That−Clauseと同格になり得る名詞に．ついて On Nouns in Apposition

That−Clauseと同格になり得る名詞に．ついて
柳忠．正
（昭和47年9月30．日受．理）
On Nouns in Apposition to ThaレClause
TadaMasa YANAGI．
In this investigation the author tries to show what kinds of nouns can be used as appositives to thatLclause， by
ci伽g as ma町instances as he can from modern English．
He makes a hypothetical conclusion that any abStract noun can be appositive to that−clause．
The fact that， for the reason that， for fear that， idea that， on condition that， under the impressiog． that， rumoUr
that， to the effect that， on the ground that， proof th at， in the hope that， knowledge that， evidence thatなど，名
詞節としてのthat節と同格になり得る名詞は多数ある。これをできる限り多くとりあげて，共通点と相違点を．考え
てみることにする。
まず最初に出典のはっきりしているものを，アルハベット順に列挙する。
．（建直歯面英和．中辞典（三訂版）に，that節と同格になることがあると明記して．あるものに◎印をつけておく。）
ARGUMENT ＠・
ADMISSION ＠一
And， after boasting this way of my tolerance， I co血e to
But there can be little argument that what 1the’ Germans
the admission that it has a limit．（F． Scott Fitzgerald， The
did was to confirm lto in the convietion・一・（Richard Storry，’
Great Gatsby （Penguin Books）， p． 7．．）
ibid．， p． li6．）
AGREEMENT
But the most obvious arguments against the demand fOr
On the other hand， there was general agreement also that
relevance−that the young are not yet old enough tO know
all societies are class societies．（Herbert W． Schneider，
what is reievant and・what is not； that what may seem
irrelevant at twenty may seem ferociously relevant at forty
Ar．！．1．．lg，1．9．ry．9f．．tf，V．．；！．｝．eFig4n P4ilp． ggpby．．（Fg；um 1］goks）r p・ 35＞・
・．ny・
and fifty， that…（John W． Aldridge， ln the Country o￡ th． e
??Dhqd cQpaq． tg a pvevious．．agFeement． w．ith certain of
the d．aimpto among the oppongnts that they would change
Young （BUNRI， Tokyo）， p． 67．）
・sides at a cr’iti’cal point in the battle．（Richard Storry， A
ASSERTION’
History of Modern Japan （Pepguin．Books）， p． 58．）
… ； so the assertion that all experience is an absolute，．coher
ALLEGATION
rent， organic whole was part of an energetic attempt to
… his cabinet resigned in consequence of ailegations totally
make it so．・（Herbert W． Schneider， ibid．，． p． 253．）・
unproven， that certain ministers had been concerned in a
All of us must fight … against the assertions that there is
notorious bribery scandal．（ibid．， p． 192．）
protection from huclear weapons throughl二shelters and
ANALOGY
emergency regulations；一r・（Mak Born， What ls Left Tb
The．insidious presumption is that a good map can afford
Hope For （Eichosha）， p． 52．）
sopae loss of time， in terms of our athletic analogy that
ASSUMPTION ．＠
he does not need to keep co蜘letely in training．（Fred
r・・ the assumption is somehow built into us that the new’
Hoyle， Of Men and Galaxies （NAN’ UN．DO）， p． 18．）
houses will not be needed fot vdry long，． that siettlements
’一 @369 一
津山高専紀要第3巻第3号（1973）
praqtical，，problgms of， hf w th．gge． prl，nciples・ can be realized：
・f・till new・「ho・ses wi11 be b”lltl．！u．ゆe「along the t「ai1・．
and 一・・（John W． Aldridge， ibid．，一 pi 161）
（Erich FromM， ibid．； pL 22．）
It appears to me that Crossman’s pessimism leads to two
ln the old days， a hundred and fifty years ago， people had
errors． One is the assumption that managerial ．’
№e． Stalir｝igt
the co皿fo】詫able belief． @that the che皿ical substances that go
totalitarianism can be ”civilized．” （Erich Fromm， The
to make life， whether vegetable or animal，・ were radically
Road to ．Sanity （ASAHI PRESS）， p． 21．）
different．丘。血i皿organic＄ubstances，．such as common．salt．
FOr， in p！ace of the old assumption that the mind aimed
（Fred Hoyle， ibid．， p． 24．）
at reason and reason at truth， it now became necessary to
Along with George’s belief in private property went his
justify the very categories of ’reas6n dnd scientific methr
belief． that there ’is no inherent conflict between capital and
ods themselves as serviceable ”variations” in the biological
labor．（Herbert W． Schneider， ibid、， pユ49．）
process of natural selection．（Herbert W． Schneide． r，．ibid．，
・r・ onq．consequence of Japan’s aggressive and bellicose
p． 213．）
expansion， from 1931 up to and including the PacMc War，
”・・一w’
has been the belief， in Japan itself as well as in the West一
?@must make the unintelligible assumption， so it
wq岬ree卑晃．．，噸ゆgse、．．t平。母iffe「年nゆ。耳ghtr≒ayr the
．ern ，w．．orldt that tbg Japang．se rl．se tp world power r一一一 ac−
same intent， and are but one．・・L” （ibid．， p． 261．）
complishe Dq within．two ge49「gゆrTWタr in some．平ay a
A呂SU聯Nq旦⑤．
rath．er ．discgegitable epigode．．（R，ichf rd ＄．tgrry， iPid．， p， 105．）
Treatment often is psi’ 凾モ?盾狽盾№奄モ≠戟￨the assutance of the
Their hehaviour fonified the growing belielf in Europe−
tru．s． tgd fqrp，ily／ dggtor．，．tbat ”e．vgtythipg will be all． Fight．．”，
exggpt perhaps in qgrrnar｝y，．． whe’re the Kaiser was ．fond of
（A｝lan ・Froln！． ne，．Qur ．Troubled Selves （AS4HI．． PRESS），
speaking gg． the／ ‘Y，ellow Petil’， T that the Japanese were
P． 51，）．
．not only a forqe tg，／，be reckpped・with．，but w．ere also an
For the ministers and consuls were given verbal assurances
admirably advanced， civilized people，・who．might almost
by the shogun’s government that no action would be．taken
be des．griP．ed qs the British Qf the ，Far ．East．．（ibid．， p．124．）
to put ，the ，eqig．t．，，intg forgg．．，（Righag．d S．t．orry，． ibiq．．， pp．．79T−
・r Rusgian shipg lp，an g．xcegs of p．erves had ・fired． gn the
98．）
British trawlers in the North Sea， in the belief−not perhaps
AWARENESS ＠
so fantastic as it might sound．一 that they were Japanese
But there is a growing aWareneS’s’ that the fault vvas not
torpedo−boats．（ibid．．， p． 141．）
with．・the・basi￠ aim Qf’／Socialis．m，．・t・（Erich Fromm， ’ibid．）
There was． a general belief that the’ occupying troops， filled
p， 38．），一．． ’・／，．，
with， vengeful hatred．． of the Japanese； would be vertually
There is hope that there may be also growing awarenes／s
unrestrained in their．beb． aviour towards．life and’property．
．alpOng de血ocratic and humaniQt socialjsts that Socialism
（ibid．， p． 238．）
begi血S．at．homeジ．that is to．say， wi恥’加social．ization oア
In the paet the United States expressed the belief that Ja−
the soclalist Parties．（ibid．； p． 39）
pan’would ‘．increasingly assume resp6nsibility for its・own
…，’
deferice ’・… always avoldlng any armament which would be
i ’ ・’／ ’ BELIEF ＠
奄煤@has seemed to us perfectly feas．ible ．that we ’could
an offensive，threat’．（ibid．， p． 258．）
ehgineer the salvation of Soc．ietyりy田aking a widβr distrレ
BOAST
bution of these facilities at． all levels of the social wilder−
Thq boast． of ”common sense，” professors like McCosh伽at
ne＄s T一．as ’一alWays， ’・in the religiously utilitarian belief that
they had ，，inherited the Enlightenment and were ’u＄ing 一it ’ as
quaptit・ies must・sooner or later beget qualitt’es and ． that
intel！ectual capital for American philosophical independ−
goods apd／ gadgets’will provide ．the basis for’the civilized
ence．is n．ot ’to be taken seriously， except as an’exhibition of
／life as’well as’ rehuman・ize’ the dehumanized‘ （JohnW． Al−
dr’idgej．ibid．．；p．・22．）・．．’ ．，・・・ ’ ．一
Yankee ”invention，” （Herbert W． Schnei’der｝ ibid：， p． 165．）
C耳ANCE．◎
The夕／．（The l．yQ皿g）naturally、 approach their courses with
There seemed for a while a’・chan．ce that Konoye and the
the belief that the burden of prooC is． on ・the course and not
President would meet， either in Hawaii or Alaska．
on them．（ibid．， p． 67．）／．
（Richard・Storry，’／ibid．， p．’212．）
・They ’（My PropQsals） are’Made in the belief that・／it is ・nec一
They took ・a chance that the Allies would not．insist on
’e＄sary一”．te・ turn ”ffgm ．a general． discussien of principle．＄． to
ovemb．rovg：ing’・ the・．monarchy pTovided Japan’ surrep．． dered
一370一
That−Clauseと．同格になり．得る名詞について
柳
without further delay．（ibid．，p．234．）
CONCLUSION ＠
CIRCUMSTANCE ＠
So we・come to the conclusi6n that ＄cientific and practical
工twoul（1 have been the whole， that is，． had there not been
considerations can exp！ain easily the interest in space re“
a ＄harper・one still in the circumstances that he was to start
search of groups of scientists， but no．t that of mankind in
at once．（Henty James， The Wings df ．the Dove （Pengu・in
general．（Max Born， ibid．， pp．33−34．）
Books）， p． 60．）
Jenkins came to the conclusion that ”a participant， demo−
The scientific value of most etymological dictionaries is
cratic so6ialist society” requires that the ttownership of’
皿uch impaired by the c’ 奄窒モ浮高唐狽≠獅モ?@that their authors are
enterprises， when ・it passes from wealthy individuals，
not familiar w．ith the structure of the Semitic languages，，・・
should go， tiot to the state， but to less remote public bodieS，”
（Emest Klein， Kiein／s Comprehensive Etymological Dicti−
and should permit greater diffusion of’ 垂盾翌?秩@and CCencour−
onary of the English Language （Elsevier）， p． IX．）
age people of all sorts to play a more active part in the
The circumstance that a man is happy raises the pre−
work and control of public and voluntary organizations．”
sumption that he is prosperous enough．（Kenkyusha／s New
（Erich Fromm， ibid．， p．42．）
Collegiate English−Japanese Dictionary （THIR． D EDI−
一’
E・
C 1 shall arrive at the conclusion that sanity and mental
TION）， p．259．）
health can． be attained only by simultaneous changes in the
CLAIM ＠
sphere of industrial arid political organization， of spiritual
There is the claim that a country which does not take part in
and philosophical orientation， of character structure， and
space travel will remain behind in all these areas， and will
of cultural activities．（ibid．， pp．3−4．）
not be capable of competition．（Max Born， ibid．， pp．32一一33．）
Some of them had come to the conclusion that the Right−
S6 far nobody has been ab！e to disprove the claim that Will
wing fanaticsi who insisted on a fight to the finish， were
Adams Was the first Englishman ever ＄een in Japan．
the agents−conscious or otherwise， it hardly mattered−of
（Riehard Stgr．ry， ibid．， p；61・，）
revolutionary Cofnmunisrn．（Richard Stotrry， ibid．， p．229．）．
These lent colour to the government’s claim that this asso−
CONFESSION
ciation was a dangerous body of men to be treated on occa−
Lord Mark IQoked at her today in particular as if to wring
sions with great sevetity by the police．（ibid．， p．114．）
from her a confession that she bad originally done him in−
・一・
≠獅п@despite his claim that his cabinet was above， and
justice；・一・…（Henry James， ibid．， p．135．）
aloof ．from， all party conflicts−the traditional Yamagata
CONFIDENCE ＠
view of what proper government should be−he had to come
”．・・Every line of history inspires a confidence that we shall
to an understanding with the Seiyuleai．（idid．， p．154．）
not go far wrong； that things mend． t・・”
COMPLATNT
（Herbert W． Schneider， ibid．， p．113．）
The great philosopher and teacher Morris Raphael Cohen，
No doubt the rather brash confidence of the Americans that
in response to a student’s complaint that his questioning of
their kind of democracy， being the best， was exportable in
traditional beliefs ”took everything away and put nothing
toto to Japan irritated the’ iapanese， particularly those who
backs” would’peremptprily dismiss the matter with the
were mature and well−educated．（Richard． Storry， ibiid．，
comment ： ”lt’s enough to clean the Augean stables．”
pp．242−243．）
（Allam Fromme， ibid．， p．15．）
CONSCIOUSNESS ＠
Of course， there was some complaint in Europe， from the
…； then she had had her equal consciousness that， within
Russians in particular， that Japanese had broken interna−
five minutes， something between them had−well， she
tional usage by striking before war was declated．（Richard
couldn’t call it anything but come．〈Henry James， ibid．， p．38．）
Storry， ibid．， p．139．）
CONSEQUENCE
CONCERN
・一・
C with the consequence that more time and effort fnust be
Thus， in Edwards’ mind there grew a master passion， a
given to the problems of organization， adjusting interper−
single concern that the sovereignty of God become literally
sonal and other social relations， keeping up morale and
an all−pervasive and all−inclusive motive， transforming
goodwill．（Henry Nelson Wieman， Man’s Ultimate Com−
passion into subjection and moral benev“olence i’nto ”holy
mitment （Sekkei−Syobo．， b．15．）
love．” （Herbert W． Schreider，’ ibid． p．11．）
一 371 一
津：山高専紀要 ee 31巻 ee 3号（1973）
CONTENTION
・・’
p．23．．in an Essay ”Genetic Engineering”by Jo㎞V． Tumey
E RoYce was considerably disturbed over Bradley’s con−
and Meldon E． Levine．）
tention that the infinite is purely ideal or abstract， not to be
DANGER ．◎
iound in exisitence．（Herbert W． Schneider， ibid．， pp． 264−
265．）
Experience demonstrates that I am surro皿ded on all sides
with dar｝gers， not merely physical dangers， but the dange；s
CONVENTION
that a friend may tu卑against me， that I皿ay be rejected
… there was nothing in the Constitution to hinder the de−
by my people， that．．all I have w6rked tQ achieve may come
velopment of certain岨written co加entions−that all cabinet
to nothing。（Henry NelsoロW1eman；ibi￠， p．48。）
ministers， for example， should be members of th．e Diet．
There was always a dImger−or so the．govemment，． in its
（Richard Storry， ibid．， p．119．）
．almost morbid fear， believed−that the．ronin in the south−
・CONVICTION ＠
west might invoke foreigh help in so皿e rising against the
… there can be little ai gument that what the Germans did
．Tokugawa hegelnony．（Richard Storry， ibid．， p．67．）
was to confirm lto in the conviction he already had−namely
Ito， the statesman，．was aware always．of the danger that
that in the Constitution the powers of an ’elected assembly
what had been achieved． in the nineteenth century might be
should be tightly contr611ed and restricted by an executive
thrown away in the twentieth， if military commitments
responsible，．not to the assembly， but to the Sovereign’ Ruler
w6re undertaken beyorid the natio血’s Strength．（ibid．，p．132．）
of the country，（ibid．， 116．）・．
DEGREE
But it （amerger of the two parties） fell apart owing to
”Next in importance to．arms for defending o肛country，
squabbles over the distribution of appointments and other
should be instruments for cultivating it；and the latter en−
spoils， thus confirming no doubt Yarnagata’s conviction
hance the value of the former， in the degrees that they ren−
that party men were・totally unfitted to govern．（ibid．， p．131．）
der the country more worthy of being defended．…”（Herbert
This strengthe． ned the conviction， especially among the
W．Schneider， ibid．， pp．36−37．）
arrny， that japan had the right to shape the future course
DELUSION
df China’s developmentL （ibid．， p．147．）
As fQr the．delusion tha七spend血g．was saving， this too，
… there was unquestionably a sincere conviction among
Polly observed， was quite widespread；．…（Mary McCarthy，
lnany socialists who climbed on to止e nationalist ba皿dr
The Group（．1）enguin Books）， p．266，）
waggon・that the army had a real sympathy， not very no−
DEMAND
ticeable among mpst Min． seito anq Seiyuhai． polit’icians，
Hence the demand．that they be allQwed to create．their own
with those oppressed by capitalism．（ibid．， p．194．）
educatiohal programs is a demand simply that the univerr
・“ their position would ha’ 魔?@been hopeless but．for the emT．
sities continue the Practice of delegating to them the au−
peror’s own convi’ction that Japan must capitulate immedi−
thority which was first delegated to the皿by their parents，．
ateiy on the basis of the Allied reply．（ibid．， p．234．）
to allow them to do as they please simply because it is they
The Chiefs of Staff and Anami， the Minister of War， reT
who please， even if they are not yet educated enough to
stated their conviction that if further clarification of the
㎞ow whether what they please is right．（John W． Aldridge，
attitude of the Allies was impossible then Japan should
ibid． p．65．）
fight on；・・… 一（ibid．， p．235．）：，
The equally popular demand that university instruction be
Jefferson’s religious conviction that religious beliefs should
made”relevant”一relevant， that is， to the problems and
remain private iS explained in large part by the circum一一
issues of immediate contemporary concern to the young一一＝
stances． whig．h 1 have narrated， but… （Herbert W．Schneider，
is closely related to the demand．for eduとational self−de−
ibid．， 43．）
termination and is also rooted in the childhood experience．
Hosea Ballou， who inspired ．both Universalists and Upi−
（ibid．， p．66．）
tarians，．finally came to the conviction that there would be
…，but they（a set of demands）also included de皿ands that
no punishment whatsoever in the future world．（ibid．，p．44．）
the Chinese government should employ Japanese political，
CRY
financial， and military advisers， that Japanese police． should
The cry has been raised by ma阜y that the i皿pact of．science
be given a share in the administration of various important
has been too fruitfal．（Saturday Review， August 5， 1972，
c圭ties，．伽a毛…（RiOhard Storry，． ibid．， p．152）
T一・一
R72 一
口
桓
That−ClauSeと同格になり得る名詞について．
The very fact that the failure to discover some particular
Paradpki’call y’eri6ugh， the Labour PartY， which is not based
absolute ttought” makes the inquirer pessimistic， implies
on Marxist theory， in its practical measures followed ex−
that he has in him the moral will’or demand that all partic−
actly the path of Marxist dpctrine， that the reaiization of
ular ideals・ ought to be harmoni2ed．（Herbert W． Schneider，
Socialism is based on the socialization of industry．（Erich
ibid．， p．260．）
Fromm， ibid．， P．16．）
DEMONSTRATION
DREAD
’…i the ’Minister of War， General Uehara； submitted his
It was as if Densher tvere accepted partly under the dread
resigpation direct to the emperor without informing the
that if he hadnノゆeen she would act in reseロ㌻ment．（Henry
premier． Uehara was quite entitled to do this under the
James， ibid．， p．41．）’
Constitutioti，． but it was a clear demonstration’ that in the
EFFECT ＠
last’resort a Japanese prime minister was at the mercy of
Chatles Chai皿cy，．．of the First Church， Boston， preached an
the armed services．．（Richard Storry， ibid．， p．150．）
oPtimistic gospel to the effect that the ttinf’initely benevo−
T坤POgm is．3masterpiece qf irony and a de皿onstratjon
lent Creator” was c．oncerned for the． happiness of each Qf
that Robin＄on was capable of analizing the social environ−
his creatures and that…（Herbert W． Schneider， ibid．， p．44．）
ment as well”as the’inner play of motives with deep feel−
Occasional！y the economics became’moralistic， for exam−
ing） yet with complete aloofness like’a chained Prometheus
ple，． in the case of the Charleston （South Carolina） Baptist
serveying the restless， blind rnotions of all other beings．
Association， which in 1856 passed a resolution to the effect
（Herbert W． Schneider， ibid．， p．231．）
that ttslavery is really a matter of political economy． lt is
DICTUM
simply a question whether，・・”（ibid．， p．131．）
Feudalism， with its ciass privileges， was not to be permitted
ESSENCE
to arise in America； that was the first and foremost meaning
The first sentence in ．the docuMent states what conservative
of the dictum that all rnen are created equai．（ibid．， p．35．）
Japanese still consider to・be the essence of their country’s
DISAGREEMENT
leokutai， or． ‘national polity’， namely that JaPan ‘shall be
There will be no qisagreement that science has changed，’
reigned over and governed by a line of Emperors unbroken
and is changing， the word．（Fted Hoyle， ibid．， p．15．）
for ages eterna1’．（Richard Storry， ibid．， pユ16．）
DISCOVERY
EVIDENCE ＠
The play of imagination or intuition is emancipated by the
But there seems to be much evidence th2t this evasive en−
discovery that ＄qience has a pragmatic，’ animal foundatipn．
joyment of beauty ’is wideiy prevalent．（Henry Nelson Wie 一
（Herbert W． Schneider， ’ibid．， p．236．）
man， ibid．， p．66．）
DOCTR’twJE
The great artists struggle to tear the veil away． Their
Thornas Paine， in opposing the single executive， reverted
struggle to inticover the depth and richness of quality in
to the classic， republican doctrine that it is laws， not men，
matters of ’human concern is evidence that’thiS depth and
th4t should be obeyed：・一・… （ibid．， p．38．）
richness are concealed by the culture of daily life．
They’ @（The Southem’theorists） evaded the problem of civil
（ibid．， P．7L）’
liberty and equality fot slaves’ by ’
While there is no co4vincing evidence， as in the case of
狽??@doctrine， incorporated
lnto the 14w py Chief Justice．T3ney／s famqus dgcisio阜， that
thg Mukden couP， that hostilities in north China in July 1937
Slaves ate propertY， not persons．（ibid．， p．131．）
0riginated frorp an incident planned by Japangse officers on
John’C． Hurd； ’a gradaate of． the Yale Law Sc＃ool， wrote
the spot， there is reaSon to believe that … （Richard St6rry，
an influential treatise based on the doetrine that the union
ibid．， P．202．）
was older than the Constitution， being embedded in the
There seems some ev’ 奄р?獅モ?@that the”intellectual pressure
people before it was expressed in the law．（ibid．， p．135．）
to which even the Ro皿an Cathlic Churbh is being expos6d
They （Personalists） are， for the most part， content to rest
is causing the Church to modify its position．（Fred Hoyle’
their case on母｝e doctrine that ecthe only world−view in
ibid．， p．．66．）
C
which values and meanings can have a permanently real
Edwards was convinced that he had abundant empirical
status is one for which minds， personalities， and their
evidence，． such as Locke might demand， that men find
values・are supreme．” （ibid．， pp．247一一248．）
pleasure in God．（Herbert W． ’Schneider， ibid．， p．12．）
一・373 一
津山高専紀要第．3i巻第3号（1973）
The only evidence we have that God is rational is that his
interests in the face of factional interests．（Herbert W．
creat・ion culminates．in reason．（ibid．，．p．241．）
Schneider， ibid．， p．39．）
EXPECTATION ＠
Madison and Jefferson here confess a triple faith ： that civil
There was， too， the expectation that a useful trade could
rights are secular； that religion thrives best in freedom； and
be driven with the closed country， an expectation sharpened
that truth will prevail．（ibid．， p．42．）
by the prospect of competition from Great Britain．
… whose faith that his own system was the only true gospel
（Richqrd Storry， ibid．， p．85．）
was so strong that it bore the fruits of sectarian fanaticism
Equipped with this sort of lotus−land ．metaphysi’cs， the
Young arrive on the campuses with a very low ’boredom
threshold and a very high expectation that their courses，
and intolerance．（ibid．， p．47．）
FEAR ＠
・・’
E there was the most natural and lively fear that many
functioning as mother−surrogates， will keep them safe from
fanatics 一heirs．to Saigo一 would refuse the emperor’s
boredom by providing distractions that will seem compati一一
command， though broadcast to the nation， on the grounds
ble with their current interests．（John W． Aldridge， ibid．，
that … （Richard Storry， ibid p．112．）
pp．66−67．）
He will be inhibited in answering back； he will tr．y to please
一・・
C in the expectation that he was a statesman in the mak−
and to submit， because of the constantly present fear that
ing．（Herbert W． Schneider， ibid．， p．222．）
the boss could fire him if he asserted himself．（Er．ich
EXTENT ＠．
Fromm， ibid．， p．57．）
山the c！ergy gra（lually lost their power and kept thir prestige
The fear that God is really frightful is no mere “evil’
only to the extent that they themselves adopted the ttlay”
monomania，” as Captain Ahab’s madness and hate seem
point of view．（Herbert W． Schneider， ibid．， p．6．）
to be to the thbughtless reader； …．（Herbert W． Schneider，
… it is the child who can comprehend the world only to the
ibid．， p．187．）
extent that he can see it as an embodiment of， or source of
・・一
@the prestige of natural science was growing， and there
satisfaction for， his infantile depires．（John W． Aldridge，
spread a general fear among moralists and theologians that
ibid．， p．67．）
unless they could come to terms with natural law and natutal
To the exent that our surroundings seern remote and unreal，
history they must either take the high and unorthodox
our friends will seem remote and unreal， and to the extent
ground of the Kantian transcendentalists or renounce their
that we lack facilities for natural and spontaneous rela−
pretensions to the use of inductive methods and appeal
tionships with others， those relations will become institu；
to facts．（ibid．， p．198．）
tionalized into empty rituals of conviviality and merely his−
FE耳LING ◎
trionic gestures of intimacy．（ibid．， p．2Q．）
…， she i！nmediately attributes this to the feeling that she
FACT ＠
is not pretty or presentable enough，（Allan Fromme， ibid．，
Therefore， the fact that we exist as indivi．duals is proof
p．23．）
that God is more than a mere judge or thought； He is a will，
By mixing in the her．d and losing the sense of self−identity，
an attentive self．（Herbert W． Schneider， ibid．， p．263，）’
becoming what has been called a mass man， 1 can acquire
… Dewey writes： … But none of these sciences takes into
the feeling that the danger， the burden and load of respon一・
account the fact that science， religion， art， etc．， are all of
sibility do not fall upon rne individually．（Henry Nelson
them ptoducts of the mind or self， working itself out ac−
Wieman， ibid．， p． 60．） ’
cording to its own laws， and that， therefore， in stJudying
It happens to everybody， I say comfortably and so get the
them we are only studying the fundamental nature of the
feeling that it does not exactly happen to me because 1 am
conscious self． … （ibid，， pp．256−257）
not everybody．（ibid．， p．61．）
The fact remains that the decision to make war rested in
・一一 at General Staff Headquarters in Tokyo there was a
the final analysis with General Tojo and the army．（Richard
feeling， especially among colonels and below， that the time
Storry， ibid．， p．185．）
had come to settle accounts with Chiang Kai−shek．（Richard
FAIT正［
Storrry， ibid．， pp．202：203．）・
… ，’he （Jefferson） still retains the faith that the people can
GOSPEL
be trusted precisely because it can． judge reasonably its own
Though they （the Congregationalists in England） continued
一 374 一
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柳
to preach the Calvinistic gospel that all kingdoms should
The final result of physical research is a confirmati6n of
be60血e．holy commonwealth， they could riot carry out theit
their fundamental idea that the material world is essentially
prograrn in prac’tice．（Herbert W． Schneider， ibid．， p．5．）
composed of equal elemen’cary particles ’ whose interaction
GROUND ＠
produces the variety of phenomena．（Max Born， ibid．， p．11．）
’・・L many fanatics 一heirs to Saigo一一一 would refuse tO accept
This Schopenhauerian’ psychology， which was’ in gdneral
the emperor／s com加and， though broadcast to．the nation， on
similar to James’s， gave Ward the idea that with the advent
the grounds that it did not really express the imperial will
of social Will or social activity evolution had taken a new
but rather that of weak−sPirited or treacherous ministers．
turn．（Herbert W． Schneider， ibid．， p．216．）
G but the idea that any personal deity could find pleasure
（Richard Storry， ibid．， p． 112．）
tt・一t
… the・Chief of the General Staff and other senior officers
or profit in torturing a poor woman， by’ accident， with a
were stubbornly opposed to any severe disciplinary action
fiendish cruelty known to皿an onlY in perVerted and insane
being taken against those responsible for Chang’s death on
temperaments， could not be held for a moment．・一・” （ibid．，
the grounds that it wou1d harm the prestige of the army．
p．’225．）
（ibid．， p．176．）
・一一
C he・（Jacob Gould Schurman） developed the idea that
criticahdealis皿was especially significant for America
GUARANTEE
… the government saw as the first purpose of an alliance
because… （ibib．， p．248．）
with Great Britain a guarantee that Japatn vvTould be given a
… and he （Jacob Gould Schurman） added the idea that
free hand in Korea．（ibid．， p．136．）
American philosephy would be doubly m’
There is no gwarantee that， for example， in the competition
?р奄≠狽盾窒奄≠戟C be−
cause … （ibid．， p．249．）
to reach the皿oon， the fairness customary i．n sport wm be
ILLUSION
retained．（Max Born， ibid．， p．35．）
And we can spare ourselves the illusion that， once we are
HOPE ＠
well enough adjusted， we shall not get angry．（Allan
・一・
C which （the use ．of philosophical reason as a moral
Fromme， ibid．， p．49．）’
sedative） was administered in our colleges in excessive
1 am only one among many and so 1 can generate the illu−
doses by the clergy in the hope that it would be an antidote
sion that what fa！ls upon me wi11 be only a very little blow．
to the powerful stimulants of the experimental sciences，
（Henry Nelson Wieman， ibid．， pp．60−61．） ’
（Herdert W． Schneider， ibid．， p．165．）
IMPLICATION
He （Laurens Perseus Hickok） expressed his hope that
In fact， there is a distinct implication that to leave the
鵬atHe田at三cal lo9三。 I皿ight be freed from its l圭皿itations as a
highway is dangerous， a descent into a hostile world of
purely abstract science and might becorri ie the foundation
aborigines and savage beasts， and that… （John W．A！dridge，
of a ttuniversal” science in terms of which ttconcrete uni＝
ibid．， pユ7．）
versals” would be adequately formulated．（ibid．， p．242．）
Another blow to samurai pride was the introduction of
There is hope that there may be also growing awareness
conscription， with its implication that any Japanese， how−
among democratic and humanist socialists that Socialism
ever mean his birth， could acquire the martial virtues re−
begins at home， that is to say， with the sociali2ation of
garded for centuries as the attribute of a minorify privileged
the socialist Parties．（Erich Fromm， ibid．， p．39．）
class．（Richard Storry， ibid．， p．109．）
in 1640 a ship did arrive from Macao， carrying no cargo
but a deputation of courageous men’
b?≠窒奄獅〟@presents， in
IMPRESSION ＠
… 1 a！ways had the impression that he approved of me and
the faint hope that the shogun lemitsu （leyasu’s grandson）
wanted me to like him wi’th some harsh， defiant wistfulness
might relent； for the Portuguese owed the Japanese a good
of his own．（F． Scott Fi’tzgerald， ibidl， p．13．）
INDICATION ＠
deal of money．（Richard Storry， ibid．， p．64．）
HYPOTHESIS
The decline of tensions which we are observing is an indト
I am going to make one big hypothesis−a religious hy−
cation that it is so．（it is so＝the leading statesmen seem
pothesis一 that the emergence of intelligent life is not a
to be well aware that war has become insanity．）（Max
meaningless accident．（Fred Hoyle， ibid．， p．59．）
Born， ibid．， p．17．）
IDEA ＠
But an ’ 奄獅р奄モ≠狽奄盾氏@that the Japanese may remain jealous of
一一 375 一
津山高専紀要第3巻第3号（1973）
their liberties was provided by the successful popular oppo−
MEANING
sition to a governrnent proposal， late in 1958， to strengthen
But in our age of conformity the democratic method has
the powers of the police．（Richard Storry， ibid．， p． 263．）
more and more assumed the meaning that a皿alority deci−
sion is necessarily right， and morally superior to that of
INST瓜TCT
The interest rate shocked her and confirmed her instinct
the minority， and hence has the moral right to impose its
that there was something actually immoral about the trans−
will on the皿inority．（Erich Fromm， ibid．， p．61．）
action−a kind of blaclrmail； the interest， she sensed， was
MEASURE
hush money．（Mary McCarthy， ibid．， p． 226．）
Now sex love to the measure that it casts’ off evasive de−
INTIMATION
vices and accepts the other person fully and truly as he is，
”Have you seen the picture in the’house， the beautiful one
seems better able than almost any other experience to
that’s so like you ？ ” 一 he was asking as he stood before
overcome the resistance of the id and …．（Henry Nelson
her； having gome up at last with his smooth intimation that
Wieman， ibid．， p．64．）
any wire he had pulled and yet wanted not to remind her
MEMORY
… 1 have a sharp physical memory that， in the course of
of wasn／t quite a reason foτhis having no joy at a1L（Henry
James， ibid．， pユ41．）
it， my underwear kept cli皿bilg like a damp snake around
KNOWLEDGE
my legs … ．（F． Scott Fitzgerald， ibid．， p．132．）
A Mormon sociologist once pointed out to me how frontier
MISUNDERSTANDING
history proves that no people can long expect to remain a
I have tried to guard against two misunderstandings ： one，
chosen people in America． in the face of such disillusion−
that creativity refers to creative work； two， that creative
ment，血the㎞owledge that when one flees to the frontier
interchange is identical with Christian love as Christian
one flees from cruelty to hardship， the frontier philosopher
love is commonly ttnderstood and comrnonly practiced．
in his search for a union of freedom， peace， and happiness
（Henry Nelson Wiemm， ibid．， p．6．）
seldom understood his｝ife， either realistically or romantト
MYTH
cally．（Herbert W． Schneider， ibid．， p．129．）
But a myth developed， and was propagated by military
LEGEND
enthusiasts even in modern times， that Yoshitsune escaped
The legend has grown up， stated by Channing himself， that
to the continent alld beca皿e none other than Genghis Khan．
his love of religious liberty qame to him naturally in his
（Richard Storry， ibid．， p．39．）
bimhplace， Newport， Rhode lsland−that he inherited it， so
NEWS ＠
to speak， directly from Roger Williams．（ibid．， p．47．）
Some of his colleagues thought Togo was unnecessarily
The legend grew and still lives that in the South ”there are
defeatist−this after news had come in tihat morning， while
no common men”！（ibid．， p． 63．）
the Supreme Council was sitting， that a second atomic
LESSON
bomb had been drepped， on Nagasaki．（ibid．， p．231．）
tt一一一 We sha11 yet teach the same lesson in philosophy，
NOTION ＠
which we have already taught in politics，一the lesson，
The idea that all men are， or ought to be， equal under law
namely， that the people can think for， as well as govern，
or in the eyes of God has been adulterated， out of the
themselves； and that a pope and a priesthood are just as
purest motives， into the notion that all men are equal in
useless， just as pernicious， as a king and an aristocracy．”
every respect， and that differences among them are either
（ibid．， pユ03．）
illusory or the result of tihe inequitable distribution of
LIKELIHOOD ＠
wealth and opportmity．（John W． Aldridge．， ibid．， p．47．）
This increased the likelihood that fanatical officers might
Yet they belonged to an age which believed implicitly in
attempt some co”p against the government， to forestall
the notion that life is a problem to be solved， and that
surrender．（Richard Storry， ibid．， p．234．）
solutions consist of finding the right techniques and cre−
MAXIM
ating the right material conditions．（ibid．， p．54．）
… Of this nature are the maxims in geometry， that ”the
He （Lincoln） discarded the partisan slogans of the time
whole is greater than it＄ parts； …．”（Herbert W．，Schneider，
based on the constitutional rights of the slave states ．and
ibid．， p．71．）
on the notion that there could be ”free−soil” and slave
一 376 ・一
That−Clauseと同格にな．り得る名詞について
柳
states， and … ．（Herbert W． Schneider， ibid．， p．132．）
vioman he loved and himSelf as well．（Allan FroMme， ibid．，
As a youth he （Edward Bellamy）一 composed a tract entitled
p．67．） ’
The Religion o／ SOIidaritpt， which deveioped．into a
POSSIBILITY ＠
philosophical scherne the then current and popular notion
There was， after a11， solne possibility血the 1860s that
that there ．are centripetal and centrifugal forces in・ man．
−Jqpan・might ・slip， almost imperceptibly perhaps， into a
（ibid．， p．151．）
posture of semi−colonial dependence upon one or more of
But tihe notion that scientists are now in the driver’s seat
tiie gteat Western powers．（Richard Storry， ibid．， p．106．）
is even mo；e wrong．（Fred Hoyle， ibid．， p．58．）
PREDICAMENT
OPINION ＠
This Predicainent， that ”virtue cati with difficulty hold her
May 1 express my personal opinion that from the standpoint
”own” ttin’the’ midst of’ so much suffering，” suggested to
of fundamental research their （worldly scientists’） apPear−
’Hildreth the chief theme for his ”Theory of Wealth．”
ance may turn out to ・be deplorable， perhaps disastrous，
（Herbert W． Schneider， ibid．， p．105．）
〈Max Born， ibid．，’p．22．）
PREMISE
On the other hand， opposition delights them’because it
President Monroe’s fambus Message （1823） to Congress
confirms the opinion they haLv−e long jealously guarded that
an．d to the world was based on the premise that”our system‘’
adul．ts， where not absolutely feckless， are by nature and
is antithetical to Europe’s and that， therefore， any atternpt
reason of their spiritual corruption， react・ionaries， if not
on the part of ”old world powers” to extend tttheir system”
fascists， at heart．（John W． Aldridge，一ibid．， p．61．） ’
’to this hemisphere would be ”dangerous to out peace and
ORDER ＠
safety．” （ibid．， p．75．）
Igot up early in order that 1 might catch the first train．
PRESUMPTION ＠
（Senior UniVerse’ English−Japanese Dictionary （SHOGA−
The circumstance that a mari is happy raises the presump−
KUKAN）， p．742．）
tion that he is prosperous enough．（Kenkyusha’s New Colle一一
PASSION
giate English−Japanese DictionaryCTHIRD EDITION），p．259．）
Thus， in Edwards’ mind there grew a master paSsion， a
PRETEXT ＠
single concern that the sovereigrity of God become literally
This last measure， known as’ ‘the Sword Hunt，’ was en−
an all−pervasive and all−inclusive motive， transforming
forced under the cunning pretext that the confiscated weap−
passion into subjection and moral benevolence into ”holy
ons were to be melted down for use as nails血the construc−
love．” （Herbert W． Schneider， ibid．， p．11．）
tion of a hall for a great statue of Buddha to be erected by
Hideyoshi in Kyotb．（Richard Storry， ibid．， pp．53−54．）
PHILOSOPHY
The problem is， of course， that modern America is physi−
cally a ・proletarian world and the perfect embodiment of
PRINCIPLE ＠
Once we accept the ptinciple that the primary purpose of
the philosophy that we were put on earth to work hard and
any work is to serve people， and not to make a profit，
not to live weil．（John W． Aldridge， ibid．， p．29．）
those who are served must have a say in the operation of
PLEA ＠
those who serve them．（Erich Fromm， ibid．， p．33．）
Counsel for the defense would， I imagine， open its speech
‘… We had not yet penetrated to the mother principle， that
to the jury with the plea that today th血gs are different and
”govern皿ents are republ ican only in proportion as they
that they are different in a way that is no fault of the sci−
embody the will of their people， and execute it． ”・・・ ’ （Herbert
entist in general or of the physicist in particular．（Fred
W． Schneider， ibid．， p．39．）
Hoyle， ibid．， p．7．）
”… Upon the same principle that a man is more attached
POINT
to his family than to his neighborhood， to his neighborhood
I am not attempting to be very exact here； a rough and
than to the community at 1arge， the people of ’each State
ready ordering is sufficient to bring out my point， namely，
would be apt to feel a stronger bias towards their local
that our arrangement corresponds to the degree of com−
governments tlian towards the government of the Union；
plexity of nerve systems and brains．（ibid．， p．27．）
unless … ” （ibid．， p．69．）
Heathcliff could bear only one denial in life； that became
”The theory proposed is based upon the accepted scientific
the center of his being to the point that it destroyed the
principle that the law of force and energy is of universal
．一
R7マー
津山高専紀要第3巻第3号（1973）
q．pplication in nature， and that． animal life is one of the
ヨe （耳ickgk） had been attac．ked repeatedly by orthodox
outlets through whieh solar energy is dissipated．…”（ibid．，
ministers as a pantheist， but such charggs worried him
p．224．）
，1．ess than did his own realization that reliance on a priori
PROBABILITY ＠
，principles and laws， though it might prove the existence
．There is a high probability that a way．exists through the
．of absolute reason， left the course of human experience
／appareptly impenetrable jungle of the future．（Fred Hoyle，
intelligible only in terms of the mythology Qf． redemption．
ibid．，．p．．q4・）
qib． id．， p．241．）
PROMISE ＠
． REASON ＠
1 hope you will keep your promise that the work sha11 be
一・・ was interesting precisely for tl Le reasen that it was dif一
fin玉shed bpfore the end of this mo旦th．（Kenkyusha／s New
／ficult，・” ．（John W． Aldridge， ibid．， p．66．）
Collegiate Englis’h−Japapese Dictionary（THI’RD EDI［［E［ON）｝’
．Everyone expected the federal legislature to’be the chief
p．1199．）
qenter of trouble and factionalism， for the same reason
PROOF ＠
that the British parliament was the storm center ot colonial
，Therefore，．the fact that we exist as individuals is proof
．policy．（Herbert W． Schneider， ibi． d．， p．28．）
that God is more than a mere judge or thought； He is a
REFLECTION
will， an attentive self．．（Herbe；t W．．Sqhneider， ibid．， p．263．）
PROPOSAL
What would・most hqve prolonged that attitude，．moreover，
was the reflection that the ways were’ways−only for others．
ARd．in return fpr agteemept on the 5：5：3 ratio America
（Henry James， ibid．， p．45．）
and Great Britain consented to the Japarpuese proposal・ that ・
the status quo be mqintained respecting naval bases and
REMARK
．．一・・
fortifications in the Pacific．（Richard Storry， ibid．， pユ63．）
tt
G he （William A． Hinds） concluded his criticism of such
唐?撃?奄唐?獅?唐刀h with the remark that cbmmunisrn depends on
PROPO＄ITION ＠
the sentiment ”that the sweetest joy in the world comes，
There is general agreement only on the proposition that the
not from riches and what riches can procure， but from
very early ancestors of the Japanese were immigrants from
shai ing life’s burdens with others．” （Herbert． W． Schneider，
the Asian continent， from China， Manchuria， and Korea．
ibid．， p．125．）
（ibid，， p．24．）
REMDのER
Though it is difficult to ・find a reasoned defense in Amer−
It had been， in every way， the occasiorl， ’full of the ・reT
iOa of Rousseau／s proposition that the Will．of the people
minder that her，ho．stes． s was deep： it was．definitely then
is always right， … ；（Herbert W． Schpeider， ibid．， p．92．）
that she had begun to ask herself what Aunt Maud was， in
RATIONALIZATION
vulgar parlance， ‘up to’．（Henry James， ibid．， p．40．）
’IEhe rationalizations which were current a hundred years
RESERVATION
ago， that the poor owed their condition to their ignorance，
Suzuki， Togo， and Yonai favoured acceptpaice of the Pots−
！ack of re．sponsibility 一briefly， to their ”sins”一are out−
dam・Proclamation with the sole reservation that the mon−
dated。（耳rich Fromm， ibid．， p．53．）
ar6hy be】皿aintained。（Richard Storry， ibid．， p，230．）
REALIZATION
REVELATION
… that ”the kingdom of man over nature cQmeth not ．with
in 1823 a Now York farmer， Joseph Smith， received a
observation．” This motto and cliche of the tra；iscendental−
revelation that he was to gather the remnants of God’s
istS reflected， not a repudiation of scignce as such， but a
chosen people to build a new Zion．（Herbert W． Schneider，
realization that science could not be a substitute for either
ibid．， p．124．）
philosophy or religion， as the Enlightenment had led men
Still， Japan had two cards to play． One was the threat to
to believe it might become．（Herbert W． Schneider， ibid，，
・withdraw from the ．Conference：一・i． The other was the
pp．174−175，）
revelation that in 1917 Great Britain and France had agreed，
And his．（Melville’s） chief transcepdental insight qonsisted
in secret undertaking， to supPort Japan／s claims to Shantung．
precisely in his realization that abso！ute and relative stand−
ards ．are necessary to each other， neither being intelligible
in itself，（ibid．， p．187．）
（Richard Storty， ibid．， p．162．）
RISK
It may be asked whether in fact there was any real ．ri＄k
一 378 一
That−Clauseと同格になり得る名詞について
柳
that ultra−nationalists， rpore especially army officers，
age of Japanese chivalry， in the sense that it became the
would have ignored a specific order from the emperor．
ever−popular theme of story−tellers and a favourite subject
（ibid．， p．183．）
一・・
for the theatrical drama．（ibid．， p．38．）
C there is always the risk that the Japanese will be in−
All this agitation succeeded， in the sense that it brought
volved， despite themselves， in a future Soviet−American
about the resignation of the Katsura cabinet．（ibid．， p． 151・．）
war．（ibid．， p．268．）
The very physica1 structure of the drive is i11ustrative ． of
our sense that the environ皿ent we are passing through is
RULE ＠
…，but such examples are sufficiently rare to prove the
．not only not worth looking at but is as alien to us as．．the
rule that for at least fifteen hundred years there has been a
wilderness must have seemed to the first pioneers．（John
taboo on conspiracies to abolish the hereditary right 一 to
W． Aldridge， ibid．， p．17．）
provide the sovereign 一 of the ancient imperial house．
一・・ if one shares the view of most educators that all knowl−
（ibid．， p．35．）
edge is relevant because all knowledge is related， in the
There was of course no rule that ministers ’should be
sense that it is coherently formed out of the accumulated
members of the Diet； …．（ibid．， p．118．）
life experience of the race一 … ．（ibid．， p．68．）
The rule that the mjnisters of war and of the navy must be
The agreement and consequent direction may be negative
serving generals and admirals was establi＄hed by imperial
in the sense that people conform to a common way of life
ordinance some time after the granting of the Constitution，
to avoid th6 danger and suffering of conflict， either among
of which it formed no part．（ibid．， p．119．）
themselves or with an extemal enemy．（Henry Nelson
Wieman， ibid．， p．9．）
RUMOUR ＠
…，but in Tokyo a rumour spread， almost as fast as the
… ；but this relation is always imperfect in the sense that
raging fires， that Korean nationalists， together with Japa−
to some degree it always does the opposite．（ibid．， p．11．）
nese Com皿unists， had plotted to set up so皿e kind of revo−
But even such a world will not satisfy the whole self． 1t
lutionary government．（ibid．， 168．）
wi11 be the best possible not in the sense that it satisfies
一・・
s members of the government heard rumours that some
in itself but Qnly because it is more subject thari any other
kind of plot was afoot among army officers in Tokyo．
to that creative transformation which alone does satisfy
（ibid．， pp．179−180．）
the natllre of man．（ibid．， p．74．）
While this trial continued， Tokyo was alive with rumours
This creativity is more than human in the sense tihat it has
that there would be fufther violence， on a much greater
lifted man to the place of dominance which he now holds
scale．（ibid．， p．198．）
on this planet．（ibid．， p．80．）
SAW
・・一
@， this proceSs of man’s own transformation will stil！
The velveレsmooth quiet when the world is asleep lends
re皿ain beyond his control in the sense that he ca皿ot
credibility to the old saw that ttnight brings counsel．’” （Allan
direbt it to produce an idea which has never entered his
Fromme， ibid．， p．2．）
mind， nor a higher ideal which contradicts the one he now
SAY1NG ＠
holds highest， nor an extension of brotherhood condemned
Clausewitz’ well−known saying that war is the continuation
by his moral standards achieved to date， nor a vision of
of policy by other means no longer holds true， for … ．
beauty he has never imagined， nor a depth of love alien to
（Max Born， ibid．， p．16．）
arl hjs present ideals．（ibid．， p．80．）
SCORE
The experience of civi！ war has given Americans a sense
…； and in 1887， wThen some of the details of current nego−
that they have emerged from a revolution， not a mere
tiations on treaty revision became known， there was a great
rebellion， and that both the practical and philosophical
outcry on the score that the govemment had made too many
problems shall be worked out patiently and nonviolently．
concessions．（Richard Storry， ibid．， p．125．）
（Herbert W． Schneider， ibid．， p．xi．）
SENSE ＠
He felt caught in the sense that he was earried away by
The overthrow and destruction of the house of Taira， fi−
powers which he failed to formulate．（ibid．， p．226．）
nally accomplished by the Minamoto at a great sea battle
SENTIMENT
in the Shimonoseki Straits in 1185， is part of the romantic
・．・ communism depends on the sentiment ttthat the sweetest
一 379 一
津山高専紀要第3巻第3号（1973）
jo夕血the・WOrld・comes， not frO田．richeS and what riches
ca血．proc血e， but fromsharing life！s burdens with．others，”
SUSPICION ＠
・一：
C and there’ was much suspicion， loudly voi￠ed in China
（ibid．， p．125．）
and whispered in Japan， that Japanese offic．ers・ ap ． Mukden
SIGN ・＠
had planned the whole ’affair， although・L・．（Richard Storry，
A strong sign that all is not’ lost， however， comes from the
ivid．， p．175．）
remarkable fact that no outstanding Scientist is to be found
TEACHING
anywhere in any government of any country in the world．
No bla皿e can be attached to the men who constructed the
（Fred Hoyle，・ibid．， p．16．）
atom bomb unless one accepts the teaching of extreme
Thete were signs that even Taira Kiyomori was affected
pacifism that power should never be used even against ・the
by the softening influences of the court．（Richard Storry，
gtreatest evil．（Max Born， ibid．， p．21．）
ibid．i p．38：）
THEORY ＠
Within ，three or four years there was little sign that Tokyo
One of them （a few influential university professors’of a
had ever known calamity．（ibid．， p．168．）
liberal cast of mind）， Minobe Tatsukichi of Tokyo lmpe−
There are matiy signs， however， that younger people are
rial University， advanced the theory that the emperor was
beginning to think for themselves．（・ibid．， p．263．）
one， though the highest， of several organs of the state；
STATEMENT ＠
and・一・．（Richard Storry ibid．， p．148．）
This was implicit， he argued，． in the statemerit・ that the
James used Darwinism effectively to undermine Spencerts
ulti血ate forln of government would be．established l）y the
whole theory that the mind is molded by ”external”． forces
freely expressed will of the people．（ibid．， p．233．）
and that it reproduces the order of experience．（Herbert W．
So I would nbt regard the Russian launching of the ’first
Schneider， ibid．， p．213．）
spUtnik in October， 1957， as an exception to my statement
THESIS ＠
that dictatotships will always be behind in really new
The thesis is developed that human experience implies
teChnologidal developments． ’ iFred Hoyle， ibid：， pp．2−3．）
absolute experience．（ibid．， p．．263．）
＄UGGESTION ＠
THOUGHT ＠
？． resumably， there was some slight suggestion in’the immi−
．”… The Only thing that settles our faith is the desperate
grants’ covenant with America that．’if material conditions
thought that there is no possible return to monarchy in its
could be improved ・sufficiently， tihe luxuries and graces
old form． …” （ibid．．， p．139．）
would follow in the natural course of’ things．（John W．
There皿ay even be something more than paranoi（1 truth in
Aldridge， ibid．， p．14．）
the thought that today the most vehement complaint of the
He （Melville） took quite seriously Christ’s suggestion that
young against us can be made with greater justice against
the’only・real remedy would be to ・”be boM anew，” but he
them， that it is they who are nOw manipulating us， who are
thOught it of fundamental importance to appreciate in this
progra皿ing our minds to work within aiternatives which
birth the principles of a new one．（Herbert W． Schneider，
they have invented， and fercing us to conform to their
ibid．， p．187．）
authoritarian and bureaucratic plans for the renovation of
SUPPOSITION ＠
the modern world．（John W． Aldridge， ibid．， pp． vii−viii．）
”・t・ One graVe， Whig一一looking gentleman heard Emerson
一TRAD［TION ＠
the other night， and said he could only account for his
・・一
@there was not the slightest valid’historical evidence for
the tradition that the empire was founded in 660 B． C．
delivering・ such a lecture on the supposition that he wished
to get a place ，in the Custom−House under George Bancroft． ”
（Richard Storry， ibid．， p．23．）
（ibid．， p．109．）
The survival of the imperial court was indeed due merely
Without assuming the appearance of new ”faculties” in
to the ancient tradition that， co皿e what may， there must
man’s animal ancestors， he （Chauncey Wright） thought he
always be an emperor of the old imperial line．（ibid．， p．43．）
cOuld accOunt for the’ apPearance of language and reason
ULTIMATUM
on the supppsition’that because of environmental changes
So Ma￠Arthur／s own staff produced a document， in effe￠t
the old faculties （especially memory and imagination） were
an entirely new Constitution， and this was Presented to the
put to new ’”ses．（ibid．， p．206．）
cabinet with the verbal ultimatum that if it was rejected
一 380 一一
That−Clauseと同格になり得る名詞について
the Supreme Commander would place the draft before the
柳
WHISPER ＠
Japanese people， in advance of the first post＿war general
The whisper grew that Great．Britain favoured the unifica−
election planne（i for the spring of 1945．（ibid．， PP、250−251．）
tion of the country under the emperor．（ibid．， p．100．）
UNDERSTANDING ◎
WILL
…∫apan accepted the Potsdam proclamatio■on the under−
The very fact that the failure to discover some particular
standing， that it（lid not comprise‘any demand which
absolute ”ought” makes the inquirer pessimistic， implies
prejudices the prerogatives of H’is Majesty as a Soverβign
that he has in him the moral will or demand that all partic−
Ruler，．（ibid．， p．232．）
ular ideals ought to be harmoni2ed．（Herbert W． Schneider，
The crisis．翌≠刀@resolved by the resignation of Konoe a且d
ibid．， pp．259−260．）
the appointment of Tojo in his place， on the understanding
WISDOM
that’ the deadline for the talks would be advanced by some
They would scarcely be in a position to instruct their chil−
weeks．（ibid．， p。213．）
dren in the unpopular but necessary wisdom that man is
This early training also gave the young their sense of we
innately weak and imperfect， that human progress is slow
versus them， their understanding that we， with all right一
の
and may even be illusory， that political systems cannot
eousness but no real power on our side， must skillfully
always be depended upon to cure the World’s ills， that
contrive to obtain the satisfactions due us in life from
measures cannot always be taken， and that sometimes the
those who have the power， and that these satisfactions take
rnost serious problems a man may face are those that exist
the form of favQrs granted and rewards offered after some
between himself and his courage or conscience．（John W．
agreement acceptable to both sides has been reached．（John
Aldridge， ibid．， pp．54一一55．）
W．Aldridge， ibid．， p．53．）
WITNESS ＠
…，Ishall henceforth speak only of appreciation with the
‘1 wish there were someone here who might serve−for any
understanding that constructive action is included，（Henry
contingency−as a witness that 1 have put it to you that．1／m
Nelson Wieman， ibid．， p．10．）
ready to come．’ （Henry James， ibid．， p．17．）
VIEW ◎
WORD ＠
…if one shares the view of most educators tha毛all㎞owl＿
Word had gone round during the day that old Major， the
edge．奄刀@relevant because all㎞owledge is related in the
prize Middle white boar， had had a stange dream on the
sense that it is coherently formed out of the accumulated
previous night and wished to com磁皿icate it to the other
I三fe experience of the race−these arguments，…．（John W．
animals．（Georgge Orwell， Animal Farm （Penguin Books）
Aldridge， ibid．， p．68。）
p．5．）
Senior officers agreed with my view that it should be
上記のものの他に，研究社英和中辞典（三訂版）によっ
beyond reproach．（Richard Storry， ibid．， pp．217−218．）
WARNING
て認められているものとして，次のようなものがある。
PIenty of warnings of a general nature had been received，
armouncement， anxiety， condition， doubt， fancy， guess，’
through the Dutch， that some such expedition was on its
information， notice， pretense， proviso， question， report，
way．（ibid．， p．87．）
stipulation， storyなど。
The replies were confused． There were those that contained
awaming that any concessions now would only open the
上述のものの他にも，that−clauseと同格になり得る名詞
way to further de皿ands（asound prophecy， as it turned
は多数存在する。上述のものを含めて，その特性を考える
out）and that therefQre the established policy of exclusion
ことにする。
ee一一に， that−clauseを目的とすることのできる他動詞の
should be adhered to・（ibid．， P・89・）
MacA曲ur／s land reforln， having lifted the burdens of debt
名詞化したものが多数存在する。“Do you㎞ow his（）
and rent from thousands of peasant families，エnade the farエn−
thaレclause？”という英文の空所に入れることができる名詞
ing population as a whole deeply Conservative， and thus
のうち，他動詞でthat−clauseを目的としているものの名
peculiarly sensitive to warnings that a Socialist state might
詞化したものと考えることができるものがある。．たとえば
well meall the nationalization of property．（ibid．， p．262．）
admission＠， accusation， affirmation， agreement， allega一一
tion， analogy， anno皿cement◎， anticipation， argument◎i
一 381 一
津山高専紀要第3巻第3号．（1973）
assertion， assumption＠， assurance＠， belief＠， boast，
passion， patriotis皿， pessimis皿，． philosophy， pity，．pleas−
charge， claim＠， complaint， conception， conclusion＠，
ure， policy， possibility◎power， predic｛mient， premise，
confession， consideration， contention， conviction＠， cryi
pretext◎， principle◎， probability◎， problem， prospect，
decision， declaration， decree， definition， demand， demon−
provision， proviso◎， prudence， qualification， regulation，
stration， determination， disagreement， discovery， divina−
requisite， risk， saw， score， self＿denial， self−negation，
tion， doqbt＠， dread， dream， entreaty， estimate， estimation，
self一・sacrifice， sentiment， signa1， stipulation◎， story◎，
exclamation， expectation＠， fancy＠， fear＠， feeling＠，
terror， theft， theory◎， thesis◎，血ing， thoughtlessn￠ss，
guatantee，．． guess＠．， hope＠， implication， impression＠，
tradition◎， treachery， t叩ason， t louble， tru廿1， ultimatum，
indication＠， induction， inference， information＠． intima−
vanity， view◎， v三gilance， watchfullness， will， wisdom，
tiop， judgement， knowledge， lamentaion， rneaning， memo−
wOrd◎などがある。これも氷山の一角ともいうべきもの
ry， misunderstanding， narration， notice＠，・opinion＠， or−
で，他．にも多数あると考える。これらはthat節と同格に
der＠， perception， plap， plea＠， pledge， point， prediction，
なり得るものである。
．presumption◎， pretense◎procla皿ation， promise◎， proof
第一と第二の場合に共通していえることは，この種の名
＠， prophecy， proposal， prop6sition＠， question＠， ratio−
詞は，抽象名詞およびそれに準ずるものだということであ
nalization， realization， reason＠， reflection， remark， re−
コ
minder， report＠， request， requirement， reservation， reso−
在する．ということである。
lution， revelation， rule＠， mmour ＠，saying＠， sense＠，
すべての抽象名詞は，“…，namely thaterp”という表現で，
る。さらに一般に考えられているよりも，はるかに多数存
sign＠， statement＠， suggestion＠， supposition＠， suspi−
その意味を限定したり説明したりできる。すべての抽象名
cion＠， teaching， thought＠， understanding＠， warning，
詞は，that節と同格になり得る。
whisper◎wimess◎などがそうである。上に記したもの
は，いわば氷山の一角のようなもので，他にも多数あるも
のと考えられる。私見ではthat−clauseを目的とする他動
詞の名詞形は，すべて同格となり得る名詞だと．いえる。
第二に，that．節を目的とする動詞の名詞形ではないもの
であっても，．後続の名詞節．のthat節によって具体的にな
るように説明されている場合があ．る。
．たとえば，．“Do you know of their（）， namely
that一一clause？”という英文の空所に名詞が入る場合である。
この空所に入り得る名詞を思いつくままにあげると，
ability， abse．ntmindedness， absurdity， advantage， affliction，
amazement， amusement， antithesis，．anxiety＠， attitude，
audacity， awareness＠， behaviour， bravery， capability， ca−
pacity， careleSsness，（；hance◎， charity， circu皿stance◎，
competence， conceit， concerm， condition＠， confidence＠，
consciousness＠， consequence， consternation， convention，
cowardice， danger＠， degree， delight， delusion， despair，
destiny， dictum， disability， disadvantage， disapPoint皿ent，
disaster， disposition， disqualification， distress， doctrine，
effect＠， error， essence， evidence＠， excitement， excuse，
extent＠， fact＠， faculty， faith， fate， folly， generosity，
gospe1， gro1皿d◎， halucination， heroism， horror， hypothe−
sis，’ idea＠， illusion， imbecility， immorality， importance，
iMpotence， imprudence， inability， inclination， influence，
instinet，’ interest，’law， legend， lesson， 1ikelihood＠， limi−
tation， maxim， misery， myth， narrowmindedness， news＠，
qightmare， notion＠， offense， ommipotence， optimism，
一 382 一

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