To Kill a Mockingbird By Harper Lee PowerPoint adapted from: www.worldofteaching.com/.../english/To%20Kill%20a%20Mockingbird.ppt To Kill A Mockingbird Anticipation Guide Write each statement on your paper. Then write if agree or disagree with each statement and why you answered the way that you did. Use complete sentences. You will need to keep this for an assignment at the end of the novel, so put it somewhere safe. 1. Adults have little positive influence on children. 2. All people are created equally. 3. Everyone has prejudices about things and people. 4. Education occurs only inside a classroom. 5. The advantages of living in a small town are greater than life in a big city. 6. Things can’t always be the way we want them to be: that’s a part of growing up. 7. Courage means doing something difficult even though it can be frightening. 8. Most of our values and attitudes develop during childhood. 9. Fear and ignorance keep prejudice alive. 10. Sometimes, it’s best to take the law into your own hands. Harper Lee Writer Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926, in Monroeville, Alabama. In 1959, she finished the manuscript for her Pulitzer Prize-winning bestseller To Kill a Mockingbird. Soon after, she helped fellow-writer and friend Truman Capote write an article for The New Yorker which would later evolve into his nonfiction masterpiece, In Cold Blood. Lee's second novel was never published. Quotes "You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view—until you climb into his skin and walk around in it." – Harper Lee "Simply because we are licked a hundred years before we started is no reason for us not to try and win." – Harper Lee "I think there's just one kind of folks. Folks." – Harper Lee "People in their right minds never take pride in their talents." – Harper Lee "Things are always better in the morning." – Harper Lee "The one thing that doesn't abide by majority rule is a person's conscience." – Harper Lee "Everybody's gotta learn, nobody's born knowing." – Harper Lee Harper Lee She was born in 1926 in Monroeville, Alabama (the fictional “Maycomb, Alabama”) Her father “Amasa” was a lawyer whom she deeply admired Her mother’s maiden name was “Finch” Her own childhood mirrors that of the character “Scout” In 1960 she published her only novel – “To Kill a Mockingbird” It received the Pulitzer Prize for Literature in 1961 Since 1960, “To Kill a Mockingbird” has never been out of print At age 81, she is alive and resides in New York She rarely makes public appearances or gives interviews Setting Maycomb, Alabama (fictional city) 1933-1935 Although slavery has long been abolished, the Southerners in Maycomb continue to believe in white supremacy. Monroeville, Alabama: Inspiration for Maycomb Life During the 1930s Race Relations Nine black teenagers are falsely charged with raping two white women in Scottsboro, Alabama; eight are convicted and sentenced to death The U.S. Supreme Court reverses their convictions because their constitutional rights had been violated The teens are tried for a second time, and are again found guilty The Supreme Court reverses the convictions again Eventually, four of the defendants are freed; the other five serve prison terms The last Scottsboro defendant was paroled in 1950 It was virtually impossible for a black to receive a fair trial Life During the 1930s The Great Depression sweeps the nation – Many families do not even have money for basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter. The per capita income for families in Alabama (and Oklahoma) is $125 - $250 a year Many southern blacks pick cotton for a living Franklin D. Roosevelt is President Life During the 1930s Hitler is Chancellor of Germany He believes that Jews, African Americans, and other races are inferior to Anglo-Saxons. In 1936, Jesse Owens, a black American athlete, traveled to Germany to participate in the Summer Olympics. Owens’ biggest competitor in the long jump was a German named Luz Long. Despite racial tensions, the two became good friends. Jesse Owens won the gold medal and Long won the silver. Long was later killed during World War II, and Jesse Owens traveled back to Germany to pay his respects when the war was over. Legal Segregation in Alabama, 1923-1940 No white female nurses in hospitals that treat black men Separate passenger cars for whites and blacks Separate waiting rooms for whites and blacks Separation of white and black convicts Separate schools No interracial marriages Segregated water fountains Segregated theatres Morphine: A Southern Lady’s Drug 1930s Typical Morphine Addict: White female Middle-aged or older Widowed Homebound Lives in the south Property owner Began using morphine for medical reasons (pain relief) In “To Kill a Mockingbird,” the Finch children will become acquainted with a morphine addict named Mrs. Dubose. Although only a fictitious character, she personifies the American morphine addict of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Scottsboro Trials Please write down ten facts from the film. Themes in To Kill A Mockingbird Racial Prejudice Social Snobbery Morality Tolerance Patience Equality The Need for Compassion The Need for Conscience Symbolism The Mockingbird: Symbolizes Everything That is Good and Harmless in This World The mockingbird only sings to please others and therefore it is considered a sin to shoot a mockingbird. They are considered harmless creatures who give joy with their song. The mockingbird image or symbol appears four times in the novel. Two characters in the novel symbolize the mockingbird: Tom Robinson & Boo Radley. Jean Louis Finch – “Scout” The story’s narrator Although now an adult, Scout looks back at her childhood and tells of the momentous events and influential people of those years. Scout is six when the story begins. She is naturally curious about life. Scout’s Character Traits Tomboy Impulsive Emotional Warm & Friendly Sensitive Adorable Gains in Maturity throughout the Novel How do these character traits compare to Harper Lee as a child? Atticus Finch Father of Scout and Jem A widower An attorney by profession Highly respected Good citizen Instills good values and morals in his children. His children call him “Atticus” Honest Typical southern gentleman Brave Courteous Soft-spoken Jem Finch Scout’s older brother Looks up to his father Atticus Usually looks out for Scout Typical older brother at times Smart Compassionate Matures as the story progresses Calpurnia The Finch’s black housekeeper Has watched the children since their mother’s death Has been a positive influence on the children. Arthur “Boo” Radley An enigma An adult man, whose father has “sentenced” him to a lifetime confinement to their house because of some mischief he got into when he was a teenager. Has a reputation of being a lunatic Basically a harmless, well-meaning person Sometimes childlike in behavior Starving for love and affection Saves Jem and Scout from certain danger Tom Robinson A young, harmless, innocent, hardworking black man Has a crippled left hand Married with three children. Works on a farm belonging to Mr. Link Deas, a white man Will be falsely accused of raping a white girl, Mayella Ewell Dill A close friend of Jem and Scout Usually lives in Maycomb only during the summer (stays with a relative) Tells “big stories” Has been deprived of love and affection Two Poor White Families: The Cunninghams Poor white family Hard-working Honest Proud Survive on very little Always pay back their debts – even if it is with hickory nuts, turnips, or holly. The Ewells Poor white trash Dirty Lazy Good-for-nothing Never done a day’s work Foul-mouthed Dishonest Immoral The Black Community Honest Clean Hard-working God fearing Proud Would never take anything with paying it back Respectful Had stronger character than most of the whites Oppressed Uneducated Discriminated against Talked about badly Deserve better than what is dished out by society Language Sometimes the language of Scout will be that of her as a child; other times, she will be speaking in the voice of an adult Atticus uses formal speech Calpurnia uses “white language” in the Finch house and switches to “black jargon” when amidst blacks The Ewells use foul words and obscenities Jem, Scout, and Dill will use slang words, typical of their age Tom Robinson uses language typical of the southern black such as “suh” for “sir” and “chillun” for “children” Various derogatory terms for blacks will be used such as “ni**er,” “darky,” “Negroes,” and “colored folk” – Lee uses such language to keep her novel naturally in sync with common language of the times Tone Somber Serious Humorous (at times) The Art of Questioning: Levels of Questions Outcome: Ask relevant questions calling for elaboration, clarification, or qualification and respond thoughtfully to such questions Level 1: Knowledge/Recall Exhibiting previously learned material by recalling facts, terms, basic concepts and answers. Key Words for Level 1 Knowledge/Recall Questions when, where match, name which, choose, find relate, tell how, define, label who, what, why recall, select show, spell, list Examples of Level 1 Knowledge/Recall Questions What happened after....? How many....? Find the meaning of.. .? Which is true or false.....? Why did . . . ? Who spoke to....? Who was . . . ? Can you list three . . . ? What is....? Level 2: Comprehension Demonstrating understanding of facts and ideas by organizing, comparing, translating, interpreting, giving descriptions and stating main ideas. Key Words for Level 2 Comprehension Questions contrast demonstrate interpret, explain translate extend, illustrate infer, outline summarize, show classify relate, rephrase Examples of Level 2 Comprehension Questions How would you compare...? Contrast…? What do you think could have happened next....? Can you provide an example of what you mean by....? Can you explain what is happening . . . what is meant by . . .? Level 3: Application Solving problems by applying acquired knowledge, facts, techniques and rules in a different way. Key Words for Level 3 Application Questions apply, build experiment with choose, construct plan, select develop, interview make use of solve, utilize model, identify organize Examples of Level 3 Application Questions How would you make use of . . . ? What examples can you find to . . . ? What would result if . . . ? What factors would you change if....? From the information given, develop a set of instructions about....? How would you solve _______ using what you have learned . . . ? Level 4: Analysis Examining and breaking information into parts by identifying motives or causes Making inferences and finding evidence to support generalizations. Key Words for Level 4 Analysis Questions analyze, categorize classify, compare contrast, discover divide, examine simplify, survey conclusion distinguish theme relationships function inference Examples of Level 4 Analysis Questions How is _______ related to . . . ? How would you categorize . . . ? What is the theme…? What evidence can you find . . . ? What conclusions can you draw . . . ? What is the relationship between . ..? Level 5: Synthesis Compiling information together in a different way by combining elements in a new pattern or proposing alternative solutions. Key Words for Level 5 Synthesis Questions build, choose plan, predict combine, compile solve, solution compose, construct discuss, change create, design adapt, minimize develop, estimate maximize, delete formulate, imagine elaborate, test invent, make up improve Examples of Level 5 Synthesis Questions Can you elaborate on the reason . . . ? How could you change (modify) the plot (plan) ...? How would you improve ...? Suppose you could _______ what would you do . . . ? Can you predict the outcome if . . . ? What would happen if....? Level 6: Evaluation Presenting and defending opinions by making judgments about information, validity of ideas or quality of work based on a set of criteria. Key Words for Level 6 Evaluation Questions award, choose select, agree conclude, criticize interpret decide, defend explain, appraise determine, evaluate prioritize, opinion judge, justify support, importance compare, rate prove disprove recommend, influence influence, perceive value, estimate Examples of Level 6 Evaluation Questions Do you agree with the actions . . . ? How would you evaluate ...? How would you compare the ideas . . . ? people . . .? What changes to...would you recommend? Why? What do you think about....? Support your opinion. Levels of Questioning Chart Knowledge Comprehe /Recall nsion Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation Categorize the Following Questions: Would you rather watch TV or do homework? Where is room 2027? How would you improve the library? Why do we have What inferences can you announcements in the make when you see a morning? dark sky? Compare grade 9 to grade Do you agree with 8. curfews for teens? Why What are the differences or why not? What do you think of the new vending machines? between NS and PEI? Levels of Questioning Chart Knowledge Comprehe /Recall nsion Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation Topic Tracking Courage Innocence Theme: Courage “I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. It’s when you know you’re licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what. You rarely win, but sometimes you do.” Chapter 1 Courage 1: The truest challenge to anyone's courage is the Radley place. Dill made a bet with Jem that challenged Jem's courage. Rather than look like a coward, Jem took the bet to touch the Radley house although he was really scared to do it. He couldn't allow Dill and Scout to think him a coward because his courage was a source of pride. Chapter 2 Courage 2: When Scout popped out of the tire, there was no time for courage. She realized she was in the Radley yard and Jem was screaming at her to get out of there. Although she was afraid, the most disconcerting aspect of the event was that someone inside the Radley house was laughing. When Jem accused her of turning into a girl because she ran so fast that she forgot the tire, she didn't tell him what she'd heard' although that would have more than made up for her forgetful and hasty escape from the Radley yard. She didn't even explain to Jem and Dill that that was the reason she didn't want to play the morbid Boo Radley game any more. She just let them go on thinking she was a chicken. Theme: Courage It was times like these when I thought my father, who hated guns and had never been to any wars, was the bravest man who ever lived. ~Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird, Chapter 11 Chapter 6 Courage 3: Curiosity finally got the better of Dill and Jem, and it created in them the courage to sneak up to the Radley house to peer in the windows until they got caught and had to run away. Courage 4: Curiosity wasn't the only thing that bred courage. Because Jem didn't want to disappoint Atticus, he was forced to go back to the Radley place to retrieve his pants so that he wouldn't have to explain where he'd lost them. Although he knew it was dangerous and he was scared to go, Jem went to the Radley place because the courage to go there was easier to summon than the courage to face Atticus and tell him that Jem had flat-out disobeyed him. Chapter 10 Courage 5: Atticus showed his children that he was a courageous man when he stepped into the street to face down a rabid dog. Although he didn't consider the act particularly courageous and was completely uninterested in proving anything to his children, Jem and Scout were proud of, and impressed by, his courage in such a precarious situation. But shooting something wasn't really Atticus' idea of courage. He viewed courage on a more intellectual level, as a moral thing, not as something that can be proved with a weapon. Theme: Courage “You just hold your head high and keep those fists down. No matter what anyone says to you, don’t let ‘em get your goat. Try fighting with your head for a change…it’s a good one, even if it does resist learning.” Chapter 11 Courage 6: Scout wasn't really sure what got into Jem to make him so bold as to destroy Mrs. Dubose's camellias when it was a well-known rumor that she was armed with a Confederate pistol at all times. Although Jem was familiar with the rumor, his rage pushed him beyond caring that he might be hurt or get into trouble because Mrs. Dubose had bad-mouthed Atticus, and Jem just couldn't take it. His fury made him bold enough to wreak havoc in her yard with little regard for the consequences. Courage 7: Atticus uses Mrs. Dubose as an example of true courage to show Jem that courage isn't a man with a gun, but someone who fights for what's right whether he or she wins or not. Chapter 15 Courage 8: Atticus went to the jailhouse to protect Tom Robinson from the mob he knew was coming for him. Although he was alone against several men, Atticus held his ground until his children showed up. Only then did Atticus seem truly afraid because they were in danger. He'd expected to get roughed up a little in the struggle to protect Tom Robinson, but he never imagined that his children would be in the way. That's when his courage failed him, but Scout's complete innocence saved them all. Theme: Courage They're certainly entitled to think that, and they're entitled to full respect for their opinions... but before I can live with other folks I've got to live with myself. The one thing that doesn't abide by majority rule is a person's conscience. ~Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird, Chapter 11, spoken by the character Atticus Chapter 23 Courage 9: Atticus was unaffected by Bob Ewell's threat because he didn't believe the man would make good on it. He refused to fight or arm himself against Ewell although Jem and Scout requested it. He believed that once Ewell had threatened him in public, he'd satisfied his vengeance. Unfortunately Atticus was wrong. Chapter 30 Courage 10: Heck Tate finally stepped out of the shadows and did the right thing. He hadn't been able to do it in the Tom Robinson case, but this time he refused to lie down and let an injustice occur. Although he had to lie to protect Boo Radley, he knew that keeping his role in Bob Ewell's death a secret was the right thing to do, and he did it. Theme: Innocence I think there's just one kind of folks. Folks. ~Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird, Chapter 23, spoken by the character Scout Innocence Chapter 1: Scout tries to explain to her teacher that she is embarrassing Walter Cunningham by offering him something that he won't be able to pay back. Scout realizes that because her teacher isn't a local, she won't know that about the Cunningham’s, but Scout's explanation gets her into trouble. She wasn't trying to be insulting, but Miss Caroline mistook her frank and innocent explanation as condescension or rudeness and punished her for it. Scout's perception of the world and her classmates is not yet marred by the social divisions that adults see. Chapter 3 Innocence 2: Scout really does insult Walter this time as she questions the way he eats and makes him feel self-conscious. She's not doing it intentionally -- she's just curious because she's never seen people who eat that way. She's too young to understand the social graces of Southern hospitality that dictate that you always make people feel at home and welcome no matter how unusual their habits may be. Theme: Innocence When a child asks you something, answer him, for goodness' sake. But don't make a production of it. Children are children, but they can spot an evasion quicker than adults, and evasion simply muddles 'em. ~Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird, Chapter 9, spoken by the character Atticus Chapter 5 Innocence 3: Dill asked Scout to marry her more because she was one of the only girls he knew than because he loved her. They are too young to understand what marriage means or why people marry, so they just pretend as a way of feeling grown up. Innocence 4: Jem didn't realize that without actually saying that they were playing the Boo Radley game he still admitted to his father that that's what they were doing. His father used a courtroom technique to make his son confess, and it bothered Jem because he hadn't expected that from Atticus. Chapter 6 Innocence 5: Although Atticus made threats to his children all the time, he'd never whipped them. Jem didn't want to have to disappoint Atticus by explaining that he'd deliberately disobeyed him, so he went back for his pants despite the danger of it. He didn't want to change the nature of his relationship with Atticus by making him punish Jem. Theme: Innocence "I think I'll be a clown when I get grown," said Dill. "Yes, sir, a clown.... There ain't one thing in this world I can do about folks except laugh, so I'm gonna join the circus and laugh my head off." "You got it backwards, Dill," said Jem. "Clowns are sad, it's folks that laugh at them." "Well, I'm gonna be a new kind of clown. I'm gonna stand in the middle of the ring and laugh at the folks." ~Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird, Chapter 22 Chapter 7 Innocence 6: Jem realized that it was Boo Radley leaving little gifts for them in the knothole of the oak tree, and he was crushed when Nathan Radley cemented up their only line of communication. Nathan said he did it because the tree was dying, but it was obvious to Jem that he did it just to keep them from communicating with Boo, and it made him sad. Chapter 8 Innocence 7: When Atticus suggested they return the blanket to the Radley house, Jem poured out all the secrets they'd been keeping about their contact with Boo Radley and how Nathan found ways to prevent it. Jem didn't want to return the blanket because he didn't want to get Boo into trouble since he'd never done anything but help them out although he'd had plenty of opportunity to hurt them. Jem realizes that Boo is a friend in a way and he wants to protect him, so he was willing to expose all his secrets to Atticus in order to protect Boo. Theme: Innocence So it took an eight-year-old child to bring 'em to their senses.... That proves something - that a gang of wild animals can be stopped, simply because they're still human. Hmp, maybe we need a police force of children. ~Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird, Chapter 16, spoken by the character Atticus Chapter 9 Innocence 8: Scout hears her classmates saying terrible things about Atticus because he's defending a black man, but she doesn't see the wrong in what her father is doing. Atticus explains to her that it's not really a bad thing, but some people see it that way. Scout is too young to understand prejudice and injustice. Atticus tries to preserve this innocence by raising her to believe that there is nothing wrong with defending a black man. It's his duty, and so it should be hers as well. Chapter 10 Innocence 9: It's a sin to kill a mockingbird because they are innocent birds who only live to make music for us to enjoy. That's what Atticus and Miss Maudie told Scout after she and Jem got their air rifles for Christmas. It's a sin to willfully destroy innocence, and a mockingbird embodies innocence. Theme: Innocence She seemed glad to see me when I appeared in the kitchen, and by watching her I began to think there was some skill involved in being a girl. ~Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird, Chapter 12 Chapter 14 Innocence 10: Scout, in all her youthful naïveté, believes that Atticus and Cal need her around to run the house and make decisions. In her mind her role is greatly exaggerated, and Dill has experienced the painful realization that he's not needed as much as he thought he was. He's reached a point of awakening that Scout has yet to reach, but he's no happier for the knowledge he's gained. Chapter 15 Innocence 11: Scout had no idea that the men gathered around her father were intending to harm him. She disarmed them with her youth and innocence in the way that she talked to Mr. Cunningham as a friend because she knew he'd done business with her father and she knew his son from school. The way she tried to strike up a friendly conversation with him must have reminded him that they were neighbors and friends, and that protected Atticus and Tom Robinson from being harmed by the mob of men from Old Sarum that night. Theme: Innocence If there's just one kind of folks, why can't they get along with each other? If they're all alike, why do they go out of their way to despise each other? Spoken by Jem in To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee Chapter 19 Innocence 12: Dill cries after seeing the condescension with which Mr. Gilmer questioned Tom because he was a Negro. Dill believed that it was unfair to treat anyone that way, Negro or not. Dill was still too young to realize that it was commonplace for Negroes to be treated so disrespectfully. Mr. Raymond predicted that in a few years he might notice the injustice, but he would be so accustomed to it that he wouldn't cry over it any more. Chapter 26 Innocence 13: Scout doesn't understand the hypocrisy her teacher displays in hating Hitler for his prejudice against Jews, yet she hates blacks just as much. The inconsistency bothers Scout and her realization of this double standard among people is the beginning of her awakening to the hypocrisy of most people. Prepare To Turn In: Answer 5 of the discussion directors questions. TKAM Jeopardy https://jeopardylabs.com/play/to-kill-a9 Harper Lee Early Life Famed author Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926, in Monroeville, Alabama. Lee is best known for writing the Pulitzer Prize-winning best-seller To Kill a Mockingbird (1960)—her one and only novel. The youngest of four children, she grew up as a tomboy in a small town. Her father was a lawyer, a member of the Alabama state legislature and also owned part of the local newspaper. For most of Lee's life, her mother suffered from mental illness, rarely leaving the house. It is believed that she may have had bipolar disorder. One of her closest childhood friends was another writer-to-be, Truman Capote (then known as Truman Persons). Tougher than many of the boys, Lee often stepped up to serve as Truman's protector. Truman, who shared few interests with boys his age, was picked on for being a sissy and for the fancy clothes he wore. While the two friends were very different, they both shared in having difficult home lives. Truman was living with his mother's relatives in town after largely being abandoned by his own parents. In high school, Lee developed an interest in English literature. After graduating in 1944, she went to the all-female Huntingdon College in Montgomery. Lee stood apart from the other students—she couldn't have cared less about fashion, makeup or dating. Instead, she focused on her studies and on her writing. Lee was a member of the literary honor society and the glee club. In her junior year, Lee was accepted into the university's law school, which allowed students to work on law degrees while still undergraduates. The demands of her law studies forced her to leave her post as editor of the Rammer Jammer. After her first year in the law program, Lee began expressing to her family that writing—not the law—was her true calling. She went to Oxford University in England that summer as an exchange student. Returning to her law studies that fall, Lee dropped out after the first semester. She soon moved to New York City to follow her dreams to become a writer.
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