Comparative Reconstruction Problems 33
Comparative Reconstruction Problems
Spanish
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
A.
B.
Castilian
Andalusian
gloss
mayo
ka¥e
po¥o
poyo
dos
dieT
TiNko
si
kasa
kaTa
TiBiliTaTion
mayo
kaye
poyo
poyo
dos
dies
siNko
si
kasa
kasa
siBilisasion
æmay'
æstreet'
æchicken'
æstone bench'
ætwo'
æten'
æfive'
æyes'
æhouse'
æa hunt'
æcivilization'
Using the sound correspondences for the sets of cognates, reconstruct the earlier form for each
word. Note: ¥ is a palatal lateral. [IPAKiel]
For each language, list the sound changes that occurred.
Note: The first eight problems have been adapted from Language Files, Department of Linguistics, The
Ohio State University, third edition, 1985.
Comparative Reconstruction Problems 34
Sample worksheet:
Correspondence sets (none have been assembled for the vowels, since the vowels are identical in both languages).
Castilian
Andalusian
1,4
2,3
-y-¥-
-y-y-
*
*
5.
9.
8.
s
-s
-ss-
s
-s
-ss-
*
*
*
*
6.
10,11
7,11
T
-T
-TT-
s
-s
-ss-
*
*
*
*
1.
3,4
5,6
mpd-
mpd-
*m*p*d-
Sample answer:
A.
Reconstructed forms:
Proto-form
gloss
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
*mayo
*ka¥o
*po¥o
*poyo
*dos
*dieT
*TiNko
*si
*kasa
*kaTa
*TiBiliTaTion
æmay'
æstreet'
æchicken'
æstone bench'
ætwo'
æten'
æfive'
æyes'
æhouse'
æa hunt'
æcivilization'
B.
Changes:
Castilian
Andalusian
*W > Z
*X > Y
proto-consonant
Comparative Reconstruction Problems 35
Numic I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
A.
B.
Yerington
Paviotso
Northfork
Monachi
gloss
mupi
tama
piwI
soNo
sawa/pono
nIwI
tamano
pahwa
kuma
wowa/a
mIhI
noto
tapa
/atapI
papi/i
patI
nana
/ati
mupi
tawa
piwI
sono
sawa/pono
nIwI
tawano
pahwa
kuwa
wowa/a
mIhI
noto
tape
/atapI
papi/i
petI
nana
/eti
ænose'
ætooth'
æheart'
ælungs'
æproper name “female‘'
æliver'
æspringtime'
æaunt'
æhusband'
æIndians living to the west'
æporcupine'
æthroat'
æsun'
æjaw'
æolder brother'
ædaughter'
æman'
æbow, gun'
Using the sound correspondences for the sets of cognates, reconstruct the earlier form for each
word. Beginning with this problem, it is necessary to look for conditioning environments for sound
changes. [IPAKiel]
For each language, list the sound changes that occurred.
Numic II
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
A.
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
Shoshone
Ute
Northern
Paiute
gloss
tuhu
nika
kasa
tuku
yuhu
pida
kadi
kwasi
kwida
tuu
ni9ka
ka9si1
tu9ku
yuu
pida
kadi
kwa9si
---
tuhu
nika
kasa
tuku
yuhu
pita
kati
kwasi
kwita
æblack'
ædance'
æfeather'
æflesh'
ægrease'
æarm'
æsit'
ætail'
æexcrement'
B.
Using the sound correspondences for the sets of cognates, reconstruct the earlier form for each
word. [IPAKiel]
For each language, list the sound changes that occurred.
1.
Do not try to account for the final -i in this word.
Comparative Reconstruction Problems 36
Romance
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Spanish
Sardinian
Rumanian
/hilo/
/biDa/
/bino/
/riva/
/rio/
/riso/
/muDa/
/filu/
/bita/
/binu/
/riba/
/riu/
/rizu/
/muta/
/fir/
/vita/
/vin/
/ripa/
/riu/
/ris/
/muta/
‘thread’
‘life’
‘wine’
‘bank’
‘river’
‘laugh’
‘change’
Note:
In Modern Spanish, the < v > and < b > have merged into a single sound. However, at an earlier
stage these symbols had distinct values and this is what we are concerned with here.
A.
Using the sound correspondences for the sets of cognates, reconstruct the earlier form for each
word. [IPAKiel]
For each language, list the sound changes that occurred.
B.
Tupi-Guarani
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Guarani
Tupinamba
Siriono
Guarayo gloss
kic#iˆ
c#iˆ
me/eˆ
kwa
ki
ki/a
abac#i
kitiN
tiN
me/eN
pwar
kib
ki/a
abati
kis#iˆ
s#iˆ
meeˆ
kwa
ki
kia
ibas#i1
kic#iˆ
c#iˆ
meeˆ
kwa
kib
kia
abac#i
æcut'
æwhite'
ægive'
ætie'
ælouse'
ædirty'
æcorn'
{the ˆ indicates a nasalized vowel}
A.
Using the sound correspondences for the sets of cognates, reconstruct the earlier form for each
word. [IPAKiel]
B.
For each language, list the sound changes that occurred.
1.
Do not try to account for the initial i- in this word.
Comparative Reconstruction Problems 37
Middle Indic
Magadhi
Prakrit
Pali
Maharastri
Prakrit
gloss
1.
2.
abala
di@ba
apara
di@pa
avara
di@va
‘other’
‘lamp’
3.
4.
5.
hasta
loga
n¢ala
hattha
loka
n¢ara
hattha
loa
n¢ara
‘hand’
‘world’
‘man’
6.
7.
8.
n¢isphala
paskhaladi
pida@
n¢ipphala
pakkhalati
pita@
n¢ipphala
pakkhalai
pia@
‘fruitless’
‘(he) stumbles’
‘father’
9.
puspa
puppha
puppha
‘flower’
s#uska
sukkha
sukkha
‘dry’
10.
[n¢ is a retroflex nasal]
A.
Using the sound correspondences for the sets of cognates, reconstruct the earlier form for each word.
B.
For each language, list the sound changes that occurred. [IPAKiel]
Proto-Polynesian
The following are forms from four Polynesian (Austronesian) languages, Maori, Hawaiian,
Samoan, and Fijian.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
A.
B.
Maori
Hawaiian
Samoan
Fijian
gloss
pou
tapu
taNi
takere
hono
marama
kaho
hina
pou
kapu
kani
ka/ele
hono
malama
/aho
hina
pou
tapu
taNi
ta/ele
fono
malama
/aso
sina
bou
tapu
taNi
takele
vono
malama
kaso
---
‘post’
‘forbidden’
‘cry’
‘keel’
‘sit’
‘moon’
‘thatch’
‘gray’
Using the sound correspondences for the sets of cognates, reconstruct the earlier form for each
word. [IPAKiel]
For each language, list the sound changes that occurred.
Comparative Reconstruction Problems 38
Proto-Western Turkic
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
A.
B.
C.
Turkish
Azerbaijani
Crimean
Tartar
Kazan
Tartar
gloss
burun
kabuk
boyun
toprak
kuyruk
yaprak
burun
gabIx
boyun
torpax
guyruk
yarpak
burun
j#oNga
moyun
toprak
kuyruk
j#aprak
bIrIn
kabIk
muyIn
tufrak
kIyrIk
yafrak
‘nose’
‘bark’
‘neck’
‘earth’
‘tail’
‘leaf’
Using the sound correspondences for the sets of cognates, reconstruct the earlier form for each
word. [IPAKiel]
For each language, list the sound changes that occurred.
One of the words in the data is not cognate. Which word is it? What is your evidence?
Slavic
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Proto-Slavic
Bulgarian
gloss
*gladuka
*kratuka
*blizuka
*z#ez#ika
*lovuka
glatk´
kratk´
blisk´
z#es#k´
lofk´
‘smooth’
‘short’
‘near’
‘scorching’
‘adroit’
Specify the sound change(s) between Proto-Slavic and Bulgarian. Then say whether each sound change is
conditioned or not. Finally, label the type of change i.e., assimilation, backing, fronting, voicing, devoicing,
palatalization, metathesis. Finally, note that these changes have to occur in a particular chronological order.
What is the order of the changes? Why do they have to be in this particular order? [IPAKiel]
If these words had stress in proto-Slavic, what syllable was the stress on? Why?
Comparative Reconstruction Problems 39
Middle English to Modern English
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Middle
English
Modern
English
gloss
hu@s
wi@f
stO@n
he@
hro@f
so@n
hwi@t
kwe@n
na@m
bO@n
ba@k
hlu@d
haws
wayf
ston
hi
ruf
sun
wayt
kwin
nem
bon
bek
lawd
‘house’
‘wife’
‘stone’
‘he’
‘roof’
‘soon’
‘white’
‘queen’
‘name’
‘bone’
‘bake’
‘loud’
Specify the sound change(s) between Middle and Modern English. Then say whether each sound change is
conditioned or not. Finally, label the type of change i.e., assimilation, backing, fronting, voicing, devoicing,
palatalization, metathesis. Note: In the transcription of English used above, /i, e, u, o/ are not short vowels!
Finally, is it possible to find a pattern to the vowel changes in these words? If so, what is it?
Quechua I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Proto-Quechua
Tena
gloss
*c#umpi
*timpu
*nutku
*akla
*wakli
*utka
*kuNka
*l∆antu
*mutki
*puk∆u
*inti
*saNku
*hampatu
c#umbi
timbu
nuktu
agla
wagli
ukta
kuNga
l∆andu
mukti
pug∆u
indi
saNgu
hambatu
‘belt’
‘boil’
‘brains’
‘choose’
‘damage’
‘fast’
‘neck’
‘shade’
‘smell’
‘spring’
‘sun’
‘thick’
‘toad’
Specify the sound change(s) between Proto-Quechua and Tena. Then say whether each sound change is
conditioned or not. Finally, be prepared to label the type of change i.e., assimilation, backing, fronting,
voicing, devoicing, palatalization, metathesis. [IPAKiel]
Comparative Reconstruction Problems 40
Quechua II
Below are some forms from four dialects of the Quechua language, currently spoken mainly in Peru. The
dialects are those of Ayachucho, Ancash, Wanka, and Tarma. (B. Joseph)
Ayachucho
Ancash
Wanka
Tarma
‘gloss’
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
yac#a
--rika
muna
kusi
Òaki
pin&a
yac#a
yarpa
rika
muna
kus#i
Òaki
pin&a
yatra
yalpa
lika
muna
kus#i
Òaki
pin&a
yatra
yarpa
rika
muna
kus#i
laki
pina
‘be able’
‘remember’
‘see’
‘want’
‘be happy’
‘be sad’
‘be angry’
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
manc#a
yanapa
rikc#a
musya
kuti
puri
mantsa
yanapa
rikc#a
musya
kuti
puri
manc#a
yanapa
likc#a
musya
kuti
puli
manc#a
yanapa
--musya
kuti
puri
‘be afraid’
‘help’
‘awaken’
‘realize’
‘return’
‘walk’
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
wic#a
pusa
kic#a
sa
suya
warmi
wiÒka
sac#a
sara
win&a
aÒa
wasi
kimsa
--isqun
---
witsa
pus#a
kic#a
s#a
s#uya
warmi
wiÒka
hac#a
hara
win&a
aÒa
wayi
kimsa
c#usku
isqun
ala
wic#a
pus#a
kitra
s#a
s#uya
walmi
wiÒka
satra
sala
win&a
aÒa
wasi
kimsa
trusku
isqun
ala
wic#a
pus#a
kitra
s#a
s#uya
warmi
wilka
hatra
hara
wina
ala
wayi
kimsa
trusku
isqun
ala
‘ascend’
‘guide’
‘open’
‘stand’
‘wait’
‘woman’
‘grandchild’
‘bush’
‘corn’
‘grow’
‘harvest’
‘house’
‘tree’
‘four’
‘nine’
‘cold’
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
huc#a
aÒi
hatun
sumaq
awa
nawi
hutsa
aÒi
hatun
s#umaq
awa
nawi
huc#a
aÒi
hatun
--awa
nawi
huc#a
ali
hatun
s#umaq
awa
nawi
‘guilt’
‘good’
‘big’
‘pretty’
‘knit’
‘eye’
36.
37.
38.
noqanc#ik
wayta
kipu
noqantsik
wayta
kipu
nuqanc#ik
wayta
kipu
nuqanc#i
wayta
kipu
‘we (inclusive)’
‘flower’
‘knot’
a.
Reconstruct the proto-consonants and then give the rules needed to get from the proto-forms to
each of the modern dialects; take the Ayachucho vowels as representative of the proto-Quechua
vowels in your reconstructions. Only state the sound changes for the elements that have changed
Comparative Reconstruction Problems 41
b.
c.
between proto-Quechua and the individual dialects. /Ò/ is a voiceless palatal lateral fricative.
Where possible or crucial, state what the chronological ordering of the sound changes must have
been. [IPAKiel]
Are there any forms that bother you? Which one(s)? Why?
Old Indic
Old
Indic
Maharastri
Prakrit
gloss
1.
2.
3.
4.
agni
anta
a≥ka
arka
aggi
anta
a≥ka
akka
‘fire’
‘end’
‘hook’
‘sun’
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
bhakti
catw—ari
kalpa
kardama
kaétaka
k—aka
mudgara
pit—a
rudra
sapatn—i
supta
«sabda
«sata
bhatti
catt—ari
kappa
kaddama
kaédaa
k—aa
muggara
pi—a
rudda
savatt—i
sutta
sadda
saa
‘devotion’
‘four’
‘rule’
‘mud’
‘bracelet’
‘crow’
‘mallet’
‘father’
‘terrible’
‘co-wife’
‘asleep’
‘sound’
‘hundred’
18.
19.
20.
utkaénéth—a
vikrama
viétapa
ukkanéth—a
vikkama
viédava
‘desire’
‘strength’
‘branch’
[bh represents a murmured bilabial stop (i.e., breathy); éd, éth, én represent retroflex stops]
Specify the sound change(s) between Old Indic and Maharastri Prakrit. Then say whether each sound
change is conditioned or not. Finally, be prepared to label the type of change i.e., anticipatory assimilation,
perseverative assimilation, backing, fronting, voicing, devoicing, palatalization, metathesis. [STEDT]
Comparative Reconstruction Problems 42
Proto-Indo-Iranian
The following are a set of cognate forms in three related languages, an Indic language, Sanskrit, and two Iranian languages, Old Persian and Avestan. Note the following about the symbols used to transcribe the
forms:
-for Sanskrit:
-a dot under a consonant indicates that it is retroflexed;
-a raised h indicates breathiness (e.g. dh = a breathy voiced
dental stop, a unitary segment);
- r¢ = syllabic /r/;
- S = a voiceless palatal sibilant;
- for Old Persian: S = a tense dental fricative distinct from /s/;
- for Avestan:
r¢ = syllabic /r/.
All other symbols have their usual interpretation. Note that a colon [:] is used to mark
vowel length. A dash at the end of an entry indicates it is a stem, not a fully inflected
word.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Sanskrit
Old Persian
Avestan
‘gloss’
wr¢katanu…puru
bÓarde…wadwa…radÓa
r¢s¢t¢iSataj#iwadÓa…rayataks¢prana…Sayati
--dro…gÓagÓo…s¢aks¢apSa…ssac#a…
abÓi
is¢t¢asadc#itraka…magÓarmau…d¢Óakratu-
warkatanu…puruw
bardaywaduwarada
arStiTataj#iwada…raya--frana…Tayatiy
Siya…tadrawgagawSaxSapTa…hhac#a…
abiy
--hadc#iSaka…magarma--xraTu-
wr¢katanu…--bardaywadwarada
arStisataj#iwada…rayatasfrana…sayati
Sya…ta--gawSaxSapsa…hhac#a…
abi
iStahadc#iTraka…magarmauz#daxratu-
‘wolf’
‘body’
‘much’
‘carry’
‘god’ (Skt.); ‘demon’ (OP, AV)
‘door’
‘thus’ (Skt.); ‘then’ (OP, AV)
‘spear’
‘hundred’
‘living’
‘hold’
‘form’
‘forth’
‘he injures’
‘happiness’
‘injury’ (Skt.); ‘lie’ (OP)
‘noise’ (Skt.); ‘ear’ (OP, AV)
‘night’
‘teach’ (Skt.); ‘say’ (OP, AV)
‘with’
‘to’
‘having been sacrificed’
‘sit’
‘bright’
‘desire’
‘heat’
‘having been carried’
‘power’ /before consonants
Comparative Reconstruction Problems 43
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
kratwbÓagabÓaktadwiti…waga…tuga…twargÓami…d¢Óana…sam
ks¢atramr¢…di…kaputrawas¢t¢i
wr¢s¢n¢i-
xraTuwbaga--duwiti…waga…Tuga…Tuwarga--na…ham
xSaSa--puSa-----
xraTwbagabaxta--ga…Tuga…Tw--miz#dana…ham
xSaTramr¢z#di…kapuTrawaSti
wr¢S¢n¢i-
‘power’ /before vowels
‘dispenser’ (Skt.); ‘god’ (OP, AV)
‘having been dispensed’
‘second’
‘place’ /before consonants
‘place’ /before vowels
‘price’
‘reward’
‘nose’
‘kingdom’
‘pardon’
‘son’
‘she wishes’
‘rain’
Given this data, you have four tasks:
a.
b.
c.
d.
First, reconstruct proto-Indo-Iranian. [IPAKiel]
Second, state the historical sound changes, and so on, that account for the changes between your
reconstructed forms and the forms above. Write your sound changes to be as general as possible;
do not say anything about sounds that do not change.
Third, state any crucial chronological ordering relationships that exist between the sound changes.
Tell what sound changes appear to have happened at the proto-Iranian stage (i.e. the proto-language
for Old Persian and Avestan).
Finally, discuss and account for any deviations from the regular correspondences and developments
you posit.
Chatino
Comparative Reconstruction: Vowels
The cognate sets below are drawn from four dialects of Chatino, a language spoken in Oaxaca,
Mexico. List the vowel correspondences which the data reveals, and reconstruct a proto segment to underlie
each. State the sound changes that have occurred in each dialect and comment on their chronological order.
One proto segment has attested reflexes in only two daughters. Speculate on the vowels that would have represented this proto segment in the other two daughters had they been preserved. Note: Ignore vowel length
and do not try to formulate rules to predict when a proto vowel will be lost. [IPAKiel]
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Yaitepec
Tataltepec
Zenzontepec
Papbuco
Gloss
kWe/
hu‡
kii
ya/
c#u‡/
kuwe/
--loo
ke
---
kwe/
----ya/
c#o‡/
kuwe/
t∆o‡/o‡
lo/o
ke
co‡
kwe/
hu‡
kii
ya/
co‡/
kuwe/
ta‡/a‡
nto
/ike
co‡
bee
--kii
yaa
s#i
--saaya
loo
ike
s#ii
‘crab’
‘spin’
‘fire’
‘hand’
‘back’
‘pig’
‘walk’
‘eye’
‘head’
‘day’
Comparative Reconstruction Problems 44
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
kihi‡
kata
ku‡u‡
ysi‡
ce‡/
--kata
----ce‡/
kihi‡
kata
ko‡o‡
yu/si‡
ce‡/
kiti
kasaa
--yuc#i
---
‘skin’
‘black’
‘edible root’
‘sand’
‘tongue’
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
tihyo‡
s#e‡
ko/o
--kic#o‡
c#i/o‡
--ko/o
tuki‡
kic#o‡/
tihya‡
ce‡
ko/o
tuki‡
kica‡
--s#e
doo
ruki
---
‘bone’
‘wide’
‘drink’
‘burn’
‘hair’
Mono-Kawaiisu
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
‘bite’
‘bluejay’
‘brains’
‘break’
‘brother’
‘dance’
‘daughter’
‘elbow’
‘face’
‘fire’
‘five’
‘fly’
‘ground’
‘jaw’
‘louse’
‘mother’
‘old man’
‘pestle’
‘snow’
‘son’
‘summer’
‘sun’
‘teeth’
‘tongue’
‘west’
‘woodrat’
Mono
Kawaiisu
k´h/noo
caiqo/no
cohpiki
qoti
papi
n´kape
pet´
makiip´
qope
kuh
man´ki
muipi
t´pih
/atap´
/anipi
piya
cuku
pahaa
n´pa
tuwa
tacawano
tape
tawa
/eqo
petawi
qawa
ki/id´
cukize
woybikibi
kopakatikwed´
pabine
n´kap´
ped´ne
kiip´ne
kobibi
kuna
m´nagayu
muupize
tiip´
/atab´mi
/anibi
payane
cigupize
pahaaze
n´bobi
tuwaana
taza
tabe
tawambi
/egumbi
tabidawi
kaaze
Reconstruct the voiceless stops of Mono-Kawaiisu.
In this problem, you must look for conditioning factors. For instance, it will be useful to group
your correspondences on the basis of complementary distribution as well as other criteria. Also, in this
problem, the stops are not completely parallel in their behavior. You must also make decisions as to what
parts of the words in the two languages are cognate and what parts are not. (William Cowan. 1971. Workbook in Comparative Reconstruction. Holt, Rinehart & Winston.) [IPAKiel]
Comparative Reconstruction Problems 45
A general note on conditioning factors:
As an example of conditioning factors, consider the following correspondence sets:
Language A
k
k
Language B
c#
k
/_____i
/elsewhere
Wrong answer:
*c#
*k
Notice that for these correspondences, the correct answer is not to reconstruct *c# for the first correspondence set and *k- for the second. Why not reconstruct both *c# and *k? This is because neither language
contains any evidence that there was originally two different phonemes: certainly Language A does not contain evidence that two separate phonemes existed—both correspondence sets contain a k reflex. And, once
we examine the conditioning factors in Language B, we discover that in Language B, the c# reflexes and the
k reflexes are in complementary distribution, that is, the c# only occurs before the vowel i and the k only
occurs elsewhere. This distribution suggests that these two sounds were originally allophones of the same
phoneme, that is, the complementary distribution suggests that both reflexes originally came from a single
earlier sound, in this case, a *k.
Comparative Reconstruction Problems 46
Athapascan 1
Reconstruct the stem-initial consonants of Proto-Athapascan. Do not look for conditioning factors.
Arrange the reconstructed proto-initials in some sort of consonant chart, a chart that shows the parallelism
among the various reconstructed initials. All consonant combinations in the transcription are to be considered single phonemes. That is, the -g∆- represents a single, palatalized stop, the -c/- represents a single, glottalized dental affricate, -tT/- represents a single, glottalized affricate, etc. The -:- represents a velarized
lateral. [IPAKiel]
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
æafraid'
æbark'
æbasket'
æbig'
æblack'
æblanket'
æblow'
æbody'
æbone'
æday'
ædo'
æfirewood'
æfood'
æhere'
æI'
æliver'
æmeat'
ænavel'
æpile'
æpitch'
æquill'
ærain'
æshake'
æsong'
æspit'
æsplit'
æstar'
æstone'
æsun'
æthink'
æwart'
æwise'
æwood'
æwoman'
æyellow'
Hupa
Chipewyan
Sarsi
Navaho
-g∆id
sic/
-c/a
-k∆oh
-hWin
---yoo:
---c/iN/
j#iNc#We
-c#Wij#
---g∆aN
hWe
-sit/
-ciN/
-c/eek/
--j#eh
-k/∆oh
k∆aN--hWiN
---k/∆il
--cee
hWaa
-sin
hWec/
---k∆in
-c#/e/
-cow
-j#E~r
T´~D
tT/a!i!
-c#o~V
-z´~n
c/E~rE!
-yu:
-zi!
tT/´~n
-dzi~ˆ
-ci~
cE~z
s#i~j#a~ˆ
si~
-D´~r
-tT´!n
-tT/´~VE!
--dzE!
c#/o~V
c#a~ˆ
dD´!r
s#´~n
-zE~V
-c#/u~:
--tTE~
sa~
-D´~n
s#i!T
-ya~ˆ
-c#i~n-c/E!
-tTo~V
-j#i!/
-----c#o!o!
--c/i~di!
-yu~:
-zi~/
c/i!n
dzi!n-ci~/
--s#i~h
--si!
-zi~/
---c/a!k/-dzu!u!
dza~h
c#/o!h
---------c#/u~~:
so~h
ca!
---zi~i~n
---ya!n
-c#i!n-c/i~-cu!u!
-dzi!d
si~s
c/a~a~/
-co~
-z#i~n
-c#/i~di!
-yo!o!:
-z#i~/
-c/i~n
-j#i!ˆ
-c#i!
c#i!z#
--dza~a~ˆ
s#i!
zi~d
-ci~ˆ/
-c/e!e!/
-dzo~h
-j#e!e!h
-c/o~h
-ca!ˆ
dzi~d
si~n
-z#a~h
-c/i~~:
so~ˆ/
ce!
s#a!
-zi~n
se~e~s
-ya!ˆ
ci~n
-c#/e!e!-co~
Comparative Reconstruction Problems 47
Athapascan II
This problem is an extension of Athapascan I. Three new languages have been added to the chart.
Using the initials you reconstructed earlier, modify your reconstructions to accommodate the new data.
With the additional data, there should be a total of about twenty correspondence sets. Arrange the reconstructed proto-initials in some sort of consonant chart, a chart that shows the parallelism among the various
reconstructed initials.
All consonant combinations in the transcription are to be considered single phonemes. That is, the
-g∆- represents a single, palatalized stop, the -c/- represents a single, glottalized dental affricate, -tT/- represents a single, glottalized affricate, etc. The -:- represents a velarized lateral. [IPAKiel]
Hupa
Chipewyan
Sarsi
Navaho
Han
Ingalik
Kutchin
1.
2.
3.
4.
æafraid'
æbark'
æbasket'
æbig'
-g∆id
sic/
-c/a
-k∆oh
-j#E~r
T´~D
tT/a!i!
-c#o~V
-j#i!/
-----c#o!o!
-dzi!d
si~s
c/a~a~/
-co~
j#it
Tai
---c#u
-j#id
TuT
---c#ax
-j#´t
Tah
---c#o
5.
6.
æblack'
æblanket'
-hWin
---
-z´~n
c/E~rE!
--c/i~di!
-z#i~n
-c#/i~di!
-zra$i$
c/´t
-zruN
-c/´-
-zrei
c/´t
7.
8.
æblow'
æbody'
-yoo:
---
-yu:
-zi!
-yu:
-zi~/
-yo!o:
-z#i~/
z#i/
---
-yeej#
---
-z∆ii/
---
9.
æbone'
-c/iN/
tT/´~n
c/i!n
-c/in
tT/´n
-tT/´n
-tT/´n/
10.
11.
æday'
ædo'
j#iNc#We
-dzi~_
-ci~
dzi!n-ci~/
-j#i!_
-c#i!
drin
-c´i
dran
-cen
drin
-ca$i
12.
æfirewood'
-c#Wij#
cE~z
---
c#i!z#
-tr´t
tric#
traa
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
æfood'
æhere'
æI'
æliver'
æmeat'
ænavel'
---g∆aN
hWe
-sit/
-ciN/
-c/eek/
s#i~j#a~_
si~
-D´~r
-tT´!n
-tT/´~VE!
s#i~h
--si!
-zi~/
---c/a!k/-
--dza~a~_
s#i!
zi~d
-ci~_/
-c/e!e!/
s#ih
--s#an
D´d
-----
-------------
srih
----Dad
-----
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
æpile'
æpitch'
æquill'
ærain'
æshake'
æsong'
æspit'
æsplit'
æstar'
--j#eh
-k/∆oh
k∆aN--hWiN
---k/∆iÒ
---
--dzE!
c#/o~V
c#a~_
dD´!r
s#´~n
-zE~V
-c#/uÒ
---
-dzu!u!
dza~h
c#/o!h
---------c#/u~~Ò
so~h
-dzo~h
-j#e!e!h
-c/o~h
-ca!_
dzi~d
si~n
-z#a~h
-c/i~Ò
so~_/
dDau
dDah
-dze$
---------z#uh
-----
-----c#/oo-------------
28.
æstone'
cee
tTE~
ca!
ce!
-tTeh
tTa
--s#ree
--------t/rik
---
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
æsun'
æthink'
æwart'
æwise'
æwood'
hWaa
-sin
hWec/
---k∆in
sa~
-D´~n
s#i!T
-ya~_
-c#i~n-
---zi~i~n
---ya!n
-c#i!n-
s#a!
-zi~n
se~e~s
-ya!_
ci~n
sre
---------
-----------
34.
35.
æwoman'
æyellow'
-c#/e/
-cow
-c/E!
-tTo~V
-c/i-cu!u!
-c#/e!e!-co~
-t/rai
---
t/ra‹n
---
--c#/oo
-------------
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