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Iskapanjem materijali dolaze u QRYLRNROLãUDYQRWHåDELYDSRUHPHüHQDSDQHNLSUHGPHWLGRåLYOMDYDMXãRN.DGD VH JURE RWYRUL XODVNRP KODGQRJ ]UDND X QMHPX SRUDVWH UHODWLYQD YODåQRVW L WR SRQHNDG WROLNR GD GR H GR QDYODåLYDQMD VDPLK SUHGPHWD 8OD]DN YUXüHJ VXKRJ ]UDND SDN X]URNXMH SDG UHODWLYQH YODJH 2EH SURPMHQH GRYRGH GR SURPMHQH REXMPD RUJDQVNRJ PDWHULMDOD ]ERJ XSLMDQMD YODJH RGQRVQR ]ERJ QMH]LQRJ gubljenja, što se manifestira kao bubrenje ili usukavanje i izvitoperenje. 6OLþQD VH YUVWD SUREOHPD MDYOMD L NDGD VH SUHGPHWL LVNRSDQL L] YODåQRJ WOD EU]R VXãH XPMHVWR GD LP VH GRSXVWL SRVWHSHQR SULODJR DYDQMH QRYLP QDG]HPQLP XYMHWLPD .RG RUJDQVNLK PDWHULMDOD QDJOL JXELWDN YODJH PRåH X]URNRYDWL VNXSOMDQMHLMDNHGLVWRU]LMHDNRGNDPHQDLORQþDULMHþDNPUYOMHQMH'DELVHWDNYR SURSDGDQMH VSULMHþLOR YDåQR MH QHWRP LVNRSDQH SUHGPHWH SRKUDQLWL QD WRSOR L VMHQRYLWRPMHVWRJGMHüHVHSRODNRRVORED DWLYODJH .DGD VX SUHGPHWL VWDQLþQH JUD H SRSXW GUYD NRVWL LOL EMHORNRVWL QDWRSOMHQL YRGRP WDM MH SUREOHP MRã L]UDåHQLML 7DNYH MH SUHGPHWH YDåQR RGPDK XURQLWL X YRGXLWDNRLKGUåDWLVYHGRWUHQXWNDNDGDVHPRJXXPRWDWLXYODåQRSODWQRVWDYLWL X SODVWLþQH YUHüH L SUHQLMHWL X UDGLRQLFX JGMH üH LK VH QD SULNODGDQ QDþLQ NRQ]HUYLUDWL 'RSXVWL OL VH SUHEU]R VXãHQMH QMLKRYD VH RVODEOMHQD VWDQLþQD VWUXNWXUDPRåHXUXãLWLDNDGDVHWRGRJRGLQLNDNYRLPSRQRYQRQDPDNDQMHQHüH YUDWLWL L]YRUQL REOLN (NVWUHPQL MH VOXþDM WDM JGMH MH PRNUL RUJDQVNL PDWHULMDO SUHNULYHQQHSURSXVQLPSRSXWNLQHVNRJODNDDNRMLVHPRUDVDþXYDWL1DLPHNRG WDNYLKSUHGPHWDQLQDMEULåOMLYLMLWUHWPDQQLMHMDPVWYRXVSMHKD8WRVPRVHXYMHULOL QD VOXþDMX L] JRGLQH NDGD VX þHWLUL UD]PRþHQH SOLWLFH RG YUOR WDQNRJ ODNLUDQRJGUYDELOHLVNRSDQHX&KDQJ6KDX6PMHVWDVX]DSDNLUDQHQDQDþLQGD VXVWDYOMHQHXPRNUXYXQXXL]QXWUDSRFLQþDQHNXWLMHLDYLRQVNLRWSUHPOMHQHQD REUDGX X ,VWUDåLYDþNL ODERUDWRULM %ULWDQVNRJ PX]HMD 7DPR VX VH SRODNR VXãLOH GYDQDHVW PMHVHFL SUL þHPX VX VH SUHPLMHãWDOH L] MHGQH X GUXJX ]DWYRUHQX SRVXGXVDVYHVXãLP]UDNRP,DNRVXVYHþHWLULSOLWLFHLGHQWLþQRWUHWLUDQHVDPR VX VH WUL XVSMHãQR RVXãLOH ýHWYUWD VH VNXSLOD L]YLWRSHULOD L QD NUDMX UDVSDOD 0RåGD MH UD]ORJ QMH]LQRJ QHRELþQRJ SRQDãDQMD ELOD QDUDY NDNYRüD LOL VPMHU UH]DQMD GUYD XSRWUHEOMHQRJ SRVHEQR ]DWXSOLWLFX6GUXJHVWUDQHQDJD DPRGD MH LPDOD EXUQLMX SRYLMHVW RG RVWDOLK SD MH GRN MH ELOD SRG ]HPOMRP QD PDKRYH SUROD]LOD UD]GREOMD LVXãLYDQMD LOL MH SDN QDNRQ LVNDSDQMD GRåLYMHOD GMHORPLþQR sušenje. 3UHGPHWL ]DNRSDQL X VODQRP WOX QLVX L]ORåHQL VDPR YOD]L YHü L GMHORYDQMX VROL UDVWRSOMHQLK X YRGL WOD .DGD VH PRNUL PDWHULMDOL NRML XVWR VDGUåH WRSOMLYH VROL LVNRSDMX YRGD KODSL D VROL VH NULVWDOL]LUDMX 3UL WRPH VROL VODEH SUHGPHW L þHVWR razaraju površinu. Stoga takve predmete valja RSUDWLXQHVODQRMYRGLNDNRELVH RGVWUDQLOH DSVRUELUDQH WRSOMLYH VROL L WDNR VSULMHþLOD QMLKRYD GDOMQMD SRYUãLQVND NULVWDOL]DFLMD 0HWDOQL SUHGPHWL WDNR HU UHDJLUDMX X VODQRM ]HPOML 1R LDNR NRURGLUDMX X ]HPOML RQL VH PRJX V YUHPHQRP XUDYQRWHåLWL V RNROLQRP þLPH VH SURFHV NRUR]LMH JRWRYRSRVYH ]DXVWDYOMD1RNDGDVHLVNRSDMXLGR X X QRYLRNROLãVL]YMHVQRP YODJRP X ]UDNX GRN VH RQL SULODJR DYDMX QRYLP XYMHWLPD NRUR]LMD PRåH L]QRYD EXNQXWL 3520-(1(9/$*(808=(-,0$ 'RNDQWLNYLWHWLPRJXSURSDGDWL]ERJL]ODJDQMDQDJOLPSURPMHQDPDWHPSHUDWXUHL YODJHQHSRVUHGQRQDNRQLVNDSDQMDXPMHWQLþNDGMHODPRJXLVWRWDNRSDWLWL]ERJ L]ORåHQRVWL RELþQLP VYDNRGQHYQLP DWPRVIHUVNLP SURPMHQDPD 1D DWPRVIHUVNH SURPMHQH L WR SRVHEQR QD SURPMHQH UHODWLYQH YODJH RVRELWR VX RVMHWOMLYH VOLNH QDVOLNDQHQDGDVFLLSODWQX.DGDMHVOLNDQDGDVFLL]ORåHQDSURPMHQDPDUHODWLYQH YODJH GUYR üH WR SRSUDWLWL SURPMHQDPD GLPHQ]LMD ãWR SDN L]ODåH JUXQG VOLNH L QDQRVH ERMH ULWPLþNLP QDSUH]DQMLPD .DR UH]XOWDW WLK SRNUHWD PRJX VH SRMDYLWL QDSXNOLQH L PMHKXUDVWD QDGLJQXüD D ERMD VH PRåH SRþHWL OMXãWLWL 'R 'UXJRJD VYMHWVNRJUDWDX1DFLRQDOQRMJDOHULMLX/RQGRQXþLMLSURVWRULQLVXELOLNOLPDWL]LUDQL QD WDNYLP MH VOLNDUVNLP SRSUDYFLPD þDN RVDP PMHVHFL JRGLãQMH UDGLR MHGDQ WHKQLþDr. U spremištu u koje su te slike sklonjene tijekom rata, gdje je zrak bio podešen na 58 % r.v., a temperatura na 60 °F (17 oC), njegov se rad u prvoj JRGLQLPH XWLPVYHRQDRWSULOLNHPMHVHF GDQDGDELVHVYDNHVOMHGHüHJRGLQH sve više smanjivao, a nakoQSHWJRGLQDVSDRQDMHGDQIRUPDOQLRELOD]DNEXGXüL GD YLãH QLMH ELOR SRWUHEH ]D LQWHUYHQFLMDPD 9DåQRVW IDNWRUD UHODWLYQH YODJH X NRQ]HUYDFLML VOLND GRãOD MH SRQRYR GR L]UDåDMD NDGD VX VOLNH ELOH YUDüHQH X London, jer su se ondje nastavile ponašati na prLMHUDWQL QDþLQ D ERMD VH RSHW jednako ljuštila u neklimatiziranim prostorijama. Isto tako, u velikom spremištu u koje su za vrijeme rata bile pohranjene zbirke %ULWDQVNRJ PX]HMD L 0X]HMD $OEHUWD L 9LFWRULMH $OEHUW DQG 9LFWRULD 0XVHXP arheološki predmHWLNQMLJHWHNVWLOJUDILNHFUWHåLUXNRSLVLQDPMHãWDMLWGJGMH je konstantna temperatura iznosila 60 oF (16 oC) a r.v. 60 % nije zabiljeåQ QLWL MHGDQVOXþDMSURSDGDQMD 1HPD GDNOH XYMHUOMLYLMHJ GRND]D QHL]PMHUQH YDåQRVWL RGUåDYDQMD SULPMHUHQH L NRQVWDQWQHWHPSHUDWXUHLUHODWLYQHYODJHX]UDNXXPX]HMLPDLSLQDNRWHNDPDRG VSRPHQXWRJD7DPRJGMHSRVWRMLNOLPDWL]DFLMDLXUH DM]DLVLVDYDQMHSUDãLQHNDNR MH WR XRELþDMHQR NRG PRGHUQLK SRVWURMHQMD WH YUVWH XYMHWL VX LGHDOQL 8 WDNYLP uvjetima višH QH SRVWRML RSDVQRVW RG RãWHüHQMD DWPRVIHUVNLP RQHþLãüHQMHP 1HPDYLãHþHVWLFDþD HSDVHVDVOLNDPRJXVORERGQRVNLQXWL]DãWLWQDVWDNODLX QMLPDXåLYDWLEH]QHXJRGQRJ]UFDOQRJUHIOHNVD ,DNRVWURJLUHåLPRGUYLoF (16 oC) nije kljuþDQ]DYHüLQX]ELUNLVYMHGQR MHNRULVQRXWYUGLWLJRUQMXLGRQMXJUDQLFXUHODWLYQHYODJHLWHPSHUDWXUHWHRVLJXUDWL NROLNR MH PRJXüH RGUåDYDQMH XYMHWD XQXWDU WDNR XWYU HQLK JUDQLFD 7R GDNDNR XNOMXþXMH ELOMHåHQMD YULMHGQRVWL XUH DMH ]D NRQWUROLUDQMH JULMDQMD L YHQWLODFLMH WH RYODåLYDQMHXVOXþDMXGDVH]UDNSUHWMHUDQRLVXãL *UDIRGQRVDWHPSHUDWXUHLUHODWLYQHYODåQRVWLSULND]DQQDVOSRND]XMHGDMHSUL temperaturi od 70 oF i r.v. od 50 % što su posve normalne dnevne vrijednosti WHPSHUDWXUXSRWUHEQRVQLziti za samo 10 oF kako bi se r.v. podigla na 70 % što je YULMHGQRVW NRMD MH XQXWDU JUDQLFD VLJXUQRVWL ]D VNODGLãWHQMH PDWHULMDOD SRGORåQRJ UD]YRMX SOLMHVQL NRMD EL JD NDG VH QH EL VSULMHþLOD QHL]EMHåQR RãWHWLOD 3RQHNDG VH WLP GLMDJUDPRP PRåHPR VOXåLWL L X NRPELQDFLML V SVLKRPHWURP ãWR üH ]DPLMHQLWL NRULãWHQMH WDEHOH ]D XWYU LYDQMH SULEOLåQH YULMHGQRVWL UHODWLYQH YODJH Tako, na primjer, ako suhi termometar pokazuje 70 oF, a mokri 60 oF, ustvrditi üH VHGDMHYULMHGQRVWUHODWLYQHYODåQRVWLL]PH XLWRþQLMHRNR 'R]DQLPOMLYLK]DNOMXþDNDGRYRGLLXVSRUHGEDX]DVWRSQLKL]PMHUDUHODWLYQHYODJHL WHPSHUDWXUHQDRWYRUHQRPXUH DMMHELR]DãWLüHQSRGVWDQGDUGL]LUDQLPXYMHWLPD V L]PMHUDPD X ]DWYRUHQRP D WH YULMHGQRVWL RSHW V NRQWLQXLUDQLP L]PMHUDPD LQVWUXPHQWDVPMHãWHQRJXQXWDU]DWYRUHQHL]ORåEHQHYLWULQH8VWDQRYOMHQRMHWDNR QDSULPMHUGDVXVHGQHYQLHNVWUHPLUHODWLYQHYODJHQDRWYRUHQRPX/RQGRQXX UD]GREOMX RG OLSQMD GR UXMQD NUHWDOL RWSULOLNH L]PH X L 8 PX]HMVNLP SURVWRULMDPD ELOLVXVYHGHQLQD–SULVUHGQMRMVREQRMWHPSHUDWXUL RG oF, pri þHPX VX X YLWULQL SURPMHQH UHODWLYQH YODåQRVWL ELOH JRWRYR QH]DPMHWQH Usporedni rezultati su prikazani na dijagramu 2, a vitrina, korištena u toj provjeri imala je zapremninu od 5 m3 i ostakljenu površinu od 8 000 cm2. Ostakljeni VDQGXFLLRNYLULL]X]HWQRVXGDNOHXþLQNRYLWLXUMHãDYDQMXSUREOHPDRQHþLãüHQMD DOLVHXVPLVOXGXJRURþQHNRQ]HUYDFLMHMHGQDNRYDåQLPSRND]DODLQMLKRYDXORJD XPLQLPDOL]LUDQMXDWPRVIHUVNLKSURPMHQD'UXJLPULMHþLPDVSRPHQXWRXVSRUHGQR LVSLWLYDQMHGRND]DORMHYDåQRVWþXYDQMDSUHGPHWDSRGORåQLKSURPMHQDPDYODJHX ]DWYRUHQLPVDQGXFLPDLRVWDNOMHQLPNRQVWUXNFLMDPD 7HPSHUDWXUD L UHODWLYQD YODJD MHGQDNR VX YDåQL L X SULYDWQLP ]JUDGDPD JGMH VH ]ELUNH RELþQR GUåH X PDOLP SURVWRULPD X NRMLPD MH VWUXMDQMH ]UDND SRMDþDQR RWYDUDQMLPD YUDWD L SUR]RUD L XUH DMLPD ]D JULMDQMH 8 WDNYLP XYMHWLPD WHPSHUDWXUD RELþQR YDULUD YLãH QHJR X SURVWUDQLP PX]HMVNLP SURVWRULPD SD WX XSRUDED VWDNOHQLK VDQGXND L RVWDNOMHQLK NRQVWUXNFLMD ]D L]ODJDQMH RVMHWOMLYLK PDWHULMDODLPDQHXSLWQXSUHGQRVW ./,0$808=(-,0$ 3RND]DOL VPR NDNR VX WHPSHUDWXUD L UHODWLYQD YODJD PH XVREQR RYLVQL 8 muzejima temperatura mora biti podešena tako da bude ugodna za posjetitelje, ãWR]QDþLL]PH XL 75 oF (1625 oC), pa je to ujedno i polazište za utvr LYDQMH granica relativne vlage sigurnih za izloške u tome temperaturnom rasponu. Te su JUDQLFHXWYU HQHSURPDWUDQMHPGMHORYDQMDHNVWUHPQLKXYMHWDLSURPMHQDUHODWLYQH YODJHQDQDMRVMHWOMLYLMHPDWHULMDOH $'RQMDGRSXVWLYDJUDQLFDUHODWLYQHYODJH +LJURVNRSLþQL PDWHULMDOL NRMLPD MH YODJD QRUPDOQL VDGUåDM QDMRVMHWOMLYLML VX QD SUHWMHUDQR LVXãLYDQMH .DGD EDOYDQL LOL JUHGH NRML VH VXãH SRVWLJQX UDYQRWHåX V okolinom, odnosno kada su “sazreli”, oni joã XYLMHN VDGUåH L]PH X L YODJH 2VXãH OL VH LVSRG WRJ SRVWRWND L]YLWRSHULW üH VH =UHOR VH GUYR L GDOMH SULODJR DYDSURPMHQDPDUHODWLYQHYODJHXDWPRVIHULDQMHJRYRüHSULODJR DYDQMH RYLVLWLRQMHJRYLPGLPHQ]LMDPDLYUVWLWHSURPMHQDPDNRMLPDMHL]ORåHQR1DLPH PDOHSURPMHQHUHODWLYQHYODJHXQXWDUUDVSRQDRGGRQDãNRGLWLüHVDPR WDQNLP GUYHQLP QRVDþLPD VOLND NRG NRMLK SRNUHWL PDWHULMDOD PRJX V YUHPHQRP X]URNRYDWLRGYDMDQMHSRYUãLQHGDVNHRGJUXQGDLOLQDPD]DERMH.RGWYU HJüHVH GUYD ]QDþDMQLMH SRVOMHGLFH SRMDYLWL WHN QDNRQ YHOLNLK L GXJRWUDMQLK SURPMHQD UHODWLYQHYODåQRVWL 2VLP GUYD L GUXJL VH PDWHULMDOL SRSXW SDSLUD SHUJDPHQWD NRåD WH SRVHEQR VWRODUVNLK WXWNDOD L RQLK NRMD VH NRULVWH 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