Quantifying Q tif i Air Ai Pollution P ll ti Exposures across Pittsburgh Jane E. Clougherty, MSc ScD Assistant Professor/ Director of Exposure Science y of Pittsburgh g University Graduate School of Public Health Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Asthma as a Multi-factorial Multi factorial Illness Physical y Environment Social Environment • Ambient air pollution • Indoor Allergens • Roach, Roach mite • Viruses • Environmental Tobacco Smoke • Psychosocial stressors Poverty, violence • Smoking S ki • Diet Genetics Asthma Etiology & Exacerbation Health Care Utilization • Access to services • Asthma management Motivation • Epidemiologic evidence of greater pollution susceptibility among lowerSEP populations. l ti (Krewski et al., 2000; Jerrett et al., 2004) – Have not identified “causal components” of SEP. – Chronic stress may be one important contributor. (Clougherty et al., 2006, 2007) • Chronic stress confers broad physiologic change (allostatic load) (McEwen 1998) – – – – HPA-axis function (e.g., cortisol) Glucocorticoid receptor alteration Sympathetic-adrenal-medulary (SAM) axis Early life immune function (e.g., Th-1/ Th-2) • Urban (e.g., traffic-related) air pollution is particularly complex. – Complex chemical mix – Spatially correlated with noise and other stressors. (Allen et al., 2009) Epidemiologic evidence suggests greater susceptibility to air pollutants under chronic stress. stress Clo ghert et al., Clougherty al EHP, EHP 2007 Toxicological results suggest stress-differing diff i respiratory i response to PM. PM Clougherty et al., EHP, 2010 Current Pittsburgh Air Pollution Studies 1) Impact of multiple diesel sources on pollution patterns across downtown Pittsburgh (ACHD): a) Pittsburgh Air Toxics Study (CMU) b) New York City Community Air Survey (NYYCAS) 2) Spatial variation in multiple air pollutants across metropolitan Pittsburgh (Heinz, (Heinz Pitt EOH): a) complex terrain (e.g., elevation gradients) b) meteorology (e.g., (e g inversion events). events) Diesel-Related Di l R l t d Pollution P ll ti Monitoring M it i in Downtown Pittsburgh (ACHD) ACHD Background 1: Pittsb rgh Air Toxics Pittsburgh To ics (CMU) 44 Lawrenceville Florence, PA Downtown Hazelwood Assuming: DPM ~ 1.6 x BC Schenley Park Greensburg, PA DPM(g/m D m3) 3.5 33 2.5 22 Archived Data 1.5 11 0.5 00 Logue et al., 2010 Risks for Different Classes of Air Toxics Cancerr LIR (Lifettime Indiv vidual Risk k) 1.4x10 -3 Diesel PM Coke Oven Volatile Orgaincs Metals PAH 12 1.2 1.0 0.8 06 0.6 * 0.4 0.2 0.0 Background * Downtown Estimate of minimum DPM risks at Avalon Avalon Logue et al., 2010 ACHD Background 2: New York City C Community i Air Ai Survey S (NYCCAS) ( CCAS) NYCCAS Monitoringg • Fine particles (PM2.5) • Elemental carbon (EC) • Metals constituents – X-ray fluorescence (XRF) • Nitrogen oxides (NO-NO2-NOx) • Ozone (summer) • SO2 (winter) • Temp/ RH (HOBO) Source Categ Variables Examined (n buffers of 50 to 1,000 m) Data Source Cumulative Traffic Indicators Unweighted and kernel-weighted traffic density Road density Kernel-weighed road density Road density densit weighted eighted by b functional f nctional class Road density kernel-weighted by functional class Number of signaled intersections New York Metropolitan Transportation Council (NYMTC) ; U.S. Federal Highway Administration Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) Accident Location Information System S stem (ALIS) road network net ork data ALIS network data ALIS network; MPSI TrafficMetrix TM data ALIS network; MPSI TrafficMetrix TM data NYC Department of Transportation (DOT) Road-specific M Measures Average daily traffic on nearest major road ADT/ Distance Di t to t nearestt major j roadd Distance to nearest road, by functional class Unweighted traffic on designated truck routes Unweighted density of truck routes Kernel-weighted density of truck routes Distance to nearest truck route Trucks per day on nearest major road Census population density LandScan daytime, nighttime population density Density of built space (building floor area) Density of residential units Total residential, factory, garage floor area Area of commercial floor area NYMTC traffic data NYMTC traffic t ffi ddata t ALIS network; MPSI TrafficMetrix TM data NYMTC traffic data NYMTC traffic data NYMTC traffic data NYMTC traffic data NYMTC traffic data U.S. Census Bureau 2000 data Oak Ridge National Laboratory LandScanTM data NYC Department of City Planning Primary Land Use Tax Lot Output (PLUTO™) data PLUTO™ data PLUTO™ data PLUTO™ data PLUTO™ data PLUTO™ data PLUTO™ data PLUTO™ data NYS Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) permit data NYC Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) permit data NYC Department of Buildings (DOB) permit data DEP permit data DEP permit data DEP permit data NYC Department of Citywide Administrative Services (DCAS) DCAS; NYC Department of Education NYC Department of Education NYC Department of Education NYC Department of Sanitation inspections NYC Department of Citywide Administrative Services NYC Office of Emergency Management (OEM) Truck/ DieselRelated Measures Population Metrics Built Space Land Use Permitted Emissions Transportation Facilities Distributed Facilities Area of Industrial and Manufacturing Area of heavy manufacturing Area of gas stations Dominant Land Use Type Number of DEC permitted combustion sources Number of DEP permitted combustion sources Number of DOB permitted boilers Number of permitted combustion sources (oil 2, 4, 6, gas) Total BTU by fuel type (oil 2, 4, 6, natural gas) Average BTU by fuel type (oil 2, 4, 6, natural gas) Number of bus depots Minimum distance to bus depot, school bus depot Number of school bus depots Number of school buses at nearest depot Number of waste transfer stations Minimum distance to waste transfer station, ferry terminal, water treatment facility Distance to nearest port, airport Predicted Pollutant Surfaces ACHD Diesel-Related Pollutants of Interest • Organic carbon/ elemental carbon (EC/OC) – Thermal-optical analysis (quartz) • Organic DPM markers: Hopanes, Hopanes steranes, steranes PAHs – GC/MS (quartz) • Fine particles (PM2.5) – EC (reflectance) – Elemental constituents (ICP (ICP-MS) MS) • Nitrogen oxides – Ogawa badges badges, reflectance Diesel-Related Pollution in Downtown Pittsburgh (ACHD) • Phase 1: – Collect measures of diesel particulate matter (DPM) at 40 distributed sites, during summer & winter (quartz). – Two-week Two week samples from: • 4 reference sites, 9 random ‘distributed’ sites, over 4 sessions. – Co-locate PM2.5 2 5 ((Teflon)) and NO2 at subset • for comparability to other cites, elemental tracers (ICP-MS) • Phase 2: – Co-locate two DPM monitors at 20 sites. • Compare peak diesel hours (6-11 a.m.) vs. non-peak hours. Truck traffic density & Bus route freq. Pittsburgh City-Wide Air Monitoring Pittsburgh City-Wide City Wide Air Monitoring Goal: To capture spatial variation in multiple air pollutants across urban Pittsburgh. a) multiple sources b) complex terrain (e.g., elevation gradients) c) meteorology (e.g., inversion events) Pittsburgh City-Wide Air i Monitoring i i Approachh • Randomly select 38 distributed sites (2 reference) to capture variation in: – Traffic density (Penn DOT) – Proximity to Industry (NEI) – Elevation (NED) • Data collection: – Year 1: Collect PM2.5 only during morning rush/ ‘inversion’ periods (6 (6-11am 11am M-F) M F) – Year 2: Collect PM2.5 24-hr/day (1 week) • Developp ppollutant-specific p LUR models,, exposure p surfaces City-Wide Sampling Domain ‐ ‐ ‐ Contiguous area ‐ containing all of Pittsburgh ‐ reasonable field team coverage ‐ Include 3 key industrial sources ‐ ‐ Include 2‐5 miles Northeast of key sources ‐ ‐ Clairton, Neville Island and Braddock Prevailing wind direction Contiguous with intact administrative areas ‐ Census tracts or municipalities Census tracts or municipalities Metropolitan Pittsburgh S Source Ch Characterization t i ti Total area =171 sq mi (n = 258 census tracts) Preliminary Results (QA/QC): NO2 Summer & Winter Co-Locations 35 30 25 20 15 y = 0.7686x + 4.1514 R² = 0.8939 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Temporally-Adjusted City-Wide Data Summer and Winter 2011-2012 Summer Winter Mean (SD) Mean (SD) PM2.5 (µg/m3) 14.0 (3.6) 12.5 (2.4) NO2 (ppb) 10.7 (3.4) 17.8 (3.9) Preliminary Associations: Summer PM2.5 and Proximity to Industry Distance from TRI site Acknowledgements • Funding: – Allegheny County Health Department – Heinz Foundation – University of Pittsburgh Department of Environmental and Occupational Health • Colleagues: – Fernando F d H Holguin, l i MD – Michael Yonas, DrPH – Allen Robinson, PhD • University of Pittsburgh team: – – – – – – – – – – Leah Cambal Jessie Carr, MS Lauren Chubb Sara Gilloly Jeff Howell Drew Michanowicz Kyra Naumoff-Shields, PhD Courtney Roper Sheila Tripathy Brett Tunno Map distributions of key variables Pittsburgh Sampling Sites g p g
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