TESGSATLARDA ISI YALITIMI
Bir binanõn õsõtõlmasõ veya soºutulmasõ için harcanan enerjinin azaltõlmasõnda mekanik tesisat
yalõtõmõnõn önemi, göz ardõ edilemeyecek kadar büyüktür. Özellikle binalarõn õsõtma ve soºutma
tesisatlarõnõn, õsõtõlmasõna ve soºutulmasõna gerek olmayan mahallerden geçen bölümleri ve bu
bölümlerdeki vana ve armatürler yalõtõldõklarõ takdirde saºlanacak enerji tasarrufu çok önemli
mertebelerdedir. Bu yüzden mekanik tesisatõ oluçturan borularõn, tanklarõn, depolarõn, klima
kanallarõnõn, vanalarõn ve armatürlerin, içinden geçen akõçkanõn sõcak veya soºuk oluçuna göre uygun
özelliklere sahip ve uygun kalõnlõktaki yalõtõm malzemeleri ile yalõtõlmalarõ gerekmektedir.
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•Ç…ƒŽÇŽƒ”ǃ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ‹ˆƒ”ƒǡ‘”–ƒÇ„ƒºÇŽ‡‹‡˜‡ ǕǛƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹Úœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”‹‡„ƒºŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ—›òœ†‡
—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ…ƒ ‘Žƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹ ڜ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”‹‹ ˜‡ ‡”‡Ž‡”†‡ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ„‹Ž‡…‡º‹‹ ­‘ ‹›‹ „‹Ž‡
‰‡”‡‡–‡†‹”Ǥ‹”‡ƒ‹–‡•‹•ƒ–›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹†‡ƒ”ƒƒ•Ç‰‡”‡‡–‡‡ŽÚœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”ƒçƒºÇ†ƒ‹‰‹„‹†‹”ǣ
x •Ç‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹ƒ–•ƒ›Ç•ÇȋOȌ
x —Šƒ”†‹ˆòœ›‘†‹”‡­ƒ–•ƒ›Ç•ÇȋPȌ
x ƒ‰Çƒ†ƒ›ƒÇŽÇŽÇ
x ›‰—Žƒƒ”ƒŠƒ–ŽÇºÇ
x ‘”‘œ›‘”‹•‹‹ƒœ‘Ž—ç—
x ‘‘‹‘Žƒ•Ç
x ƒ›ƒÇ•Ç…ƒŽÇºÇ
x ƒŽœ‡‡‹›ƒ‰Ç‡•ƒ•Ç†ƒ­Çƒ”†ÇºÇœ‡Š‹”Ž‹‰ƒœ‹–ƒ”Çȋ‘•‹•‹–‡Ȍǡ
x —ƒ›‘º—Ž—º—ȋ’ƒ•‹–‡Ȍ
ò–ò„—Úœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽƒ…ƒ‘Žƒ–‡•‹•ƒ–ǐ•‘º—ǡǎǍ˜‡›ƒ•Ç…ƒ‘Ž—痐ƒ‰Ú”‡Ú‡ƒœƒƒ–ƒ†Ç”Ǥ‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ‹
‡ƒ‹–‡•‹•ƒ–‹­‹†‡‰‡­‡ƒÇ獃Ç•Ç…ƒŽÇºÇƒ‰Ú”‡͵ƒƒ‰”—„ƒƒ›”ÇŽƒ–ƒ†Ç”Ǥ—‰”—’Žƒ”˜‡—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ•Ç
ڐ‡”‹Ž‡›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ƒçƒºÇ†ƒ˜‡”‹Ž‹ç–‹”Ǥ
Soºuk Hatlar T ζ 6°C
Ilõk Hatlar 6°C<T<100°C
Sõcak Hatlar Tη100°C
‘Ž‹‡–‹Ž‡
‘Ž‹‡–‹Ž‡
ƒòò
ƒòòȗ
ƒòòȗ
ƒ—­—Ú’òºòȗȗ
ƒ—­—Ú’òºò
ƒçòòȗ
‘Ž‹ò”‡–ƒ
ǣÇ獃˜‡›ƒ”–ƒÇ…ƒŽÇºÇ
ƒ—­—Ú’òºò
ƒçòòȗ
ƒçòò
ƒÚ’òºò
ƒÚ’òºò
‡”ƒ‹òò
‘Ž‹ò”‡–ƒ
ƒŽ•‹›—‹Ž‹ƒ–
ȗǣ‘º—˜‡ÇŽÇŠƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ‡˜…—–ƒÇ獃•Ç…ƒŽÇºÇÇǡ‘”–ƒ•Ç…ƒŽÇºÇ†ƒ†ƒŠƒ†òçò‘Žƒ•Ç†—”——†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ
…ƒ›òòǡ–ƒç›òò‰‹„‹Ž‹ˆŽ‹Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹›òœ‡›‹‹›‘º—珃”‹•‹‡ƒ”çǍ‡•‹Ž‹Ž‡ƒŽò‹›—ˆ‘Ž›‘˜‡›ƒ
„—Šƒ”‡•‹…‹„‹”ƒŽœ‡‡›Ž‡•ò”‡Ž‹‘Žƒ”ƒƒ’ŽƒƒŽÇ•Çœ†Ç”ƒœŽÇºÇ•ƒºŽƒƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ
ȗȗǣDžƒŠƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ›ò•‡ƒÇ獃•Ç…ƒŽÇŽƒ”ǐƒ†ƒ›ƒÇŽÇڜ‡Ž‘Žƒ”ƒò”‡–‹Ž‡ƒ—­—Ú’òºò—ŽŽƒÇŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ
Tablo 63.Ç獃•Ç…ƒŽÇºÇƒ‰Ú”‡—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ„‹Ž‡…‡Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹
Isõ Yalõtõm Malzemeleri
Cam Yünü : G‘”‰ƒ‹„‹”Šƒƒ††‡‘Žƒ•‹Ž‹•———›ò•‡„ƒ•Ç­ƒŽ–ǐ†ƒͳʹͲͲǦͳʹͷͲ醇‡”‰‹–‹Ž‡”‡ǡ‹…‡
‡Ž‡Ž‡”†‡ ‰‡­‹”‹Ž‡”‡ ‡Ž›ƒˆ ŠƒŽ‹‡ ‰‡–‹”‹Ž‹’ „—Žƒ”ǐ ‘”‰ƒ‹ „ƒºŽƒ›Ç…ÇŽƒ” ‹Ž‡ •Ç…ƒŽÇ ˜‡ „ƒ•Ç­ ƒŽ–ǐ†ƒ
燍‹ŽŽ‡†‹”‹Ž‡ǡ ƒ­Ç ‰Úœ‡‡Ž‹ „‹” ƒŽœ‡‡†‹”Ǥ Džƒ ˜‡ ǎǍ Šƒ–Žƒ”ǡ Ž‹ƒŽƒ”ǡ Šƒ˜ƒŽƒ†Ç”ƒ ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ –‡•‹•ƒ–
›ƒŽÇ–ÇÇ ƒƒ…Ç›Žƒ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ òœ‡”‡ ˆƒ”ŽÇ ƒ’Žƒƒ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ ‹Ž‡ 狎–‡ǡ Ž‡˜Šƒ ˜‡›ƒ „‘”— ˆ‘”—†ƒ †‡º‹ç‹
›‘º—Ž—Žƒ”†ƒ ȋͳͳǦͳͲͲ ‰Ȁ͵Ȍ ò”‡–‹Ž‡„‹Ž‹”Ǥ —ŽŽƒÇ •Ç…ƒŽÇºÇ ǦͷͲ Ȁ Ϊ ʹͷͲι ƒ”ƒŽÇºÇ†ƒ†Ç”Ǥ ͳ ˜‡›ƒ ʹ •ÇÇˆÇ
›ƒƒœ „‹” ƒŽœ‡‡†‹”Ǥ ͳͲιǯ†‡‹ ‘”–ƒŽƒƒ •ÇŽ ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹ †‡º‡”‹ ɉ α ͲǡͲ͵ͲǦͲǡͲͷͲ ȀȋǤȌǯ†‹”Ǥ — „—Šƒ”Ç
†‹ˆòœ›‘†‹”‡­ƒ–•ƒ›Ç•Çραͳǯ†‹”Ǥ
Taç Yünü: G‘”‰ƒ‹„‹”Šƒƒ††‡‘Žƒ„ƒœƒŽ–˜‡†‹ƒ„‡œ–ƒçŽƒ”ǐǐͳ͵ͷͲǦͳͶͲͲι•Ç…ƒŽÇŽƒ”†ƒ‹…‡‡Ž‡Ž‡”†‡
‰‡­‹”‹Ž‡”‡ ‡Ž›ƒˆ ŠƒŽ‹‡ ‰‡–‹”‹Ž‹’ „—Žƒ”ǐ ‘”‰ƒ‹ „ƒºŽƒ›Ç…ÇŽƒ” ‹Ž‡ •Ç…ƒŽÇ ˜‡ „ƒ•Ç­ ƒŽ–ǐ†ƒ 燍‹ŽŽ‡†‹”‹Ž‡ǡ ƒ­Ç
66
‰Úœ‡‡Ž‹ „‹” ƒŽœ‡‡†‹”Ǥ Džƒ ˜‡ ǎǍ Šƒ–Žƒ”ǡ Ž‹ƒŽƒ”ǡ Šƒ˜ƒŽƒ†Ç”ƒ ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ –‡•‹•ƒ– ›ƒŽÇ–ÇÇ ƒƒ…Ç›Žƒ
—ŽŽƒÇŽƒòœ‡”‡ˆƒ”ŽÇƒ’ŽƒƒƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹Ž‡ç‹Ž–‡ǡŽ‡˜Šƒ˜‡›ƒ„‘”—ˆ‘”—†ƒ†‡º‹ç‹›‘º—Ž—Žƒ”†ƒȋ͵ͲǦʹͲͲ
‰Ȁ͵ Ȍ ˆƒ”ŽÇ ƒ’Žƒƒ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ ‹Ž‡ 狎–‡ǡ Ž‡˜Šƒ ˜‡›ƒ „‘”— ˆ‘”—†ƒ ò”‡–‹Ž‡„‹Ž‹”Ǥ —ŽŽƒÇ •Ç…ƒŽÇºÇ ǦͷͲȀ
Ϊ͸ͷͲ̱͹ͷͲι ƒ”ƒŽÇºÇ†ƒ†Ç”Ǥ ͳ ˜‡›ƒ ʹ •ÇÇˆÇ ›ƒƒœ ƒŽœ‡‡†‹”Ǥ ͳͲιǯ†‡‹ ‘”–ƒŽƒƒ •ÇŽ ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹ †‡º‡”‹ •ÇŽ
‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹†‡º‡”‹ɉαͲǡͲ͵ͷǦͲǡͲͷͲȀȋǤȌǯ†‹”Ǥ—„—Šƒ”dž‹ˆòœ›‘†‹”‡­ƒ–•ƒ›Ç•Çραͳǯ†‹”Ǥ
Ekspande Polistren Köpüºü (EPS) : ‘Ž‹•–”‡ Šƒƒ††‡•‹‹ •— „—Šƒ”Ç ‹Ž‡ –‡ƒ• ‡–‡•‹ †—”——†ƒ
Šƒƒ††‡•‹†‡„—Ž—ƒ’‡–ƒ‰ƒœÇÇ‰‡Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‡•‹›Ž‡•‘º—Šƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ–‡•‹•ƒ–›ƒŽÇ–Ǐǃƒ…Ç›Žƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ
òœ‡”‡Ž‡˜Šƒ˜‡›ƒ„‘”—„‹­‹‹†‡ò”‡–‹Ž‹”Ž‡”Ǥ—ŽŽƒÇ•Ç…ƒŽÇºÇǦͷͲȀΪ͹ͷ̱ͺͲ郔ƒŽÇºÇ†ƒ†Ç”Ǥƒ‰Çƒ–‡’‹•ÇÇˆÇ
˜‡›ƒ ǯ †‹”Ǥ ͳͲιǯ†‡‹ ‘”–ƒŽƒƒ Ǖǎ ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹ †‡º‡”‹ ɉ α ͲǡͲ͵ͲǦͲǡͲͶͲ ȀȋǤȌǯ†‹”Ǥ — „—Šƒ”Ç †‹ˆòœ›‘ †‹”‡­
ƒ–•ƒ›Ç•ÇραʹͲǦͳͲͲ†ò”Ǥ
Ekstrüde Polistren Köpüºü (XPS) : ‘Ž‹•–”‡Šƒƒ††‡•‹‹‡•–”òœ›‘ȋŠƒ††‡Ž‡‡Ȍ‹Ž‡­‡‹Ž‡•‹‹Ž‡ò”‡–‹Ž‡
‘”–ƒ­‡’‡”Ž‹ƒ’ƒŽÇŠò…”‡›ƒ’Ǖǐƒ•ƒŠ‹’•‘º—Šƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ–‡•‹•ƒ–›ƒŽÇ–Ǐǃƒ…Ç›Žƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒòœ‡”‡Ž‡˜Šƒ˜‡›ƒ
„‘”— „‹­‹‹†‡ ò”‡–‹Ž‹”‡ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹†‹”Ǥ —ŽŽƒÇ •Ç…ƒŽÇºÇ ǦͷͲȀΪ͹ͷ̱ͺͲι ƒ”ƒŽÇºÇ†ƒ†Ç”Ǥ ƒ‰Çƒ
–‡’‹ •ÇÇˆÇ ˜‡›ƒ ǯ †‹”Ǥ •ÇŽ ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹ Š‡•ƒ’ †‡º‡”‹ ɉ α ͲǡͲ͵ͲǦͲǡͲͶͲ ȀȋǤȌǯ†‹”Ǥ — „—Šƒ”Ç †‹ˆòœ›‘ †‹”‡­
ƒ–•ƒ›Ç•ÇραͺͲǦʹͷͲ†‹”Ǥ
Polietilen Köpüºü (PEF): •–ò”òœ›‘ ‡–‘†—›Žƒǡ „‘”— ˜‡›ƒ Ž‡˜Šƒ 燍Ž‹†‡ ò”‡–‹Ž‡ ’‘Ž‹‡–‹Ž‡ ‡•ƒ•ŽÇ
ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”†‹”Ǥ ‘º— ˜‡ ǎǍ Šƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ ˜‡ ƒƒŽŽƒ”†ƒ –‡•‹•ƒ– ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐǐ†ƒ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ òœ‡”‡ Ž‡˜Šƒ ˜‡ „‘”—
„‹­‹‹†‡ǡ ƒŽò‹›— ˆ‘Ž›‘ ƒ’ŽƒƒŽÇ ˜‡›ƒ ƒ’Žƒƒ•Çœ ‘Žƒ”ƒ ò”‡–‹Ž‹”Ǥ —ŽŽƒÇ •Ç…ƒŽÇºÇ ǦͺͲȀΪͻͷι
ƒ”ƒŽÇºÇ†ƒ†Ç”Ǥ ƒ‰Çƒ –‡’‹ •ÇÇˆÇ ˜‡›ƒ ǯ †‹”Ǥ ͳͲιǯ†‡‹ ‘”–ƒŽƒƒ Ǖǎ ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹ †‡º‡”‹ ɉ α ͲǡͲ͵ͷǦͲǡͲͷͲ
ȀȋǤȌǯ†‹”Ǥ—„—Šƒ”dž‹ˆòœ›‘†‹”‡­ƒ–•ƒ›Ç•ÇρηͳͲͲͲ†‹”Ǥ
Kauçuk Köpüºü (FEF): •–ò”òœ›‘‡–‘†—›Žƒǡ„‘”—˜‡›ƒŽ‡˜Šƒç‡Ž‹†‡ò”‡–‹Ž‡‡Žƒ•–‘‡”‹ƒ—­—Ú’òºò
‡•ƒ•ŽÇ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”†‹”Ǥ ‘º— ˜‡ ǎǍ Šƒ–Žƒ”ǐǡ ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐ –‡•‹•ƒ– ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐǐ†ƒ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ òœ‡”‡ Ž‡˜Šƒ ˜‡ „‘”—
„‹­‹‹†‡ǡ ƒŽò‹›— ˆ‘Ž›‘ ƒ’ŽƒƒŽÇ ˜‡›ƒ ƒ’Žƒƒ•Çœ ‘Žƒ”ƒ ò”‡–‹Ž‹”Ž‡”Ǥ —ŽŽƒÇ •Ç…ƒŽÇºÇ ǦͶͲȀΪͳͲͷι
ƒ”ƒŽÇºÇ†ƒ†Ç”Ǥ ƒ‰Çƒ –‡’‹ •ÇÇˆÇ ǡ ˜‡›ƒ ǯ †‹”Ǥ ͳͲιǯ†‡‹ ‘”–ƒŽƒƒ Ǖǎ ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹ †‡º‡”‹ ɉ α ͲǡͲ͵ͲǦͲǡͲͷͲ
ȀȋǤȌǯ†‹”Ǥ—„—Šƒ”dž‹ˆòœ›‘†‹”‡­ƒ–•ƒ›Ç•Çρη͵ͲͲͲǯ†‹”Ǥ
1. Isõtma Tesisatõnõn Yalõtõmõ
‹ƒŽƒ”ǐǕǖƒ–‡•‹•ƒ–ÇǎǍŠƒ–Žƒ”•ÇÇˆÇƒ‰‹”‡–‡‘Ž—’Ç•Ç–ƒ–‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”ǐ†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒÇ•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹
’‘Ž‹‡–‹Ž‡Ú’òǡ‡Žƒ•–‘‡”‹ƒ—­—Ú’òºòǡ…ƒ›òò˜‡–ƒç›òò†ò”Ǥ
2. Soºutma Tesisatõnõn Yalõtõmõ
‘º— –‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ Šƒ˜ƒ†ƒ „—Ž—ƒ •— „—Šƒ”Ç –‡•‹•ƒ– ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹ ›òœ‡›‹†‡ †òçò •Ç…ƒŽÇŽƒ ƒ”çǎƒç–Ǻǐ†ƒ
›‘º—珃 ‡›†ƒƒ ‰‡Ž‹”Ǥ ‘º—珃›Ç ‡‰‡ŽŽ‡›‡„‹Ž‡ ‹­‹ –‡•‹•ƒ–ǐ ›òœ‡› •Ç…ƒŽÇºÇÇ ›‘º—珃Ç ‘Žƒ›ƒ…ƒºÇ
”‹–‹•Ç…ƒŽÇºÇòœ‡”‹‡­Çƒ”ƒÇœ‰‡”‡‹”Ǥ——‹­‹›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ›ƒ’ÇŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ­Ç‰Úœ‡‡Ž‹ȋ…ƒ›òòǡ–ƒç›òòȌ
ǕǛƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ•Ç†—”——†ƒ›‘º—珃Ç‡‰‡ŽŽ‡‡•‹‹­‹†Ç疃„—Šƒ”‡•‹…‹„‹”ƒŽœ‡‡
‹Ž‡ ƒ’Žƒƒ•Ç ˜‡ •Çœ†Ç”ƒœŽÇºÇ •ƒºŽƒƒ•Ç ‰‡”‡‹”Ǥ ƒ’ƒŽÇ ‰Úœ‡‡Ž‹ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”†‡ ‹•‡ ‹Žƒ˜‡ „‹” ƒ’Žƒƒ›ƒ
‰‡”‡ ›‘–—”Ǥ ‘º—珃 ˜‡ ‘”‘œ›‘ ‘Ž—痏— ‰‹„‹ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐǐ ƒŽ‹–‡•‹‹ †òçò”‡ ˜‡ ‹•–‡‡›‡ †—”—Žƒ”ǐ
‘Ž—珃•Çƒ ‡‰‡Ž ‘Žƒ„‹Ž‡ ‹­‹ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹ •— „—Šƒ”Ç †‹ˆòœ›‘ †‹”‡­ ƒ–•ƒ›Ç•ÇÇ ȋPȌ ›‡–‡”‹…‡
›ò•‡ ‘Žƒ•Çƒǡ —›‰— ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽÇŽÇºÇÇ –‡•’‹– ‡†‹Ž‡•‹‡ ˜‡ †‘º”— —›‰—Žƒƒ †‡–ƒ›Ç •‡­‹Ž‡•‹‡ †‹ƒ–
‡†‹Ž‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ ‘º—–ƒ –‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”ǐ†ƒ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ —›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ „‹†‹”‡ ƒ”ƒŽÇŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ
•Çœ†Ç”ƒœŽÇ—–Žƒƒ•ƒºŽƒƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ——‹­‹‡†‹†‡›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇ„—Šƒ”‡•‹…‹„ƒ–Žƒ”—ŽŽƒÇŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ
ƒœÇ›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹•—„—Šƒ”dž‹ˆòœ›‘†‹”‡­ƒ–•ƒ›ÇŽƒ”ǃ烺džƒ˜‡”‹Ž‹ç–‹”ǣ
Hava
ͳǤͲ
Polietilen Köpük
͵ͷͲͲȂͷͲͲͲ
Camyünü
ͳǤͳ
Kauçuk Köpüºü
͵ͲͲͲȂͳͲͲͲͲ
Poliüretan Köpük ͷͲȂͳͲͲ
Metal
‰‡­‹”‡œ
Tablo 64: ƒœÇƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹•—„—Šƒ”dž‹ˆòœ›‘†‹”‡­Ž‡”‹
3. Vanalarõn ve Armatürlerin Yalõtõmõ
ƒƒ ˜‡ ƒ”ƒ–ò”Ž‡”‹ ›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽƒƒ•Ç †—”——†ƒ ƒ›Ç ­ƒ’ŽÇ ͵ǦͶ ‡–”‡ „‘”—›ƒ ‡ç†‡º‡” ‹–ƒ”†ƒ ‡‡”Œ‹
ƒ›Ç’Žƒ”ǐǐ‡›†ƒƒ‰‡Ž‡…‡º‹‰ÚœÚò†‡„—Ž—†—”—ŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ
ƒƒ˜‡†‹º‡”ƒ”ƒ–ò”Ž‡”‹ ›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽƒ”Ç狏†‹›‡ƒ†ƒ”‰ƒŽ˜ƒ‹œ•ƒ­–ƒ‹ƒŽ‡†‹Ž‡—–—‹­‡”‹•‹‡…ƒ›òò›ƒ†ƒ
–ƒç›òò†‘Ž†—”ƒ•—”‡–‹‹Ž‡›ƒ’ÇŽƒ–ƒ›†ÇǤƒƒ–„—›Ú–‡Ǣ„‹”›ƒ†ƒ˜ƒƒÇ„ƒÇÇÇœ‘”Žƒç–ǔǔ‡†‹º‡”
›ƒ†ƒ †ƒ ‘Žƒ•Ç „‹” •ÇœÇ–Ç †—”——†ƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹ ڜ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”‹‹ „‘œ—Žƒ•Çƒ ‡†‡ ‘Žƒ–ƒ ˜‡
—›‰—Žƒƒ‰ò­ŽòŽ‡”‹›ƒ”ƒ–ƒ–ƒ†Ç”Ǥ
òòòœ†‡˜ƒƒ›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽƒ”Ç‹­‹†‡‘–‡‡†‹Ž‡„‹Ž‡ǡ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ…‡‡–Ž‡”‹‹ŸŽ
67
‡†‹Ž‡–‡†‹”Ǥƒƒ…‡‡–Ž‡”‹ǡ•Ç…ƒ•—˜‡„—Šƒ”‰‹„‹Ç•Ç–ƒ•‹•–‡Ž‡”‹†‡˜ƒƒ›òœ‡›‹†‡‘ŽƒÇ•Çƒ›„ǐÇǡ•‘º—–ƒ
•‹•–‡Ž‡”‹†‡‹•‡Ç•Çƒœƒ…ǐǘ‡›‘º—珃›ÇڐŽ‡‡ƒƒ…Ç‹Ž‡—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ–ƒ†Ç”Ǥ
‘º— Šƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ ˜ƒƒ ˜‡ ƒ”ƒ–ò”Ž‡”‹ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐǐ†ƒ ˜ƒƒ …‡‡–Ž‡”‹ •Çœ†Ç”ƒœŽÇºÇ –ƒ •ƒºŽƒ›ƒƒ›Ç’
›‘º—珃›ƒ‡†‡‘Ž†—º—‹­‹ƒ—­—Ú’òºò›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹Ž‡›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ•Ç†ƒŠƒ—›‰—†—”Ǥ
4. Tesisatta Yalõtõm Kalõnlõºõ
ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽÇŽÇŽƒ”Ç„‡Ž‹”Ž‡‡•‹‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ‡”Œ‹‡”ˆ‘”ƒ•Ú‡–‡Ž‹º‹ǯ†‡„‡Ž‹”–‹Ž‡‡•ƒ•Žƒ”ƒ‰Ú”‡
›ƒ’ÇŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ
Mekanik tesisat yalõtõmõ esaslarõ
‹ƒŽƒ”ǐ Ǖǖƒǡ •‘º—–ƒǡ Šƒ˜ƒŽƒ†Ç”ƒ ˜‡ Ž‹ƒ ‰‹„‹ ‡‡”Œ‹ —ŽŽƒÇÇÇ ‡–‹Ž‡›‡ –‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”ǐ†ƒ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ
„‘”—Žƒ”ǡ ‘ŽŽ‡–Ú”Ž‡” ˜‡ „ƒºŽƒ–Ç ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ǡ ˜ƒƒŽƒ”ǡ Šƒ˜ƒŽƒ†Ç”ƒ ˜‡ ‹Ž‹Ž‡†‹”‡ ƒƒŽŽƒ”Çǡ •ÇŠŠ‹ •Ç…ƒ •—
ò”‡–‹…‹Ž‡”‹ ˜‡ †‡’‘Žƒƒ ò‹–‡Ž‡”‹ǡ ›ƒÇ– †‡’‘Žƒ”Ç ˜‡ †‹º‡” ‡ƒ‹ –‡•‹•ƒ– ‡‹’ƒŽƒ”Çǡ Ç•Ç Ú’”ò•ò‡ ›‘Ž
ƒ­ƒ›ƒ…ƒ 燍‹Ž†‡ ˜‡ ›òœ‡› •Ç…ƒŽÇºÇ ‹Ž‡ ‹­ ‘”–ƒ •Ç…ƒŽÇºÇ ƒ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ ͷιǯ†‡ ˆƒœŽƒ ˆƒ” ˜‡ ›òœ‡›†‡ ›‘º—珃
‘Žƒ›ƒ…ƒç‡‹Ž†‡›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽÇ”ȋڐ‡–‡Ž‹º‹Ǧƒ††‡ͳͳȌǤ
‡ƒ‹ –‡•‹•ƒ––ƒ ‡›†ƒƒ ‰‡Ž‡ Ç•Ç ƒ›Ç’ ˜‡ ƒœƒ­Žƒ”Ç ͳʹʹͶͳǣʹͲͲͺ •–ƒ†ƒ”†Çƒ ‰Ú”‡
Š‡•ƒ’ŽƒÇ”Ǥfƒ”–Žƒ†Ç”ÇŽƒ ‡ƒŽƒ”ǐ ‹­‡”‹•‹†‡ ›‡” ƒŽƒ ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǡ Ǖǎ †‹”‡…‹ Ͳǡ͸  ʹȀǯ†ƒ ò­ò ‘Žƒ›ƒ…ƒ
燍‹Ž†‡›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽÇ”Ǥ‹º‡”‡ƒŽƒ”†ƒ›‡”ƒŽƒ˜‡›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽƒ•Ç‰‡”‡‡ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐǕǎ†‹”‡…‹ͳǡʹȋ ʹȌȀǯ†ƒò­ò
‘Žƒ›ƒ…ƒç‡‹Ž†‡›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽÇ”Ǥ
‡ƒ‹–‡•‹•ƒ–„‘”—˜‡Ž‹ƒƒƒŽÇ‘–ƒŒŽƒ”Çǡ„‘”—Žƒ”ǐ˜‡ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐ„‹”„‹”Ž‡”‹ƒ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ‹‡•ƒˆ‡Ž‡”‹Ž‡–ƒ˜ƒǡ
–ƒ„ƒ ˜‡ †—˜ƒ”Žƒ” ƒ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ‹ ‡•ƒˆ‡Ž‡”‹ǡ Š‡•ƒ’ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽÇŽÇŽƒ”ǐǐ —›‰—Žƒƒ•Çƒ ‡‰‡Ž
‘Žƒ›ƒ…ƒ 燍‹Ž†‡ ›ƒ’ÇŽÇ”Ǥ ‘”—Žƒ”ǐ ˜‡ Ž‹ƒ ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐǐ ƒ•Ç›ƒ ƒŽÇƒŽƒ”Ç ‹Ž‡ ƒŽÇ…Ç ˜‡›ƒ •ƒ„‹– ‡•‡–Ž‡
†‡•–‡Ž‡‡Ž‡”‹†‡Ç•Çƒ›Ç’Žƒ”ǐǐ˜‡Ç•ÇÚ’”òŽ‡”‹‹‘Ž—珃•Çƒ‹œ‹˜‡”‹Ž‡œǤ
‘º—•—˜‡•‘º—–ƒ–‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”ǐ†ƒ‹„‘”—Žƒ”˜‡•‘º—ƒÇ獃–ƒçǛƒŽ‹ƒƒƒŽŽƒ”ÇǡǕǍƒœƒ­Žƒ”ǘ‡›‘º—珃
”‹•‹‹ÚŽ‡‡›‡›Ú‡Ž‹‘Žƒ”ƒ‹‹ƒ›”ÇŠ‡•ƒ’Žƒƒ›Ú–‡‹•‘—…—†ƒ‡Ž†‡‡†‹Ž‡‡„ò›òƒŽÇŽÇ†‡º‡”‹‡•ƒ•
ƒŽÇƒ”ƒ †Ç疃 ›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽÇ”Ǥ ‘º—珃Ç ˜‡ ‘”‘œ›‘— ڐŽ‡‡„‹Ž‡•‹ ‹­‹ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ Š‡•ƒ’ŽƒƒŽƒ”†ƒǡ „‘”—— ˜‡
ƒƒŽÇ ›òœ‡› •Ç…ƒŽÇºÇÇǡ ­‹º ‘–ƒ•Ç •Ç…ƒŽÇºÇÇ ƒŽ–ǐƒ †ò珇‡•‹‹ •ƒºŽƒ›ƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽÇŽÇºÇ ‰ÚœÚò†‡
„—Ž—†—”—Ž—”Ǥ ‘º— •— ˜‡ •‘º—–ƒ –‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”ǐ†ƒ‹ „‘”—Žƒ” ˜‡ •‘º— ƒÇ獃 –ƒçǛƒ Ž‹ƒ ƒƒŽŽƒ”Ç ƒ­Ç
‰Úœ‡‡Ž‹Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ•Ç†—”——†ƒǡ›‘º—珃Ç‡‰‡ŽŽ‡‡•‹‹­‹†Ç疃„—Šƒ”‡•‹…‹„‹”
ƒŽœ‡‡‹Ž‡ƒ’ŽƒÇ”Ǥ
5. Mekanik Tesisat Sisteminin Gyileçtirilmesi
‡˜…—– „‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ ­ƒ–Ç ˜‡ †—˜ƒ”Žƒ”ƒ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–ÇÇ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ•Ç ˜‡ ’‡…‡”‡ •‹•–‡Ž‡”‹‹ ‹›‹Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‡•‹ ‹Ž‡ ‡ƒ‹
–‡•‹•ƒ––ƒ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–ÇÇ •‘—…— „‹ƒÇ Ççǐ Ç•Ç ƒ›„Çǡ ›ƒœÇ ‹•‡ Ç•Ç ƒœƒ…Ç ƒœƒŽƒ…ƒ–Ç”Ǥ — ǕÇ
ƒ›„ÇȀƒœƒ…ǐ†ƒ‹ƒœƒŽƒÇǡ„‹ƒ†ƒ–ò‡–‹Ž‡›ƒÇ–‹–ƒ”ǐ†ƒ„‹”–ƒ•ƒ””—ˆ•ƒºŽƒ›ƒ„‹Ž‡•‹‹­‹Ç•Ç–ƒ•‹•–‡‹
–ƒ”ƒˆÇ†ƒ ƒŽ‰ÇŽƒƒ„‹Ž‡•‹ ‰‡”‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ — ‡†‡Ž‡ „— „‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ ˜ƒ” ‘Žƒ ‡ƒ‹ Ǖǖƒ ˜‡›ƒ •‘º—–ƒ
•‹•–‡Ž‡”‹‹‹›‹Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‡•‹çƒ”––Ç”Ǥ—‹›‹Ž‡ç–‹”‡ƒçƒºÇ†ƒ‹ƒ††‡Ž‡”‹—›‰—Žƒƒ•Ç›Žƒ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ
§
§
§
§
ƒœ˜‡•Ç˜Ç›ƒÇ–›ƒƒƒœƒŽƒ”†ƒ‹çŽ‡–‡†Ú‡‹†‡›ÇŽ†ƒ‡ƒœ‹‹‡œ„ƒ…ƒ‰ƒœÇƒƒŽ‹œ‹›ƒ’–ǔǎƒ”ƒǡ
ƒœƒǦ„”òŽÚ” ƒ›ƒ”Žƒ”ǐƒ ò†ƒŠƒŽ‡ ‡†‹Ž‡Ž‹ǡ •‹•–‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ•Ç ‘–”‘Ž ƒŽ–ǐ†ƒ –—–—ŽƒŽÇǡ „ò›ò
–‡•‹•Ž‡”†‡•Úœ‘—•—‘–”‘Ž’‡”‹›‘†‹˜‡†ƒŠƒ•Ç›ƒ’ÇŽƒŽÇǡƒœƒǦ„”òŽÚ”•‹•–‡‹‹‘–”‘Žò—–Žƒƒ
›ƒ’ÇŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ
ƒ–Ç›ƒÇ–›ƒƒƒœƒŽƒ”ǐڐ†—ƒƒ’ƒŽƒ”Çǡƒ”ƒ†—ƒ•ƒ†ÇºÇ„ƒºŽƒ–ÇŽƒ”Ç‹Ž‡’ƒ–Žƒƒƒ’ƒºÇÇ
ƒ›ƒ–ˆ‹–‹ŽŽ‡”Ž‡„ƒ•‹–‘Žƒ”ƒ…‘–ƒŽƒƒ•Ç•—”‡–‹›Ž‡Šƒ˜ƒ•Çœ†Ç”ƒœŠƒŽ‡‰‡–‹”‹Ž‡•‹‹›ƒƒ˜‡”‹‹‡
‘Ž—Ž—‡–‹•‹˜ƒ”†Ç”Ǥ
ƒ–Çǡ •Ç˜Ç ˜‡›ƒ ‰ƒœ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ –ò ƒœƒŽƒ”†ƒ „ƒ…ƒ ‰ƒœÇ •Ç…ƒŽÇºÇÇ ‹çŽ‡–‡…‹ ˜‡›ƒ ›Ú‡–‹…‹ –ƒ”ƒˆÇ†ƒ
‹œŽ‡‡„‹Ž‡•‹‹­‹„ƒ…ƒ‰ƒœÇ–‡”‘‡–”‡•‹—ŽŽƒÇŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ
‡”‡œ‹ Ǖǖƒ –‡•‹•Ž‡”‹‹ †Çç Šƒ˜ƒ ‘’ƒœƒ•›‘Ž— ‘–‘ƒ–‹ ‘–”‘Ž •‹•–‡Ž‡”‹›Ž‡ǡ „‹”‡›•‡Ž Ǖǖƒ
•‹•–‡Ž‡”‹‹ †‡ ‘†ƒ –‡”‘•–ƒ–Žƒ”Ç ˜‡›ƒ –‡”‘•–ƒ–‹ ”ƒ†›ƒ–Ú” —•Ž—Žƒ”Ç ‹Ž‡ †‘ƒ–ÇŽƒŽƒ”Ç ‰‡”‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ
‡”‡œ‹Ç•Ç–ƒ˜‡›ƒŽ‹ƒ•‹•–‡Ž‡”‹†‡Ç•Ç‰‡”‹ƒœƒÇÇ•ƒºŽƒ›ƒ…ƒ–‡†„‹”Ž‡”ƒŽÇƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ
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6. Tesisatlarda Isõ Yalõtõmõ Uygulamalarõ
6.1 Kendinden Yalõtõmlõ Hava Kanalõ Uygulamalarõ:
‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ „—Ž—ƒ Šƒ˜ƒŽƒ†Ç”ƒ ˜‡ Ž‹ƒ ƒƒŽŽƒ”ÇǢ „‹” ›òœò ƒŽò‹›— ˆ‘Ž›‘ǡ †‹º‡” ›òœò •‹›ƒŠ …ƒ –òŽò ˜‡›ƒ
ƒŽò‹›—ˆ‘Ž›‘ƒ’ŽÇ…ƒ›òòŽ‡˜ŠƒŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ‹ƒŽ‡†‹Ž‡„‹Ž‹”Ǥ‹›ƒŠ…ƒ–òŽò›òœ‡›ǡƒƒŽÇ‹­›òœ‡›‹‹ǡƒŽò‹›—
ˆ‘Ž›‘‹•‡†Çç›òœ‡›‹‹‘Ž—ç–—”—”Ǥ
—ƒƒ­ŽƒǢ’”‡ˆƒ„”‹Ž‹ƒƒƒŽÇŽ‡˜ŠƒŽƒ”Çǡ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ…ƒƒƒŽÇ„‘›—–Žƒ”ǐƒ‰Ú”‡‡•‹Ž‹”Ǥ‡•‹Ž‡Ž‡˜ŠƒŽƒ”ǐƒ–Žƒƒ”ƒ
ƒƒŽ ŠƒŽ‹‡ ‰‡–‹”‹Ž‡„‹Ž‡•‹ ‹­‹ ‘Ž— ›‡”Ž‡”‹ Ž‡˜ŠƒÇ —œ— ‡ƒ”Ç òœ‡”‹‡ ‹çƒ”‡–Ž‡‹”Ǥ ƒœÇ”Žƒƒ…ƒ ‘Žƒ ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐ
„‹”„‹”Ž‡”‹‡ ‘–‡ ‡†‹Ž‡„‹Ž‡•‹ ‹­‹ ‹•‡ Ž‡˜ŠƒÇ Ç•ƒ ‡ƒ”Žƒ”Ç òœ‡”‹†‡ „‹” –ƒ”ƒˆ–ƒ ‹­–‡ǡ †‹º‡” –ƒ”ƒˆ–ƒ †Ç疃 ‡‹‡
‘Ž—›‡”‹‹çƒ”‡–Ž‡‹”ǤÇ疃‘–ƒŒ‘Ž—º—ƒ­ÇŽƒ†ƒÚ…‡ƒŽò‹›—ˆ‘Ž›‘†‹ƒ–Ž‹…‡…ƒ›òò†‡ƒ›”ÇŽÇ”ǤG烔‡–Ž‡”
òœ‡”‹†‡ ڜ‡Ž ƒŽ‡–Ž‡”Ž‡ ƒ–Žƒƒ ˜‡ ‘–ƒŒ ‘Ž—Žƒ”Ç ƒ­ÇŽÇ”Ǥ ƒ–Žƒƒ ‘Ž—Žƒ”ǐǐ ڜ‡Ž ‡•‡ ƒŽ‡–Ž‡”‹ ‹Ž‡ ƒŽò‹›—
ˆ‘Ž›‘›ƒœƒ”ƒ”˜‡”‡†‡ƒ­ÇŽƒ•Ç‹Ž‡Ž‡˜ŠƒŽƒ”ƒ–Žƒƒ”ƒƒƒŽˆ‘”—ƒ‰‡–‹”‹Ž‹”Ǥ
fekil 31: •Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽ‡˜ŠƒŽƒ”ǐǐ‘Ž—ƒ­ÇŽƒ”ƒƒƒŽˆ‘”——˜‡”‹Ž‡•‹
ƒ–Žƒƒ ‹çŽ‡‹†‡ •‘”ƒǡ „‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‡ ‡ƒ”Ç òœ‡”‹†‡ œÇ„ƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ ƒç–ƒ „‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‡ ‡ƒ”Ç ‘Žƒ òœ‡”‡ǡ –ò
Ú燎‡”˜‡ƒŽò‹›—ƒ’Žƒƒ•Ç†ƒÇ•‹Šƒ•ƒ”‘Žƒ„ÚŽòŽ‡”ǡ›ƒ’Ç獃ƒŽò‹›—ˆ‘Ž›‘„ƒ–‹Ž‡„ƒ–Žƒƒ”ƒƒƒŽ
‘Ž—ç–—”—Ž—”Ǥ
fekil 32: ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐ„‹”Ž‡ç‡‡ƒ”Žƒ”Çòœ‡”‹†‡œÇ„ƒŽƒƒ•Ç
fekil 33: ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐ„‹”Ž‡ç‡‡ƒ”Žƒ”ǐ†ƒƒŽò‹›—ˆ‘Ž›‘„ƒ–—›‰—Žƒƒ•Ç
ƒœÇ”ŽƒƒŠƒ˜ƒƒƒŽƒ”ǐǐ‹­–‡˜‡†Ç疃ƒ­ÇŽƒ‘–ƒŒ‘Ž—Žƒ”Ǎƒ”çǎǍŽÇ‰‡Ž‡…‡ç‡‹Ž†‡ƒƒŽŽƒ”„‹”„‹”‹‡‡Ž‡‹”Ǥ
Ç疃‘–ƒŒ‘Ž—º—ƒ­ÇŽÇçÇ•ƒ‡ƒ”†ƒ‹ƒŽò‹›—ˆ‘Ž›‘†‹º‡”ƒƒŽòœ‡”‹‡‰‡–‹”‹Ž‡”‡œÇ„ƒŽƒƒ”ƒ„‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹”Ǥ
ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐ„‹”Ž‡ç‹›‡”Ž‡”‹‡‹Žƒ˜‡‘Žƒ”ƒ–‡”ƒ”ƒŽò‹›—ˆ‘Ž›‘—„ƒ–Žƒƒ•Ç‹Ž‡‘–ƒŒ–ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ
fekil 34: ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐ‘–ƒŒÇ˜‡„‹”Ž‡ç‡›‡”Ž‡”‹‹œÇ„ƒŽƒƒ•Ç
‡ˆ‡œŽ‡”‹ –ƒÇŽƒ•Ç ‹­‹ ƒƒŽŽƒ” —›‰— ڎ­òŽ‡”†‡ ‡•‹Ž‡”‡ ‡ˆ‡œ ƒ­ÇŽÇŽƒ”Ç ‘Ž—ç–—”—Ž—”Ǥ ƒƒŽ ‹­‡”‹•‹‡
›‡”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‡’”‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡”‹òœ‡”‹†‡‡ˆ‡œ˜‹†ƒŽƒƒ”ƒ‡ˆ‡œ‘–ƒŒÇ–ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ
69
6.2 Kendinden Yalõtõmlõ Esnek Hava Kanallarõ ile Yapõlan Uygulamalar:
fƒ”–Žƒ†Ç”ÇŽÇ犃˜ƒÇƒŠƒŽŽ‡”‡†ƒºÇ–ÇŽƒ•Ç†ƒ‡†‹†‡›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ‡•‡Šƒ˜ƒƒƒŽŽƒ”Ǎ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ‡†‹†‡
›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ ‡•‡ Šƒ˜ƒ ƒƒŽŽƒ”ÇǢ ƒ–ƒŽƒ” ƒ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ …ƒ›òò ‹­‡”‡ ͵ ƒ›”Ç ƒŽò‹›— ƒ–ƒÇ†ƒ ‘Ž—ç—”Ǥ  †Çç
–ƒ”ƒˆ–ƒ›‡”ƒŽƒƒŽò‹›—ƒ–ƒ„—Šƒ”‡•‹…‹‰Ú”‡˜‹‰Ú”ò”‡ǡ‡‹­–‡›‡”ƒŽƒƒ–ƒ‹•‡’ò”òœ•òœǡ†òœ‰ò„‹”‹­
›òœ‡›•ƒºŽƒ›ƒ”ƒ…ƒ›òò†‡‡›†ƒƒ‰‡Ž‡„‹Ž‡…‡‡Ž›ƒˆ‡”‘œ›‘——ڐŽ‡‡–‡†‹”Ǥ
‡†‹†‡›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ„—ƒƒŽ‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”ǕǍÇç–ǔǎƒ”ƒ’ƒ‡–Ž‡‹”Ž‡”Ǥò”òœ•òœ˜‡†òœ‰ò„‹”‹­›òœ‡›‡Ž†‡‡–‡ ‹­‹
‡†‹†‡ ›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ ‡•‡ Šƒ˜ƒ ƒƒŽŽƒ”Ç —ŽŽƒÇŽÇ”‡ –ƒƒ‡ ƒ­ÇŽÇç ‘ŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ ‡†‹†‡ ›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ ‡•‡ Šƒ˜ƒ
ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ‡›†ƒƒ‰‡Ž‡„òœòŽ‡Ž‡”ƒƒŽ­ƒ’ǐǐ†ƒ”ƒŽƒ•Çƒ˜‡„ƒ•Ç­ƒ›Ç’Žƒ”ǐƒ‡†‡‘Žƒ…ƒºÇ†ƒ›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ
ƒƒŽ ‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”ǐǐ ƒ­ÇŽ†Ç–ƒ •‘”ƒ –‡”ƒ” „òœòŽ‡‡•‹‡ †‹ƒ– ‡†‹Ž‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ •‡ ‡†‹†‡ ›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ Šƒ˜ƒ
ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐǐ ȋ„”ƒçƒŽƒ”ǐȌ ƒƒ Šƒ˜ƒ ƒƒŽÇƒ ‘–ƒŒÇ ڜ‡Ž „ƒºŽƒ–Ç ‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”Ç ȋƒç‘Žƒ”Ȍ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ”ƒ ›ƒ’ÇŽÇ”Ǥ
ƒ Šƒ˜ƒŽƒ†Ç”ƒ ƒƒŽÇ „”ƒçƒ ­ƒ’ǐƒ ‰Ú”‡ ‡•‹Ž‹”Ǥ ƒºŽƒ–Ç ‡Ž‡ƒÇ ƒ­ÇŽƒ „— †‡Ž‹–‡ ‰‡­‹”‹Ž‹” ˜‡ ƒç‘
‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ„—Ž—ƒ–Ç”ƒŽƒ”ƒƒŽ‹­›òœ‡›‹‡–—–—ƒ•ƒºŽƒ”Ǥƒ‹”‡•‡Žƒç‘‡Ž‡ƒÇÇƒƒƒƒŽ‹Ž‡„‹”Ž‡ç‹
›‡”‹‡ƒ•–‹•ò”òŽ‡”‡•Çœ†Ç”ƒœŽÇ•ƒºŽƒÇ”Ǥ
fekil 35: ƒŠƒ˜ƒƒƒŽÇƒ„ƒºŽƒ–LJŽ‡ƒÇÇȋƒç‘—Ȍ‘–ƒŒÇ
—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ…ƒ —œ—Ž—–ƒ‹ ‡†‹†‡ ›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ Šƒ˜ƒ ƒƒŽÇǡ —–—— ò•– ›ƒ †—˜ƒ”ǐ†ƒ ƒ­ÇŽƒ ‡ ˆƒœŽƒ ͷ … —›‰—
‰‡‹çŽ‹–‡‹ „‹” †‡Ž‹–‡ ­‡‹Ž‡”‡ ­Çƒ”ÇŽÇ”ǡ „Ç­ƒ ˜‡›ƒ ƒƒ• ›ƒ”†ÇÇ ‹Ž‡ †‹ƒ–Ž‹…‡ ‡•‹Ž‹”Ǥ ƒçÇ›Ç…Ç Š‡Ž‡œ‘ –‡Ž‹
‡•‹‹‹­‹‹•‡–‡Ž‡•‹…‹—ŽŽƒÇŽÇ”Ǥ”–ƒŠƒ˜ƒƒƒŽÇ—–——‹­‡”‹•‹‡„ƒ•–ǔǎƒ”ƒ„‹”•‘”ƒ‹—ŽŽƒÇ‹­‹—Šƒˆƒœƒ
‡†‹Ž‹”Ǥ
—Šƒ” ‡•‹…‹ ‰Ú”‡˜‹ ‰Ú”‡ †Çç …‡‡– ˜‡ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹ ‰‡”‹›‡ †‘º”— •Ç›Ç”ƒ”ƒ ‹­ ƒƒŽ ‘”–ƒ›ƒ ­Çƒ”ÇŽÇ”Ǥ ƒ˜ƒ
ƒƒŽÇÇ ‹­ ƒƒŽÇǡ „ƒºŽƒ–Ç ’ƒ”­ƒ•ÇÇ òœ‡”‹‡ ‡ ƒœ ʹͷ  „‹†‹”‹Ž‡”‡ ›‡”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹”Ǥ ǜ†Ç”ƒœŽÇºÇ •ƒºŽƒƒ ‹­‹
‡†‹†‡›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ‡•‡Šƒ˜ƒƒƒŽÇ˜‡„ƒºŽƒ–LJŽ‡ƒÇÇ„‹”Ž‡ç‹›‡”‹‡†òçò˜‡›ò•‡•Ç…ƒŽÇŽƒ”ƒ†ƒ›ƒÇŽÇ
ڜ‡Ž–ƒ˜‹›‡Ž‹ƒŽò‹›—ˆ‘Ž›‘„ƒ–‹‹–—”•ƒ”ÇŽÇ”ǤŽò‹›—ˆ‘Ž›‘„ƒ–—›‰—Žƒƒ•ÇÇƒ”†Ç†ƒ„‹”Ž‡ç‹›‡”‹•ÇÇ…ƒ
‡Ž‡’­‡Ž‡‹”Ǥ ‡”‹›‡ •Ç›”ÇŽÇç †Çç …‡‡– ˜‡ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹ǡ Šƒ˜ƒ ƒƒŽÇÇ ڔ–‡…‡ 燍‹Ž†‡ †òœ‡Ž–‹Ž‹”Ǥ ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ Šƒ˜ƒ
ƒƒŽÇÇ œƒƒŽƒ ƒƒ ƒƒŽ ˜‡ „ƒºŽƒ–Ç ‡Ž‡ƒÇ†ƒ ƒ›”ÇŽƒƒ•Ç ‹­‹ „‹”Ž‡ç‹ ›‡”‹‡ ‹‹ –—” ڜ‡Ž „ƒ– †‘ŽƒÇ” ˜‡
‡Ž‡’­‡—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ”ƒ—›‰—Žƒƒ–ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ
fekil 36: ƒŠƒ˜ƒƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐƒ‡†‹†‡›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ‡•‡Šƒ˜ƒƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐǐ„‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‡•‹
‹”„‹”‹‡‡Ž‡‡…‡Š‡”‹‹›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ‡•‡Šƒ˜ƒƒƒŽÇÇ†Ç煇‡–˜‡›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹‰‡”‹›‡†‘º”—•Ç›Ç”ƒ”ƒ‹­
ƒƒŽŽƒ”Ç ƒ­Çºƒ ­Çƒ”ÇŽÇ”Ǥ G­ ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǡ ­ƒ’Žƒ”ǐƒ —›‰— ‘Žƒ”ƒ •‡­‹Ž‹ç ƒç‘ „ƒºŽƒ–Ç ’ƒ”­ƒ•Ç òœ‡”‹‡ ‡ ƒœ ʹͷ 
„‹†‹”‹Ž‡”‡›‡”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹”Ǥǜ†Ç”ƒœŽÇºÇ•ƒºŽƒƒ‹­‹‡•‡Šƒ˜ƒƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐǐ˜‡ƒç‘„ƒºŽƒ–Ç’ƒ”­ƒ•ÇÇ‡–”ƒˆÇڜ‡Ž
„ƒ–Žƒ ‡ ƒœ ‹‹ ‡œ †‘ŽƒÇ” ˜‡ ƒ”†Ç†ƒ •ÇÇ…ƒ ‡Ž‡’­‡Ž‡‹”Ǥ ‡”‹›‡ •Ç›”ÇŽÇç †Çç …‡‡–Ž‡” ˜‡ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ǡ
ƒç‘„ƒºŽƒ–Ç’ƒ”­ƒ•ÇÇڔ–‡…‡ç‡‹Ž†‡†òœ‡Ž–‹Ž‹”ǤƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ƒ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ„‘玗„Ç”ƒÇŽƒ›ƒ…ƒç‡‹Ž†‡Š‡”
‹‹Šƒ˜ƒƒƒŽÇڜ‡Ž„ƒ–‹Ž‡‡ƒœ‹‹‡œ†‘ŽƒÇ”˜‡•‘‘Žƒ”ƒ•ÇÇ…ƒ‡Ž‡’­‡Ž‡‹”Ǥ
fekil 37: ‡†‹†‡›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ‡•‡Šƒ˜ƒƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐǐ„‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‡•‹
70
ƒŠƒ˜ƒƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐƒ„ƒºŽƒƒ‡†‹†‡›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ‡•‡Šƒ˜ƒƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ†‹”•‡‘Ž—ç–—”—Žƒ•Ç†—”——†ƒ‡•‹
Ú燎‹˜‡Šƒ˜ƒƒÇç›Úò‡ –‡”•†‹”•‡˜‡„òòŽ‡”†‡ƒ­ÇÇŽƒŽÇ†Ç”ǤG†‡ƒŽ†‹”•‡†Úò率”‹‹•ƒºŽƒƒ„‹Ž‡•‹‹­‹
†‹”•‡‘‹ƒŽ›ƒ”Ç­ƒ’ǐǐȋ”ȌƒƒŽ­ƒ’ǐ†ƒȋȌò­ò‘Žƒ•Ç‰‡”‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ‡†‹†‡›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ‡•‡Šƒ˜ƒƒƒŽŽƒ”Ç
‹Ž‡›ƒ’ÇŽƒ†‹”•‡—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǐ†ƒƒŽÇŽÇºÇ‘”—ƒ•Ç‹­‹†‡ˆ‘”‡‘ŽƒƒŽƒ”lj‡”‡‡–‡†‹”Ǥ
Yanlõú
Do÷ru
fekil 38: ‡†‹†‡›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ‡•‡Šƒ˜ƒƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐǐ†‹”•‡„ƒºŽƒ–ÇŽƒ”Ç
‡†‹†‡ ›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ ‡•‡ Šƒ˜ƒŽƒ†Ç”ƒ ƒƒŽŽƒ”Ç ‹Ž‡ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ —›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”†ƒ ƒŽÇŽÇºÇ ‘”—ƒ•Ç •‹•–‡‹
’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ•Ç ƒ­Ç•Ç†ƒ ڐ‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ — ‡†‡Ž‡ •‹•–‡†‡ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ…ƒ ‡†‹†‡ ›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ Šƒ˜ƒ ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐǐ •‡Š‹
›ƒ’ƒ†ƒ‡†‹‹–ƒçǛƒ„‹Ž‹”Ž‹º‹‘–”‘Ž‡†‹Ž‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ‡†‹‹–ƒçǛƒƒ›ƒŠƒ˜ƒƒƒŽŽƒ”Çǡƒ•Çƒ”ƒŽÇŽƒ”ǐ‡ƒ†ƒ”•Ç
—›‰—ŽƒÇ瑎•ƒ†ƒ‹œ‹˜‡”‹Ž‡†‡º‡”Ž‡”‹ò•–ò†‡•‡Š‹›ƒ’ƒ”ƒ•‹•–‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ•ÇÇ†òçò”ò”Ǥ‹”‹„‘›†ƒ‹ȋͳȌ
‡†‹†‡ ›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ ‡•‡ Šƒ˜ƒŽƒ†Ç”ƒ ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ ‹œ‹ ˜‡”‹Ž‡ ‡ „ò›ò •‡Š‹ ‹–ƒ”Ç ͶͲȀǯ†‹”Ǥ ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ
‡•‡ Šƒ˜ƒ ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐǐ ͳǦͳǡͷǯ‹ òœ‡”‹†‡ ‘Žƒ•Ç †—”——†ƒ „ƒºŽƒ–Ç ’ƒ”­ƒŽƒ”ǐǐ ƒ•Ç ‡Ž‡’­‡Ž‡”‹ ‹Ž‡ ›ƒ–ƒ›
†òœŽ‡†‡ —›‰— ƒ”ƒŽÇŽƒ”†ƒ ƒ•ÇŽƒ•Ç ‰‡”‡‡–‡†‹”Ǥ ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ Šƒ˜ƒ ƒƒŽŽƒ”Ç ‡ ˆƒœŽƒ ͳǡͷ  ƒ­ÇŽÇ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ–ƒ› ­ƒ–Ç
‹”‹çŽ‡”‹ òœ‡”‹‡ ›ƒ–ǔǎƒ„‹Ž‹”Ž‡”Ǥ ƒ–ƒ› ƒ­ÇŽÇºÇ ͳǡͷǯ‹ òœ‡”‹†‡ ‘Žƒ•Ç †—”——†ƒ ‹•‡ –ƒçÇ›Ç…Ç ƒ•ÇŽƒ”
—ŽŽƒÇŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ
—ŽŽƒÇŽƒƒ•Ç‡Ž‡’­‡Ž‡”‹ǡ ƒƒŽÇ†‡ˆ‘”‡‡–‡†‡•ÇÇ…ƒ•ƒ”ƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ‡Ž‡’­‡Ž‡”‹ ‰‡‹çŽ‹º‹‡ƒœͶͲ  ‘ŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ
ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ‡•‡Šƒ˜ƒƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐǐ†ò燛†‘º”—Ž–—†ƒ‘–ƒŒŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ•ƒ„‹–Ž‡‡ƒ”ƒŽÇºÇ‡ˆƒœŽƒͳǡͺ‘ŽƒŽÇ†Ç”ǤƒºŽƒ–Ç
‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”Ç ‡ ƒœ ͶͲ  ‰‡‹çŽ‹–‡ ‘ŽƒŽÇ ˜‡ ƒƒŽÇ †‡ˆ‘”‡ ‡–‡†‡ǡ œ‡†‡Ž‡‡†‡ •ÇÇ…ƒ •ƒ”ƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ ƒºÇ–Ç…Çǡ
–‘’Žƒ›Ç…Ç ‡ˆ‡œ ˜Ǥ„Ǥ‡‹’ƒŽƒ”ǐ ƒºÇ”ŽÇŽƒ”ǐǐ ‡•‡ Šƒ˜ƒ ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐǐ „òœòŽ‡•‹‡ ‡†‡ ‘Žƒƒ•Ç ‹­‹ —–Žƒƒ
ƒ•Ç›ƒƒŽÇƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ
ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ ‡•‡ Šƒ˜ƒ ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐǐ ƒƒ ƒƒŽƒ „ƒºŽƒ–Ç ‘–ƒŽƒ”Çǡ ڜ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡ †‡ „— „ƒºŽƒ–džƒ Š‡‡ •‘”ƒ „‹” †‹”•‡
˜‡›ƒ „òò ˜ƒ”•ƒǡ —–Žƒƒ –ƒçÇ›Ç…Ç ƒ•Ç ‹Ž‡ †‡•–‡Ž‡‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ — 燍‹Ž†‡ „ƒºŽƒ–Ç „‘ºƒœÇÇ ‡•‡ Šƒ˜ƒ ƒƒŽÇÇ
›Ç”–ƒ•Ç ڐŽ‡‹”Ǥ ƒ ƒƒŽƒ „ƒºŽƒ–džƒ ‡•‹ „òòŽ‡”†‡ ƒ­ÇƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ ƒ ƒƒŽ ­ÇÇçǐ†ƒ ‡•‹ †Úò率”‹
›ƒ’ÇŽƒ•Çǡ „ƒ•Ç­ ƒ›„ǐƒ ˜‡ ‹•–‡‡›‡ •‡•‡ ›‘Ž ƒ­ƒ”Ǥ ‡†‹†‡ ›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ Šƒ˜ƒ ƒƒŽŽƒ”Çǡ ƒŽ‘”‹ˆ‡” „‘”—Žƒ”Çǡ „—Šƒ”
„‘”—Žƒ”Ç ‰‹„‹ Ç•Ç ˜‡”‡ ‡‹’ƒŽƒ” ‹Ž‡ –‡ƒ• ‡–‡‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ — –ò” Ç•Ç ›ƒ›ƒ ‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”ǐ òœ‡”‹‡ ›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐ
‘–‡‡†‹Ž‡•‹Šƒ˜ƒƒÇçǐǐ‡–‹Ž‡‡•‹‡˜‡„‘œ—Žƒ•Çƒ‡†‡‘Žƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ
fekil 39: ‡†‹†‡›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ‡•‡Šƒ˜ƒƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐǐ–ƒçǖǎƒ•Ç
6.3 Boru Biçimindeki Isõ Yalõtõm Malzemeleri ile Yapõlan Uygulamalar:
‡•‹•ƒ– „‘”—Žƒ”ǐ†ƒ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ —›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ǣ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹ ƒ’ŽƒƒŽÇ ˜‡›ƒ ƒ’Žƒƒ•Çœ ȋ­Ç’ŽƒȌ ‘Žƒ•Ç
†—”——ƒ‰Ú”‡ˆƒ”ŽÇŽÇŽƒ”‰Ú•–‡”‹”Ǥ‘º—Šƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ›‘º—珃•‘”—Žƒ”ǐǐڐŽ‡‡•‹ǡƒ–‘•ˆ‡”‡ƒ­ÇƒŽƒŽƒ”†ƒ˜‡›ƒ
–‘’”ƒºÇ‹­‡”‹•‹†‡„—Ž—ƒ–‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”ǐ†Ç狍Ž‹‘ç—ŽŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ‘”—ƒ•Ç˜‡„ƒœÇǕǛƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹‰ò‡ç‹
—Ž–”ƒǦ˜‹‘Ž‡ÇçǐŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ‡–‹Ž‡‡‡•‹‹­‹ƒ’Žƒƒ•ÇœÇ•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹òœ‡”‹‡ƒ’Žƒƒ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ
.ǒŽƒ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹ ò•–Ž‡”‹Ǣ –ƒçÇ›Ç…Ç ‘Žƒ”ƒ „‡œ‹ —ŽŽƒÇŽ†ÇºÇ ƒŽ­Ç ƒ’ŽƒƒÇ òœ‡”‹‡ „‘›ƒ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ•Çǡ
†‘º”—†ƒ •òŽ›‡ „‘›ƒ ‹Ž‡ „‘›ƒƒ•Çǡ „‹–ò ‡òŽ•‹›‘— •ò”òŽ‡•‹ǡ „‹–òŽò ڔ–òŽ‡”‹ ›ƒ’Çç–ǔǎƒ•Çǡ ‰ƒŽ˜ƒ‹œ ˜‡›ƒ
ƒŽò‹›—…‡‡–Ž‡”‹—›‰—Žƒƒ•Ç˜‡‰‹›†‹”‹Ž‡•‹ǡ•—›ƒǡÇçǐŽƒ”ǐƒ˜‡›ƒ‰Çƒ†ƒ›ƒÇŽÇ‡†‹†‡›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇ
„ƒ–Žƒ” ‹Ž‡ ƒ’Žƒƒ•Çǡ ‡ƒ‹ †‹”‡…‹ǡ †ƒ›ƒÇŽÇ ƒ…— ˜‡›ƒ ƒ•–‹Ž‡”Ž‡ ƒ’Žƒƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ ƒ„”‹ƒ ›ƒ’ǏÇ
ƒŽò‹›— ˆ‘Ž›‘ ƒ’ŽÇ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹†‡ ‹•‡ǡ „‹†‹”‡ ’ƒ›Ç ò•–ò†‡‹ ›ƒ’Ç獃 „ƒ– ˜‡ „—Šƒ” ‡•‹…‹ ˆ‘Ž›‘
˜ƒ•Ç–ƒ•Ç›Žƒ—›‰—Žƒƒ–ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ
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6.3.1) Alüminyum Folyo Kaplõ Boru Biçimindeki Mineral Yünlerle Yapõlan Uygulamalar
——›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ…ƒ›òò˜‡›ƒ–ƒç›òò†‡‹ƒŽ‡†‹Ž‹ç‘Žƒ„‘”—„‹­‹‹†‡‹Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹
†Çç ›òœò ƒŽò‹›— ˆ‘Ž›‘ ‹Ž‡ ƒ’ŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ ‡º‹ç‹ ­ƒ’Žƒ”†ƒ ò”‡–‹Ž‡ ƒŽò‹›— ˆ‘Ž›‘ ƒ’ŽÇ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹
—›‰—Žƒƒ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ…ƒ„‘”—›ƒ‘Žƒ›ç‡‹Ž†‡‰‡­‹”‹Ž‡„‹Ž‡•‹‹­‹‘”–ƒ•Ç†ƒ›ƒ”ǍŽƒ”„—Ž—ƒ–ƒ†Ç”ǤÇç›òœ‡›†‡„—Ž—ƒ
ƒŽò‹›— ˆ‘Ž›‘ ƒ’ŽƒƒÇ ›ƒ”Ǎ Š‹œƒ•Ç†ƒ •ò”‡Ž‹Ž‹º‹Ǣ ƒŽœ‡‡‹ ‡†‹†‡ ›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇ ͷ… ‰‡‹çŽ‹º‹†‡‹ ‡
›‡”Ž‡”‹ ˜‡›ƒ •‘”ƒ†ƒ „‹”Ž‡ç‹ ›‡”‹‡ —›‰—Žƒƒ…ƒ ‘Žƒ ͹ǡͷ… ‰‡‹çŽ‹º‹†‡‹ ƒŽò‹›— ˆ‘Ž›‘ „ƒ– —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ”ƒ
•ƒºŽƒÇ”Ǥ ›‰—ŽƒƒÇ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ„‹Ž‡•‹ ‹­‹ Š‡ ›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽƒ…ƒ „‘”— Š‡ †‡ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹ ‡ ƒœ ͳͲιǯ†‡ ‘Žƒ•Ç
‰‡”‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ — •‡„‡’Ž‡ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹ ˜‡ —›‰—Žƒƒ†ƒ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ ƒŽò‹›— ˆ‘Ž›‘ „ƒ†Ç ‘”–ƒ •Ç…ƒŽÇºÇƒ
—›—•ƒºŽƒƒ•Ç‹­‹„‡ŽŽ‹„‹”•ò”‡†‹Ž‡†‹”‹Ž‡•‹‰‡”‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ
Žò‹›— ˆ‘Ž›‘ ƒ’ŽÇ ’”‡ˆƒ„”‹ „‘”— „‹­‹†‡‹ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹ǡ „‘›—ƒ ›ƒ”ǍŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ †‹ƒ–Ž‹…‡ ƒ­ÇŽƒ”ƒ
„‘”—›ƒ ‰‡­‹”‹Ž‹”Ǥ Žò‹›— ˆ‘Ž›‘— „‘›Žƒƒ•Çƒ ‡†‹†‡ ›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇ ‡ ›‡”Ž‡”‹†‡‹ ‘”—ƒ „ƒ†Ç ­Çƒ”ÇŽÇ’ǡ
„‹”Ž‡ç‹ ›‡”Ž‡”‹†‡ ˆƒœŽƒ ‰‡”‹Ž‡ ‘Žƒ›ƒ…ƒ 燍‹Ž†‡ „‹” ’Žƒ•–‹ ƒ’ƒ”ƒ–Žƒ •ÇÇ…ƒ ›ƒ’Çç–ǔǎǔǤ º‡” ƒŽò‹›— ˆ‘Ž›‘
ƒ’ŽƒƒÇ ‡†‹†‡ ›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇ „‹†‹”‡ ’ƒ›Ç „—Ž——›‘”•ƒǡ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹ „‘›Žƒƒ•Çƒ „‹”Ž‡ç‹ ›‡”Ž‡”‹
„ƒ•–ǔǎƒ”ƒƒŽò‹›—ˆ‘Ž›‘„ƒ–‹Ž‡•ÇÇ…ƒ„ƒ–ŽƒÇ”Ǥ›‡”Ž‡”‹‹›ƒ’Çç–ǔǎƒ…ƒºÇÇ•ÇŽƒ”ǐ–‡‹œ˜‡—”—‘Žƒ•Çƒ
†‹ƒ– ‡†‹Ž‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ ‹”Ž‡ç‹ ‘–ƒŽƒ”ÇǢ „ƒ– ˜‡›ƒ ­‡Ž‹ –‡Ž ‹Ž‡ †Úò率”†‡‹ „‹”Ž‡ç‹Ž‡”ǡ „ƒ– ˜‡›ƒ •Ç…ƒ ƒ•–‹
—›‰—Žƒƒ•Ç‹Ž‡‡‹›‡–‡ƒŽÇƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ
fekil 40: ‡†‹†‡›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇ‡›‡”‹‘ŽƒȀ‘Žƒ›ƒ„‘”—›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹Ž‡—›‰—Žƒƒ
‡•‹•ƒ– òœ‡”‹†‡ „‘玗 ‡›†ƒƒ ‰‡Ž‡›‡…‡ 燍‹Ž†‡ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ „‘”—›ƒ ‘–‡ ‡†‹Ž‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ ‘”—
„‹­‹‹†‡‹ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹ ‡‹‡ „ƒºŽƒ–Ç ›‡”Ž‡”‹†‡ ‰‡‹çŽ‹º‹ ‡ ƒœ ͹ǡͷ… ‘Žƒ ƒŽò‹›— ˆ‘Ž›‘ „ƒ–
—ŽŽƒÇŽÇ”ǤŽò‹›—ˆ‘Ž›‘„ƒ–›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ„‘”——­‡˜”‡•‹†‡‡‹‡„ƒºŽƒ–Ç›‡”‹‹‘”–ƒŽƒ›ƒ…ƒç‡‹Ž†‡•ƒ”ÇŽÇ”Ǥ‹”
—…——œ—‘Žƒ…ƒç‡‹Ž†‡„ƒ–Žƒ”ò•–ò•–‡‰‡–‹”‹Ž‹”Ǥœ——­ǡ„ƒºŽƒ–ǐǐòœ‡”‹‡ƒ–Žƒƒ”ƒ‡‹‡„ƒºŽƒ–Ç–ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ
›‰—Žƒƒ•‘”ƒ•Ç†ƒ„ƒ–Žƒ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ–ò„‹”Ž‡ç‹Ž‡”Úœ‡Ž„‹”’Žƒ•–‹ƒ’ƒ”ƒ–Žƒ‘–”‘Ž‡†‹Ž‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ
‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”ǐ ‡ •‘—†ƒ‹ ‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”†ƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹ ƒŽÇÇ ƒ­Ç ƒŽƒ•Ç †—”——†ƒ ڜ‡Ž „‹–‹ç ‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”Ç
—ŽŽƒÇŽÇ”Ǥ ›‰—Žƒƒ ‡†‹†‡ ›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇ „‹–‹ç ‡Ž‡ƒÇÇ „‹–‹ç‹ ‡–”ƒˆÇƒ •ƒ”ÇŽƒ•Ç ˜‡›ƒ ‡†‹†‡ ›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇ
‘Žƒ›ƒ„‹–‹ç‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”ǐǐ’‡”­‹Ȁ­‹˜‹‹Ž‡•ƒ„‹–Ž‡‡”‡–ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ
fekil 41:‹‡‡›‡”Ž‡”‹‡ƒŽò‹›—ˆ‘Ž›‘„ƒ–—›‰—Žƒƒ•Ç˜‡–‡•‹•ƒ–„‹–‹çŽ‡”‹
6.3.2) Boru Biçimindeki Kaplamasõz (Çõplak) Mineral Yünlerle Yapõlan Uygulamalar
——›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ…ƒ›òò˜‡›ƒ–ƒç›òò†‡‹ƒŽ‡†‹Ž‹ç‘Žƒ„‘”—„‹­‹‹†‡‹Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹
„‘”—›ƒ ‘Žƒ› 燍‹Ž†‡ ‰‡­‹”‹Ž‡„‹Ž‡•‹ ‹­‹ ‘”–ƒ•Ç†ƒ ›ƒ”ǍŽƒ” „—Ž—ƒ–ƒ†Ç”Ǥ ›‰—Žƒƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹ †Çç
–ƒ”ƒˆÇƒ ƒ’Žƒƒ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ•Ç ‹Ž‡ •‘ŽƒÇ”Ǥ ›‰—ŽƒƒÇ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ„‹Ž‡•‹ ‹­‹ Š‡ ›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽƒ…ƒ „‘”— Š‡ †‡ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ
ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹‡ƒœͳͲιǯ†‡‘Žƒ•Ç‰‡”‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ—•‡„‡’Ž‡›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹‘”–ƒ•Ç…ƒŽÇºÇƒ—›—•ƒºŽƒƒ•Ç‹­‹
„‡ŽŽ‹„‹”•ò”‡†‹Ž‡†‹”‹Ž‡•‹‰‡”‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ
ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹ òœ‡”‹†‡ „—Ž—ƒ „‘›—ƒ ›ƒ”ǍŽƒ” ˜ƒ•Ç–ƒ•Ç›Žƒ „‘”—›ƒ ‰‡­‹”‹Ž‹’ •ÇÇç–ǔǎƒ”ƒ †Çç ­ƒ’ƒ „ƒºŽÇ ‘Žƒ”ƒ
‰ƒŽ˜ƒ‹œ–‡ŽŽ‡”ǡ’Žƒ•–‹ƒ›Ç玃”˜‡›ƒ­‡Ž‹ƒ›Ç玃”‹Ž‡‡ˆƒœŽƒ͵ͲͲƒ”ƒŽÇŽƒ„ƒºŽƒÇ”Ǥ‹‡„ƒºŽƒ–ÇŽƒ”†ƒǢ›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ
„‘”—— †Çç ­ƒ’ǐǐ ͷͲͲǯ‹ ƒŽ–ǐ†ƒ ‘Žƒ•Ç †—”——†ƒ ‰ƒŽ˜ƒ‹œ –‡ŽŽ‡”ǡ †Çç ­ƒ’ǐ ͷͲͲǯ‹ òœ‡”‹†‡ ‘Ž†—º—
†—”—Žƒ”†ƒ ‹•‡ ’Žƒ•–‹ ˜‡›ƒ ­‡Ž‹ ƒ›Ç玃” —ŽŽƒÇŽÇ”Ǥ ‡”‡Ž‹ ‘Žƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽÇŽÇºÇƒ ‹‹ ƒ– —›‰—ŽƒƒÇ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ”ƒ
—Žƒçǎƒ•Ç †—”——†ƒ ‡ ›‡”Ž‡”‹‹ çƒçǔ–ÇŽƒ•Çƒ †‹ƒ– ‡†‹Ž‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ ‡ ƒ– ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ —›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”†ƒ ‡ ›‡”‹‹
„‘”——ƒŽ–Ç•ÇŽƒ”ǐƒ‰‡Ž‡•‹‡Úœ‡‰Ú•–‡”‹Ž‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ
72
ͳȌ ͵ͲͲǯ†‡ò­ò‘ŽƒŽÇ†Ç”
ʹȌ ‹‡„ƒºŽƒ–ÇŽƒ”
ǦÇ筃’δͷͲͲ‹•‡‰ƒŽ˜ƒ‹œ–‡Ž
ǦÇ筃’ηͷͲͲ‹•‡­‡Ž‹ƒ›Çç
͵ȌÇ筃’
fekil 42: ”‡ˆƒ„”‹›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹Ž‡—›‰—Žƒƒ
‹”•‡Ž‡”„‘”——­ƒ’ÇȋȌ˜‡†‹”•‡º‹›ƒ”Ç­ƒ’ÇȋȌǯ›‡„ƒºŽÇ‘Žƒ”ƒ„‘”—„‹­‹‹†‡‹Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹†‡–‡„‹”
’ƒ”­ƒ ˜‡›ƒ „‹”ƒ­ ’ƒ”­ƒÇ ‡•‹Ž‡•‹ ˜‡ Š‡” ’ƒ”­ƒÇ ‡ ƒœ „‹” –‡Ž ‹Ž‡ „ƒºŽƒƒ•Ç •—”‡–‹›Ž‡ ›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽÇ”Ǥ ‹”•‡ ›ƒ”Ç­ƒ’Ç
„‘”—­ƒ’ǐǐʹƒ–ǐƒ‡ç‹–˜‡›ƒ†ƒŠƒò­ò‹•‡ͶͷιŽ‹„‹”ƒ”ƒ’ƒ”­ƒ‹Ž‡†‹”•‡Ž‡”›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ‹”•‡›ƒ”Ç­ƒ’ǐǐ„‘”—
­ƒ’ǐǐ͵ƒ–Ç‘Žƒ•Ç†—”——†ƒ͵ͲιŽ‹‹‹ƒ”ƒ’ƒ”­ƒǡͷƒ–Ç‘Žƒ•Ç†—”——†ƒʹʹǡͷιŽ‹ò­ƒ”ƒ’ƒ”­ƒ‹Ž‡†‹”•‡Ž‡”‹
›ƒŽÇ–ǏǖƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ
fekil 43: ”‡ˆƒ„”‹›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹Ž‡†‹”•‡›ƒŽÇ–ǏÇ
ƒŽÇ–Ǐ —›‰—Žƒƒ•Ç ƒŽœ‡‡‹ òœ‡”‹‡ •‘ ƒ’ŽƒƒÇ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ•Ç ‹Ž‡ –ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ ƒŽÇ–Ǐ —›‰—Žƒƒ•ÇÇ òœ‡”‹‡
’Žƒ•–‹ ƒ’Žƒƒ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ•Ç †—”——†ƒ ’Žƒ•–‹ ƒ’Žƒƒ †Çç ­‡˜”‡†‡ ›ƒŽƒçǍ ʹͷ ˆƒœŽƒ ‘Žƒ…ƒ 燍‹Ž†‡ ‡•‹Ž‡”‡
ŠƒœÇ”ŽƒÇ”Ǥ ƒ’ŽƒƒÇ „‘”— ‡–”ƒˆÇƒ •ƒ”ÇŽ†Ç–ƒ •‘”ƒ ’Žƒ•–‹ ’‡”­‹Ž‡” ˜ƒ•Ç–ƒ•Ç›Žƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‡ •ƒ„‹–Ž‡‹”Ǥ
‹”•‡Ž‡”ǡ ڐ…‡†‡ ŠƒœÇ”ŽƒÇç ’Žƒ•–‹ †‹”•‡ ’ƒ”­ƒŽƒ”Ç ‹Ž‡ ƒ’ŽƒÇ”Ǥ ‹‡ „ƒºŽƒ–ÇŽƒ” ’Žƒ•–‹ „ƒ– ‹Ž‡ ›ƒ’Çç–ǔǎǔǤ
‘”— Ç•ÇŽƒ”ǐǐ „‹–‹çŽ‡”‹ǡ „‹–‹”‡ ‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”Ç ‹Ž‡ ƒ’ƒ–ÇŽÇ”Ǥ ‹–‹”‡ ‡Ž‡ƒÇ „ƒ†Çǡ „‹–‹ç‹ ‡–”ƒˆÇ†ƒ •ƒ”ÇŽÇ” ˜‡
’‡”­‹Ȁ­‹˜‹‹Ž‡•ƒ„‹–Ž‡‹”Ǥ
fekil 44: ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹òœ‡”‹‡•‘ƒ–ƒ’Žƒƒ—›‰—Žƒƒ•Ç
6.3.3) Boru Biçimindeki Elastomerik Kauçuk Köpüºü, Polietilen Köpüºü ve Poliolefin Köpüºü ile Yapõlan
Uygulamalar
‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ —›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ „‡Ž‹”Ž‹ „‘”— ­ƒ’Žƒ”ǐǐ ƒŽ–ǐ†ƒ ˆƒ„”‹ƒ ‘”–ƒÇ†ƒ „‘”— „‹­‹‹†‡
ò”‡–‹Ž‹ç ‘Žƒ ȋ’”‡ˆƒ„”‹Ȍ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ Žƒ•–‘‡”‹ ƒ—­— Ú’òºò†‡ ‹ƒŽ ‡†‹Ž‹ç
’”‡ˆƒ„”‹ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ „‘”— ­ƒ’ǐǐ ‡ ˆƒœŽƒ ͳͳͶ  ‘Ž†—º— –‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ —ŽŽƒÇŽÇ”Ǥ ‘Ž‹‡–‹Ž‡ ڒòºò ˜‡›ƒ
‘Ž‹‘Ž‡ˆ‹ Ú’òºò ‹Ž‡ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ —›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ ‹•‡ „‘”— ­ƒ’ǐǐ ‡ ˆƒœŽƒ ͳͳͶ ‘Ž†—º— –‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ „‘”—
„‹­‹‹†‡‹ ’”‡ˆƒ„”‹ ò”òŽ‡” —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ„‹Ž‡–‡†‹”Ǥ ÇŽƒ ­ƒ’Žƒ”ǐ òœ‡”‹†‡‹ –‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–ÇÇ —›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç
Ž‡˜Šƒ„‹­‹‹†‡‹Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹Ž‡‰‡”­‡Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹”Ǥ
‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”­ƒŽÇçǔ†—”—†ƒ›‡ƒ•Žƒ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ—›‰—Žƒƒ•Ç›ƒ’ÇŽƒƒŽÇ†Ç”ǤƒŽÇ–Ǐ ›ƒ’ÇŽ†Ç–ƒ•‘”ƒ͵͸•ƒƒ–‰‡­‡†‡
ڐ…‡–‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”­ƒŽÇç–ǔǎƒƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ‘›ƒǡ›ƒ’Çç–ǔDžǗ›‰—Žƒƒ•Ç†ƒ•‘”ƒƒœƒ‹ͷ‰ò‹­‡”‹•‹†‡›ƒ’ÇŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ.‡Ž‹
„‘”—Žƒ” ˜‡ ƒ’Žƒ”ǐ òœ‡”‹†‡‹ ’ƒ• ­Çƒ”–ÇŽƒŽÇ ˜‡ „‹” ƒ– ƒ–‹’ƒ• „‘›ƒ•Ç —›‰—ŽƒÇ’ǡ ʹͶȂͶͺ •ƒƒ– „‘›—…ƒ —”—ƒ›ƒ
„Ç”ƒÇŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ
‘”— „‹­‹‹†‡‹ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹ ƒ­Ç —…—†ƒ „‘”—›ƒ ‰‡­‹”‹Ž‹”Ǥ ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹ „‘”—›ƒ ‰‡­‹”‹Ž†‹–‡
—­Žƒ”ǐ†ƒ Ç•ƒ ˜‡ •Ç –ò›Žò „‹” ˆÇ”­ƒ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ”ƒ ڜ‡Ž ›ƒ’Çç–ǔDžǛŽƒ „‘”—›ƒ ›ƒ’Çç–ǔǎƒ”ƒ –—––—”—Ž—”Ǥ ƒŽÇ–Ǐ
ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹ „‹”„‹”Ž‡”‹ ‹Ž‡ „‹”Ž‡ç‡…‡ Š‡” ‹‹ —…—ƒ †ƒ ›ƒ’Çç–Ç”Ç…Ç •ò”òŽò”Ǥ ƒ’Çç–ǔDžǐǐ ­‘ ˆƒœŽƒ —”—ƒ•Çƒ
ò•ƒƒ†‡‡–‡†‡’”‡ˆƒ„”‹„‘”—‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”ǐǐ—­Žƒ”Ç„‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‡”‡–ƒ›ƒ’Ç珃Ç•ƒºŽƒƒ•Ç‹­‹‡ƒ”Žƒ”ǐ†ƒ
—˜˜‡–Ž‹…‡„ƒ•–ǔǎǔǤ
73
fekil 45: .ƒ’ÇͳͳͶǯ‹ƒŽ–ǐ†ƒ‘Žƒ–‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç
ƒŽ‹ ŠƒœÇ”†ƒ †Ú燐‹ç –‡•‹•ƒ– „‘”—Žƒ”ǐǐ ƒ­Ç —…— „—Ž—ƒ†ÇºÇ ‹­‹ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹ „‘”—›ƒ ‰‡­‹”‹Ž‡•‹ ƒ…ƒ
„‹” –ƒ”ƒˆÇ†ƒ ‡•‹Ž‡•‹ ‹Ž‡ òò†ò”Ǥ — •‡„‡’Ž‡ „‘”— „‹­‹‹†‡‹ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹ —œ—Žƒƒ•Çƒ ‡•‹ „‹”
„Ç­ƒ˜ƒ•Ç–ƒ•Ç›Žƒ‡•‹Ž‹”ǤƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹‡•‹„Ç­ƒ˜ƒ•Ç–ƒ•Ç›Žƒƒ­ÇŽƒ›ƒ”Ǎ–ƒ–‡•‹•ƒ–„‘”—•—ƒ‰‡­‹”‹Ž‡•‹‹
ƒ”†Ç†ƒ›ƒ”Ǎ„‘›—…ƒ‘Ž—烐Š‡”‹‹‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒ‡ç‹–‹–ƒ”†ƒ›ƒ’Çç–ǔDžǕò”òŽò”Ǥƒ’Çç–ǔDžǗ›‰—ŽƒƒƒŽœ‡‡„‹”
•ò”‡Ž‹º‹‡ —”—ƒ›ƒ „Ç”ƒÇŽÇ”Ǥ ‡Ž‡‡ •ò”‡•‹‹ ƒ”†Ç†ƒ ‘Ž—烐 ›ƒ”ǍŽƒ”ǐ Š‡” ‹‹ –ƒ”ƒˆÇ†ƒ „ƒ•Ç­ —›‰—Žƒƒ”ƒ
„‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‡‹çŽ‡‹›ƒ’ÇŽÇ”Ǥ
fekil 46: .ƒ’ÇͳͳͶǯ‹ƒŽ–ǐ†ƒ‘Žƒ‡˜…—––‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”
‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ‹ †‹”•‡Ž‡”Ǣ „‘”—Žƒ”†ƒ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‡ ‡ç‹– ˜‡›ƒ †ƒŠƒ „ò›ò ƒŽÇŽÇŽƒ”†ƒ ’”‡ˆƒ„”‹
›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ•Ç ‹Ž‡ ›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ Ú燐‹ç –‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ‹ ͻͲιǯŽ‹ †‹”•‡Ž‡”‹ „‘”—Žƒ”†ƒ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ
›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ ‹Ž‡ ƒ›Ç ƒŽÇŽÇ–ƒ —›‰—Žƒƒ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ•Ç ‹­‹ ›‡–‡”Ž‹ —œ—Ž—–ƒ „‘”— „‹­‹‹†‡‹ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ
ƒŽœ‡‡•‹—œ—ƒºÇœŽÇ„‹”„Ç­ƒŽƒͶͷιǯŽ‹ƒ­Ç‹Ž‡‡•‹Ž‹”Ǥ‡•‹Ž‡’ƒ”­ƒŽƒ”†ƒ„‹”–ƒ‡•‹‹­‡˜‹”‹’†‹º‡”„‹”’ƒ”­ƒ‹Ž‡†‹
ƒ­Ç ‘Ž—ç–—”ƒ…ƒ 燍‹Ž†‡ ›ƒ’Çç–Ç”Ç…Ç ‹Ž‡ ›ƒ’Çç–ǔǎǔǤ ƒ’Çç–ǔDžǐǐ —”—ƒ•ÇÇ ƒ”†Ç†ƒ ‘Ž—烐 †‹”•‡ ‡Ž‡ƒÇÇ ‹­
Ç•Ç†ƒ—œ—Žƒƒ•Çƒ„‹”›ƒ”Ǎƒ­ÇŽÇ”ǤŽ—ç–—”—Žƒ†‹”•‡‡Ž‡ƒÇ„—›ƒ”Ǎ˜ƒ•Ç–ƒ•Ç›Žƒ–‡•‹•ƒ–†‹”•‡º‹‡›‡”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹”Ǥ
ƒ”Ǎ „‘›—…ƒ ‡›†ƒƒ ‰‡Ž‡ Š‡” ‹‹ ‡ƒ”ƒ †ƒ ‡ç‹– ‹–ƒ”†ƒ ›ƒ’Çç–Ç”Ç…Ç •ò”òŽò”Ǥ ƒ’Çç–Ç”Ç…Ç —”—†—–ƒ •‘”ƒ
›ƒ”ǍŽƒ”ǐŠ‡”‹‹‡ƒ”ǐ†ƒ„ƒ•Ç­—›‰—Žƒƒ”ƒ†‹”•‡‡Ž‡ƒÇÇ‘–ƒŒÇ–ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ
fekil 47: ‡˜…—––‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ‹–‡ƒ­ÇŽÇ†‹”•‡—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç
‘”— ­ƒ’ǐǐ ͶͲǦͳͳͶ  ‘Ž†—º— –‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ‹ †‹”•‡ —›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç ‡ ƒœ ‹‹ ƒ­ÇŽÇ ‘Žƒ”ƒ ‰‡”­‡Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹”Ǥ — ƒƒ­Žƒ
†‹”•‡º‹ƒ’Žƒ›ƒ…ƒƒ†ƒ”ǡ’”‡ˆƒ„”‹„‘”—„‹­‹‹†‡‹›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹‡•‹Ž‹”Ǥ‡•‹Ž‡ƒŽœ‡‡‹‘”–ƒ•Çƒ–‡„‡ç‹”Ž‡
‹çƒ”‡– ‘—” ˜‡ †Çç ­ƒ’ƒ ‡ç‹– ƒ”ƒŽÇ–ƒ ‹‹ ’ƒ”ƒŽ‡Ž ­‹œ‰‹ ­‹œ‹Ž‹”Ǥ ”–ƒ ‘–ƒÇ Š‡” ‹‹ ›ƒÇƒ ͳǯ‡” … ‡•ƒˆ‡†‡ ˜‡ ‘–ƒŽƒ”Nj烔‡–Ž‡‹”Ǥ‘–ƒ•Ç†ƒǯ›‡‘–ƒ•Ç†ƒǯ›‡­‹œ‰‹Ž‡”­‡‹Ž‹”Ǥ­‹œ‰‹•‹‹Ž‡­‹œ‰‹•‹òœ‡”‹†‡›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ
ƒŽœ‡‡•‹–ƒƒ‡‡•‹Ž‹”Ǥ‡”‹‹—…—†ƒ†Ú†ò”‡”‡†‹ƒ­Ç‘Ž—ç–—”—Ž—熋”•‡’ƒ”­ƒ•Ç‡Ž†‡‡†‹Ž‹”Ǥڜ‘—•—Š‡”
„‹” ’ƒ”­ƒ ›ƒ’Çç–Ç”Ç…Ç ‹Ž‡ ›ƒ’Çç–ǔǎ†Ç–ƒ •‘”ƒ ‘Ž—烐 †‹”•‡ ‹­ –ƒ”ƒˆ–ƒ „‹” „Ç­ƒŽƒ „‘›Žƒƒ•Çƒ ›ƒ”ÇŽƒ”ƒ †‹”•‡º‡
‰‡­‹”‹Ž‹”Ǥƒ”ǍŽƒ”ǐŠ‡”‹‹‡ƒ”ǐƒ ‡ç‹–‹–ƒ”†ƒ›ƒ’Çç–ǔDžǕò”òŽò”Ǥƒ’Çç–ǔDžǍ—”—†—–ƒ•‘”ƒ›ƒ”ǍŽƒ”ǐŠ‡”‹‹
‡ƒ”Žƒ”ǐ†ƒ„ƒ•–ǔǎƒ”ƒ†‹”•‡›ƒŽÇ–ǏǖƒƒŽƒÇ瑎—”Ǥ
74
fekil 48: ‡˜…—––‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ‹­‘ƒ­ÇŽÇ†‹”•‡—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç
fekil 49: ‘”—Žƒ”Ç‹­‹‡ƒŽƒ†‹”•‡—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç
ƒ”ŽÇ­ƒ’Žƒ”†ƒ„ƒºŽƒ–Ç’ƒ”­ƒŽƒ”Ç‹Ž‡„‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹ç„‘”—Žƒ”ǐ‘Ž—ç–—”†—Žƒ”dž‹”•‡Ž‡”ǡ›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽÇ焑”—Žƒ”Ç‹­‹‡ƒŽƒ…ƒ
燍‹Ž†‡ †ƒŠƒ „ò›ò ­ƒ’ŽÇ ’”‡ˆƒ„”‹ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ ‹Ž‡ ›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ .ƒ’Žƒ”†ƒ ˆƒ”ŽÇŽÇŽƒ”ǐ „—Ž—†—º—
†‹”•‡Ž‡”†‡—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ…ƒ‘Žƒ›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹‹­­ƒ’ǐǐǡ„‘”—Žƒ”†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹†Ç筃’ǐƒ
‡ç‹– ‘Žƒ•Ç ‰‡”‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ ‹”•‡Ž‡”†‡ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ…ƒ ‘Žƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹ „‡Ž‹”Ž‡†‹–‡ •‘”ƒǢ —œ— ƒºÇœŽÇ „‹” „Ç­ƒŽƒ
Ͷͷι ˜‡›ƒ ‹‹ ƒ­ÇŽÇ ‘Žƒ”ƒ ‡•‹Ž‹”Ǥ ‡•‹Ž‡ ’ƒ”­ƒŽƒ” ›—ƒ”džƒ ƒŽƒ–ÇŽ†ÇºÇ ‰‹„‹ ›ƒ’Çç–Ç”Ç…Ç ‹Ž‡ „‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‡”‡ †‹”•‡
‡Ž‡ƒÇÇ ‘Ž—ç–—”—Žƒ•Çǡ †‹”•‡ ‡Ž‡ƒÇÇ ‹­ Ç•Ç†ƒ —œ—Žƒƒ•Çƒ „‹” ›ƒ”Ǎ ƒ­ÇŽƒ”ƒ †‹”•‡º‹‡ ›‡”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹”Ǥ
ƒ”Ǎ „‘›—…ƒ ‡›†ƒƒ ‰‡Ž‡ Š‡” ‹‹ ‡ƒ”ƒ †ƒ ‡ç‹– ‹–ƒ”†ƒ ›ƒ’Çç–Ç”Ç…Ç •ò”òŽò’ ›ƒ’Çç–Ç”Ç…Ç —”—†—–ƒ •‘”ƒ
›ƒ”ǍŽƒ”ǐŠ‡”‹‹‡ƒ”ǐ†ƒ„ƒ•Ç­—›‰—Žƒƒ”ƒ†‹”•‡‡Ž‡ƒÇÇ‘–ƒŒÇ–ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ
‘”— „‹­‹‹†‡‹ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ —›‰—Žƒ†Ç–ƒ •‘”ƒ Šƒ˜ƒ •Ç…ƒŽÇŽƒ”ǐǐ †‡º‹ç‹Ž‡”‹‡ǡ ‰ò‡ç‹ —Ž–”ƒǦ˜‹‘Ž‡
ÇçǐŽƒ”ǐƒ †ƒ›ƒÇŽÇŽÇºÇ ƒ”––Ç”ƒ ˜‡ Šƒ˜ƒ†ƒ‹ —Š–‡‡Ž ƒ‰”‡•‹ˆ ƒ††‡Ž‡”‡ ƒ”çÇ †ƒŠƒ ‹›‹ „‹” ‘”—ƒ •ƒºŽƒƒ ‹­‹
‘”—›—…— „‹” ƒ’Žƒƒ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ•Ç ‰‡”‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ — ƒƒ­Žƒ ›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽÇç –‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”ǐ ò•–òǢ ʹ ƒ– •òŽ›‡ „‘›ƒ ‹Ž‡ „‘›ƒƒ•Çǡ
‰ƒŽ˜ƒ‹œ ˜‡›ƒ ƒŽò‹›— …‡‡–Ž‡”‹ —›‰—Žƒƒ•Ç ˜‡ ‰‹›†‹”‹Ž‡•‹ǡ ‡†‹†‡ ›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇ „ƒ–Žƒ” ˜‡›ƒ ƒ…— ˜‡
ƒ•–‹Ž‡”Ž‡ƒ’Žƒƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ
‘›ƒ ‹Ž‡ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ •‘ ƒ– ƒ’ŽƒƒŽƒ”†ƒǢ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ —›‰—Žƒƒ•Ç –ƒƒŽƒ†Ç–ƒ •‘”ƒ ‡ ƒœ ͵͸ •ƒƒ– ‹­‹†‡ „‹”‹…‹ ƒ–
„‘›ƒÇ—›‰—Žƒƒ•Ç‰‡”‡‡–‡†‹”ǤG‹…‹ƒ–—›‰—Žƒƒ‹•‡†ƒŠƒ•‘”ƒ‹‡‰‡­ͷ‰ò‹­‹†‡›ƒ’ÇŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ‘›ƒÇç
›òœ‡›Ž‡”‹†òœ‡Ž‹‘Žƒ”ƒ‘–”‘Ž‡†‹Ž‡•‹˜‡ƒ­ÇŠƒ˜ƒ†ƒ‹„‘›ƒÇç›òœ‡›Ž‡”†‡„—‹çŽ‡‹‹‹›ÇŽ†ƒ„‹”›‡‹Ž‡‡•‹
‰‡”‡‡–‡†‹”Ǥ
fekil 50: ƒŽÇ–Ǐòœ‡”‹‡›ƒ’ÇŽƒ„‘›ƒ—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç
ƒŽÇ–Ǐ —›‰—Žƒƒ•ÇÇ òœ‡”‹‡ ’Žƒ•–‹ ƒ’Žƒƒ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ•Ç †—”——†ƒ ’Žƒ•–‹ ƒ’Žƒƒ †Çç ­‡˜”‡†‡ ›ƒŽƒçǍ ʹͷ
ˆƒœŽƒ ‘Žƒ…ƒ 燍‹Ž†‡ ‡•‹Ž‡”‡ ŠƒœÇ”ŽƒÇ”Ǥ ‡•‹Ž‡ Ž‡˜Šƒǡ ƒ’Žƒƒ…ƒ ‘Žƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐǐ òœ‡”‹‡ ‡ƒ”Žƒ” „‹”„‹”‹‹
òœ‡”‹‡ ‰‡Ž‡…‡ 燍‹Ž†‡ •ƒ”ÇŽÇ”Ǥ .‹˜‹Ž‡‡ ƒŽ‡–‹‹ —­ Ç•Ç›Žƒ „‹‹ „‘›—…ƒ —›‰— ‡•ƒˆ‡Ž‡”†‡ †‡Ž‹Ž‡”‹ ƒ­ÇŽƒ•ÇÇ
ƒ”†Ç†ƒ ­‹˜‹Ž‡” †‡Ž‹Ž‡”‡ –ƒÇŽÇ”Ǥ ‘”—Žƒ”ǐ –ò „‹”Ž‡ç‹ ›‡”Ž‡”‹‡ ‡†‹†‡ ›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇ „ƒ–Žƒ” ‹Ž‡ †‡•–‡
›ƒ’ÇŽƒ•Ç›Žƒƒ’Žƒƒ‹çŽ‡‹–ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ‹”•‡Ž‡”†‡›ƒ’ÇŽƒ…ƒ‘Žƒƒ’Žƒƒ‹çŽ‡Ž‡”‹‹­‹ŠƒœÇ”†‹”•‡ƒ’Žƒƒ
‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”Ǎ—ŽŽƒÇŽÇ”Ǥ—Úœ‡Ž‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”ǐ†‹”•‡Ž‡”‡•ƒ”ÇŽƒ•ÇÇƒ”†Ç†ƒ„‹‹›‡”Ž‡”‹‡­‹˜‹Ž‡‡ƒŽ‡–‹›Ž‡†‡Ž‹Ž‡”‹
ƒ­ÇŽÇ’ ­‹˜‹Ž‡” ›‡”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹”Ǥ ‹”•‡Ž‡”†‡‹ „‹”Ž‡ç‹ ›‡”Ž‡”‹‡ ‡†‹†‡ ›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇ „ƒ– —›‰—Žƒƒ•Ç ‹Ž‡ ƒ’Žƒƒ
‹çŽ‡‹–ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ
fekil 51: ƒŽÇ–Ǐòœ‡”‹‡ƒ’Žƒƒ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ•Ç
75
fekil 52: ‹”•‡Ž‡”†‡›ƒ’ÇŽƒƒ’Žƒƒ—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç
ƒŽÇ–Ǐǐ„‹––‹º‹‘–ƒŽƒ”†ƒ„‘”—†Ç筃’ǐƒ‡ç‹–‘Žƒ…ƒç‡‹Ž†‡„‹”–ƒ’ƒŠƒœÇ”ŽƒÇ”ǤƒœÇ”Žƒƒ–ƒ’ƒ›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹
›òœ‡›‹‡›ƒ’Çç–ǔǎ†Ç–ƒ•‘”ƒ–ƒ’ƒ‹Ž‡›ƒŽÇ–Ǐǐ„‹”Ž‡ç‹›‡”‹‹†‡‹­‹‡ƒŽƒ…ƒç‡‹Ž†‡„‹–‹ç‡Ž‡ƒÇ„‘”———…—ƒ
–ƒÇŽÇ”Ǥ‹–‹ç‡Ž‡ƒÇ—›‰—„‹”›ƒ’Çç–ǔDžDŽƒ–‹Ž‡›ƒ’Çç–ǔǎƒ”ƒ‹çŽ‡–ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ
fekil 53: ‡•‹•ƒ–„‹–‹çŽ‡”‹†‡›ƒ’ÇŽƒ—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”
6.4 filte veya Levha Biçimindeki Malzemeler ile Yapõlan Uygulamalar:
‘”— „‹­‹‹†‡‹ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒƒ†ÇºÇ –‡•‹•ƒ– „‘”—Žƒ”ǐ†ƒǡ ›ƒ••Ç ›òœ‡›Ž‡”‡ •ƒŠ‹’ Šƒ˜ƒ
ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ ˜‡ –ƒǡ †‡’‘ ˜„Ǥ ç‹ç‹ –‡•‹•ƒ– ‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ Ž‡˜Šƒ ˜‡›ƒ 狎–‡ „‹­‹‹†‡‹ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹
—ŽŽƒÇŽÇ”Ǥ ›‰—Žƒƒ›ƒ „ƒçŽƒƒ†ƒ ڐ…‡ ›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽƒ…ƒ ›òœ‡›Ž‡”‹ –‡‹œ ˜‡ —”— ‘Žƒ•Ç ‰‡”‡‹”Ǥ ‹‡”ƒŽ ›òŽ‡” ‹Ž‡
›ƒ’ÇŽƒ—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”†ƒÇ•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹•—‹Ž‡–‡ƒ•‡–‡‡•‹‹­‹‰‡”‡Ž‹–‡†„‹”Ž‡”ƒŽÇƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ—›—›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ
ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‡ •Çœƒ•Ç •‹•–‡‹ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ڜ‡ŽŽ‹º‹‹ ƒœƒŽ–Ç” ˜‡ ‘”‘œ›‘ƒ •‡„‡„‹›‡– ˜‡”‡”‡ –‡•‹•ƒ–ǐ œƒ”ƒ” ‰Ú”‡•‹‡
‡†‡ ‘Ž—”Ǥ — ƒƒ­Žƒ —›‰—Žƒƒ •‘”ƒ•Ç†ƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‡ •— •Çœƒƒ•Ç ‹­‹ —›‰— ƒ’Žƒƒ •‡­‹Ž‡Ž‹ ˜‡
–‡‹º‹‡ —›‰— ‘Žƒ”ƒ —›‰—ŽƒƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ ›‰—ŽƒƒÇ „‹” ‰ò†‡ ˆƒœŽƒ •ò”‡•‹ †—”——†ƒ ­ƒŽÇ珃 •ò”‡Ž‡”‹
ƒ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ‹ •ò”‡Ž‡”†‡ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹ òœ‡”‹ ‰‡­‹…‹ ‘Žƒ”ƒ •— ‰‡­‹”‹•‹œ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡” ‹Ž‡ ڔ–òŽ‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ òçò
•Ç…ƒŽÇŽƒ”†ƒƒÇ獃–ƒçǛƒ–‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐǐ‹‡”ƒŽ›òŽ‡”Ž‡›ƒ’ÇŽƒ•Ç†—”——†ƒǢ‘”–ƒŠƒ˜ƒ•Ç†ƒ„—Ž—ƒ
•— „—Šƒ”ǐǐ †òçò •Ç…ƒŽÇ–ƒ‹ „‘”— †Çç ›òœ‡›‹‡ –‡ƒ• ‡†‡”‡ ›‘º—珃ƒ•Ç ‹­‹ —–Žƒƒ „—Šƒ” ‡•‹…‹ ‹Ž‡ „‹”Ž‹–‡
—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǐǐ‰‡”­‡Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‡•‹‰‡”‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥf‹Ž–‡–ò”ò†‡‹›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‡•‹Ž‹Ž‡•ÇÇç–ǔǎƒ†ƒ”ƒŠƒ–­ƒ
—›‰—ŽƒƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ ƒŽÇ–Ǐ „‘”—ȀƒƒŽǡ †‹”•‡ǡ ”‡†ò•‹›‘ǡ ˆŽƒçǡ ˜‡ ˜ƒƒ ‰‹„‹ –ò –‡•‹•ƒ– ‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ ‡ç‹– ƒŽÇŽÇ–ƒ
—›‰—ŽƒƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ
6.4.1) Levha Biçimindeki Elastomerik Kauçuk Köpüºü Polietilen Köpüºü ve Poliolefin Köpüºü ile
Borularda Yapõlan Uygulamalar
‘”—­ƒ’ǐǐ‡Žƒ•–‘‡”‹ƒ—­—Ú’òºò‹­‹ͳͳͶǯ†‡ǡ’‘Ž‹‡–‹Ž‡˜‡’‘Ž‹‘Ž‡ˆ‹Ú’òºò‹­‹‹•‡ͳͳͶǯ†‡„ò›ò
‘Ž†—º— –‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ‹ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ —›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ „‘”— „‹­‹‹†‡‹ ò”òŽ‡” ›‡”‹‡ Ž‡˜Šƒ „‹­‹‹†‡‹ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ
ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ —ŽŽƒÇŽÇ”Ǥ ‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ” ­ƒŽÇçǔ †—”—†ƒ›‡ ƒ•Žƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ —›‰—Žƒƒ•Ç ›ƒ’ÇŽƒƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ›ƒ’ÇŽ†Ç–ƒ
•‘”ƒ ͵͸ •ƒƒ– ‰‡­‡†‡ ڐ…‡ –‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ” ­ƒŽÇç–ǔǎƒƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ ‘›ƒǡ ›ƒ’Çç–Ç”Ç…Ç —›‰—Žƒƒ•Ç†ƒ •‘”ƒ ƒœƒ‹ ͷ ‰ò
‹­‡”‹•‹†‡›ƒ’ÇŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ.‡Ž‹„‘”—Žƒ”˜‡ƒ’Žƒ”ǐòœ‡”‹†‡‹’ƒ•­Çƒ”–ÇŽƒŽÇ˜‡„‹”ƒ–ƒ–‹’ƒ•„‘›ƒ•Ç—›‰—ŽƒÇ’ǡʹͶȂ
Ͷͺ•ƒƒ–„‘›—…ƒ—”—ƒ›ƒ„Ç”ƒÇŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ
‡”‡Ž‹ ڎ­òŽ‡”‹ –‡•’‹– ‡†‹Ž‡„‹Ž‡•‹ ‹­‹ǡ —›‰—Žƒƒ…ƒ Ž‡˜Šƒ „‹­‹‹†‡‹ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹†‡ ‹…‡ „‹” 燔‹–
‡•‹Ž‹”Ǥf‡”‹–„‹­‹‹†‡‹Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹ǡ„‘”——‡–”ƒˆÇƒ•ƒ”ÇŽÇ”˜‡ͳȂʹ‹Žƒ˜‡•ÇÇç–Ç”ƒ’ƒ›Ç†ƒ‰ÚœÚò‡
ƒŽÇƒ”ƒ—›‰—Žƒƒ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ…ƒ„‘”——­‡˜”‡•‹–‡„‡ç‹”Ž‡‹çƒ”‡–Ž‡‡”‡„‡Ž‹”Ž‡‹”ǤŽÇƒÚŽ­ò›‡‰Ú”‡Ž‡˜Šƒ„‹­‹‹†‡‹
Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹ †‹ƒ–Ž‹…‡ ‡•‹Ž‹” ˜‡ Ž‡˜ŠƒÇ —œ— ‡ƒ”Žƒ”ǐƒ ›ƒ’Çç–Ç”Ç…Ç •ò”òŽ‡”‡ —”—ƒ›ƒ „Ç”ƒÇŽÇ”Ǥ ƒŠƒ
•‘”ƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ Ž‡˜Šƒ•Ç „‘”—— ‡–”ƒˆÇƒ •ƒ”ÇŽƒ”ƒ ›ƒ’Çç–Ç”Ç…Ç •ò”òŽòç ‡ƒ”Žƒ” ȋ‘”–ƒ†ƒ „ƒçŽƒ›ƒ”ƒ —­ Ç•ÇŽƒ”ƒ
†‘º”—Ȍ„ƒ•–ǔǎƒ”ƒ„‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹”ǤƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹„‹”„‹”Ž‡”‹‹Ž‡„‹”Ž‡ç‡…‡Š‡”‹‹—…—ƒ†ƒ›ƒ’Çç–ǔDžǕò”òŽò”˜‡
—­Žƒ”„‹”„‹”Ž‡”‹‡†‘º”——˜˜‡–Ž‹…‡„ƒ•–ǔǎƒ”ƒ—›‰—Žƒƒ–ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ›‰—Žƒƒ†ƒ‹‹ˆƒ”ŽÇ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ‡Ž‡ƒÇÇ‡ƒ”
„‹”Ž‡ç‹›‡”Ž‡”‹‹ƒ›ÇŠ‹œƒ†ƒ‘Žƒƒ•Çƒ†‹ƒ–‡†‹Ž‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ
76
fekil 54: ‡˜Šƒ„‹­‹†‡‹Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹Ž‡›ƒ’ÇŽƒ—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”
ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽÇŽÇºÇÇ„‹”†‡ˆƒœŽƒŽ‡˜Šƒƒ–ƒÇÇò•–ò•–‡—›‰—Žƒƒ•Ç‹Ž‡•ƒºŽƒ†ÇºÇ†—”—Žƒ”Žƒƒ”çǎƒçǎƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ—
–ò” ­‘ ƒ–ŽÇ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ —›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǐƒ „ƒçŽƒƒ†ƒ ڐ…‡ „‹”‹…‹ ƒ– —›‰—ŽƒÇç ‘Žƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹ ›òœ‡›‹
–‡‹œŽ‡‹”Ǥ f‡”‹– „‹­‹‹†‡‹ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹ ‹Ž‡ —›‰—Žƒƒ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ…ƒ ›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ „‘”—— ­‡˜”‡•‹ ڎ­òŽò”Ǥ ŽÇƒ
ڎ­ò›‡‰Ú”‡Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹‡•‹Ž‹”˜‡Ž‡˜ŠƒÇ—œ—‡ƒ”Žƒ”ǐƒ›ƒ’Çç–ǔDžǕò”òŽ‡”‡—”—ƒ›ƒ„Ç”ƒÇŽÇ”ǤG‹…‹
ƒ–›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽ‡˜Šƒ•Ç„‹”‹…‹ƒ–›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽ‡˜Šƒ•ÇÇ„‹”Ž‡ç‹›‡”Ž‡”‹ò•–ò•–‡‰‡Ž‡›‡…‡ç‡‹Ž†‡„‘”——‡–”ƒˆÇƒ•ƒ”ÇŽÇ”Ǥ
ƒ’Çç–ǔDžǕò”òŽò獇ƒ”Žƒ”„ƒ•–ǔǎƒ”ƒ„‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹”Ǥ
.‘ ƒ–ŽÇ —›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”†ƒ ‰‡Ž‡ç‡Ȁ„òœòŽ‡ ‡–‹Ž‡”‹‹ ƒŽœ‡‡›‡ œƒ”ƒ” ˜‡”‡†‡ •ÚòŽ‡‡„‹Ž‡•‹ ‹­‹ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ
ƒ–Žƒ”ǐǐ„‹”„‹”‹‡›ƒ’Çç–ǔǎƒƒ•Ç‰‡”‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥƒ”çǎǍŽÇ›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹„‹”„‹”Ž‡”‹‹Ž‡„‹”Ž‡ç‡…‡Š‡”‹‹—…—ƒ
†ƒ›ƒ’Çç–ǔDžǕò”òŽò’—­Žƒ”ǐ„‹”„‹”Ž‡”‹‡†‘º”——˜˜‡–Ž‹…‡„ƒ•–ǔǎƒ”ƒ—›‰—Žƒƒ–ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ
fekil 55: ‡˜Šƒ„‹­‹†‡‹Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹Ž‡›ƒ’ÇŽƒ­‘ƒ–ŽÇ—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”
—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ…ƒ ‘Žƒ †‹”•‡ ‡Ž‡ƒÇÇ ŠƒœÇ”Žƒƒ•Ç ƒƒ…Ç›Žƒ ‹Ž ƒçƒƒ†ƒ „‹” …‡–˜‡Ž —ŽŽƒƒ”ƒ †‹”•‡º‹ ‹­ ›ƒ”Ç­ƒ’Ç
ڎ­òŽò”Ǥ ‡˜Šƒ „‹­‹‹†‡‹ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹†‡ ‡•‹Ž‡ ‹…‡ „‹” 燔‹– ˜ƒ•Ç–ƒ•Ç›Žƒ „‘”—— ‡–”ƒˆÇ†ƒ ͳȂʹ 
‹Žƒ˜‡•ÇÇç–Ç”ƒ’ƒ›Ç†ƒ‰ÚœÚò‡ƒŽÇƒ”ƒ—›‰—Žƒƒ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ…ƒ„‘”——­‡˜”‡•‹‹ÚŽ­ò•òƒŽÇÇ”Ǥf‡”‹–òœ‡”‹‡­‡˜”‡
—œ—Ž—º—— ›ƒ”Ç•Ç ڎ­òŽ‡”‡ ‹çƒ”‡–Ž‡‹”Ǥ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ…ƒ ‘Žƒ Ž‡˜Šƒ „‹­‹‹†‡‹ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹ òœ‡”‹‡ †‹
ƒŽ­ÇŽÇ ‡•‡Ž‡” ­‹œ‹Ž‹” ˜‡ „— ‡•‡Ž‡”†‡ Š‡”Šƒ‰‹ „‹”‹•‹‡ †‹”•‡ ‹­ ›ƒ”Ç­ƒ’Ç ‹çƒ”‡–Ž‡‹”Ǥ •‡Ž‡”‹ ‡•‹ç‹ ‘–ƒ•Ç
‡”‡œ ‘Žƒ…ƒ 燍‹Ž†‡ ’‡”‰‡Ž ˜ƒ•Ç–ƒ•Ç›Žƒ ‹­ ›ƒ”Ç­ƒ’–ƒ „‹” †ƒ‹”‡ ’ƒ”­ƒ•Ç ­‹œ‹Ž‹”Ǥ ƒ”Ç ­‡˜”‡ —œ—Ž—º—ǡ ‹­ ›ƒ”Ç­ƒ’
‡•ƒˆ‡•‹†‡„ƒçŽƒ›ƒ”ƒÇ•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽ‡˜Šƒ•ÇÇòœ‡”‹‡‹çƒ”‡–Ž‡‹”˜‡‡”‡œ†‡’‡”‰‡Ž˜ƒ•Ç–ƒ•Ç›Žƒ‹‹…‹†ƒ‹”‡’ƒ”­ƒ•Ç
­‹œ‹Ž‹”Ǥ
fekil 56: ‹”•‡—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ‰‡”‡Ž‹ÚŽ­òŽ‡”‹ƒŽÇƒ•Ç
•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ Ž‡˜Šƒ•ÇǢ òœ‡”‹‡ ­‹œ‹Ž‹ç ‘Žƒ †ƒ‹”‡ ’ƒ”­ƒŽƒ”ǐǐ •ÇÇ”Žƒ”ǐ†ƒ ‡ƒ”Žƒ”ǐ†ƒ ’ò”òœ ‘Žƒ›ƒ…ƒ 燍‹Ž†‡
†‹ƒ–Ž‹…‡ ‡•‹Ž‹”Ǥ ‡•‹Ž‡”‡ ‡Ž†‡ ‡†‹Ž‡ ‹Ž ’ƒ”­ƒǡ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ Ž‡˜Šƒ•ÇÇ ‰‡”‹ ƒŽƒÇÇ òœ‡”‹‡ ‘—” ˜‡ Ž‡˜ŠƒÇ
òœ‡”‹‡ ‡•‹Ž‡ ’ƒ”­ƒÇ •ÇÇ”Žƒ”ǐ†ƒ –‡„‡ç‹”Ž‡ ‡º”‹Ž‡” ­‹œ‹Ž‡”‡ ‡•‹Ž‡…‡ ‹‹…‹ ’ƒ”­ƒÇ ƒŽÇ„Ç ‘Ž—ç–—”—Ž—”Ǥ ƒŽÇ„Ç
­‹œ‹Ž‡‹‹…‹’ƒ”­ƒ†ƒ†‹ƒ–Ž‹…‡‡•‹Ž‹”Ǥ‡•‹Ž‡‹‹’ƒ”­ƒǡ’ƒ”ŽƒÇ•ÇŽƒ”džÇ疃”ƒˆƒ‰‡Ž‡…‡ç‡‹Ž†‡ò•–ò•–‡‘—”˜‡
•Ç”–Ç•ÇŽƒ”ǐƒ›ƒ’Çç–ǔDžǕò”òŽò”Ǥƒ’Çç–ǔDžǐǐ—”—ƒ•ÇÇƒ”†Ç†ƒÚ…‡‹‹—­Ç•Ç†ƒ„ƒçŽƒ›ƒ”ƒ›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇ
‡ƒ”Žƒ”Ç„‹”„‹”Ž‡”‹òœ‡”‹‡„ƒ•–Ç”ƒ”ƒ„‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹”Ǥ­Ç•ÇŽƒ”ǐ„‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‡•‹‹ƒ”†Ç†ƒ‘”–ƒÇ•ÇŽƒ”†ƒ„‹”„‹”‹‡
–—––—”—Ž—”Ǥ G‹ ’ƒ”­ƒÇ ƒ”ƒ ›òœ‡›Ž‡”‹‹ †‡ ›ƒ’Çç–ǍŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ ‡‹ ‘Ž†—–ƒ •‘”ƒ ò­ò ›ƒ”Ç­ƒ’ŽÇ †ƒ‹”‡Ž‡”‹
‡ƒ”Žƒ”ǐƒ›ƒ’Çç–ǔDžǕò”òŽ‡”‡—”—ƒ›ƒ„Ç”ƒÇŽÇ”Ǥƒ’Çç–ǔDžǐǐ—”—ƒ•ÇÇƒ”†Ç†ƒ‘Ž—ç–—”—Žƒ†‹”•‡‡Ž‡ƒÇ
†‹”•‡ „ÚŽ‰‡•‹‡ •ƒ”ÇŽÇ” ˜‡ ›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇ ‡ƒ”Žƒ”Ç •ÇÇ…ƒ „‹”„‹”‹‡ †‘º”— „ƒ•–ǔǎƒ”ƒ „‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹”Ǥ ‹”•‡Ž‡”‡ —›‰—Žƒƒ
›ƒŽÇ–Ǐǐ„‘”—›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽƒ”Ç‹Ž‡•‘”—•—œ„‹”燍‹Ž†‡›ƒ’Çç–ǔǎƒ„‹Ž‡•‹‹­‹†‹”•‡„ÚŽ‰‡•‹†‡‹›ƒŽÇ–Ǐƒ–ƒÇ„‹”‡–ƒŽ
燔‹–˜ƒ•Ç–ƒ•Ç›Žƒ–Ç”ƒçŽƒƒ”ƒ†òœ‰ò›òœ‡›Ž‡”‡Ž†‡‡†‹Ž‹”Ǥ‘–ƒŒÇ–ƒƒŽƒÇ瑎ƒ†‹”•‡‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”ǐǐ‡ƒ”Žƒ”ǐƒ
77
›ƒ’Çç–Ç”Ç…Ç •ò”òŽ‡”‡ ›ƒ’Çç–ǔDžǐǐ —”—ƒ•ÇÇ ƒ”†Ç†ƒ †‹º‡” ›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ „‘”—Žƒ”Žƒ „‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‡•‹ ‹Ž‡ —›‰—Žƒƒ
–ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ
fekil 57: ‹”•‡Ž‡”†‡›ƒ’ÇŽƒ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç
6.4.2) Levha Biçimindeki Elastomerik Kauçuk Köpüºü Polietilen Köpüºü ve Poliolefin Köpüºü ile
Kanallar ve fiçkin Yüzeylerde Yapõlan Uygulamalar
ƒ˜ƒŽƒ†Ç”ƒ ƒƒŽŽƒ”Ç ˜‡ –ƒ ˜„Ǥ ç‹ç‹ ›òœ‡›Ž‡”‡ •ƒŠ‹’ ‘Žƒ –‡•‹•ƒ– ‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”ǐƒ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ…ƒ ‘Žƒ —›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”†ƒ
‡†‹†‡›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇȀ›ƒ’Ç獃•ÇœŽ‡˜Šƒ„‹­‹‹†‡‹Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹—ŽŽƒƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ
‡˜Šƒ „‹­‹‹†‡‹ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹ǡ —›‰—ŽƒƒÇ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ…ƒºÇ ›òœ‡›‡ ›ƒ’Ç珃•ÇÇ ڐŽ‡›‡…‡ ‹”ǡ –‘œ ˜„Ǥ Š‡”
–ò”Žò —•—” ›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽƒ…ƒ ›òœ‡›†‡ —œƒŽƒç–ǔǎƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ ‡˜Šƒ –‹’‹ —›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”†ƒ —›‰—Žƒƒ ‘Žƒ›ŽÇºÇ ˜‡ Š‘‘Œ‡
›ƒ’Ç珃 ƒ­Ç•Ç†ƒ ‡†‹†‡ ›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇ ò”ò —ŽŽƒÇÇ ڐ‡”‹Ž‹”Ǥ — ƒƒ­Žƒ —›‰—Žƒƒ ڐ…‡•‹†‡ ƒƒŽ ›òœ‡›‹ ڜ‡Ž
–‡‹œŽ‡›‹…‹Ž‡” —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ”ƒ –‡‹œŽ‡‹”Ǥ ›‰—ŽƒƒÇ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ…ƒºÇ ƒƒŽÇ ›òœ‡›‹ ڎ­òŽ‡”‡ Ž‡˜Šƒ „‹­‹‹†‡‹ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ
ƒŽœ‡‡•‹—›‰—„‘›—–Žƒ”†ƒ‡•‹Ž‹”Ǥ›‰—ÚŽ­òŽ‡”†‡‡Ž†‡‡†‹Ž‡›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽ‡˜ŠƒŽƒ”LJº‡”‡†‹†‡›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇ†‡º‹Ž‹•‡
Š‡—›‰—Žƒƒ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ…ƒ›òœ‡›‡Š‡†‡Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹ƒƒŽòœ‡”‹‡‰‡Ž‡…‡›òœ‡›‹‡›ƒ’Çç–ǔDžǕò”òŽò”˜‡
›ƒ’Çç–ǔDžǐǐ —”—ƒ•ÇÇ ƒ”†Ç†ƒ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹ ƒƒŽ ›òœ‡›‹‡ „ƒ•–ǔǎƒ•Ç ‹Ž‡ ›ƒ’Çç–Ç”ƒ ‹çŽ‡‹
–ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ ‡†‹†‡ ›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇ ò”òŽ‡”†‡ ‹•‡ ›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽƒ…ƒ ‘Žƒ ƒƒŽÇ ‡ƒ”ǐ†ƒ „ƒçŽƒƒ”ƒ ›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇ ›òœ‡›‹
‘”—›ƒ ŸºÇ†Ç ›ƒ˜ƒç­ƒ ƒŽ†Ç”ÇŽÇ”‡ ƒ›Ç ƒ†ƒ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹ ƒƒŽ ›òœ‡›‹‡ „ƒ•–ǔǎƒ•Ç ‹Ž‡ ›ƒ’Çç–Ç”ƒ
‹çŽ‡‹ ›ƒ’ÇŽÇ”Ǥ ƒ’Çç–Ç”ƒ ‹çŽ‡‹‡ ƒƒŽÇ ƒŽ–ǐ†ƒ „ƒçŽƒƒŽÇǡ ›ƒ ›òœ‡›Ž‡” ‹Ž‡ †‡˜ƒ ‡†‹Ž‡”‡ ‡ •‘ ò•– ›òœ‡›‡
‰‡­‹Ž‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ ›Ç †òœŽ‡†‡‹ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹ „‹”„‹”Ž‡”‹‡ „ƒƒ ‡ƒ”Žƒ”ǐƒ ›ƒ’Çç–Ç”Ç…Ç ˜ƒ•Ç–ƒ•Ç›Žƒ
›ƒ’Çç–ǔǎƒ•Ç‹Ž‡—›‰—Žƒƒ–ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ
fekil 58: ƒƒŽŽƒ”†ƒ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç
ƒ ˜„Ǥ ç‹ç‹ ›òœ‡›Ž‡”†‡ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ —›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǐƒ „ƒçŽƒƒ†ƒ ڐ…‡ ›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽƒ…ƒ –ò ›òœ‡›‹ ڜ‡Ž –‡‹œŽ‡›‹…‹ ‹Ž‡
†‹ƒ–Ž‹…‡–‡‹œŽ‡‡•‹‰‡”‡‹”Ǥ‡‹œŽ‡‡‹çŽ‡‹‹ƒ”†Ç†ƒǡ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ…ƒ›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹†‡‡•‹Ž‡‹…‡„‹”
燔‹–Ž‡ –ƒÇ ›ò•‡Ž‹º‹ ˜‡ ­‡˜”‡•‹ ڎ­òŽò”Ǥ ŽÇƒ ڎ­òŽ‡” Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ Ž‡˜Šƒ•Çƒ ƒ–ƒ”ÇŽÇ”Ǥ •Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ Ž‡˜Šƒ•Ç ƒ–ƒ”ÇŽƒ
ڎ­òŽ‡”‡‰Ú”‡‡•‹Ž‹”Ǥ•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹–ò›òœ‡›‹‡•’Žƒ–—Žƒ‹Ž‡—›‰—Žƒƒ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ…ƒ–ò›òœ‡›‡‹•‡ˆÇ”­ƒ‹Ž‡
›ƒ’Çç–Ç”Ç…Ç •ò”òŽò”Ǥ •Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹ –ƒƒ ›ƒ’Çç–ǔǎǔ ˜‡ ‡ƒ”Žƒ”Ç ›ƒ’Çç–Ç”Ç…Ç ˜ƒ•Ç–ƒ•Ç›Žƒ „‹Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹”Ǥ ƒÇ
‰Ú˜†‡•‹†‡ ‡†‹†‡ ›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ †‡ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ ƒƒŽ ƒŽƒŽƒ”Ç ›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽÇç ‘Žƒ –‡•‹•ƒ–
‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”ǐǐ „‘„‡Ž‹ Ç•ÇŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ 燔‹– „‹­‹‹†‡‹ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹ ˜ƒ•Ç–ƒ•Ç›Žƒ ڎ­ò ƒŽÇÇ”Ǥ f‡”‹– òœ‡”‹‡ǡ
ڎ­òŽ‡—œ—Ž—º——›ƒ”Ç•Çڎ­òŽ‡”‡‹çƒ”‡–Ž‡‹”Ǥf‡”‹–òœ‡”‹‡‹çƒ”‡–Ž‡‡ÚŽ­òŽ‡”Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹‡ƒ–ƒ”ÇŽÇ”˜‡
›ƒ”Ç­ƒ’Š‡•ƒ’Žƒƒ”ƒ„‘„‡Ž‹Ç•Çƒ’ƒ–ƒ…ƒ‘Žƒ†ƒ‹”‡­‹œ‹Ž‹”Ǥ
78
fekil 59: f‹ç‹˜‡›ƒ••Ç‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”ǐ›ƒ›òœ‡›Ž‡”‹†‡›ƒ’ÇŽƒ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç
•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ Ž‡˜Šƒ•ÇǢ òœ‡”‹‡ ­‹œ‹Ž‹ç ‘Žƒ †ƒ‹”‡ǡ ‡ƒ”Žƒ”ǐ†ƒ ’ò”òœ ‘Žƒ›ƒ…ƒ 燍‹Ž†‡ ‹çƒ”‡–Ž‹ ›‡”Ž‡”†‡ †‹ƒ–Ž‹…‡
‡•‹Ž‹”Ǥ ‡•‹Ž‡ ’ƒ”­ƒ ‹Ž‡ —›‰—Žƒƒ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ…ƒ ›òœ‡›‡ ›ƒ’Çç–Ç”Ç…Ç •ò”òŽò”Ǥ ‡Ž‡‡ •ò”‡•‹‹ ƒ”†Ç†ƒ ‡•‹Ž‡ ’ƒ”­ƒ
„‘„‡Ž‹›òœ‡›‡›‡”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹”˜‡‘”–ƒ†ƒ†Ç烆‘º”—ƒ›ƒƒ•ÇÇڐŽ‡›‡…‡ç‡‹Ž†‡„ƒ•–ǔǎƒ”ƒ›ƒ’Çç–ǔǎǔǤ
fekil 60: f‹ç‹˜‡›ƒ••Ç‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”ǐò•–›òœ‡›Ž‡”‹†‡›ƒ’ÇŽƒ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç
‘„‡Ž‹ ’ƒ”­ƒÇ ›ƒ’Ç珃•ÇÇ ƒ”†Ç†ƒ ›ƒƒŽ ƒŽƒŽƒ”Žƒ „‘„‡Ž‹ Ç•ÇŽƒ”ǐ „‹”Ž‡ç‹ ›‡”Ž‡”‹‡ ›ƒ’Çç–Ç”Ç…Ç •ò”òŽò”Ǥ
ƒ’Çç–Ç”Ç…Ç —”—†—–ƒ •‘”ƒ ‰Ú˜†‡†‡‹ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹ ‡ƒ”Žƒ”Ç ‹Ž‡ „‘„‡ Ç•ÇŽƒ”ǐǐ ‡ƒ”Žƒ”Ç
„ƒ•–ǔǎƒ”ƒ„‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹”Ǥ
fekil 61: f‹ç‹˜‡›ƒ••Ç‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ›ƒƒŽ˜‡ò•–›òœ‡›Ž‡”‹„‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‡•‹
6.5 filte ve Levha Biçimindeki Mineral Yünler ile Boru ve Kanallarda Yapõlan Uygulamalar
”‡ˆƒ„”‹ „‘”— „‹­‹‹†‡‹ ò”òŽ‡”‹ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒƒ†ÇºÇ –‡•‹•ƒ– „‘”—Žƒ”ǐ†ƒǡ ”ƒ„‹–œ –‡Ž‹‡ †‹‹Ž‹ –ƒç›òò 狎–‡Ž‡” ‹Ž‡
›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ„‹Ž‹”ǤŽ‹ƒ˜‡Šƒ˜ƒŽƒ†Ç”ƒƒƒŽŽƒ”lj‹„‹›ƒ••Ç›òœ‡›Ž‡”†‡‹•‡„‹”›òœòƒŽò‹›—ˆ‘Ž›‘ƒ’ŽÇ…ƒ›òò
狎–‡ ˜‡ Ž‡˜ŠƒŽƒ” —ŽŽƒÇŽÇ”Ǥ ‹” ›òœò ƒŽò‹›— ˆ‘Ž›‘ ƒ’ŽÇ …ƒ ›òò 狎–‡Ž‡”Ǣ †‹†Ú”–‰‡ ˜‡›ƒ †ƒ‹”‡•‡Ž ‡•‹–Ž‹
Šƒ˜ƒŽƒ†Ç”ƒ ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐƒ —›‰—Žƒƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ f‹Ž–‡ „‹­‹‹†‡‹ „— ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ „‘›—ƒ Š‡” ‹‹ ‡ƒ”ǐ†ƒ ͷǯ‡” …ǯŽ‹
ƒŽò‹›— ˆ‘Ž›‘ „‹†‹”‡ ’ƒ›Žƒ”Ç „—Ž——”Ǥ ƒ›òò 狎–‡Ž‡” ‹Ž‡ Šƒ˜ƒŽƒ†Ç”ƒ ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐǐ †Çç –ƒ”ƒˆÇ†ƒ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ
—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”†ƒǡ›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹‡†‹†‡›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇڜ‡Ž–‡•’‹–’‹Ž‡”‹˜ƒ•Ç–ƒ•Ç›ŽƒƒƒŽ›òœ‡›‹‡•ƒ„‹–Ž‡‹”Ǥ
›‰—Žƒƒ ›òœ‡›‹‹ –‡‹œŽ‡‡•‹‹ ƒ”†Ç†ƒǡ ƒƒŽ ›òœ‡›‹‡ ʹǯ†‡ ͷ ‹Žƒ ͸ ƒ†‡– ‡†‹†‡ ›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇ ڜ‡Ž –‡•’‹–
’‹Ž‡”‹ ›ƒ’Çç–ǔǎǔǤ ƒŽÇ–ÇŽƒ…ƒ ƒƒŽ ‡•‹–‹‡ „ƒºŽÇ ‘Žƒ”ƒ ‡•‹Ž‡…‡ 狎–‡ —œ—Ž—º— –‡•’‹– ‡†‹Ž‹”Ǥ ƒ‹”‡•‡Ž ‡•‹–Ž‹
Šƒ˜ƒŽƒ†Ç”ƒƒƒŽŽƒ”Ç‹­‹‡•‹Ž‡•‹‰‡”‡‡ç‹Ž–‡—œ—Ž—º—ǡƒƒŽÇ­‡˜”‡•‹‡—›‰—Žƒƒ…ƒ›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽÇŽÇºÇÇʹƒ–Ç
‹Ž‡ ͷ… „‹†‹”‡ ’ƒ›Ç ‹Žƒ˜‡ ‡†‹Ž‡”‡ „—Ž——”Ǥ ‹†Ú”–‰‡ ‡•‹–Ž‹ ƒƒŽŽƒ”†ƒ ‹•‡Ǣ ƒƒŽÇ ­‡˜”‡ —œ—Ž—º—ƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ
ƒŽÇŽÇºÇÇ ͺ ƒ–Ç ˜‡ ͷ… „‹†‹”‡ ’ƒ›Ç ‹Žƒ˜‡ ‡†‹Ž‡”‡ ‡•‹Ž‡…‡ 狎–‡ —œ—Ž—º— –‡•’‹– ‡†‹Ž‹”Ǥ ƒŽœ‡‡‹ —›‰—
ڎ­òŽ‡”†‡ ‡•‹Ž‡•‹‹ ƒ”†Ç†ƒǢ ƒŽò‹›— ˆ‘Ž›‘ ƒ’ŽÇ ›òœ‡›‹ †Çç –ƒ”ƒˆƒ ‰‡Ž‡…‡ 燍‹Ž†‡ 狎–‡ ’‹Ž‡”‡ ‰‡­‹”‹Ž‡”‡
ƒƒŽ ›òœ‡›‹‹ –ƒƒ‡ ƒ’ƒ–ƒ…ƒ 燍‹Ž†‡ •ƒ”ÇŽÇ”Ǥ ƒŽœ‡‡›‹ †‡Ž‹’ ‰‡­‡ ’‹Ž‡”‡ ’‹ ’—Ž— –ƒÇŽÇ”Ǥ Çç ›òœ‡›†‡
„—Ž—ƒ ƒŽò‹›— ˆ‘Ž›‘ ƒ’ŽƒƒÇ •ò”‡Ž‹Ž‹º‹‹ ˜‡ •Çœ†Ç”ƒœŽÇºÇÇ •ƒºŽƒƒ•Ç ƒƒ…Ç›Žƒ 狎–‡Ž‡”‹ „‹”Ž‡ç‹
›‡”Ž‡”‹†‡‹ „‹†‹”‡ ’ƒ›Žƒ”ǐǐǢ ›ƒ’Çç–ǔǎƒ•Çǡ œÇ„ƒŽƒƒ•Ç ˜‡›ƒ ‡†‹†‡ ›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇ ƒŽò‹›— ˆ‘Ž›‘ „ƒ–
•ƒ”ÇŽƒ•Ç‹Ž‡—›‰—Žƒƒ–ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒÇ•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹ƒŽÇŽÇºÇÇƒœƒŽƒƒ•Ç‹­‹Ǣ…ƒ›òò狎–‡Ž‡”
˜‡›ƒ‡†‹†‡›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇ ƒŽò‹›—ˆ‘Ž›‘„ƒ–Žƒ”­‘ˆƒœŽƒ‰‡”‹Ž‡”‡ƒƒŽƒ•ƒ”ÇŽƒƒŽÇ˜‡’‹’—ŽŽƒ”Ç–ƒÇŽÇ”‡
ƒŽœ‡‡‹‡œ‹Ž‡‡•‹‡†‹ƒ–‡†‹Ž‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ
79
fekil 62: ‹”›òœòƒŽò‹›—ˆ‘Ž›‘ƒ’ŽÇ…ƒ›òò狎–‡Ž‡”Ž‡ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐǕǛƒŽÇ–ǏÇ
ƒ˜ƒŽƒ†Ç”ƒƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐǐ†Ç疃”ƒˆÇ†ƒ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ„‹”›òœòƒŽò‹›—ˆ‘Ž›‘ƒ’ŽÇ…ƒ›òò
Ž‡˜ŠƒŽƒ”†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ›‰—Žƒƒ›òœ‡›‹‹–‡‹œŽ‡‡•‹‹ƒ”†Ç†ƒǡƒƒŽ›òœ‡›‹‡ʹǯ†‡ͷ‹Žƒ͸ƒ†‡–‡†‹†‡
›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇ ڜ‡Ž –‡•’‹– ’‹Ž‡”‹ ›ƒ’Çç–ǔǎǔǤ Žò‹›— ˆ‘Ž›‘ ƒ’ŽÇ ›òœ‡›‹ †Çç –ƒ”ƒˆƒ ‰‡Ž‡…‡ 燍‹Ž†‡ 狎–‡ ’‹Ž‡”‡
‰‡­‹”‹Ž‡”‡ ƒƒŽ ›òœ‡›‹ –ƒƒ‡ ƒ’ŽƒÇ”Ǥ ƒ›òò Ž‡˜Šƒ›Ç †‡Ž‹’ ‰‡­‡ ’‹Ž‡”‡ ’‹ ’—Ž— –ƒÇŽÇ”Ǥ ƒ›òò
Ž‡˜ŠƒŽƒ”ǐ „‹”Ž‡ç‹ ›‡”Ž‡”‹ Šƒ˜ƒ ‰‡­‹”‡›‡…‡ 燍‹Ž†‡ ‡†‹†‡ ›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇ ƒŽò‹›— ˆ‘Ž›‘ „ƒ– ‹Ž‡ ›ƒ’Çç–ǔǎƒ”ƒ
—›‰—Žƒƒ–ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ
fekil 63: ‹”›òœòƒŽò‹›—ˆ‘Ž›‘ƒ’ŽÇ…ƒ›òò狎–‡Ž‡”Ž‡ƒƒŽŽƒ”ǐǕǛƒŽÇ–ǏÇ
”‡ˆƒ„”‹ „‘”— „‹­‹‹†‡ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒƒ†ÇºÇ „‘”—Žƒ”†ƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒƒ…Ç›Žƒ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ„‹Ž‡…‡
ò”òŽ‡”†‡ „‹”‹•‹ †‡ ”ƒ„‹–œ –‡Ž‹‡ †‹‹Ž‹ç –ƒç›òò 狎–‡Ž‡”†‹”Ǥ — †‡–ƒ›Žƒ”†ƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹ „‘”— ›òœ‡›‹‡
›ƒ’Çç–ǔǎƒ†ƒ—›‰—ŽƒÇ”Ǥ—•‡„‡’Ž‡”ƒ„‹–œ–‡ŽŽ‹–ƒç›òò狎–‡‹ƒºÇ”ŽÇºÇ†ƒ†‘Žƒ›ÇƒçƒºÇƒ›ƒƒ•Ç‹­‹–ò†ò燛
˜‡Ͷͷιǯ†‡ˆƒœŽƒ‡º‹‡•ƒŠ‹’–‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ„‘”—òœ‡”‹‡‘–‡‡†‹Ž‹ç‡•ƒˆ‡–—–—…—Žƒ”—ŽŽƒÇŽÇ”Ǥ
›‰—ŽƒƒÇ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ…ƒºÇ„‘”—›òœ‡›‹†‡„—Ž—ƒ›ƒºǡ‹”ǡ–‘œ˜‡’ƒ•–‡‹œŽ‡‹”˜‡‹‹ƒ–•òŽ›‡‹Ž‡„‘›ƒÇ”Ǥ‘›ƒÇ
—”—ƒ•ÇÇ ƒ”†Ç†ƒ †ò燛 ˜‡ Ͷͷιǯ†‡ ˆƒœŽƒ ‡º‹‡ •ƒŠ‹’ –‡•‹•ƒ– ‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”ÇǢ ‡ ˆƒœŽƒ ͵ͺͲͲǯŽ‹ ƒ”ƒŽÇŽƒ”Žƒ
ʹͲšʹǯŽ‹ ŽƒƒŽƒ”†ƒ ‡Ž†‡ ‡†‹Ž‡ ‡•ƒˆ‡ –—–—…—Žƒ”Ç „‘”— ›òœ‡›‹‡ ƒ›ƒ–ÇŽƒ”ƒ ‘–‡ ‡†‹Ž‹”Ǥ ›‰— „‘›—––ƒ
–ƒç›òò 狎–‡Ž‡” ‡•‹Ž‡”‡ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ…ƒ ›òœ‡› òœ‡”‹‡ •ƒ”ÇŽƒ”ƒ ‡ ›‡”Ž‡”‹†‡ „‘玗 ƒŽƒ›ƒ…ƒ 燍‹Ž†‡ ‡ ƒœ
Ͳǡͺ ­ƒ’ŽÇ ‰ƒŽ˜ƒ‹œ –‡Ž ‹Ž‡ –ƒçÇ›Ç…Ç ”ƒ„‹–œ –‡Ž‹‹ ‹­‡”‹•‹†‡ ‰‡­‹”‹Ž‡”‡ †‹‹Ž‹”Ǥ ƒ„‹–œ –‡ŽŽ‹ –ƒç›òò †‹‹Ž‡•‹‹
ƒ”†Ç†ƒ͵ͲͶǯ†‡ò­ò­ƒ’ŽÇ„‘”—Žƒ”‹­‹ç‹Ž–‡Ž‡”͵ͲͲƒ”ƒŽÇŽƒ”Žƒ‡ƒœͲǡͺ­ƒ’ŽÇ‰ƒŽ˜ƒ‹œ–‡Ž‹Ž‡„ƒºŽƒÇ”˜‡
„ƒºŽƒƒ –‡ŽŽ‡”‹‹ —­Žƒ”Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐƒ •‘—Ž—”Ǥ ‘”— ­ƒ’ǐǐ ͵ͲͶ ǯ†‡ „ò›ò ‘Ž†—º— „‘”—Žƒ”†ƒ ‹•‡ ʹʹšͲǡ͸
ƒŽò‹›—„ƒ–˜‡›ƒ‰ƒŽ˜ƒ‹œ„ƒ–„ƒºŽƒÇ”Ǥ
›‰—ŽƒƒǢ›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹†Ç燖‹Ž‡”‡ƒ”çǍ‘”—ƒ•Çƒƒ…Ç›Žƒ›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ„‘”——Ǣ‡ˆƒœŽƒͶ͹ͷƒ”ƒŽÇŽƒ”Žƒǡ
‡–ƒŽÇŽÇºÇ‡ƒœͲǡͺ‘ŽƒƒŽò‹›—˜‡›ƒ‰ƒŽ˜ƒ‹œ•ƒ…ǐǡʹʹšͲǡ͸ƒŽò‹›—ƒŽò‹›—˜‡›ƒ‰ƒŽ˜ƒ‹œ
„ƒ–‹Ž‡„ƒºŽƒÇ”Ǥ
fekil 64: ƒ„‹–œ–‡ŽŽ‹–ƒç›òò狎–‡Ž‡”Ž‡„‘”—Žƒ”†ƒÇ•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏÇ
6.6 Vanalarda Yapõlan Uygulamalar
•Ç–ƒ˜‡•‘º—–ƒ•‹•–‡Ž‡”‹†‡—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ˜ƒƒŽƒ”ǡ›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽƒ•Ç‰‡”‡‡„‹”†‹º‡”–‡•‹•ƒ–‡‹’ƒŽƒ”džǔǤ•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏÇ
›ƒ’ÇŽƒÇ焋”ˆŽƒç˜‡˜ƒƒ†ƒƒ›„‡†‹Ž‡Ç•Çǡ„ƒºŽÇ‘Ž†—º—„‘”——›ƒŽƒçǍ͵Ȃͷ‡–”‡•‹‡‡ç†‡º‡”Ž‹†‹”Ǥ—†‡º‡”
˜ƒƒ­ƒ’ǐƒ˜‡‹­ƒÇ獃•Ç…ƒŽÇºÇƒ„ƒºŽÇ‘Žƒ”ƒƒ”–ƒ–ƒ›ƒ†ƒƒœƒŽƒ–ƒ†Ç”Ǥ
80
fekil 65: ƒŽÇ–Ǐ•Çœ˜‡›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ˜ƒƒŽƒ”†ƒ‡›†ƒƒ‰‡Ž‡Ç•Çƒ›Ç’Žƒ”Ç
•Ç–ƒ˜‡•‘º—–ƒ–‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”ǐ†ƒ˜ƒƒŽƒ”ǐ›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽƒƒ•Çǡ‡‡”Œ‹ƒ›„ǘ‡‹çŽ‡–‡ƒŽ‹›‡–‹‹ƒ”–Ççǐǐ›ƒÇ•Ç”ƒǢ
§ ƒœƒ†ƒ‹”‡•‹‹ƒçǔÇǕǐƒ•Ç†ƒ†‘Žƒ›Ç†‹º‡”•‹•–‡‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”ǐǐœƒ”ƒ”‰Ú”‡•‹‡ǡ
§ ò•‡•Ç…ƒŽÇ–ƒƒÇ獃˜‡›ƒ„—Šƒ”–ƒçǛƒ–‡•‹•ƒ–ƒ”ƒ–ò”Ž‡”‹†‡‹çƒœƒŽƒ”ǐǐ‡›†ƒƒ‰‡Ž‡•‹‡ǡ
§ ‘º—珃†‘Žƒ›Ç•Ç›Žƒ–‡•‹•ƒ–‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”ǐǐ’ƒ•Žƒƒ”ƒœƒ”ƒ”‰Ú”‡•‹‡ǡ
§ ƒŽœ‡‡ •‡­‹‹†‡ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ Šƒ–ƒŽƒ” ‹Ž‡ „‹”Ž‹–‡ ˜ƒƒŽƒ”†ƒ ‡›†ƒƒ ‰‡Ž‡ ›‘º—珃Ç „‘”— ›òœ‡›‹‡ †‘º”—
†‡˜ƒ ‡†‡”‡ œƒƒŽƒ „‘”—†ƒ ‘”‘œ›‘ ‘Ž—珃•Çƒ ˜‡ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–ÇÇ ڜ‡ŽŽ‹º‹‹
ƒ›„‡–‡•‹‡‡†‡‘Ž—”Ǥ
—ƒ”džƒƒÇŽƒ•‘”—Žƒ”‹Ž‡ƒ”çǎƒçǎƒƒ•Ç‹­‹ǡǕǖƒ˜‡•‘º—–ƒ•‹•–‡Ž‡”‹†‡›‡”ƒŽƒ˜ƒƒŽƒ”ǢŽ‡˜Šƒ˜‡›ƒç‹Ž–‡
„‹­‹‹†‡‹Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ǡڜ‡Ž‘Žƒ”ƒ‹ƒŽ‡†‹Ž‹ç˜ƒƒ—–—Žƒ”ǘ‡›ƒ…‡‡–Ž‡”‹—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ”ƒ›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽÇ”Žƒ”Ǥ
6.6.1 Levha Biçimindeki Elastomerik Kauçuk Köpüºü, Polietilen Köpüºü ve Poliolefin Köpüºü ile
Vanalarda Yapõlan Uygulamalar
‡•‹•ƒ– „‘”—Žƒ”ǐǐ ˆŽƒçŽƒ”ƒ ƒ†ƒ” ›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽƒ•ÇÇ ƒ”†Ç†ƒ ˜ƒƒŽƒ”ǐ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐǐƒ „ƒçŽƒƒ ‹­‹ ›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ „‘”— ˜‡
ˆŽƒçŽƒ”ǐ­ƒ’Žƒ”Çڎ­òŽ‡”‡›ƒ”Ç­ƒ’Žƒ”Ç–‡•’‹–‡†‹Ž‹”ǤYŽ­òŽ‡†‡º‡”Ž‡”’‡”‰‡Ž˜ƒ•Ç–ƒ•Ç›Žƒ—›‰—Žƒƒ†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ…ƒŽ‡˜Šƒ
„‹­‹‹†‡‹Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹òœ‡”‹‡‹‹ˆŽƒç‡Ž‡ƒÇ‹­‹‹‹†‡ˆƒ­‹œ‹Ž‡”‡ƒ–ƒ”ÇŽÇ”Ǥ.‹œ‹Ž‡ŠƒŽƒŽƒ”†‹ƒ–Ž‹…‡
‡•‹Ž‹”˜‡„‘”—òœ‡”‹‡‰‡­‹”‹Ž‡„‹Ž‡•‹‹­‹òœ‡”Ž‡”‹‡›ƒ”Ǎƒ­ÇŽÇ”Ǥ‡•‹Ž‡†ƒ‹”‡•‡Ž‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”Š‡”‹‹ˆŽƒçǐ†Ç疃”ƒˆÇƒ
‰‡­‹”‹Ž‡”‡ ›ƒ”ǍŽƒ”ƒ ›ƒ’Çç–Ç”Ç…Ç •ò”òŽ‡”‡ ›ƒ’Çç–ǔǎǔǤ ƒŠƒ •‘”ƒ ›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ „‘”— ‹Ž‡ ˆŽƒç ‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ” „‹”Ž‡ç‹ ›‡”‹‡
›ƒ’Çç–ǔDžǕò”òŽ‡”‡›ƒ’Çç–ǔǎǔǤ
fekil 66: ŽƒçŽƒ”ǐ†Çç›òœ‡›Ž‡”‹‹›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽƒ•Ç
ƒŽƒŽƒ”ǐ ­‡˜”‡•‹ —›‰—Žƒƒ…ƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹†‡ ‡•‹Ž‡ ‹…‡ „‹” 燔‹– ˜ƒ•Ç–ƒ•Ç›Žƒǡ ŠƒŽƒŽƒ” ƒ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ‹ †Ç疃
†Ççƒ ‡•ƒˆ‡ ‹•‡ …‡–˜‡ŽŽ‡ ڎ­òŽ‡”‡ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹ òœ‡”‹‡ „‹” †‹†Ú”–‰‡‹ ‡ƒ”Žƒ”ÇÇ ‘Ž—ç–—”ƒ…ƒ 燍‹Ž†‡
ƒ–ƒ”ÇŽÇ”Ǥ ƒŽƒŽƒ”ǐ ­‡˜”‡•‹‡ ‡ç‹– ‘Žƒ Ç•ƒ ‡ƒ”Žƒ”ǐǐ ‘”–ƒ ‘–ƒŽƒ”Ç –‡•’‹– ‡†‹Ž‹” ˜‡ „— ‘”–ƒ ‘–ƒŽƒ”Ç „‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‡
‡•‹Ž‹ „‹” ­‹œ‰‹ ­‹œ‹Ž‹”Ǥ ƒƒ ‰Ú˜†‡•‹‹ ­ƒ’ǐǐ „‹” ‹Š‡‰‹” ‹Ž‡ ڎ­òŽ‡•‹‹ ƒ”†Ç†ƒ ­‹œ‹Ž‡ †‹†Ú”–‰‡‹ Ç•ƒ
‡ƒ”Žƒ”ǐǐ‘”–ƒ‘–ƒŽƒ”Ǐ‡”‡œ‘Žƒ…ƒç‡‹Ž†‡˜ƒƒ‰Ú˜†‡•‹‹­ƒ’ǐ†ƒ›ƒ”Ǐ†ƒ‹”‡Ž‡”­‹œ‹Ž‹”Ǥ•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹
­‹œ‹Ž‡ ›ƒ”Ǐ †ƒ‹”‡Ž‡” ˜‡ †‹†Ú”–‰‡‹ ‡ƒ”Žƒ”ǐ†ƒ ‡•‹Ž‹” ˜‡ ›ƒ”Ǐ †ƒ‹”‡Ž‡”‹ „‹”Ž‡ç‡…‡º‹ 燍‹Ž†‡ „òòŽò”Ǥ ƒŽÇ–Ǐ
ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹ „‹”Ž‡ç‡ Ç•ÇŽƒ”ǐƒ ›ƒ’Çç–Ç”Ç…Ç •ò”òŽò”Ǥ ƒ’Çç–ǔDžǐǐ —”—ƒ•ÇÇ ƒ”†Ç†ƒ ˜ƒƒ ‰Ú˜†‡•‹ ‹­‹
‘Ž—ç–—”—Žƒ ’ƒ”­ƒ ˆŽƒçŽƒ”ƒ ›ƒ’Çç–ǔǎƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”ÇÇ †ƒ ƒ’ƒ–ƒ…ƒ 燍‹Ž†‡ •ƒ”ÇŽÇ” ˜‡ ›ƒ’Çç–Ç”Ç…Ç •ò”òŽòç
‡ƒ”Žƒ”Ç„‹”„‹”Ž‡”‹‡†‘º”—„ƒ•–Ç”ƒ”ƒ„‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹”Ǥ
81
fekil 67: ƒƒ‰Ú˜†‡•‹‹›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽƒ•Ç
‡•–‡ ˆŽƒçÇ ‹Ž‡ ˜ƒƒ †‹•‹‹ ڎ­òŽ‡”‹ ƒŽÇÇ” ˜‡ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹ òœ‡”‹‡ ƒ–ƒ”ÇŽÇ”Ǥ ”‘ˆ‹Ž‹ ­Çƒ”ÇŽƒ „ÚŽ‰‡
燍Ž‹‡ ‰Ú”‡ †‹ƒ–Ž‹…‡ ‡•‹Ž‹” ˜‡ †‹•‹ ›‡”‹‡ ›‡”Ž‡ç–‹”‡ ‹­‹ ‡ƒ”ǐ†ƒ ›ƒ”Ǎ ƒ­ÇŽÇ”Ǥ ‹• ‡Ž‡ƒÇÇ ›‡”‹‡
–ƒÇŽƒ•ÇÇ ƒ”†Ç†ƒ ƒ­ÇŽƒ ›ƒ”Ǻǐ ‡ƒ”Žƒ”ǐƒ ›ƒ’Çç–Ç”Ç…Ç •ò”òŽ‡”‡ „‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹”Ǥ ƒŠƒ •‘”ƒ ˜ƒƒ †‡•–‡º‹ ‹Ž‡ †‹•
‡Ž‡ƒÇ „‹”Ž‡ç‡…‡º‹‡ƒ”Žƒ”ƒ›ƒ’Çç–ǔǎǔǤƒƒÇƒŽ–ǐƒ›‡”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‡†‹•‹­‡˜”‡•‹ç‡”‹–„‹­‹‹†‡‡•‹Ž‡›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ
ƒŽœ‡‡•‹˜ƒ•Ç–ƒ•Ç›ŽƒÚŽ­òŽò”˜‡ÚŽ­òŽ‡­‡˜”‡—œ—Ž—º—Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹òœ‡”‹‡ƒ–ƒ”ÇŽÇ’†Ú”–‡ç‹–’ƒ”­ƒ›ƒ
„ÚŽò‡…‡ç‡‹Ž†‡‹çƒ”‡–Ž‡‹”Ǥƒƒ‰Ú˜†‡•‹‹Ž‡†‹•‡Ž‡ƒÇƒ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ‹‡ò­ò˜‡„ò›ò†‡”‹Ž‹Ž‡”ÚŽ­òŽò”ǤYŽ­òŽ‡
†‡”‹Ž‹Ž‡”Ž‡˜Šƒ›Ç†Ú”–‡ç‹–’ƒ”­ƒ›ƒ„ÚŽ‡­‹œ‰‹Ž‡”‹òœ‡”‹‡ò­ò†‡”‹Ž‹ÚŽ­ò•ò†‡„ƒçŽƒƒ”ƒ–ƒçǐǔǤò­ò˜‡
„ò›ò †‡”‹Ž‹ ڎ­òŽ‡”‹†‡ †‹•‹ ­‡˜”‡ —œ—Ž—º—ƒ ’ƒ”ƒŽ‡Ž ‡•‹Ž‹ ­‹œ‰‹Ž‡” ­‹œ‹Ž‹”Ǥ YŽ­òŽ‡ ‡ „ò›ò ˜‡ ‡ ò­ò
†‡”‹Ž‹Ž‡”‹ ˆƒ”Ç ›ƒ”Ç­ƒ’ ‘Žƒ”ƒ „‡Ž‹”Ž‡‡”‡ •Ç”ƒ›Žƒ ‡”‡œ‹ ò­ò †‡”‹Ž‹ ˜‡ „ò›ò †‡”‹Ž‹Ž‡”‹ Š‹œƒ ­‹œ‰‹Ž‡”‹‹
‡•–‹º‹ ‘–ƒŽƒ”†ƒ †ƒ‹”‡ ’ƒ”­ƒŽƒ”Ç ­‹œ‹Ž‹”Ǥ .‹œ‹Ž‡ †ƒ‹”‡ ’ƒ”­ƒŽƒ”Ç •ò”‡Ž‹ „‹” ­‹œ‰‹ ‘Ž—ç–—”ƒ…ƒ 燍‹Ž†‡ „‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹”Ǥ •Ç
›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹‘Ž—ç–—”—Žƒ„—•ò”‡Ž‹­‹œ‰‹Š‹œƒ•Ç†ƒ‡•‹Ž‹”Ǥ
fekil 68: ‹•—›‰—Žƒƒ•Ç˜‡†‡”‹Ž‹ÚŽ­òŽ‡”‹‹ƒŽÇƒ”ƒƒŽœ‡‡òœ‡”‹‡ƒ–ƒ”ÇŽƒ•Ç
‡•‹Ž‡ ’ƒ”­ƒÇ ˜ƒƒ ‰Ú˜†‡•‹ ‹Ž‡ „‹”Ž‡ç‡…‡ ‘Žƒ –‡’‡ „ÚŽ‰‡Ž‡”‹†‡‹ Ú燎‡” ‹­ Ç•ƒ †‘º”— –Ç”ƒçŽƒÇ”Ǥ ǔƒçŽƒƒ
’ƒ”­ƒÇ „‹”„‹”‹›Ž‡ „‹”Ž‡ç‡…‡ ‡ƒ”Žƒ”ǐƒ ›ƒ’Çç–Ç”Ç…Ç •ò”òŽò” ˜‡ ‰‡”‡Ž‹ —”—ƒ •ò”‡•‹ „‡Ž‡‹Ž†‹–‡ •‘”ƒ †‹•
‡Ž‡ƒÇÇڔ–‡…‡ç‡‹Ž†‡˜ƒƒ›ƒ•ƒ”ÇŽÇ”Ǥƒ’Çç–ǔDžǕò”òŽò獇ƒ”Žƒ” „‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹”Ǥƒƒ‰Ú˜†‡•‹‹Ž‡›‡”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‡•‘
’ƒ”­ƒÇ„‹”Ž‡ç‹›‡”‹›ƒ’Çç–ǔǎƒ”ƒ—›‰—Žƒƒ–ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ
fekil 69: ƒƒ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐǐǐ–ƒƒŽƒƒ•Ç
82
6.6.2 Vanalarda Kutularõ veya Vana Ceketleri ile Yapõlan Uygulamalar
‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ›‡”ƒŽƒ˜ƒƒǡ­‡˜ƒŽˆǡ’‹•Ž‹–—–—…—˜„Ǥƒ”ƒ–ò”Ž‡”†‡‹Ç•Çƒ›„ÇȀƒœƒ…ǐLJƒœƒ‹†‹”‡˜‡•‘º—–ƒ
•‹•–‡Ž‡”‹†‡‹ ƒ”ƒ–ò”Ž‡”†‡ ›‘º—珃›Ç ڐŽ‡‡ ƒƒ…Ç›Žƒǡ •–ƒ†ƒ”– ˜‡›ƒ ڜ‡Ž ‘Žƒ”ƒ ‹ƒŽ ‡†‹Ž‹ç ˜ƒƒ …‡‡–Ž‡”‹
˜‡›ƒ˜ƒƒ—–—Žƒ”Ǎ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ
ƒƒ …‡‡–Ž‡”‹Ǣ ‹Ž‰‹Ž‹ ƒ”ƒ–ò”Ž‡”‹ ڎ­ò•ò‡ ‰Ú”‡ •‹Ž‹‘ ƒ’ŽÇ …ƒ ‡Ž›ƒˆÇ —ƒçŽƒ”ǐ ƒ”ƒ•Çƒ •Ç…ƒ Šƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ –ƒç›òò
˜‡›ƒ‹º‡Ž‡‹ç„ƒºŽƒ›Ç…Ç•Çœ…ƒ›òòòǡ•‘º—Šƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ‹•‡‡Žƒ•–‘‡”‹ƒ—­—Ú’òºòò†‹‹Ž‡•‹‹Ž‡ò”‡–‹Ž‹”Ž‡”Ǥ
o”‡–‹ƒçƒƒ•Ç†ƒ†‹‹ç‹çŽ‡Ž‡”‹‘’ƒ†ƒ›ƒÇÇ›ò•‡›ƒƒ›ƒƒ”ƒ‹†‡Ž›ƒˆÇ†ƒ‹’Ž‹Ž‡”—ŽŽƒÇŽÇ”Ǥƒ„òœ‰ò
‹’Ž‡”‹‹•‡ǡ‘”–ƒ•Ç…ƒŽÇºÇƒ‰Ú”‡…ƒ‡Ž›ƒˆÇ›ƒ†ƒ’‘Ž‹ò”‡–ƒ‘Žƒ„‹Ž‹”ǤºÇœ„‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‡Ž‡”‹†‡ǡ’ƒ•Žƒƒœ­‡Ž‹–‡‹ƒŽ
‡†‹Ž‹ç‘’­ƒŽƒ”˜‡›ƒͷͲ‰‡‹çŽ‹º‹†‡›ƒ’Ç獃ç‡”‹–Ž‡”—ŽŽƒÇŽÇ”Ǥ
ƒŽÇ–ÇŽƒ…ƒ ˜ƒƒ›ƒ —›‰— ˜ƒƒ …‡‡–‹ •‡­‹Ž‹” ˜‡›ƒ ڜ‡Ž ‘Žƒ”ƒ ŠƒœÇ”ŽƒÇ”Ǥ ›‰—Žƒƒ›ƒ ‰‡­‹Ž‡†‡ ڐ…‡ ˜ƒƒŽƒ”†ƒ
Š‡”Šƒ‰‹ „‹” ƒ­ƒ ‘Ž—’ ‘Žƒ†ÇºÇ ‘–”‘Ž ‡†‹Ž‹”Ǥ ƒ­ƒ –‡•’‹– ‡†‹Ž‡•‹ †—”——†ƒ ˜ƒƒ†ƒ‹ ƒ”ÇœƒŽƒ” ‰‹†‡”‹Ž†‹–‡
•‘”ƒ —›‰—Žƒƒ›ƒ ‰‡­‹Ž‹”Ǥ ƒƒ …‡‡–‹ ˜ƒƒÇ ‡–”ƒˆÇƒ ˜ƒƒÇ „ƒºŽÇ ‘Ž†—º— ›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ „‘”— òœ‡”‹‡ ˆŽƒçŽƒ”†ƒ
‹–‹„ƒ”‡ ‡ ƒœ ͷͲ „‹†‹”‡ ›ƒ’ƒ…ƒ ˜‡ ˜ƒƒÇ „‘ºƒœ Ç•Ç†ƒ „‘玗 „Ç”ƒÇŽƒ›ƒ…ƒ 燍‹Ž†‡ •ƒ”ÇŽÇ”Ǥ ƒƒ
…‡‡–‹‹ƒŽ–˜‡ò•–‹’Ž‡”‹•ÇÇ…ƒ„ƒºŽƒƒ”ƒ˜ƒƒ…‡‡–‹‹‹Ž‰‹Ž‹‡‹’ƒÇ–ƒ‘Žƒ”ƒ•ƒ”ƒ•Ç•ƒºŽƒÇ”Ǥƒ•Žƒƒœ­‡Ž‹
–‡ŽŽ‡” ˜ƒ•Ç–ƒ•Ç›Žƒ ‘’­ƒŽƒ”ǐ „‹”„‹”‹‡ •ÇÇ…ƒ „ƒºŽƒƒ•Ç ˜‡›ƒ ›ƒ’Ç獃 燔‹–Ž‡” ˜ƒ•Ç–ƒ•Ç›Žƒ ƒºÇœ Ç•ÇŽƒ”ǐǐ •ÇÇ…ƒ
„‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‡•‹‹Ž‡—›‰—Žƒƒ–ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ
fekil 70: ƒƒ…‡‡–‹‹Ž‡›ƒ’ÇŽƒ—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”
ƒœÇ”˜‡›ƒ›‡”‹†‡‹ƒŽ‡†‹Ž‡˜ƒƒ—–—Žƒ”Ç‹Ž‡˜ƒƒŽƒ”†ƒ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç›ƒ’ÇŽƒ„‹Ž‹”ǤDžƒŠƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ
–‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ‹ ˜ƒƒŽƒ”ǐ „‘玗 ƒŽƒ›ƒ…ƒ 燍‹Ž†‡ ”ƒ„‹–œ –‡ŽŽ‹ –ƒç›òò 狎–‡ ‹Ž‡ •ƒ”ÇŽƒ•ÇÇ ˜‡›ƒ Ž‡˜Šƒ ˆ‘”—†ƒ‹
†‹º‡”Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹Ž‡˜ƒƒŽƒ”ǐ›ƒŽÇ–ÇŽƒ•ÇÇƒ”†Ç†ƒ˜ƒƒÇÚŽ­òŽ‡”‹‡—›‰—‘Žƒ”ƒ—›‰—Žƒƒ›‡”‹†‡
‰ƒŽ˜ƒ‹œ •ƒ…–ƒ ˜ƒƒ —–—Žƒ”Ç ‹ƒŽ ‡†‹Ž‹”Ǥ GƒŽ ‡†‹Ž‡ ˜ƒƒ —–—Žƒ”Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐǐ òœ‡”‹‡ ‰‡­‹”‹Ž‡”‡ Ž‹’• ˜‡ ‡Ž‡’­‡Ž‡”
˜ƒ•Ç–ƒ•Ç›Žƒ•ƒ„‹–Ž‡‡”‡—›‰—Žƒƒ–ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ
‘º—Šƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇƒŠƒœÇ”‘Žƒ”ƒ‹ƒŽ‡†‹Ž‡˜ƒƒ—–—Žƒ”ÇǢ†Çç›òœ‡›‹˜ƒƒˆ‘”—†ƒò”‡–‹Ž‹çŽ‡˜Šƒ†ƒ‹­
›òœ‡›‹†‡ ‡Žƒ•–‘‡”‹ ƒ—­— Ú’òºò†‡ ‘Ž—ç—”Ǥ ƒŽÇ–ÇŽƒ…ƒ ‘Žƒ ˜ƒƒÇ ڎ­òŽ‡”‹‡ —›‰— ‘Žƒ”ƒ •‡­‹Ž‡ ˜ƒƒ
—–—Žƒ”ǐǐ òœ‡”Ž‡”‹†‡ ›‡” ƒŽƒ ‡Ž‡’­‡Ž‡” ‘–ƒŒ ‹­‹ ƒ­ÇŽÇ”Ǥ ƒƒ òœ‡”‹‡ „‘玗 ƒŽƒ›ƒ…ƒ 燍‹Ž†‡ ›‡”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‡
˜ƒƒ —–—Žƒ”ÇǢ ò­ò ­ƒ’Žƒ”†ƒ –‡ŽŽ‡” ‹Ž‡ „ò›ò ­ƒ’Žƒ”†ƒ ‹•‡ ‹‹ ƒ†‡– ‡–ƒŽ ‡Ž‡’­‡ ‹Ž‡ •ƒ„‹–Ž‡‡”‡ —›‰—Žƒƒ
–ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ
fekil 71: ƒƒ—–—Žƒ”Ç‹Ž‡›ƒ’ÇŽƒ—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”
6.7 Askõ ve Kelepçelerde Yapõlan Uygulamalar
‡•‹•ƒ– ‹çŽ‡”‹†‡ „‘”—Žƒ” ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ —›‰—Žƒƒ•Çƒ „ƒçŽƒƒ†ƒ ڐ…‡ ƒ•Ç ˜‡ ‡Ž‡’­‡Ž‡” ‹Ž‡ †—˜ƒ” ˜‡›ƒ –ƒ˜ƒŽƒ”ƒ
•ƒ„‹–Ž‡‡–‡†‹”Ǥ ‘”—Žƒ”ǐ ‘–ƒŒÇ •Ç”ƒ•Ç†ƒ ƒ•Ç ˜‡ ‡Ž‡’­‡Ž‡”†‡ ڐŽ‡ ƒŽÇƒƒ•Ç ‡–‹…‡•‹†‡ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐǐ
•ò”‡Ž‹Ž‹º‹‹ „‘œ—Žƒ•Ç —›‰—Žƒƒ†ƒ ƒ”çǎƒçǎƒ ‡ ›ƒ›‰Ç •‘”—Žƒ”†ƒ „‹”‹•‹†‹”Ǥ ‡Ž‡’­‡ ˜‡ ƒ•ÇŽƒ”†ƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ
ڐŽ‡Ž‡”‹‹ ƒŽÇƒƒ•Çǡ Ç•Ç Ú’”òŽ‡”‹‹ ‘Ž—烔ƒ Ç•Ç ƒ›Ç’ ˜‡ ƒœƒ­Žƒ”ǐǐ ƒ”–ƒ•Çƒǡ •‘º— Šƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ ›‘º—珃
‘Ž—烔ƒ •‹•–‡‹ œƒ”ƒ” ‰Ú”‡•‹‡ ‡†‡ ‘Ž—”Ǥ ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ڐŽ‡Ž‡”‹ ƒŽÇƒ†ƒ –ƒ˜ƒ ˜‡ †—˜ƒ”Žƒ”ƒ –‡•’‹– ‡†‡ ƒ•ÇŽƒ”
•‡„‡„‹›Ž‡‡›†ƒƒ‰‡Ž‡Ç•Çƒ›Ç’Žƒ”Çǡ„ò–ò„‘”—„‘›—†ƒ‡›†ƒƒ‰‡Ž‡Ç•Çƒ›„ǐǐ›ƒŽƒçǍͳͲǯ†ƒͳǯ‹ƒ†ƒ”†Ç”Ǥ
83
ƒŽÇ–Ǐǐ•ò”‡Ž‹Ž‹º‹‹‘”—ƒ”ƒÇ•ÇÚ’”òŽ‡”‹‹ÚŽ‡‡•‹‹­‹ƒ•Ç˜‡‡Ž‡’­‡Ž‡”†‡Ǣ—ŽŽƒÇƒŠƒœÇ”˜‡›ƒ›‡”‹†‡
ò”‡–‹Ž‡›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ†‡•–‡‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”Ǎ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ”ƒÚŽ‡ƒŽÇƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ
82,7°C
80
70
60
50
40
fekil 72: •Ç˜‡‡Ž‡’­‡Ž‡”†‡‡›†ƒƒ‰‡Ž‡Ç•ÇÚ’”òŽ‡”‹
›‰—ŽƒƒÇ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ…ƒºÇ›òœ‡›‹–‡‹œŽ‡‡•‹‹ƒ”†Ç†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ…ƒ„‘”—ǡŽ‡˜Šƒ˜‡›ƒç‹Ž–‡„‹­‹‹†‡‹Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ
ƒŽœ‡‡•‹—›‰——œ—Ž—–ƒ‡•‹Ž‹”Ǥº‡”†‡•–‡‡Ž‡ƒÇ„‘”—„‹­‹‹†‡‹„‹”Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹†‡‡Ž†‡‡†‹Ž‹ç
‹•‡†‡•–‡‡Ž‡ƒÇÇ„‘”—›ƒ‰‡­‹”‹Ž‡„‹Ž‡•‹‹­‹ƒŽœ‡‡„‹”–ƒ”ƒˆÇ†ƒ‡•‹Ž‡”‡›ƒ”Ǎƒ­ÇŽÇ”Ǥ‡•–‡‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”ǐǐ
ƒ•Ç ‘–ƒ•Ç†ƒ „‘”—›ƒ ‰‡­‹”‹Ž‹” ˜‡ ›ƒ’Çç–Ç”Ç…Ç ˜ƒ•Ç–ƒ•Ç›Žƒ ƒ­Ç ‘Žƒ ‡ ›‡”Ž‡”‹ „‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹”Ǥ ‡Ž‡’­‡ ˜‡›ƒ ƒ•ÇŽƒ”
–ƒÇŽƒ†ƒÚ…‡„ƒºŽƒ–LJŽ‡ƒŽƒ”Ç‹Ž‡›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ„‘”—ƒ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ‹„ƒ•Ç›ÇƒœƒŽ–ƒ…ƒ˜‡›ƒŽÇ–ǏǐƒŽÇŽÇºÇÇƒœƒŽƒ•Ç
˜‡›ƒ œ‡†‡Ž‡‡•‹‹ ڐŽ‡›‡…‡ „‹” ’ƒ”­ƒ ‘—”Ǥ ƒŽÇ–Ǐ †‡•–‡ ‡Ž‡ƒÇÇ „‘”—›ƒ ‘–‡ ‡†‹Ž‡•‹‹ ƒ”†Ç†ƒ
‡Ž‡’­‡˜‡ƒ•Ç‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”Ç„ƒºŽƒƒ”ƒ—›‰—Žƒƒ–ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ
›‰—ŽƒƒÇ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ…ƒºÇ ›òœ‡›‹ –‡‹œŽ‡‡•‹‹ ƒ”†Ç†ƒ ‹­‡”†‹º‹ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽÇŽÇºÇ —›‰—Žƒƒ…ƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽÇŽÇºÇƒ
‡ç‹– ‘Žƒ…ƒ 燍‹Ž†‡ „‘”— „‹­‹‹†‡‹ —ŽŽƒÇƒ ŠƒœÇ” †‡•–‡ ‡Ž‡ƒÇ •‡­‹Ž‹”Ǥ ‡•–‡ ‡Ž‡ƒÇ ‡ ›‡”Ž‡”‹†‡ ƒ­ÇŽƒ”ƒ
ƒ•Ç‘–ƒ•Ç†ƒ„‘”—›ƒ‰‡­‹”‹Ž‡”‡›ƒ’Çç–ǔDžǘƒ•Ç–ƒ•Ç›Žƒƒ­Ç‘Žƒ‡›‡”Ž‡”‹„‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹”˜‡‡†‹†‡›ƒ’Ç獃ŽÇ„ƒ–
‹Ž‡ ƒ’ƒ–ÇŽÇ”Ǥ ƒŽÇ–Ǐ †‡•–‡ ‡Ž‡ƒÇÇ „‘”—›ƒ ‘–‡ ‡†‹Ž‡•‹‹ ƒ”†Ç†ƒ ‡Ž‡’­‡ ˜‡ ƒ•Ç ‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”Ç „ƒºŽƒƒ”ƒ
—›‰—Žƒƒ–ƒƒŽƒÇ”Ǥ
fekil 73: •Ç˜‡‡Ž‡’­‡Ž‡”†‡‹Ž‡›ƒ’ÇŽƒ—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”
84
KAYNAKÇA
“Binalarda Enerji Performans Yönetmeliºi”
TS 825: ‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏǗ”ƒŽŽƒ”Ç–ƒ†ƒ”†Ç
TS 2164: ƒŽ‘”‹ˆ‡”‡•‹•ƒ–Ç”‘Œ‡Ž‡†‹”‡•ƒ•Žƒ”Ç–ƒ†ƒ”†Ç
TS 11758-2: ‘Ž‹‡”„‹–òŽòڔ–òŽ‡”Ǧ—›ƒŽÇ–ǏNj­‹Ǧ”‹–‡ƒ›ƒºÇ›Žƒ„‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‡”‡—ŽŽƒÇŽƒÚŽòʹǣ
—›‰—Žƒƒ—”ƒŽŽƒ”Ç
TS EN 13494:•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹Ǧ‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒǦƒ’Çç–ǔDžǘ‡œ‡‹ƒ’ŽƒƒƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹Ç•Ç
›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‡„ƒºŽƒƒ—ƒ˜‡‡–‹‹­‡‡›Ú–‡‹‹Ž‡–ƒ›‹‹
TS EN 13495:•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹Ǧ‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒǦƒ”‹…Á‘Žƒ”ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ‘’‘œ‹–Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ
•‹•–‡Ž‡”‹ȋȌǦòœ‡›‡†‹†‘º”—Ž–—†ƒ‘’ƒ†‹”‡…‹‹Ú’ò„Ž‘†‡‡›‹‹Ž‡–ƒ›‹‹
TS EN 13496:•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹Ǧƒ’ÇŽƒ”†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒǦƒ‡Ž›ƒˆ‡•ƒ•ŽÇ†‘ƒ–Lj‹Ž‡Ž‡”‹Ǧ‡ƒ‹
ڜ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”‹–ƒ›‹‹
TS EN 13497: •Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹Ǧƒ’ÇŽƒ”†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒǦƒ”‹…Á‘’‘œ‹–Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ•‹•–‡Ž‡”‹ȋȌǦ
ƒ”„‡†ƒ›ƒÇÇ–ƒ›‹‹
TS EN 13498:•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹Ǧƒ’ÇŽƒ”†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒǦƒ”‹…Á‘’‘œ‹–Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ•‹•–‡Ž‡”‹ȋȌǦ
ƒ–ƒ†ƒ›ƒÇÇ–ƒ›‹‹
TS EN 13499: •Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹Ǧ‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒǦ‰‡Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹ç’‘Ž‹•–‹”‡‡•ƒ•ŽÇŠƒ”‹…Á‘’‘œ‹–Ç•Ç
›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ•‹•–‡Ž‡”‹ȋȌǦYœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 13500:•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹Ǧƒ’ÇŽƒ”†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒǦ‹‡”ƒŽ›ò‡•ƒ•ŽÇŠƒ”‹…Á‘’‘œ‹–Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ
•‹•–‡Ž‡”‹ȋȌǦYœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 13162: •ÇƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹Ǧ‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒȂƒ„”‹ƒ•›‘Žƒ”ƒGƒŽ†‹Ž‡‹‡”ƒŽòȋȌ
ƒ—ŽŽ‡”ȂYœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 13163:•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹Ǧ‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒǦƒ„”‹ƒ•›‘Žƒ”ƒGƒŽ†‹Ž‡Ǧ
‡Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹ç
‘Ž‹•–‹”‡Ú’òǦYœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 13164:•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹Ǧ‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒǦƒ„”‹ƒ•›‘Žƒ”ƒ•–”òœ›‘ŽƒGƒŽ†‹Ž‡
‘Ž‹•–‹”‡Ú’òȋȌǦYœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 13165:•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹Ǧ‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒǦƒ„”‹ƒ•›‘Žƒ”ƒGƒŽ†‹Ž‡‡”–‘Ž‹ò”‡–ƒ
ڒòȋȌǦYœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 13166ǣ•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹Ǧ‹ƒŽƒ”—ŽŽƒÇŽƒǦƒ„”‹ƒ•›‘Žƒ”ƒGƒŽ†‹Ž‡‡‘Ž‹Ú’òȋȌȂ
Yœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 13167:•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹Ǧ‹ƒŽƒ”—ŽŽƒÇŽƒǦƒ„”‹ƒ•›‘Žƒ”ƒGƒŽ†‹Ž‡ƒÚ’òºòȋ
ȌȂ
Yœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 13168ǣ•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹Ǧ‹ƒŽƒ”—ŽŽƒÇŽƒǦƒ„”‹ƒ•›‘Žƒ”ƒGƒŽ†‹Ž‡Šçƒ’òòȋȌȂ
Yœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 13169:•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹Ǧ‹ƒŽƒ”—ŽŽƒÇŽƒǦƒ„”‹ƒ•›‘Žƒ”ƒGƒŽ†‹Ž‡
‡Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹ç‡”Ž‹–
ȋȌȂYœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 13170:•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹Ǧ‹ƒŽƒ”—ŽŽƒÇŽƒǦƒ„”‹ƒ•›‘Žƒ”ƒGƒŽ†‹Ž‡
‡Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹ç
ƒ–ƒ”ȋȌȂYœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 13171:•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹Ǧ‹ƒŽƒ”—ŽŽƒÇŽƒǦƒ„”‹ƒ•›‘Žƒ”ƒGƒŽ†‹Ž‡Šçƒ’‹ˆŽ‹‡˜ŠƒŽƒ”
ȋȌȂYœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 14303:•Ç›ƒŽÇ–Ǐƒ—ŽŽ‡”‹Ǧ‹ƒ–‡•‹•ƒ–ǘ‡‡†ò•–”‹›‡Ž—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç‹­‹Ǧƒ„”‹ƒ•›‘Žƒ‹ƒŽ‡†‹Ž‡
‹‡”ƒŽ›òƒ—ŽŽ‡”ǦYœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 14304:‡•‹•ƒ–˜‡‡†ò•–”‹›‡Ž—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”‹­‹Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–Ǐƒ—ŽŽ‡”‹Ǧƒ„”‹ƒ›ƒ’ǏLJ•‡‡Žƒ•–‘‡”‹
Ú’òȋȌò”òŽ‡”Ǧڜ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 14305:•Ç›ƒŽÇ–Ǐƒ—ŽŽ‡”‹Ǧ‹ƒ–‡•‹•ƒ–ǘ‡‡†ò•–”‹›‡Ž—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç‹­‹Ǧƒ„”‹ƒ•›‘Žƒ‹ƒŽ‡†‹Ž‡
‰Úœ‡‡Ž‹…ƒȋ
Ȍƒ—ŽŽ‡”ǦYœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 14306:•Ç›ƒŽÇ–Ǐƒ—ŽŽ‡”‹Ǧ‹ƒ–‡•‹•ƒ–ǘ‡‡†ò•–”‹›‡Ž—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç‹­‹Ǧƒ„”‹ƒ•›‘Žƒ‹ƒŽ‡†‹Ž‡
ƒŽ•‹›—•‹Ž‹ƒ–ȋȌƒ—ŽŽ‡”Ǧڜ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
86
TS EN 14307:•Ç›ƒŽÇ–Ǐƒ—ŽŽ‡”‹Ǧ‹ƒ–‡•‹•ƒ–ǘ‡‡†ò•–”‹›‡Ž—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç‹­‹Ǧƒ„”‹ƒ•›‘Žƒ‹ƒŽ‡†‹Ž‡
’‘Ž‹•–‹”‡ȋȌÚ’òƒ—ŽŽ‡”Ǧڜ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 14308:‹ƒ–‡•‹•ƒ–ǘ‡‡†ò•–”‹›‡Ž—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç‹­‹Ǧƒ„”‹ƒ•›‘Žƒ‹ƒŽ‡†‹Ž‡•‡”–’‘Ž‹ò”‡–ƒȋȌ˜‡
•‡”–’‘Ž‹‹œ‘•‹›ƒƒ–ȋȌÚ’òƒ—ŽŽ‡”Ǧڜ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 14309:•Ç›ƒŽÇ–Ǐƒ—ŽŽ‡”‹Ǧ‹ƒ–‡•‹•ƒ–ǘ‡‡†ò•–”‹›‡Ž—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç‹­‹Ǧƒ„”‹ƒ•›‘Žƒ‹ƒŽ‡†‹Ž‡
‡Ž‡ç–‹”Ž‹ç’‘Ž‹•–‹”‡ȋȌƒ—ŽŽ‡”Ǧڜ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 14313:•Ç›ƒŽÇ–Ǐƒ—ŽŽ‡”‹Ǧ‹ƒ–‡•‹•ƒ–ǘ‡‡†ò•–”‹›‡Ž—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç‹­‹Ǧƒ„”‹ƒ•›‘Žƒ‹ƒŽ‡†‹Ž‡
‘Ž‹‡–‹Ž‡ȋȌÚ’òƒ—ŽŽ‡”Ǧڜ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 14314:•Ç›ƒŽÇ–Ǐƒ—ŽŽ‡”‹Ǧ‹ƒ–‡•‹•ƒ–ǘ‡‡†ò•–”‹›‡Ž—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç‹­‹Ǧƒ„”‹ƒ•›‘Žƒ‹ƒŽ‡†‹Ž‡
ˆ‡‘Ž‹Ú’òȋȌƒ—ŽŽ‡”Ǧڜ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 13707:—ƒŽÇ–ǏY”–òŽ‡”‹Ȃ.ƒ–ÇŽƒ”†ƒ—ƒŽÇ–Ǐǐ†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒƒçǛDžǎNj–òŽòY”–òŽ‡”ȂƒÇŽƒƒŽƒ”
˜‡Yœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 13969:—ƒŽÇ–ǏY”–òŽ‡”‹Ȃ‡‡ŽŽ‡”†‡—˜‡‡ƒŽÇ–Ǐǐ†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ‹–òŽòY”–òŽ‡”Ǧ
ƒÇŽƒƒŽƒ”˜‡Yœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 13970:—ƒŽÇ–ǏY”–òŽ‡”‹Ȃ‹–òŽò——Šƒ”Ç‘–”‘Žƒ„ƒƒŽƒ”ÇǦƒÇŽƒƒŽƒ”˜‡Yœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 13956:—ƒŽÇ–ǏY”–òŽ‡”‹Ȅ.ƒ–ÇŽƒ”†ƒ—ƒŽÇ–Ǐǐ†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒŽƒ•–‹˜‡ƒ—­—•ƒ•ŽÇY”–òŽ‡”Ȅ
ƒÇŽƒƒŽƒ”˜‡Yœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 13967:—ƒŽÇ–ǏY”–òŽ‡”‹Ȅ‡‡ŽŽ‡”†‡—˜‡‡ƒŽÇ–Ǐǐ†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒŽƒ•–‹Ȁƒ—­—•ƒ•ŽÇY”–òŽ‡”
ǦƒÇŽƒƒŽƒ”˜‡Yœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 13859-1:—ƒŽÇ–ǏY”–òŽ‡”‹Ȅƒ’ŽƒƒŽ–ÇY”–òŽ‡”‹ƒÇŽƒƒ˜‡Yœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”‹Ȅڎòͳǣò”‡Ž‹
Žƒ›ƒ.ƒ–ǃ’ŽƒƒŽƒ”ÇŽ–ǐ†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ
TS EN 13859-2:—ƒŽÇ–ǏY”–òŽ‡”‹Ȅƒ’ŽƒƒŽ–ÇY”–òŽ‡”‹ƒÇŽƒƒ˜‡Yœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”‹Ȅڎòʹǣ‡’Š‡
ƒ’ŽƒƒŽƒ”ÇŽ–ǐ†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ
TS EN 14315-1: ‹ƒŽƒ”‹­‹Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–Ǐò”òŽ‡”‹Ǧfƒ–‹›‡†‡‘Ž—ç–—”—Žƒ•‡”–Ú’ò’ò•ò”–‡ƒòŽŽ‡”‹ǣ
ڎòͳǦ›‰—Žƒƒ†ƒÚ…‡•‡”–Ú’ò’ò•ò”–‡•‹•–‡‹‹­‹Yœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
TS EN 14315-2: ‹ƒŽƒ”‹­‹Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–Ǐò”òŽ‡”‹Ǧfƒ–‹›‡†‡‘Ž—ç–—”—Žƒ•‡”–’‘Ž‹ò”‡–ƒȋȌ˜‡
’‘Ž›‹•‘…›ƒ—”ƒ–‡ȋȌÚ’ò’ò•ò”–‡ò”òŽ‡”‹ǣڎòʹ›‰—ŽƒÇ盃ŽÇ–Ǐò”òŽ‡”‹‹­‹Yœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”
ISO/FDIS 9774: Š‡”ƒŽ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•Ȅ
—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ˆ‘”•‡Ž‡…–‹‰’”‘’‡”–‹‡•
DIN 4108-10:¡”‡•…Š—–œ—†‡”‰‹‡Ǧ‹•’ƒ”—‰‹
‡„¡—†‡Ȅ™‡†—‰•„‡œ‘‰‡‡ˆ‘”†‡”—‰‡ƒ
¡”‡†¡•–‘ˆˆ‡Ȅ‡‹ŽͳͲǣ‡”¡é‹‰Š‡”‰‡•–‡ŽŽ–‡¡”‡†¡•–‘ˆˆ‡ȏŠ‡”ƒŽ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡‡”‰›
‡…‘‘›‹„—‹Ž†‹‰•Ȅ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ˆ‘”–Š‡”ƒŽ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ȅƒ”–ͳͲǣƒ…–‘”›
ƒ†‡’”‘†—…–•Ȑ
DIN 55699: ‡”ƒ„‡–‹–—‰˜‘ƒ—釐•‡‹–‹‰‡¡”‡†¡Ȃ‡”„—†•›•–‡‡ȏÇ煇’Š‡†‡—›‰—Žƒƒ
‘’‘œ‹–Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏǕ‹•–‡Ž‡”‹‹—›‰—Žƒƒ•ÇȐ
ETAG 004: —‹†‡Ž‹‡ˆ‘”—”‘’‡ƒ‡…Š‹…ƒŽ’’”‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆš–‡”ƒŽŠ‡”ƒŽ•—Žƒ–‹‘‘’‘•‹–‡›•–‡•‹–Š
‡†‡”‹‰ȏǘƒŽÇ‘’‘œ‹–Ç燒Š‡•ÇƒŽÇ–Ǐ‹•–‡Ž‡”‹Ȑ
ETAG 031: Ͳ͵ͳ˜‡”–‡†‘‘ˆ•—Žƒ–‹‘‹–•ƒ”–ͳǣ
‡‡”ƒŽdz‹–Š‡†‡”‹‰ȏ‡”•‡”ƒ•.ƒ–Ç‹•–‡Ž‡”‹Ȑ
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