ROMAN REPUBLICAN SPACES POWER AND MONUMENTALITY © Monique Webber 2013 • HOW POWER, AND SOCIAL VALUES, WERE VISUALLY EXPRESSED IN THE REPUBLIC • THE MID REPUBLIC PUBLIC ARCHITECTURE PORTRAITURE COINAGE • THE ERA OF POMPEY AND CAESAR PORTRAITURE COINAGE ARCHITECTURE • HOW VISUAL CULTURE HAD CHANGED BY 44BCE TERMINOLOGY • • • • • • • • • • • AES GRAVE – MID REPUBLICAN COINAGE ASPECT – THE APPEARANCE OF A BUILDING BASILICA/AE – JUDICIAL HALL BUILT ENVIRONMENT – THE CONSTRUCTED ELEMENTS OF A SPACE, ESPECIALLY A CITY, EG. BUILDINGS COMITIUM/A – MEETING AREA IN THE FORUM CULT CENTRE – PHYSICAL FOCUS OF WORSHIP CURIA/AE – SENATE MEETING HOUSE FORUM/A – PUBLIC SPACE IN ROME, ORIGINALLY A MARKETPLACE, HOSTING SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS FORUM BOARIUM – FORUM, ORIGINALLY THE CATTLE MARKET, IN SOUTH-‐WEST OF ROME FORUM ROMANUM – ROME’S MAIN FORUM, SITUATED BETWEEN THE CAPITOLINE AND PALATINE HILLS LEGEND – WRITING ON A COIN • • • • • • • • • • • MOS/MORES MAIORUM -‐ THE WAY/S OF THE ANCESTORS OBVERSE – THE FRONT, OR ‘HEADS’, OF A COIN PERIPTERAL – HAVING COLUMNS ALL AROUND THE EXTERIOR PHYSIOGNOMY – THEORY THAT A PERSON’S CHARACTER CAN BE JUDGED BY THEIR APPEARANCE PODIUM – THE HIGH BASE OF A BUILDING REVERSE – THE BACK, OR ‘TAILS’, OF A COIN ROSTRA – SPEAKERS’ PLATFORM IN THE FORUM ROMANUM SEMI-‐PERIPTERAL – HAVING COLUMNS AROUND SOME OF THE EXTERIOR TYPOLOGY – TYPE OF BUILDING VERISM – EXTREME REALISM VISUAL CULTURE – A SOCIETY’S VISUAL MEDIA, EG. ARCHITECTURE AND ART ROME – MID 2ND CENTURY BCE Ancient World Mapping Centre, hVp://awmc.unc.edu/wordpress/ (from this point referred to as AWMC); Google Maps, maps.google.com PUBLIC ARCHITECTURE • • • • • UTILITY TRADITION RESPECT PRIDE MEMORY • • • • • UTILITY RELIGION POLITICS LEISURE MEMORY WALLS; AQUEDUCTS TEMPLES GOVERNMENT; HONORIFIC BATHS THEATRES FUNERARY TEMPLE OF JUPITER OPTIMUS MAXIMUS CAPITOLINUS (LATE 6TH BCE) Clockwise L-‐R: Capitoline Temple, Musei Capitolinoi © Monique Webber 2013; plan and reconstrucbon Stamper, John W. The Architecture of Roman Temples. The Republic to the Middle Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008, 28 and 25; locabon AWMC CAPITOLINE TEMPLE & TEMPLE OF MATER MATUTA (LATE 6TH BCE) Clockwise L-‐R: image as before; Temple of Mater Matuta, Musei Capitolini © Monique Webber 2013 TRADITION & INNOVATION Clockwise L-‐R: image as before; unidenbfied 2nd century BCE temple, Musei Capitolini © Monique Webber 2013; secbon of Parthenon Marbles, mid 5th century BCE, Bribsh Museum athensguide.org TRADITION & INNOVATION LOCAL TERRACOTTA VS. GREEK MARBLE PODIUM STEPS Image as before; Temple of Portunus, mid 2nd century BCE, Rome © Monique Webber 2013 POLITICAL SPACES & TYPOLOGIES Curia Rostra • BASILICA/AE – JUDICIAL HALL/S • SECOND CENTURY BCE – BASILICAE PORCIA, SEMPRONIA, AND AEMILIA • PUBLIC ARCHITECTURAL PATRONAGE – CARE FOR ROME, OWN GLORY AWMC; Google Maps, maps.google.com; both with addibons © Monique Webber 2013; Arch of Sepbmius Severus, 203CE, Forum Romanum © Monique Webber 2013 PORTRAITURE – HISTORY & REALISM Clockwise L-‐R: Alexander the Great, 2nd-‐1st century BCE, Bribsh Museum bribshmuseum.org; So-‐Called Relief of DomiFus Ahenobarbus, late 2nd century BCE, Musée du Louvre © Monique Webber 2013; Portrait of a Man, c300BCE, Musée du Louvre louvre.fr COINAGE – TERMINOLOGY REVERSE (BACK/TAILS) OBVERSE (FRONT/HEADS) PORTRAIT IMAGE LEGEND • COINS ARE ISSUED (MINTED AND SENT OUT FOR USE) BY AN ISSUING AUTHORITY • IN THE REPUBLIC, THIS WAS THE MONEYERS (SPECIALLY APPOINTED MAGISTRATES) • MONEYERS CHOOSE/SUPERVISE THE IMAGES THAT APPEAR ON COINS Denarius (silver coin), 47-‐46BCE bribshmuseum.org/research/publicabons/online_research_coins/ roman_republican_coinage.aspx (from this point referred to as Republican Coins) PRIDE & PRESTIGE MID 3RD CENTURY BCE – AES GRAVE BEARING ROMAN GODS EARLY 1ST CENTURY BCE – MONEYERS MAKE PERSONAL REFERENCES Aes grave, mid 3rd century BCE, Musei Capitolini © Monique Webber 2013; denarius, 82BCE Republican MID-‐REPUBLICAN VISUAL CULTURE • FULFILLED A SOCIAL PURPOSE OF CONVEYING IDEAS • THE VIEWER WAS REMINDED OF THE PAST HOWEVER NEW IDEAS WERE MEDIATED WITH TRADITIONALISM • PATRONAGE OF THE ARTS WAS PRESTIGIOUS HOWEVER SELF PROMOTION WAS ALWAYS LIMITED IN SOME WAY BY SOCIAL CONVENTIONS • BALANCING OF TRADITION AND INNOVATION, INDIVIDUALISM AND COMMUNITY ROME – MID 1ST CENTURY BCE AWMC; other image credits as before REALISM BECOMES VERISM Male Portraits, late 1st century BCE/early 1st century CE, Musei Vabcani; © Monique Webber 2013 CAESAR, POMPEY, AND HISTORY BRUTUS (REPUBLICAN) CAESAR POMPEY ALEXANDER THE GREAT Head of a Man, So-‐Called Brutus, early 3rd century BCE, Musei Capitolini ancientrome.ru/art/artwoken/ img.htm?id=337; Portrait of Julius Caesar, c40BCE, Musei Torlonia ancientrome.ru/art/artwoken/img.htm? id=753; Pompey the Great, 30-‐50CE (posthumous), New Carlsberg Glyptotek utexas.edu; image as before COINAGE AND STATUS DENARIUS (SILVER COIN), 82BCE DENARIUS OF POMPEY (POSTHUMOUSLY), 46-‐45BCE DENARIUS OF CAESAR, 44BCE Image as before; denarius, 46-‐45BCE Roman Republican Coins; denarius, 44BCE Republican Coins WHY ARCHITECTURE? • BY THE LATE REPUBLIC, ARCHITECTURE HAD BECOME OPENLY ABOUT SELF-‐PROMOTION – CICERO ON LEPIDUS AND THE BASILICA AEMILIA • ARCHITECTURE HAS AN ENDURING EFFECT ON THE VIEWER – HOW THEY PERCEIVE AND MOVE THROUGH A SPACE • IT HAS A WIDE AUDIENCE • ROME’S PUBLIC WERE A CAPTIVE AUDIENCE • POMPEY AND CAESAR MADE THE MOST OF THIS – THEATRE OF POMPEY (POMPEY); BASILICA JULIA AND FORUM CAESARIS (CAESAR) THEATRE OF POMPEY (55BCE) A TEMPLE “UNDER WHICH WE HAVE BUILT SEATS FOR VIEWING THE SHOWS” Marbn Blazeby, View of the Theatre and Temple, 1996-‐2013 pompey.cch.kcl.ac.uk/; AWMC with addibons © Monique Webber 2013 FORUM CAESARIS (BEGUN 54CE) VENUS GENETRIX SHOPS VENUS GENETRIX TYPICAL FORUM – PUBLIC SPACE; SHOPS; TEMPLE TEMPLE OF VENUS GENETRIX TO THE MOTHER OF ROME AND ALSO OF THE JULIANS NO-‐ONE HAD EVER NAMED A FORUM AFTER THEMSELVES SHOPS Forum Caesaris, modern view and reconstrucbon, ColeVa, Giuliana. Rome Reconstructed. Rome: Archeolibri, 2007. FORUM CAESARIS (BEGUN 54CE) FORUM CAESARIS CAPITOLINE FORUM ROMANUM AWMC with addibons © Monique Webber 2013 SPUR ASSESSING THE FORUM CAESARIS • PRIVATE LAND NOW PUBLIC; NEW SPACE TO SHOP, MEET, WORSHIP, AND ESCAPE OVERCROWDED HOUSES – GRATEFUL POPULACE • ARCHITECTURAL PATRONAGE, AND SELF-‐PROMOTION, NOT EXTRAORDINARY – BUT THE FORUM CAESARIS ACHIEVED THIS ON AN UNPRECEDENTED SCALE • NOT OPENLY CHALLENGING THE STATUS QUO – BUT PUSHING THE BOUNDS OF TRADITIONALISM • FORUM CAESARIS WAS AN ULTIMATE STATEMENT OF CAESAR’S SUPREMACY
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