Psychology 100:11
Chapter 11: Part II
Development
Outline
 Socialization
 Parenting styles
 Cognitive development
 Piaget
 Information Processing
 Language acquisition
Study Questions:
• Describe Piaget’s stages of
cognitive (mental) development
Quiz 1
Question
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Answer
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D
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D
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A
Quiz 1
Question
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Answer
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A
Development
• Socialization: Parenting styles
– Securely attached babies-> Moms respond
quickly
– Attachment to dads
>Approximately the same time as attachment to
moms
>Develops differently
 Moms: Comfort
 Dads: Play
Development
• Socialization: Parenting styles
– Parenting styles
>Autocratic (Authoritarian): Abide by strict standards
>Permissive: Parents do not assert their authority
>Authoritative-reciprocal: Parents exercise their power
and accept obligation to respond to child’s point of view
>Cause and effect in parenting styles and
children’s behaviour.
 Socialization is a two way street
Development
• Piaget’s stages of development
Jean Piaget
– Sensorimotor stage (Birth to 2 yrs)
>Internalize schemes of action.
>Object Permanence: understanding that objects exists
even though it can no longer be seen.
 Objects become assimilated into schemes
 Simple hiding (9 months)
 Changing hiding place
Development
Development
• Piaget’s stages of development
Jean Piaget
– Preoperational stage (2 to 7 yrs)
> Egocentrism
> No conservation of quantity.
> Do not appreciate change
> Moves away from the here and now
– Concrete operational stage (7 to 12 yrs)
> Conservation of number, mass, volume, and weight
> Schemes involve operations performed on objects
> Ends egocentricism
> Understands categorization and classification
Development
Development
• Piaget’s stages of development
– Formal operational stage (12 yrs - )
>Ability to think in the abstract
>hypothetico-deductive reasoning
 E.g., Mixing colourless liquids
 School curriculum
Jean Piaget
Development
Development
• Challenges to Piaget’s theory
– Problems with object permanence studies
> Selective looking and habituation studies
– Problems with conservation studies
> Mehler & Bever’s (1967) M&Ms study
Development
Development
• Challenges to Piaget’s theory
– Problems with egocentricism
> Development of a “theory of mind” (TOM)
>The Sally/Anne problem
 Solved by four years age
 Simpler forms of TOM appear earlier
• Lying
Development
Development
• Information processing approach
– Development of the components of info
processing
>Memory stores
>Control Processes (e.g., attention)
>Acquisition of processing rules
 Example: “M-space” (R. Case)
• Increasing Capacity/Speed in STM
• Importance of working memory storage
• Pascual-Leone’s hypothesis
• Digit span development
Development
Development
• Information processing approach
– Acquiring Specific Rules
> Balancing Problem
> Weight and Distance Problems
> Four rules people follow
Which Way will it tilt?
1) Only Weight
2) Weight unless equal - then use distance
3) Both weight and distance, unless in conflict - then
guess
4) weight X Distance
Development
Development
• Lev Vygotsky
Lev Vygotsky
– Additional emphasis on interaction with the
social world
– Cultural context to cognitive development
Americans -> “American Mind”; Russians -> “Russian
Mind”
– Challenged Piaget’s notion of egocentric
speech
>Piaget -> interaction with the physical world
>Vygotsky -> interaction with the social world
Language
• Language acquisition in children
– Perception of speech sounds by infants
>Newborn:
 Startle response to loud noise
 Orients head towards sound
 Calmed by human voice
 Prefers mother voice over stranger
 Can discriminate between many speech sounds.
>1-2 months:
 Smiles when spoken to
>3-7months:
 Responds differently to different intonations
Language
• Language acquisition in children
– Perception of speech sounds by infants
>8-12 mo
 Responds to name
 Responds to ‘no’
 Recognizes phrases (Peekaboo, patty cakes, etc.)
 Recognizes some words (bye-bye, bottle, Elmo,
etc.)
Language
• Language acquisition in children
– Prespeech period and first words
>Newborn: Crying
>1-2 months: Cooing
>6 months: Babbling
>10 - 12 mo: Nonreduplicative babbling
>12 mo: First words - dada, baw-baw
 Protowords- Kii, brrrr, caw
Language
• Language acquisition in children
– The two-word stage
>18-24 mos:
 Da-da bye-bye, laa laa ball, kiit door
– Acquisition of adult rules of grammar
>Inflections: -ing, -s, -ed
>Function words: to, of, in, on, etc.
>Overextension: e.g., snow -> kii
>Underextension: e.g., Kitty -> only “Puddin
Head”
>Overregularization: Daddy goed to work.