyebula qarTuli saeklesio mwerloba. efrem mcires sityviT, qarTvelebs maSin dauwyiaT saRmrTo werilis Targmna, roca msoflio eklesias jer kidev `araraY aqunda sxvaY sagalobelad saeklesioY, Tvinier fsalmunTa wignisa~. e.i. maSin, roca RvTismsaxureba- 129 Si himnografiuli elementi jer ganviTarebuli ar iyo da araviTari wesis Sesruleba ar SeiZleboda `saRmrTo werilis~ (bibliis) wignebis gareSe (k. kekeliZe, qarT. lit. istoria I, gv. 441). marTlac, petre iberis cxovrebis Tanaxmad, petres jer kidev saqarTveloSi, konstantinepols gamgzavrebamde (424 wlamde) Seuswavlia wmida werili, xolo, matianes cnobiT, vaxtang gorgasals mdidrulad Seumkia saxareba (iqve, gv. 412). Tu verwmunebiT cnobas andria pirvelwodebulisa da sxva mociqulebis saqarTveloSi qadagebis Sesaxeb, mesukavel mowameTa (I-II ss) cxovrebis cnobebsa da agreTve ioane sabanisZis VIII saukuneSi naTqvams, rom mesame saukunidan saqarTvelos mosaxleoba ukve gaqristianebulia, maSin unda vifiqroT, rom wmida werils zepirad Targmna _ qadagebis gziT qarTvelebi meoTxe saukunemde unda gacnobodnen, xolo IV-V saukuneebSi CvenSi ukve rom arsebobda `pirveliTgani~ Targmanebi, sandod unda miviCnioT. miT umetes, rom moRweulia mravali xelnaweri, mecnierTa mier V-VI saukuneebiT daTariRebuli. gansakuTrebiT ki palimfsestebi. arsebobs Zveli Targmanebis (pirveliTganis) ramdenime redaqcia. esenia xanmeti (aso x-aniT meti) da haemeti. Semdgomia e.w. `sabawminduri~. romelic, k. kekeliZis Tanaxmad, xanmetisagan fonetikurad gansxvavdeboda, imiT, rom xan-ebi ukve aRar ixmareboda, Tumca SesaZleblad miiCneva sabawmindur redaqciaSi x-anis magier h-aes xmareba. es redaqciebi IV-IX saukuneebSi Tavsdeba. axali redaqcia wmida werilisa, 130 kerZod ki saxarebisa ekuTvnis eqvTime aTonels (mestiis saxareba 1033 w. da metexis saxareba 1049 w.) _ mas teqsti Seujerebia axal, imJamindel berZnul redaqciasTan. es Sroma gaugrZelebia giorgi mTawmindels, mas saxarebis teqsti samjer Seumowmebia berZnul teqstTan da moucia axali, damoukidebeli redaqcia, romelmac saqarTveloSi moipova kanonikuri Rirseba da mniSvneloba qarTuli vulgatisa (iqve, gv. 414). saeklesio saWiroebisaTvis, cxadia, Zveladve `pirveliTgan~ iTargmneboda samociquloc. SuSanikis martvilobidan Cans, rom pavles epistoleni V saukuneSi arsebobda, Tumca samociqulos Zveli nusxebi (XI s-mde arsebulni) naklebad Semonaxula CvenSi. eqvTime aTonels, samociqulos zogierTi teqstis redaqtirebac unda ekuTvnodes, kerZod ki apokalifsisa, anu gamocxadebisa. mas k. kekeliZe miiCnevs pirvel Targmanad, magram SeuZlebelia is manamdec ar hqonodaT qarTvelebs, masve uTargmnia pavles zogierTi epistole, ganmartebebTan erTad. samociqulo ufro srulad uTargmnia (e.i. moucia axali redaqcia axali aRTqmis am nawilisa) giorgi mTawmindels. mas uTargmnia `pavle sruli da saqme mociqulTa da kaTolikeni mociqulTani~. is yofila Zveli qarTuli teqstis redaqtireba da ara axali Targmani berZnulidan. redaqtireba rom yofila, amas amowmebs efrem mcirec _ kerZod, aRniSnavs, rom giorgim mTlianad ver gawyvita kavSiri Zvel qarTul teqstTano (iqve, gv. 416). es redaqciac samociqulosi kanonikuri gamxdara. 131 Zveli aRTqmis wignebi qarTvelebs, rogorc Cans, septantadan uTargmniaT (cnobilia, rom Zveli aRTqmis ebrauli dedani qristeSobamde mesame saukuneSi aleqsandriaSi berZnul enaze gadauTargmnia 70 mTargmnels _ mas uwodes septanta (`septuaginta~), Tumca, zogierTi qarTuli Targmani Sedarebulia II saukuneSi ebraulidan berZnul enaze Sesrulebul TargmanebTanac (cnobilia II saukunis sami Targmani: akvilasi, svimaxosisa da Teodotianesi). dReisaTvis gadarCenilia Zveli aRTqmis zogierTi wignis xelnawerebis nawilebi, zogierTi wigni ki mTlianad. bibliis sruli qarTuli nusxa, romelic Cvenamdea moRweuli, 978 welsaa gadawerili mesxeTSi, `lavrasa Sina didsa uSks~ (oSks) da daculia aTonze, iverTa monasterSi. arsebobs mosazreba, rom eqvTime da giorgi mTawmindelebs uTargmniaT mTeli biblia, k. kekeliZe am azrs ar eTanxmeba. bibliis meore redaqcia aris 1743 wlisa, esaa moskovSi baqar batoniSvilis mier dabeWdili teqsti. mesame redaqcia meTvramete saukunisaa, mas mcxeTuri biblia ewodeba. is uZvelesi xelnaweridan gadauweriaT, romelSiac bibliis teqsti dayofili ar yofila Tavebad da muxlebad. gansakuTrebul, anu m. janaSviliseuls uwodebs k. kekeliZe XV-XVI saukuneebis xelnawerebs (iqve, gv. 418-419); 1884 wels TbilisSi meored daibeWda moskovis gamocema. 1989 wels TbilisSi gamoica bibliis axali Targmani, manamde ki axali aRTqmis teqsti ramdenjerme daibeWda. 132 armazi, ahuramazda, molodini mesiisa Cven mama-papaTa rjuli, sarwmunoeba, ukve ori aTasi welia qristianobaa, yovladwmida samebis Tayvaniscema. iqamde ki, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, `sjuli mamaTa CvenTa~ iyo Tayvaniscema kerpTa da mnaTobTa. mamaTa rjuli Zvel qarTvelobas mtkiced epyra, iqamde, rom TviT mefesac ki, qveynis TviTmpyrobels qveynidan aZevebdnen, Tuki is gabedavda da winaparTa sarwmunoebisadmi orgulobas gamoamJRavnebda. farnavazis SvilTaSvili, meoTxe mefe iberiisa, anu qarTlis samefosi _ farnajomi _ mazdeanobisa da cecxlTayvanismcemlobisaken midrekila da kerpmsaxureba uaruyvia, amis gamo qarTlis erisTavebma ganacxades: _ `mefe Cveni gardaxda sjulsa mamaTa CvenTasa, arRara msaxurebs RmerTTa mpyrobelTa qarTlisaTa, aw arRara Rirs ars igi mefed Cvenda~ (qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 29). marTlac, mefes SeebrZolnen, mokles da mis nacvlad taxtze sul sxva, axali dinastiis fuZemdebeli mefe aiyvanes. axalgazrdobisas (da gamefebis Semdeg) farnajomi qarTuli rjulis moyvare da misi morwmune yofila, aRumarTavs zadenis kerpi zaden cixesTan, rac im droisaTvis taZris movaleobas asrulebda. `amis Semdgomad Seiyvara sjuli sparsTa, cecxlis msaxureba, moiyvana sparseTiT cecxlismsaxurni da mogvni da dasxna igini mcxeTas, adgilsa mas, romelsa ese hqvian mogvTa da iwyo 133 cxadad gmobad kerpTa, amisTvis moiZules igi mkvidrTa qarTlisaTa, rameTu didi sasoeba aqundaT kerpTa mimarT~ (iqve, 29). qarTvel `mamaTa rjulis~ gmoba Zvirad daujda qarTvelTa mefes. qarTvelTa warmarTuli sarwmunoebis amsaxveli pirvelwyaroebi kerpebis Sesaxeb naklebad laparakoben _ qarTvelni Tayvans scemdneno mzes, mTvaresa da xuT varskvlavs, Tumca ki ufro adre _ warmarTobamde, qarTvelebi WeSmariti RmerTis mcnobni da misi morwmuneni iyvneno. WeSmariti RmerTi qarTvelebs dauviwyebiaT erTiani, protoqarTveluri eTnosis daSlis Semdeg an ufro mogvianebiT: `STavarda Suri Soris SvilTa qarTlosisaTa: iwyes brZolad da xdomad urTierTas... da ganagrZeles maT Soris brZola, romel Jamsame aRdgian amaTganni orni naTesavni erTsa zeda da sxvani Seeweodian... da romelnimme kvalad sxvani aRsdges erTmaneTsa zeda da sxvani Seeweodian~ (qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 10). am droisaTvis, rogorc aRiniSna, maTSi moSlila WeSmariti sarwmunoebis codna _ `da mas Jamsa daiviwyes RmerTi, dambadebeli maTi da iqmnes msaxur mzisa da mTvarisa da varskvlavTa xuTTa da mtkice da ufrosi saficari maTi iyo saflavi qarTlosisa~ (iqve, gv. 11). rogorc vxedavT, am epoqaSi qarTvelebs xeliT qmnili kerpebi, raime qandakebani, `TavianTi Tavis msgavsi kerpi~ ar SeuqmniaT da arc Tayvans scemdnen maT, Tumca ki dambadebelis, qveynis Semoqmedis nacvlad Tayvani sces mis 134 qmnilebebs _ zeciur sxeulebs. mzis, mTvarisa da xuTi varskvlavis Tayvaniscemis mogoneba bolo dromde SemorCenila qarTvelTa Soris. XX saukunis dasawyisSi, ambobs ivane javaxiSvili, samegreloSi deda akvnis Cvils xelSi ayvanils mnaTobTa saxelebs agonebdao: _ `TuTa, Taxa, juma, ca, vobi, sabateni, bJa~, TuTa _ mTvarea, Taxa _ Tarxoni anu marsia (iv. javaxiSvili, I, 1979, gv. 176), juma _ hermesi _ merkuria (`jimaRi~), ca _ ciskris varskvlavi anu afroditea (iqve, gv. 178), vebi _ elva-quxilis, xeTur-xaldeuris monaTesave RvTaeba, sabateni _ nasesxebi sityva `SabaTia~, amiT aRiniSneboda mnaTobi kronosi, romelsac qarTulad `morige~ hqvia da meSvide caze myofad miiCneoda. xazgasmiTaa aRsaniSnavi: qarTuli warmarToba imdenad srulyofilad damuSavebuli da daxvewili iyo, rom `aramcTu sazogado qarTuli, yvela qarTul tomTaTvis, maT Soris megrelTa da svanTaTvisac, saerTo warmarToba arsebobda, aramed am warmarTobas saerTo terminologiac, saerTo enac qarTuli hqonia~ (iqve, gv. 156). saqarTveloSi sarwmunoebis ena qarTuli iyo, es wesi mtkiced damkvidrebula uZveles dros yvela qarTul tomSi. es miT ufro dasafasebelia, rom sarwmunoebis ena TviT gvian saukuneebSic ki, xSirad ara mSobliuri ena iyo zogierT xalxSi. qarTuli warmarToba qarTvelebisaTvis gamSobliurebul-gaerovnebuli yofila, amitomac mas mtkice winaaRmdegoba gauwevia TviT iranuli religiisaTvis, romel- 135 sac asaxva upovia `sparselTa wminda wignSi~ _ avestaSi (zoroastrizmi). `qarTul warmarTobas Tavisi mtkiced Camoyalibebuli panTeonic hqonia, am panTeonSi zogi mTavar RvTaebad iTvleboda, zogi da umetesoba umcros RvTaebaTa jgufs ekuTvnoda~ (iqve, gv. 156). ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, warmarTobisdroindeli qarTvelebis mTavar `RvTaebad~ mTvare iTvleboda. yvelgan, sadac ki qarTvelebs ucxovriaT, mTvaris Tayvaniscemis kvali SerCenilia. ara marto saqarTveloSi, pontosa da frigiaSi, `sadac erT dros qarTveli tomebi binadrobdnen strabonis sityviT, mTvaris Tayvaniscema gavrcelebuli yofila~ (iqve, gv. 99). mTvaris, viTar mTavar meufis da RvTaebis Tayvaniscema, yvela qarTveli tomis rwmenad unda CaiTvaloso, _ werda is (iqve, gv. 99). panTeonSi umaRles RvTaebebad miiCneoda aseve `RmerTi Semoqmedi~ da `ca _ RrubelTa batoni~ (iqve, gv. 101). uzenaes RvTaebas `morigesac~ uwodebdnen. is kronosi unda yofiliyo. qarTuli 7-dRiani msgefsis yoveli dRe mnaTobTadmi iyo miZRvnili da maT sadideblad iyo saxeldebuli. kvira mzis dRe iyo, orSabaTi _ mTvarisa, samSabaTi _ ariasi, oTxSabaTi _ ermisa, xuTSabaTi _ afroditisa, paraskevi _ diosisa, SabaTi _ kronosisa. mTvare marTlac gansakuTrebiT pativdebuli yofila. TviT Cems siymawvileSic ki zogi moxuci orSabaTs uqmobda (orSabaTi ki mTvarisadmi, uzenaesisadmi yofila miZRvnili), xolo zogan Cvil bavSvs 136 mTvares daanaxebdnen da pirjvars asaxvinebdnen. am dros eubnebodnen _ `ai, fufala~ da gulisxmobdnen ufals (warmarTuli Cvevebis aRorZineba eklesiis dacemam gamoiwvia XX s-Si). r. patariZem ZvelqarTuli anban-kalendris kvlevisas faqtobrivad daadastura ivane javaxiSvilis sityvebi: `exla roca gamoirkva, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba hqonda Zveli qarTvelebis sarwmunoebaSi mTvares da mis mdgomareobas, mcxralisa, gavsebulisa, da mTvaris aRvsebis gamocnobas, cxadia, rom xatis msaxurebs kargad unda scodnodaT mTvaris angariSi, swored ase iyo kidec, fSavsa da xevsureTs, xevisbersa da dekanozs rom hkiTxoT, _ ambobda am 55 wlis winaT r.erisTavi, mTvare ramdeni dRisaa, erT wamsve miiRebT swor pasuxso. vin ar icis, rom saqarTveloSi am oci wlis winaT yvelam Cinebulad icoda, zogma exlac icis mTvaris raodenobis gaangariSeba~ (iqve, gv. 98). qarTul warmarTobasac Tavisi istoria hqonia, droTa ganmavlobaSi ganviTarebula, SeuZenia axal-axali elementebi, mnaTobTa Tayvaniscemis gverdiT kerpTa Tayvaniscemac SemouRia qarTvelobas. saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi pirveloba hqonia armazs. safiqrebelia, kerpTa Tayvaniscema axladSeqmnili erTiani warmarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkicebis saWiroebisTvis SemouRiaT qveynis mmarTvelebs, magaliTad, dasavleT-aRmosavleT-samxreT saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da damoukidebeli samefos sazRvarTa ganmt- 137 kicebis Semdgom `farnavaz Seqmna kerpi didi saxelsa zeda Tvissa; es ars armazi, rameTu farnavazs sparsulad armaz erqva, amarTa kerpi igi Tavsa zeda qarTlisasa da amieriTgan ewoda armazi kerpisa misTvis da qmna satfureba didi kerpisa misTvis aRmarTebulisa~ (`qarTlis cxovreba~, I, gv. 25) armazi _ gaerTianebuli da gaTavisuflebuli pirveli erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos mfarvel `RvTaebad~ unda yofiliyo warmodgenili. wyaros Tanaxmad, farnavazamdec azonis qveynis sazRvrebic faqtobrivad sruliad saqarTvelos moicavda, azons, Cans, Tavisi saxelmwifos ganmtkicebis mizniT, pirvelad SemouRia kerpTayvaniscema. `qarTlis cxovreba~ wers _ `aman azon dauteva sjuli aleqsandres mocemuli, iwyo kerpTmsaxurebad da Seqmnna orni kerpni vercxlisani: `gaci da gaim~. aleqsandre makedonelis mier qarTvelTaTvis datovebuli sjuli ki yofila mnaTobTa da uxilavi RmerTis Tayvaniscema _ `ubrZana aleqsandre azons, raTa pativs scemdes mzesa da mTvares da varskvlavTa xuTTa da hmsaxurebdnen RmerTsa uxilavsa, dambadebelsa yovlisasa, rameTu mas Jamsa ara iyo winaswarmetyveli da moZRvari sjulisa WeSmaritisa, romelmanca aswava da amxila aramed TviT moigona sjuli ese aleqsandre, mefobasa Sina yovelsa qveyanasa sjuli ese daudva da wavida aleqsandre~ (iqve, gv. 19). cnobilia, rom aleqsandre makedoneli Tayvans scemda `RmerTTa~ berZnul panTeons, mnaTobTa da uxilavi RmerTis Tayvaniscema iyo ara aleqsandres rjuli, aramed 138 qarTvelTa pirvelwinaprebisa, rogorc amas iqve, ramdenime Tavis win wers qarTveli mematiane. unda vifiqroT, rom aleqsandrem an misma romelime satrapma, Tuki isini saqarTveloSi iyvnen, saWirod CaTvales qarTvelTa erovnuli sarwmunoebisaTvis pativi miegoT da daekanonebinaT. saxels armazisas mematiane sparsulTan akavSirebs, `farnavazs sparsulad armaz erqva~-o, mecnierTa erTi nawili mas ahuramazdasTan _ sparsul uzenaes RvTaebasTan akavSirebs, sxvebi ki xeTur mTvaris RvTaebis saxel `armas~-Tan. armazis saxels ahuramazdasTan akavSirebda ivane javaxiSvili da werda: `armazis Sesaxeb cnobebs rom sparsul ahuramazdasTan saxelis meti saerTo araferi aqvs, es ucilobelia~ (iv. javaxiSvili, dasax. naSr. gv. 145). armazis Tayvaniscemasa da mazdeanobas Soris saerTo niSnebs ver xedaven, magram, miuxedavad amisa, cecxlTayvanismcemlobas saqarTveloSic SemouRwevia da nawilobriv gavrcelebula kidec. `mazdeanoba rom erT xans saqarTveloSic gavrcelebuli iyo da maSasadame, ahuramazda-armazis Tayvaniscemac unda yofiliyo Cvens qveyanaSi _ es cxadia~, _ wers iv. javaxiSvili. `...wmida nino maSindel qarTvelebs ase axasiaTebs: `vxedevdiT, cecxlis msaxursa mas ersa da mogvebsa da cTomasa maTsa zeda vtirodio~. zoroastrizmi _ iranidan gavrcelda sxva qveynebSi, isic `uxilav RmerTsa~, da ciur sxeulebs Tayvanscemda 139 da amitomac, albaT qarTvelTa sarwmunoebasTan msgavsebis gamo, saqarTveloSic hpova gavrceleba. Tumca ki, qarTul erovnul sarwmunoebas misTvis medgari winaaRmdegoba gauwevia. zoroastri, anu zaraTuStra winaswarmetyvelad miiCneva. am religiis wmida kanonia _ avesta, xolo uzenaesi RvTaeba _ ahuramazda, romlis saxelis mixedviTac zoroastrizms mazdeanobac hqvia. is saqarTveloSi qristianobamde imdenad gavrcelebula, rom misi mZlavri gavlenis kvali dRemde SemorCa qarTul enas (taZari, kerpi, zvaraki, eSma, jojoxeTi, marTali, warmarTi, bagini, droSa, anderZi, dasturi da sxva). Cans gansakuTrebiTac moukidnia fexi qarTlis samefos mmarTvel zedafenaSi, amis maCvenebelia maT Soris gavrcelebuli iranul-zoroastruli Teoforuli saxelebi _ farnavazi, farnajomi, artavazi, arSaki, bagrati, bakuri, bartomi, mirdati, adarnase, azorki da sxva (m. andronikaSvili, narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobidan 1. 1966). `parsebis wminda wigni _ avesta, romelsac zogjer `iranul bibliasac~ ki uwodebdnen _ zoroastrizmis sulieri codnis Semcvelia. Cans, swored mas uwodebdnen qarTvelebi `nebroTis wigns~, romelic ZvelqarTuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, winaqristianul epoqaSi qarTvelTaTvis cnobili yofila, pavle ingoroyva miiCnevs, rom is qarTul enazec iyo Targmnili da mefeTa saxlebSi inaxeboda. mazdeanoba popularuli gaxda qristianobamdel msoflioSi, mas gavlenac ki mouxdenia gviandel iudaizmze, 140 SeWrila romaul religiaSi, suli Cauberia gnosticizmisa da maniqevelobisaTvis (e. svetlovi, vestnik carstva boJia, V, briuseli, 1972 gv. 363). unda iTqvas, rom msoflioSi erTaderTi religia, romelic icnobda mesianizms (igulisxmeba bibliuri samyaros gareT) esaa mesianizmi zaraStutrasi (iqve, gv. 493), sxvaTa Soris, es Cans qarTuli wyaroebidanac, romelsac qveviT ganvixilavT. israelis winaswarmetyvelTa garda mxolod mazdeanobas swamda momavali sufeva uflisa, mxolod is moeloda msoflios mxsnelis mosvlas amqveynad, swored zaratuStras qurumebi _ mogvebi _ mividnen pirvelni Cveni macxovris iesos Sobisas mis Tayvanissacemlad, swored isini elodnen mis mosvlas am qveynad da pirvelebma Seityves es. Tanaxmad maTe maxareblisa _ `xolo roca iudeis beTlemSi daibada ieso qriste, herodes mefobis Jams, aha, aRmosavleTiT movidnen mogvni ierusalims da Tqves: sad aris iudevelTa axalSobili mefe? vinaidan vixileT misi varskvlavi aRmosavleTSi da movediT, raTa Tayvani vceT mas. es rom gaigo, SeZrwunda mefe herode da mTeli ierusalimi masTan erTad. da Sekriba yvela mRvdelmTavari da eris mwignobarni da gamoikiTxa maTgan, sad unda Sobiliyo ieso qriste. xolo maT uTxres mas: iudeis beTlemSi, vinaidan ase daiwera winaswarmetyvelis mier... maSin herodem farulad mouwoda mogvebs da gamoikiTxa maTgan varskvlavis gamoCenis Jami da wargzavna isini beTlems... xolo maT usmines mefes da wavidnen da aha varskvlavi, romelic ixiles aRmosavleTiT, win mi- 141 uZRvoda maT, sanam ar mivida da Tavs ar daadga im adgils, sadac yrma iyo... da rodesac Sevidnen saxlSi, ixiles yrma mariamTan, Tavis dedasTan erTad, da daemxnen da Tayvani sces mas da gaxsnes TavianTi saunje da miarTves mas ZRveni: oqro, gundruki da muri~ (maTe, 2:1-11). es moTxroba, e.svetlovis azriT, gviCvenebs, rom axali aRTqma raRacnairad dakavSirebulia bibliisgare religiur samyarosTan, rom israelis sazRvrebs gareTac adamianebi elodnen mxsnelis mosvlas. saxarebis dedanSi sityva `mogvi~ JRers rogorc `magi~ (, rac saerTod ewodeba jadoqrobaSi daxelovnebul adamianebs; Zvelad ki antikur dros sityva `mags~ iranuli religiis qurumebs uwodebdnen, rogorc es aRniSnuli iyo, da swored maT sces pirvelebma Tayvani warmarTTagan RmerTkacs bagaSive. es SemTxveviT ar yofila: e. svetlovis azriT, niSandoblivia, rom Zveli aRTqma, medgrad mebrZoli egviptis, babilonis, finikiis, saberZneTis `RmerTebis~ winaaRmdeg, arsad pirdapir ar gamodis iranis religiis winaaRmdeg (iqve, gv. 362). mazda ahura (ahuramazda) niSnavda yovlismpyrobel da yovladbrZen ufals. isaa `Semoqmedi~ samyaroisa da simarTlisa. samyaro RmTaebrivi Semoqmedis mieraa Seqmnili, ahuramazdas gverdiT dgas eqvsi zeciuri suli (esenia) _ `keTili fiqri~ (azri), `simarTle~, `siwminde~, `sikeTis samefo~, `janmrTeloba~, `ukvdaveba~ _ yvelani eseni suliwmindis mier arian Seqmnilni, ras niSnavs es? _ erTian RmerTs Tu qristes war- 142 marT winamorbeds iranis miwaze? arsebiTad es sruliad dasaSvebia, visa aqvs ufleba SezRudos suli wmidis moqmedeba erTi adgiliT? maxareblis sityvebiT, gana is ar sunTqavs, iq, sadac nebavs? Tu eklesiis mamebi antikur azrovnebaSi xedavdnen axali aRTqmis preludias, ra uSlis xels igive iTqvas zarastutras swavlebaze? TviT biblia ar gamoricxavs imis SesaZleblobas, rom RmerTi ixsneba `warmarTTaTvis~ (iqve, gv. 368). mazdeanobas swamda, rom sikeTis RmerTi sabolood gaimarjvebda da didebiT moevlineboda dedamiwas, boroteba ki damarcxdeboda, xolo is adamianebi, romlebic mazdas emsaxurebodnen azriT, sityviT da saqmiT, dajildovdebodnen RvTis am sasufevelSi (iqve, gv. 375). RmerTis sasufeveli (kxSatra) warmoadgenda jamsa da gvirgvins msoflio yofisas, zarastutras sikvdilis Semdeg warmoiSva rwmena imisa, rom mazda adamianebs gamougzavnida axal mxsnels, es rwmena sabolood iudaur mesianizms daemsgavsa. magebi aswavlidnen, rom garkveuli drois Semdeg mxsneli dedamiwaze movidoda, raTa boroteba daemarcxebina (iqve, gv. 377). am rwmeniT xom ar gahyvnen iraneli mogvebi beTlemisaken varskvlavs? yovelive zemomoyvanili CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa `qarTlis cxovrebis~ erTi adgilis amoxsnisaTvis, romelic dakavSirebulia mociqulTa swor mefe mirianTan. mematiane mogviTxrobs, rom warmarTobis xanis qarTvelma mefe mirianma wmida ninos qadagebis mosmenis 143 Semdeg `iwyo gamoZieba sjulisa~ da gadaikiTxa warmarTuli `nebroTis wigni~ (mazdeanuri rjulisa), garda amisa aman gamowvlilviT gamoikiTxa moxuc ebraelTagan sjulis sakiTxebi, is dainteresda swored `mxsneliT~. wmida ninos, aseve moxuc ebraelTa da `nebroTis wignis~ miTiTebani mxsnelsa da mesiaze erTmaneTs emsgavsebodnen _ `maSin mirian mefe gankvirda da iwyo gamoZiebad sjulisa qristessa da mravalgzis hkiTxaven huria-yofilsa mas abiaTars ZvelTa da axalTa wignTasa da igi auwyebda yovelsa. da wignica romeli hqonda mirian mefesa nebroTisi da masca wignsa Sina pova werili esreTi: ...~me var miqael, romeli dadginebul var RmerTisa mier mTavrobasa zeda aRmosavlisasa... xolo ukanasknelTa JamTa movides meufe igi cisa... man gixilos Wirsa Sina da gixsen Sen~. maSin gulisxma yo mefeman mirian rameTu Zvelni wignni da axalni ewamebodes da nebroTis wignica daamtkicebda da Seeqmna survili qristes sjulisa~ (qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 105). aSkaraa, rom qarTul wyaroSi dadasturebulia zemomoyvanili azri, rom bibliur wignebSi gadmocemuli mesianizmis idea zoroastrizmSic arsebobda. swored aman SesZra mefe miriani da ukve movlinebul mxsnelad aRiara Cveni macxovari. aq sainteresoa isic, rom `nebroTis wigni~, rogorc Cans, namdvilad arsebobda Zvel saqarTveloSi, radganac misi citata damowmebuli mematianis mier, swored zoroastrizmis umTavresi ideis Semcvelia, masSi naTqvamia `cis meufis mosvlisa~ da `xsnis~ Sesaxeb. 144 mefe miriani, romelic iqamde cecxlTayvanismcemeli yofila, emsgavseba mogvebs, romelnic uflis akvanTan mividnen da Tayvani sces mas TavianTi sarwmunoebrivi codnis wyalobiT, magram amiT maT Soris msgavseba mTavrdeba, mefe miriani ufro amaRlda imiT, rom man ara marto Tayvani sca mxsnels, aramed gaxda misi upirvelesi moqadage da misi rwmenis gamavrcelebeli saqarTveloSi, amitomac is mociqulTa sworad iwoda. isic unda iTqvas, rom mefe miriani warmarTobis dros, sxva qarTvelTa darad, `qarTvel mamaTa rjulis~ mimdevaric iyo da Tayvans scemda winaparTa `RmerTebs~, misi azriT, isini arian `RmerTni didni, soflis mpyrobelni, mzisa momfenelni, wvimis momcemelni da qveynis naSobTa gamomzrdelni RmerTni qarTlisani armaz da zaden, yovlisa dafarulisa gamomZiebelni, Zvelni RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani gaci da gaim~ (iqve, gv. 106). aqve uTuod unda iTqvas, rom msgavseba Zveli aRTqmis mxsnel RmerTsa da cecxlTayvanismcemelTa mazdas Soris mxolod calmxrivia. mazdeanizmi dualisturi religiaa, mazdas miekuTvneba yovelgvari sikeTe, is Semoqmedia yovelive mSvenierisa samyaroSi, xolo yovelive bnelisa da borotisa ki `aiaSma~, sicruea. am borot suls angramaniu (ahrimani berZnulad) _ `mowinaaRmdege suli~ hqvia. is mudmivi mowinaaRmdegea RmerTisa, masTan mebrZolia, meore `boroti Semoqmedia~. mis Seqmnilad iTvleboda _ jadoqrebi, mebrZoli tomebi, devebi da sxva. gansakuTrebiTi gansxvaveba isaa, rom zarastutra araTu ibrZoda 145 maT winaaRmdeg, vinc ar iziarebda mazdeanur sarwmunoebas, aramed avaldebulebda mis yvela morwmunes, iaraRiT xelSi, ukompromisod moespo yvela religiuri mowinaaRmdge, religiuri omi wminda omad miaCnda. yvela sarwmunoebriv mowinaaRmdeges ahrimanis, anu boroti sulis mier Seqmnilad miiCnevda, religiur sakiTxebs cecxlTayvanismcemlebi iseve Wridnen, rogorc Semdgom muhamedi. amiT sparseTi rogorc mazdeanuri ise mahmadianuri, qarTvelTaTvis agresiuli iyo, misi sarwmunoebrivi politika ar Secvlila. xolo iranelebTan qarTvelebis zneobriv-moraluri damokidebulebis Sesaxeb unda iTqvas, rom antikur epoqaSi, qarTul wyaroTa Tanaxmad, qarTvelebs sparselebTan urTierToba, maTTan naTesaoba da sulieri kavSiri saTakilod ar miaCndaT (sul sxva suraTia qarTul-sparsuli urTierTobisas Sua saukuneebSi). mizezi amisa iyo is, rom cecxlTayvanismcemlobis dros TavianTi sarwmunoebrivi moTxovnilebebis gamo iranelebs sicrue, boroti, arazneobrivi saqmis Cadena ejavrebodaT. `sicrues isini samarcxvino naklad Tvliano~, _ wers herodote, Semdgom, mongolebis dros, Cveni mematianes sityviT, mongolebi sparselebs yvela xalxTa Soris yvelaze matyuarad da crud miiCnevdnen (albaT, am epoqaSi qarTvelTa Soris maT zneobasac saxeli gautyda). mazdeanobisas ki maT evalebodaT Sesruleba valdebulebisa _ `keTili azri, keTili sityva, keTili saqme~. evalebodaT amoerCiaT keTilsa da borots Soris erTi _ keTili. rjulis pirveli maswavleblis gar- 146 dacvalebis Semdgom mazdeanobaSi SeiWra mravalRmerTianoba. ahuramazda ukve aRar iyo erTaderTi RmerTi. ahuramazdas avestaSi ewodeba `simarTlis dambadebeli~, romelmac gakvala gza mzisa da varskvlavebisaken; mas adareben mTvares, romelic ivseba da ileva. amitomac SesaZlebelia armazs _ ahuramazdas qarTul saxes _ mTvaris RmerTis funqciac miewereboda. Tu armazs mTvaris RmerTis funqcia eniWeboda, maSin is misaRebi iqneboda warmarTul saqarTveloSi arsebuli ori sarwmunoebrivi mxarisaTvis. erTni iyvnen saxelmwifo religiis _ `mamaTa rjulis~, anu qarTuli erovnuli panTeonis Tayvanismcemlebi (xalxis farTo masebi da erisTavebi), meoreni ki zoroastrizmis mimdevrebi _ am ukanasknelTa ricxvs, Cans dafarulad TanaugrZnobda samefo ojaxic (`qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, farnavazis Semdgomi qarTuli samefo dinastiebi _ nebroTianebi da arSakunianebi enaTesavebodnen aRmosavlur iranul dinastiebs). maT esaWiroebodaT mazdeanobis dafarva, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, rogorc Tavidan iyo aRniSnuli, taxtidan Camoagdebdnen. Tavisi wminda saxiT mazdeanoba kerpTayvanismcemlobas uaryofda, magram Semdeg misi Tavdapirveli `siwminde~ SeimRvra. qristianobis gamarjvebis Semdeg samefo ojaxSi darCenila naSTi mazdeanizmisa, is kvlav dafaruli iyo, amas miuTiTebs vaxtang gorgaslis mematianis sityvebi, romelic `nebroTis wignis~ Sesaxeb gvamcnobs `mamaTa CvenTa farulad epyraT wigni ese~. 147 armazi _ warmarTobis dros, xalxis TvalsazrisiT, cecxlTayvanismcemlobis mowinaaRmdege `RmerTs~ warmoadgenda. saqarTveloSi qristianoba ukve pirveli saukunidanve TandaTan vrceldeboda, amave dros CvenSi cxovrobdnen iudaisturi religiis mimdevrebi da mzis (cecxlis) Tayvanismcemlebi. qarTveli warmarTebi cdilobdnen `mamaTa RmerTis~ _ armazis _ risxva ar gamoewviaT qristianobis, iudaizmis anda cecxlTayvanismcemlobis miRebiT. isini eTayvanebodnen armazs da ambobdnen _ `vai Tu da-sada-vaklo rai didebasa didisa RmrTisa armazissa da Se-rasme-vcde sityvasa ebraelTa Tana, gina mogvTa smenasa daxvdomil viyo mzis msaxurTa da romelime ityvian ucebni didsa visme RmerTsa caTasa~ (qarT. agiogr. lit. Zegl. I, gv. 119). armazi _ mamaTa RmerTi _ gansxvavdeba ebraelTa, mazdeanTa da qristianTa RmerTisagan. ufro metic, _ is mteria `atroSanisa~ anu `iTrujanisa~ _ cecxlis RvTaebisa. `qaldevelTa RmerTi iTrujan da Cveni ese RmerTi armaz yovladve mter arian. aman rame mas zeda zRva moaqcia...~ k. kekeliZis kvlevis Tanaxmad, iTrujani atroSania, xolo qaldevelebs im droisaTvis sparselebs uwodebdnen. armazi wyliT aqrobs cecxlis sagznebels (iseve, rogorc Semdgom Cveni wmida mamebi _ cecxlTayvanismcemlobis winaaRmdeg mebrZolni). 148 sabolood ZvelqarTuli sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb gavimeoroT sidonias sityva: `egreT iyo cxovrebaY Cveni qarTvelno, rameTu viqceodiT naTelsa da mkvidr viyveniT bnelsa, vixarebdiT SvebiTa da viunjebdiT glovasa, romlisa nugeSinismcemeli ara iyo. vhmsaxurebdiT same dabadebulTa da ara dambadebelsa, qerobinTa etlTa zeda mjdomarisa wil mTaTa maRalTa Tavyuanis-scemdes mamani Cvenni, gebalsa da garizinsa da mas zeda ara iyo arca RmerTi, arca mose, arca niSi maTi, aramed kerpni qvisani usuloni. xolo amas qveyanasa qarTlisasa iyvnes orni mTani da maT zeda orni kerpni, armaz da zaden, romelni iynosdes sulmyralobiT aTassa sulsa yrmisa pirmSoisasa armaz da zaden da Sesawiravad uCndes mSobelTa maTTa msxverplad, viTarmca ukunisamde ara iyos sikvdili. da ese iyo moaqamde, xolo iyvnes kerpni sxvanica samefoni: gaci da ga. da Seiwirvoda maTa erTi sefewuli cecxliTa dawvad da mtveri gardabnevad Tavsa kerpisasa~ (`moqcevai qarTlisai~, iqve, gv. 125, var. a). yrmaTa kerpTadmi Sewirva, Tu marTla arsebobda aseTi wesi, matianis Tanaxmad, qristianobis gavleniT aRukveTia mefe rev marTals III saukunis dasawyisSi. strabonis Tanaxmad, mTvares albaneTSi marTlac swiravdnen adamians msxverplad. isic unda iTqvas, rom ivane javaxiSvils eeWveboda CvenSi kerpTayvanismcemlobis arseboba, misi kvlevis Tanaxmad, warmarTobis xanaSi qarTvelebi Tayvans scemd- 149 nen `Semoqmed RmerTs~, mnaTobebs, sxva qmnilebebs da swored es miiCneoda `mamaTa rjulad~. pompeusis laSqroba israelsa da iberiaSi qristeSobamde 65 wlis gazafxulze romaelTa laSqari saqarTvelos samxreT sazRvars moadga. mxedarTmTavarma, romaeli xalxis usazRvro siyvaruliT mosilma pompeusma, roca albaneTTan omisas Seityo iberTa mefe artagis saomrad mzadebis Sesaxeb, daswreba amjobina da swrafi marSiT gaiara manZili iberiis dedaqalaqamde. armazis kedlebTan momdgari romaeli legionebisa da polkebis niSnebis moulodnelma aelvarebam daabnia qarTvelTa mefe. Tu ara xerxianoba romaelTa saxelovani sardlisa, mas didi usiamovneba da SeiZleba marcxic ki eloda iberTa mxridan, miT umetes, rom sul ramdenime dRis win pompeuss albanelTa 40-aTasiani laSqari daesxa Tavs. miTridates, pontos mefes, romaelTa winaaRmdeg mebrZols, iberTa didi imedi hqonda. plutarqe, Zveli berZnuli mwerlobis saukeTeso warmomadgeneli, Tavis `paralelur biografiebSi~ werda: `iberni ricxviT albanelebs ar Camouvardebodnen. guladobiTac sxvebze ufro mamacni iyvnen da Zalian undodaT miTridatesTvis eamebinaT da pompeusi ukueqciaT: iberni arc midielebis 150 morCilebaSi yofilan, arc sparsebs eqvemdebarebodnen da Tavis droze makedonelTa mbrZaneblobac aicdines Tavidan imis wyalobiT, rom aleqsandre friad swrafad gabrunda hirikaniidan, magram pompeusma iberebic daamarcxa did brZolaSi ise, rom cxra aTasi kaci mokles, xolo aTi aTasze meti romaelebs CauvardaT tyved~ (plutarqe, rCeuli biografiebi, 1975, gv. 330). plutarqes mier naxsenebi iberebTan gamarTuli `didi brZola~, namdvilad didi unda yofiliyo, radganac mxedarmTavar pompeusisaTvis, romelmac manamde ori triumfi moawyo romSi afrikisa da evropis dalaSqvrisaTvis, Cveulebrivi omis `did brZolad~ saxeldeba didebis momtani ar iqneboda. iberebis damarcxeba sasaxelo iyo pompeusisaTvis, romaelTa mier `didad~ saxeldebulisaTvis, radganac, rogorc plutarqe ambobs, manamde iberebis damorCileba verc midielebma da verc sparselebma SeZles da aleqsandre makedonelic hirkaniidan ukan gabrunebula. Tu ras niSavda midielTa, sparselTa da makedonelTa saxelmwifoTa morCilebisagan Tavis arideba, kargad Cans danielis winaswarmetyvelebidan. babilonSi ebraelTa tyveobis dros mefe nabuqodonosoris sizmris axsnisas danielma Tqva, rom mraval xalxze gabatonebuli babilonis samefos Semdeg msoflioSi warmoiSoboda sami udidesi imperia: sparsTa `mere gamefdes, romeli euflos yovelsa qveyanasa (mefoba makedonelTa, berZenTa), mefoba meoTxe (romaelTa) iyos Zlieri rogorc rkina~. 151 damarcxeba iberielebisa, romlebmac Tavidan aiciles midiel-sparselTa da berZenTa xelqveS yofna, sasaxelo iyo romaelTa sardlisaTvis. romaelTa somxeTSi gamarjvebis Semdeg iberiis mefes eWvi gasCenia, vaiTu pompeusi saqarTvelosac moadges da daipyroso, da TviTonac saswrafo saomar mzadebas Sesdgomia, pompeusisTvis ki despanebi gaugzavnia _ megobrobis dasamyareblad. pompeusi ar Semcdara da, rogorc iTqva, saswrafod iberiaSi SeWrila. iberebs verc sazRvarTan dadgoma mouswriaT da verc Casafreba, omis samzadisSi myofi mefe armazSi imyofeboda. saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis saxeli berZen-romaeli mwerlebisaTvis I saukunidanve cnobilia, mas `armaz cixesac~ uwodebdnen, mcxeTis Sida cixe-akropolisis sasaxleSi Seutyvia artags, rom pompeuss misi samyofelidan mxolod kedlebiRa hyofda. mefem, romelsac ucxoelebi artoks uwodebdnen, ver moaxerxa cixis dacva da saCqarod miatova igi. armazSi panika Seqmnila, garnizoni dabneula, brZolaSi damarcxebula da danebebia pompeuss, mdinaris meore mxares gadasul mefes ki romaelTa laSqari dadevnebia. mterma moaswro mtkvris mTeli marjvena sanapiros dapyroba. miuxedavad imisa, rom romaelebi mtkvris meore napirzec gadavidnen da qarTuli laSqaric ramdenime SebrZolebis Semdeg ZiriTadad daamarcxes, mefis Sepyroba ver moaxerxes. qarTlis mefesa da pompeuss Soris molaparakeba gamarTula, mSvidobis sanacvlod pompeusi mefes mZevlebs 152 sTxovda _ sefewulebs. mefe yoymanobda, amasobaSi zafxulmac moatana da mdinare pelori dapataravda, amiT isargebla pompeusma da erT adgilas, sadac foni iyo, gaRma gadavida. maSin ki artag mefem ikadra da Tavisi Svilebi mZevlebad gamoimeta. amis Semdeg iberiis mefem da romaelebis sardalma xelSekruleba dadves~. pompeusma samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ kolxeTSic ilaSqra, Semdeg kvlav ajanyebul albanelebs Seutia da TiTqmis miadga kaspiis zRvas. pompeuss iberiisa da albaneTis dalaSqvris Semdeg gadauwyvetia samyaros mopirdapire mxarec daelaSqra. amis Semdeg is samyaros oTxive kuTxis mpyrobelad CaiTvleboda, iqamde mis mier dalaSqruli iyo evropa da afrika. `pompeuss metad mgznebare wadili da miswrafeba hqonda siria aeRo da arabeTze gavliT mewamul zRvamde misuliyo, raTa gamarjvebuls mieRwia okeanemde, samyaros rom yovelmxriv gars evleba. marTlac, igi gamarjvebuli pirveli gavida libiaSi gare zRvis napirebamde, mere espaneTSi atlantis okeaneTi SemosazRvra romaelTa sabrZanebeli da mesamejer sul axlaxan, albanelebis devnis dros, cota daaklda, Torem hirkaniis zRvasac miadgeboda, amgvarad pompeusma gadawyvita laSqrobaTa wre mewamuli zRviT Seekra da mxedroba aqeTken daZra~ (plutarqe, iqve, gv. 333). swored siriaSi omis dros pompeusTan mivida iudevelTa deputacia da mefobis maZiebeli Zmebis saxeliT iTxova davis gadaWraSi daxmareba. 153 aleqsandre makedonelis Semdeg, rac imperia oTxad gaiyves misma mxedarTmTavrebma, iudea xelT igdo ptolemeelTa dinastiis damaarsebelma, egviptis mefe ptoleme lagem (Zv.w.aR-is 320-283), igive soterma. amis Semdeg 120 wlis manZilze iudea ptolemeTa dinastiis xelqveS iyo. egvipturi xelisufleba iudeaSi selevkidTa siriulma dinastiam Secvala. mefe antioqe III lmobierad epyroboda ebraelebs, xolo misi taxtis memkvidre selevk IV filipatori (qristeSobamde 187-175) piriqiT, man ebraelTa taZrebis gaZarcva moiwadina, antioqe IV-m (175-163 wlebi) ki ebraelebs sinagogaSi siaruli, locva aukrZala. moiTxova Tayvani ecaT zevsisaTvis da mxolod berZnuli eniT elaparakaT. daiwyo represiebi, misi brZanebiT dawves wmida wignebi, daangries taZrebi, urCebi sikvdiliT dasajes, sastikad awamebdnen da CvilebTan erTad klavdnen ebrael morwmune dedebsac ki. am dros ebraelebs moevlinaT saxalxo gmiri oTxmoci wlis maTaTia (xasmonelTa STamomavali) Tavisi xuTi vaJiT. xalxi sayovelTaod ajanyda da gahyva maTaTias (Zv.w.aR-is 167). misi gardacvalebis Semdeg ajanyebas saTaveSi Caudga iuda, romelsac makabi (uro) Searqves. man marTlac gaaTavisufla Tavisi qveyana, aRadgina taZari. misi sikvdilis Semdeg saxelmwifos meTaurobda ionaTan makabeli, Semdeg ki misi umcrosi Zma simoni (Zv.w.aR-is 143-135). mis dros iudea damoukidebel saxelmwifod aRiares da simons uwodes nasi _ Tavadi. dadginda qveyanaSi umaRlesi sasuliero wodeba mRvdelmTavrisa (qurumis) memkvidreobiT gadasuliyo makabelTa gvarSi. 154 romma cno iudeis damoukidebloba da masTan megobruli urTierTobac daamyara. simonis vaJis ioan hirkanis dros iudeam didebisa da Zlierebis umaRles dones miaRwia. daimorCila samarielebi, gaanadgura maTi mTavari taZari gerizimis mTaze, daimorCila idumelebi, miaRebina maT iudevelTa sarwmunoeba. misi sikvdilis Semdeg daeca Zliereba iudevelTa saxelmwifosi, aristobulis uzneo qmedebebma saTave daudo sisxlian omebs taxtisaTvis. misi sikvdilis Semdeg saxelmwifos saTaveSi Caudga meore vaJi aleqsandre ianai (Zv.w.aR-is 103-76) _ ufro uzneo mmarTveli. taxtisTvis ZmaTa Soris oms ormocdaaTi aTasi iudeveli Seewira. qmris sikvdilis Semdeg dedofalma salomem erT vaJs _ hirkan II-s uzenaesi qurums xarisxi mianiWa, xolo meore vaJi aristobul II CamoaSora saxelmwifos saqmeebs. dedis sikvdilis Semdeg ZmaTa Soris omi daiwyo. orives surda taxtis daWera. aristobulma Tavi mefed gamoacxada. ZmaTa Soris omi wlebis manZilze grZeldeboda. bolos, qristeSobamde 63 wels, Zmebma daxmarebisaTvis pompeuss mimarTes, romelic, rogorc iTqva, iberiaSi gamarjvebis Semdeg samxreTisken gaemgzavra. pompeusi imJamad sirias ebrZoda. romaeli mxedarTmTavari Zmebs dahpirda, rom siriaSi gamarjvebis Semdeg iudeasac ewveoda da maT saqmeebs gaarCevda. ori aTasi welia, axali da Zveli aRTqmis istorikosebi siamovnebiT uTmoben adgils TavianT SromebSi pompeusis laSqrobas iudeaSi, magram isic unda iTqvas, rom berZen-romaeli istorikosebisaTvis es TiTqmis SeumCneveli iyo. 155 plutarqe, romelic aRwers iberiaSi pompeusis laSqrobas, iudeaSi mxedarmTavris Sesvlas gakvriT ixseniebs. es uTuod imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom iberia im droisaTvis Zveladve arsebul saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, xolo iudeis saxelmwifoebrioba romaelTa mier sul ramdenime wlis win iyo aRiarebuli. egviptelTa da sirielTa, anu ptolemeTa da selevkidTa saxelmwifoebis uRelqveS moqceulma iudeam romaelTa Tvalwin aRidgina saxelmwifoebrioba, romelic romaelTa mierve iqna saukunod dasamarebuli. ratom miiwvies taxtisaTvis moqiSpe ebraelebma pompeusi TavianTi saqmis gadasaWrelad? TiTqos am kiTxvas pasuxobs plutarqe _ `pompeusis Zlierebis xma sakmaod Soris iyo gavardnili, magram amaze nakleb rodi quxda xma mis samarTlianobaze da keTilmowyalebaze~ (iqve, gv. 334). samarTlianma da keTilmowyale pompeusma daudo safuZveli Zlivs aRorZinebul iudevelTa saxelmwifos ngrevas. samTviani Zneli alyis Semdeg gaWirvebiT Sevida romaeli mxedarTmTavari ierusalimSi gabzaruli kedlidan. omi gagrZelda taZris SemogarenSi. brZolebisas mRvdlebi uwyvetliv agrZelebdnen RvTismsaxurebas sakurTxevlis win, iqamde, sanam ukanaskneli maTgani maxviliT gangmiruli ar daeca. aseTi mZime brZolebis miuxedavad, plutarqe mxolod oriode sityviT gadmogvcems pompeusis iudeaSi Sesvlas, siriis romis provinciad gamocxadebis Semdego, _ wers is 156 _ mxedarTmTavarma `iudea daipyro da mefe aristobule daatyveva~ (plutarqe, rCeuli biografiebi, 1975, gv. 334). Tuki ierusalimis kedlebTan xangrZlivi omi plutarqes aRweris Rirsad ar CauTvlia, unda vifiqroT, rom iberiaSi pompeusis laSqroba ufro mniSvnelovnad da sasaxelod miaCnda. pompeuss ierusalimis aRebis Semdeg gadauwyvetia msoflioSi saxelganTqmuli taZris daTvaliereba da wmidaTa wmidaSi Sesvlac ki, sadac mxolod mRvdelmTavars SeeZlo Sesvla, isic weliwadSi erTxel, romaelebi iq cnobismoyvareobam Seiyvana. mTel qveyanaze sxvadasxva xmebi dadioda wmidaTa wmidas Sesaxeb. warmarTebis erTi nawilis mtkicebiT, iq sasikvdilod ganwiruli kaci hyavdaT gamomwyvdeuli, sxvebi amtkicebdnen, rom iq Tavis gamosaxuleba inaxeboda. magram ra inaxeboda iq sinamdvileSi? romaelebi raRac arabunebrivs elodnen, magram rogori iyo maTi gaoceba, roca bisonis mZime fardis gadawevis Semdeg iq sicariele ixiles. wmidaTa wmidaSi araferi ar iyo, maT sakurTxevlis win mxolod Svidtota Sandali ixiles, anTebuli sanTlebiT. gaoceblebma SiSiT datoves taZari, `magram romaelebi kidev ufro gaocdebodnen, Tu gaigebdnen, rom isini pirispir Sexvdnen religias, akvans axali sarwmunoebisa, romelic male daipyrobda aRmosavleTsac, dasavleTsac, TeTrmarmarovan eladasa da maT mSobliur romsac~ (ix. a. bogoliubov, sin CeloveCeski, gv. 12-16). miTridate pontoelis damarcxebisa da sikvdilis Semdeg gamarjvebuli pompeusi romisken gaemgzavra. mas 157 brwyinvale Sexvedra mouwyes da yovelmxriv aleqsandre makedonels amsgavsebdnen. `zeimis dros win mohqondaT dafebi im qveynebisa da xalxebis saxelTa aRniSvniT, romelnic pompeusma daamarcxa da romlebzedac gamarjvebis triumfs ixdida. es iyo: ponto, somxeTi, kapadokia, paflagonia, midia, kolxeTi, iberia, albaneTi, siria, kilikia, mesopotamia, finikiisa da palestinis tomebi, iudea, arabeTi...~ (plutarqe, gv. 340). triumfSi midiodnen sxvaTa gverdiT iudevelTa mefe aristobule da iberieli sefewulebi. plutarqes cnobiT, pompeuss iberTa mefisagan miRebuli hqonda oqros sawoli, taxti da magida, safiqrebelia, rom am nivTebma triumfs brwyinvaleba SesZines. Cveni epoqis arqeologebma, romlebmac mcxeTis midamoebSi samefo saxlisaTvis saWiro mravali zRapruli sidiadis nivTi aRmoaCines, aRtaceba ver dafares sawolis naSTis aRmoCenisas _ `yvelaze did STabeWdilebas tovebso, _ wers istorikosi _ sareclis CuqurTmovan fexTa vercxlis oTxi erTnairi garesakravi _ kaklis xisgan gamoTlili mrgvali qandakeba erTmaneTze gadabmuli arwiv-spilos stilizebuli gamosaxulebebiT, arwivis Tavis qan dakebebiT ver cxlis sqeli firfitebiT garSemoWedili~ (saq. ist. narkv. I, gv. 704). plutarqes cnobiT, rogorc aRiniSna, pompeusisTvis mirTmeuli sawoli, magida da taxti vercxlis ki ara, oqrosi yofila. iberia pompeusis epoqaSi oqromravali, elinuri gemovnebiT ayvavebuli qveyana iyo, rogorc amas arqeologia adasturebs. 158 triumfis dros forumze pompeuss miTridate pontoelis damarcxebisadmi miZRvnili sityva warmouTqvams. swored miTridates dasamarcxeblad moawyo man aziaSi didi laSqroba. pontos samefos romi TiTqmis naxevari saukunis manZilze ebrZoda. ponto ZvelTaganve qarTveli tomebis sacxovrisi yofila da iq samefo Seqmnila `_qarTveli (megrul-Wanuri) da misi monaTesave tomebis miwa-wyalze~ (saqarTvelos istoria, I, 1958, gv. 58). ara Tu ponto, misi samxreTiT momijnave kapadokiac qarTveli tomebiT yofila dasaxlebuli. ponto da kapadokia politikurad zogjer erTmaneTs faravda. ZvelqarTuli tomi tabalebi (Tubalebi) _ swored Semdegdroindel kabadokiaSi saxlobdnen (iv.javax. qarT. eris ist. I, gv. 404). ioseb flaviosi, rogorc iTqva, tabalebs _ iberTa winaprebad, xolo mesxebs kabadokielebad miiCnevda. IV saukuneSic kabadokia mesxebis sacxovrisi yofila, arqiepiskoposi evstate (+360) _ qarTvelTa winaprebis Sesaxeb wers: `obelma _ Tobelebi, axlandeli iberebi; osoxma _ mesxebi, axlandeli kabadokielebi~ warmoSveso (ix. g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, gv. 161). gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa CvenTvis winaswarmetyvel isaias ganmarteba IV saukunis kvirieli episkoposisa Teodotes mier, is ambobs, rom isaia `...mosoxebSi _ kabadokielebs, TobelebSi ki _ iberielebs gulisxmobdao~ (iqve, gv. 162). pontos qarTvelTa sacxovrisad asaxelebda V saukuneSic rufinusi. 159 IV saukunis eklesiis sami didi mama _ grigol nazianzeli, basili didi da grigol noseli, Cveulebriv cnobilni arian sami didi kabadokielis saxeliT. Cveni istoriuli matiane, rogorc es vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebidan Cans, grigol nazianzels miiCnevda saqarTvelos sakaTalikosos daarsebis sulier meTaurad. swored mis saflavze misul vaxtang mefes eCvena suli grigolisa da misi saflavis eklesiis mRvdeli pirveli qarTveli kaTalikosi gaxda. kabadokielni iyvnen CvenTvis erovnul wmindanebad qceulni _ wmida giorgi, qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli wmida nino, Cvens eklesiaSi istoriulad didad miRebuli basili didi episkoposi, misi Zma _ episkoposi grigol noseli, misi debi _ wmindanebi: emilia, makrina da Teozevia. 1877 wels daibeWda d. CubinaSvilis naSromi miZRvnili kabadokiis mosaxleobisa da qarTveli xalxis naTesaobis Sesaxeb. mkiTxvelisaTvis es mtkiceba gasagebi iyo, radganac istoriulad kabadokieli moRvaweni mSobliurad iyvnen miCneulni qarTvelTaTvis. e.xinTibiZem, Tavisi kvlevis Sedegad daaskvna, rom `basili kesarieli erovnebiT iyo qarTveli, mcire aziis teritoriaze mcxovrebi qarTveluri tomebis erT-erTi StoTaganis warmomadgeneli, romlebmac adre iwames qristianuli aRmsarebloba, dauaxlovdnen mcire aziis kulturul centrebs da eziarnen berZnul kulturasa da ganaTlebas~ (g. gozaliSvili, ori etiudi, 1965, gv. 105). kirion episkoposi werda _ `kapadokielebs, didi Rvawli miuZRviT qristianobis gavrcelebis saqmeSi. ostguTeb- 160 Si qristianoba danerges, rogorc amas basili amtkicebs, kapadokielma tyveebma, vestguTebSi (IV s.) gaavrcela da ganamtkica qristianoba episkoposma ulfilam, tyve kapadokielTa STamomavalma. sugdelebis ganmanaTlebeli... kapadokielia~ (episkoposi kirioni, kulturuli roli iveriisa ruseTis istoriaSi, 1900, gv. 9), kapadokieli iyo wmida nino. pontos samyarodan iyo miTridate, mis vaJsac qarTuli saxeli _ `maxare~ erqva, misi samefos dedaqalaqi, romelsac Semdgom kesaria daerqva _ pompeusis iniciativiT xelaxla gaSenda, miTridates omebis Semdeg es qalaqi qristianobis udides kerad iqca. dasruleba gmirulisa da dawyeba sulieri epoqisa gaqristianebis Semdgom, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, Seicvala da Seivso zneoba yoveli qarTvelisa. axalma erovnulma sarwmunoebam gardaqmna erovnuli TvalTaxedva, Seicvala warmodgenebi, wes-Cveulebani da midrekilebani. miT ufro, rom qarTveloba qristes erTguli iyo ara asi da orasi wlis, aramed ori aTasi wlis manZilze da aseTad rCeba amJamadac. warmarTobis dros qarTvelTa xasiaTi, qcevebi da Cveulebani sxvagvari yofila, ufro heroikuli da gmiruli _ am sityvebis swored imdroindeli, Zveleburi gagebiT. 161 `gmirebs~ qarTvelTa winaprebi TavianT mama-papebs da maT mSoblebs uwodebdnen, romelTac warmoSobiT noes Zes iafets ukavSirebdnen, iafetis Zmiswuli TarSi mama yofila Targamosisa. qarTvelTa winaprebi Targamosis STamomavlebi iyvnen, swored Targamoss uwodebdnen `gmirs~. is babilonis godolis daqcevis Semdeg wamosula SuamdinareTidan da damkvidrebula kaspiisa da Savi zRvis Sua, araratisa da kavkasiis mTebs Soris. mas rva Svili hyolia _ `gmirni Zlierni da saxelovanni~. es ambavi momxdara qristeSobamde ramdenime aTasi wliT adre. Targamosis ZeTagan pirveli, Tanaxmad matianisa, `umetes gmiri iyo yovelTasa, rameTu egeviTari arasodes yofiliyo arca wylis-rRvnis winaT da arca Semdgomad taniTa, ZaliTa simxniTa~ (q.c. I, gv. 4). masSi unda igulisxmebodes Zveli urartuelni _ xuritebi, romelTa qveyanasac `xurlas udnes~ uwodebdnen, xolo Targamosis sxva Zeebis saxelebSi JRers qarTvelTa da kavkasiel tomTa saxelebi (zogi maTgani mTavrdeba berZnuli bolosarTiT _ `os~, romelic, Cans, Semdeg daurTes). esenia: `qarTlos, bardos, movakan, lek, heros, kavkas, egros~. rva gmiri, ganudga cnobil, saxelovan, dedamiwaze pirvel gmirs _ nebroTs, romlis Sesaxebac dabadebaSi naTqvamia _ `quSma Sva nebroTi, aman daiwyo Zalis gamoCena qveyanaze. Zlieri monadire iyo igi uflis winaSe, amitomac Tqmula, nebroTiviT bumberazi ariso uflis winaSe, misi samefos rCeuli qalaqebi iyo babiloni, ereqi, aqadi, da qalne, Sinayaris qveyanaSi. am qveynidan gamovida 162 aSuri da aaSena nineve, rexoboT-qalaqi, qalaxi~ (dab. 10. 8-11). TargamosianTa gandgomis gagebisTanave nebroTi Tavis ZalebiT gaemarTa kavkasiisaken. aq nebroTs `Wurvils rkiniTa da rvaliTa terfidan vidre Txemamde~ ver uSvela javSanma, Semogebebuli rva gmirTagan uZlieresma `styorcna isari da hkra mkerdsa nebroTisasa, ficarsa zeda rvalisas. da ganvlo zurgiT~ (q.c. I, gv. 7). mamaTa gmirul sulsa da sagmiro saqmeebs kargad aRwers `qarTlis cxovreba~. aseve aRweren Cveni mematianeebi gmirTa STamomaval qarTvel mefeTa garegnobasa da xasiaTs: _ `taniTa sruli, Svenieri, Zlieri, mxne da qveli~. ai, rogor ebrZvis ucxo SemoWril toms mefe mirvani _ `waruZRva wina qveiTTa, zurgiT Semoadginna mxedarni da movida karTa maT Sina, viTarca jiqi sificxiTa, viTarca vefxi simxniTa, viTarca lomi zaxiliTa. iqmna maT Soris brZola Zlieri, xolo mirvans ver hkveTda maxvili durZukTa, viTarca kldesa sipsa da dga uZravad, viTarca koSki mtkice da gagrZelda maT Soris brZola da moswyda orgniTve uricxvi, xolo iZlivnes durZukni da ivltodes. miudges ukan qarTvelni, mosres da tyve qmnes da Sevida mirvan durZukeTs... da Seabna karni qviTkiriTa da uwoda saxelad darubal da dajda mirvan mcxeTasa mefobda nebierad da uSiSad. iyo kaci mimniWebeli keTilisa uxvad da Seiyvares igi yovelTa mkvidrTa qarTlisaTa~ (q.c. gv. 28). 163 aderki, romlis saqarTveloSi mefobis drosac beTlems uriastanisasa iSva Cveni macxovari ieso qriste, ase ebrZoda metoqes taxtisaTvis _ `aRizaxnes orTave xmiTa sastikiTa da mietevnes urTierTas da iwyes orTave gvemad orolisa da vera hkveTes saWurvelsa erTmaneTisasa da brZolisa sigrZesa Sina ganutyda orolebi. aRmoiRes Cuglugebi da iwyes brZolad CuglugebiTa odes uxeTqian Cuglugi igi saWurvelsa zeda maTsa, hgvandis xma igi xmasa mas uros mWedlisasa, romeli ecemis grdemlsa da xma zaxilisa maTisa msgavs iyo quxilisa. maSin ver sZles urTierTas, daSvres da ukuagdes imier da amier. SeRamda dRe igi da ganisvenes orTave da dileul kvalad gamovides aiRes mSvildebi da iwyes rbevad da svrad erTmaneTisa, hkra aderki mkerdsa arSakisasa da veRara ufara simagreman saWurvelisaman. ganvarda zurgiT da Camovarda arSak cxenisgan~ (q.c. I, gv. 34). ase xedavdnen sagmiro saqmeebs qristianobamdeli qarTvelebi. qristianobis miRebis Semdeg ki maTi Sexeduleba Seicvala. sulieri gamarjveba da ara xorcieli, ai, ra miiCneva axla gmirobad. warmarTi gmiri amirani iqamde uZleveli da daumarcxebeli, xalxuri TqmulebiT, marcxdeba qristes mier. gmiria amiranis mama. dedac warmarTul RvTaebad iTvleba. Zmobilebi badri da usupi _ Zlieri gmirebi, zeSTabunebrivi Tvisebebis mqoneni arian. `usups beWeb-Sua mzis msgavsi niSani aqvs da badrs mTvaris msgavsi~. amiranic `RvTaebrivi~ TvisebebiTaa dajildoebuli; oqros kbili 164 da sacrisodena Tvalebi aqvs. xasiaTiT ki `Savsa Rrubelsa saavdrod gamzadebulsa~ hgavs. ukvdavi arsebaa _ sikvdili kidec rom indomos, ar SeuZlia. amirans Ronec gmiruli aqvs. siCqare gaqanebuli xisa aqvs, simarde zvavisa, Rone Tormet uRela xar-kameCisa, miwas umZims misi tareba, devebs advilad xocavs, mzis mylapvel da cecxlis mfrqvevel gveleSaps amarcxebs. ZaRlic araCveulebrivi hyavs _ orbis lekvi, frTosani, `mas beWebze orbis frTebi aqvs~ amirani itacebs qals yamars. ivane javaxiSvilis mier elamitur `RvTaeba~ lagamarad anu afroditad miCneuls (qarT. eris ist. I, gv. 194, 1979), am qals ded-mama caSi hyoloda. mama amindis Semcvleli da wvimis momyvania, roca amirani Seeba, mis muzarads cecxlis naperwklebi scvioda. misi sulis SeberviT ki amirani `Coqze daeca~. mamis jaris adgilidan daZvrisas _ ca moiRrubla, wamowinwkla, Semdeg ki kokispiruli wvima wamovida. Rrubeli jaris Crdilia. amiranis masTan brZola mogvagonebs Targamosianebisa da nebroTianebis SebrZolebas _ _ `iqmna maT Soris brZola sastiki _ romeli emsgavsa sastikebasa haerisasa, rameTu mtveri ferxisa maTisa _ viTarca Rrubeli sqeli, xma pirisa maTisa _ viTarca xma quxilisa simZlavre isrisa maTisa _ viTarca texa mexisa 165 tyorcna qvisa maTisa _ viTarca setyva xSiri da daTxeva sisxlisa maTisa viTarca wvimisa Rvari~ amirani araCveulebrivi gmiria Zvel qarTvelTa warmodgeniT. imdenad araCveulebrivi, rom gabeda da TviT RmerTs SeebrZola. xalxuri fantaziiT da sarwmunoebriv-simboluri ganxatebiT, amirani Tavis naTlias _ ieso qristes gaukadnierda da RmerTi `saWidaod~ gamoiwvia, rom gamoecada, vin ufro Ronieri iyo~ (am saxiT warmarTuli qarTuli Teologia ejibreba axals, qristianuls). avsulebTan da devebTan uZleveli, TavisTavad keTilSobili da kacTmoyvare gmiri, RvTis mimarT gaamayebuli, daisaja. xalxuri TqmulebiT, ieso qristem is miajaWva kavkasionis mwvervalze. unda CavTvaloT, rom RmerTTan mebrZoli amiranis damarcxeba aris simboluri saxe gmirul-warmarTuli epoqis dasrulebisa da dawyeba axali sulieri epoqisa, qristianobisa, anu sulis zeimisa xorcze. daTrgunva xorcis da ayvaveba sulis _ ai, ra moeTxoveba axali sarwmunoebis mimdevrebs. qristes mier amiranis mijaWva simboluri saxea aseve imisa, rom erovnuli TvalTaxedva Seicvala, axla warsuli sxvagvarad analizdeba, momavali sxvagvarad ganiWvriteba. gmiroba axla sulierebaa, sulieri epoqis erT-erTi mTavari sakiTxia rkveva imisa, Tu ra aris sicocxle, cxovreba, ra aris sikvdili, SeiZleba Tu ara sikvdilis damarcxeba, sicocxlis gamara- 166 diuleba. samagaliToa erTi ambavi: warmarT ufliswuls _ iodasafs _ umalaven, rom arsebobs avadmyofoba, sibere, sikvdili, magram is axerxebs gamovides mis irgvliv xelovnurad Seqmnil iluziur samyoflidan da pirispir Sexvdes cxovrebas. Tavis sicocxleSi pirvelad naxavs avadmyofs, mixrwnil moxucs. ikiTxavs mis Sesaxeb ra moelis am kacso?~ _ upasuxes _ sikvdilio. `da rai ars sikvdili~? kiTxulobs gaocebiT. `ganqardebis saxsenebeli amisi qveyniT~. iodasafi roca Seityobs, rom igive sikvdili elis yovel adamians da TviT masac, SeZrwundeba, auduRdeba guli. urva-tiriliT kiTxulobs, aris Tu ara sadme qveyana, sadac adamianebi ar kvdebian. ufliswulis usasoobiT Sewuxebuli aRmzrdelebi tiriliTve pasuxoben _ `ar aris casa qveSe egeviTari qveyana, hoi Zeo mefisao, romelTa Sina ganeren kacni salmobaTagan da sikvdilisagan~ (Zveli qarT. literaturis qrestomaTia, t. I, 1946, gv. 280). yovel adamians, mdidars Tu Raribs, gmirs Tu jabans, erTnairi bolo aqvs _ sikvdili, gaqroba. amis gagebiT SeZrwunebul da damwuxrebul ufliswuls avtori adarebs Tvalauxelel brmas, yrus, utyvs, uZlursa da naklulevans. Tumca ki, garegnulad brwyinvales, xorcielad mSveniers, axalgazrdasa da jansaRs. mis `gankurnebas~ inebebs udabnodan mosuli qristiani, garegnulad Raribi, Rataki da xorcielad uZluri. misi Semxedvare ufliswuli cdilobs udabnoSi mcxovrebi qristiani moRvaweebis daxmarebas. Txovs waiRos `safase~ 167 _ fuli, raTa is Seewios Tavis udabnoel Zmebs. meudabnoe miugebs _ `viTar miscem safasesa moyvasTa CemTa, rameTu ukanaskneli maTi umdidres ars Sensa?~ _ da rogor aris Sens ZmaTagan uglaxakesi Cemze mdidari, maSin, roca TviTonve ambob, rom arafris mqoneni xarT? _ imas mogaxsenebT, rom TqvenSi mdidari kidev zrunavs Tavis qonebis gazrdisaTvis, amis gamo mudam SfoTavs, xan iqiT ecema, xan aqeT, raTa kidev ufro meti Sekribos, xolo Cemi Zmebi arafrisaTvis ar zrunaven _ arc saWmlisaTvis, arc SesamoselisaTvis, radgan mdelos balaxisagan zomierad ikvebebian da mis gamo adideben RmerTs. maT datovebuli aqvT qveyniuri simdidre da soflis amaoebani, ixareben da iSveben suliT, rameTu moelian caTa sasufevels. iodasafi Seityobs, rom arsebobs suli da arsebobs ukvdaveba sulisa. mas aexileba Tvali, dainaxavs, Tu sad da rogor eZebos ukvdaveba da moipovos igi. amis Semdeg eubneba Tavis mamas mefes _ `dainaxe umjobesi da Seitye, rom mokvdavi xar da Sens yovel amqveyniur didebas sxvas dautoveb, radganac yvela kvdeba da maTi sacxovrebeli, monagebi sxvebisa xdeba, `xolo Semdgomad JamTa aRdgomad varT da miegebis kacad-kacadsa saqmeTa maTTaebr~ (iqve, gv. 296). erTxel ixilavs CvenebiT samoTxis didebulebasa da simSvenieres, angelozebi mis Sesaxeb auwyeben `es aris wmidaTa gansasvenebeli~. ixilavs aseve jojoxeTis 168 saSinelebas da satanjvels da mis Sesaxeb Seityobs, rom is aris `misagebeli codvilTa~. swored jojoxeTis saSinelebiT SeZrwunebuli iTmens da mis sacduneblad miyvanili qalis siyvaruls ar pasuxobs, ufro meti, anTebs sanTels, cecxlis als uSvers TiTs, xorci ewvis, is ki ambobs _ `Tu am mcire cecxls ver gavuZleb, jojoxeTis saukunovan dauSretel cecxls rogorRa gavuZleb, Tu am qalTan codvas ar gaveridebi?~. daTrgunva xorcisa, galaReba sulisa _ saukuno sicocxlis misaRebad _ ai, axali sarwmunoebrivi ideali. swored esaa axla gmiroba. aRniSnul Temas exmaureba `moTxroba abekuraisi~, romlis gmiri (ukve ara Zveli, aramed axali mniSvnelobiT) aris `yviTel piriTa, mZafriTa marxviTa, SromiTa da mRviZarebiTa~, romelic dedoflis xorciel siyvaruls uaryofs, da nacvlad miiRebs satanjvels, is ambobs: _ `gvemaY Cemi _ gansvenebaa sulisa CemisaY, satanjveli Cemi _ saSvebeli sulisa CemisaY~ (p. ingoroyva, dasax. naS. gv. 281). is iTmens Tavisi sulis ukvdavebisaTvis, sulis gadarCenisaTvis. esaa axali gmiroba. qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis, romelsac qristianobis miRebamde aseuli wlebis manZilze gmirobis sxvagvari ideali hqonda, misi tradiciebiTa da memkvidreobiT, ar unda yofiliyo advili axlis miReba da gaTaviseba. xdeboda maTi urTierTSerwyma. Zvelgmirul heroikulisa da axali sulieris Serwymis kargi magaliTia wmida mefe vaxtangis cxovrebis mo- 169 mentebi. is amarcxebs bumberaz goliaT bayaTars, romlis mSvildis sigrZe Tormeti mtkavelia, isari ki eqvsi mtkaveli. misi mokvlis Semdeg is ambobs _ `ara ZaliTa CemiTa vZlie, aramed dambadeblisa CemisaTa, rameTu Zali qristesi _ CemTana da jvari misi patiosani saWurvel Cemda~. msgavsi suliskveTeba _ mxneoba RvTis SewevniT _ saukuneTa manZilze gasdevda qarTvelobas, grigol bakurianis Ze werda: `qarTvelni varT naTesaviT mxneni da mxedrobiT aRzrdilni~ _ da amave dros _ misive sityviT _ `umankoni da gul-martivni~ (petriwonis qarTuli monastris tipikoni, a. SaniZe, t. IX, gv. 103). imdenad, rom `Cveni naTesavis umankoebisa da gul-martivobis~ gamo TviT deda RvTismSobeli eSveleba qarTvelebs Sesaferis momentSi. magaliTad, qarTvelebs garekvas upirebdnen _ saberZneTis erTi monastridan, amis gamo deda RvTisa brZanebs, vinc qarTuli eniT metyvel adamianebs ar Seiwynarebs _ Cemi mtrebi ariano: `anu ara uwyia, viTarmed mravalni damkuidrebad arian mTasa amas maTisa enis metyvelni da cxovnebad arian da romelni maT ara Seiwynareben, mter Cemda arian~ (cxovreba ilarion qarTvelisa, qrestomaTia, 1946, gv. 172). erTi saukunis Semdeg, kvlav deda RvTisa gamoecxada ucxoeTSi mcxovreb momakvdav patara eqvTime mTawmindels, moxeda mis sneulebas da uTxra _ `aRsdeg, nu geSinin da qarTulad xsnilad ubnobdi!~ (iqve, gv. 183). da amis Semdeg qarTuli sityva, misgan viTarc wyarod amo- 170 dioda `uwmindes yovelTa qarTvelTasa~, gaamdidra wignTagan didad naklovani qarTlis qveyana sulieri saunjiT. asureli mamebi, grigol xanZTeli, ilarion qarTveli, ioane, eqvTime da giorgi mTawmidelebi da mravali sxva sulieri moRvaweni iqcnen qarTvelTa zneobriobis maswavleblebad, maT daiWires is adgili, romelic adre qarTvelTa cnobierebaSi `gmirebs~ eWiraT. 171 sarC evi samyaros Seqmna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . babilonis godolis dacema, enaTa da tomTa warmoqmna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . msoflio enaTa ojaxebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . protoqarTveluri enis matarebeli eTnosis gansaxleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aRTqma RmerTisa erTan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tubali da mosoqi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iberi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alali da arami (urartu da armenia) . . . . . farnavazi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . qarTuli saRvTismsaxuro anbanis fuZisdeba axali aRTqma uflisa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . armazi, ahuramazda, molodini mesiisa . . . . pompeusis laSqroba israelsa da iberiaSi . dasruleba gmirulisa da dawyeba sulieri epoqisa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 ..... 3 ..... 9 . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 30 43 57 76 88 105 122 133 150 . . . . . 161
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