57 Endodoncija Endodontics Endodontsko punilo Gutta Flow 2 može se prema biokompatibilnosti usporediti s prijašnjim generacijama tih materijala. Testom na kulturi primarnih humanih fibroblasta parodontnog ligamenta dokazano je za sva punila Guttaflow, u usporedbi cementom s AHPlus jet, povećano preživljavanje stanica nakon 24 sata te nakon jednog, dva i četiri tjedna (1). Trotjedno in vitro ispitivanje utjecaja eluata endodontskih cemenata (AH Plus™, GuttaFlow™, Tubliseal™, Sealapex™ i RealSeal™) na stanični odgovor osteoblasta i osteoklasta pokazalo je kako nastaje poremećaj stanične komunikacije te jedan i drugi stanični odgovor. Pritom su osteoblasti bili osjetljiviji i slabije su se prilagođavali (2). Magnezij-fosfatni cementi s dodatkom bizmutova trioksida pokazali su dobra svojstva kad je riječ o primjeni i mehaničkim svojstvima. Tako su nakon tri mjeseca brtvili bolje nego MTA, a nakon šest mjeseci dvije su formulacije i dalje imale bolje rezultate (3). Kalcij-silikatni cement MTA Plus (sivi i bijeli) in vitro je imao zanemarivu citotoksičnu aktivnost ovisnu o koncentraciji i vremenu izloženosti, u usporedbi s postojećim cementima iz hidraulične kalcij-silikatne skupine (4). U metaanalizi dosadašnjih studija MTA je bio bolji kao sredstvo pri pulpotomiji mliječnih molara od formokrezola (5). U usporedbi s diodnim laserom (980 nm) kalij-titanil-fosfatni laser nešto je bolje smanjivao opterećenje korijenskog kanala bakterijom E. faecalis (96 % prema 93 %). U usporedbi s konvencionalnim endodontskim tretmanom, u obje skupine tretirane laserom količina bakterija bila je statistički značajno smanjena (6). Istraživanje eksterne resorpcije kod replantiranih zuba pokazalo je da je najvažniji čimbenik za nastanak eksterne upalne resorpcije vrijeme proteklo između replantacije i ekstirpacije pulpe. Naime, odgoda ekstirpacije nužno povećava opasnost od upalne resorpcije, a dob pacijenta smanjuje njezinu incidenciju (7). Slomljene nikal-titanijske instrumente u simuliranim korijenskim kanalima može se elektrokemijski otopiti i tako postići prohodnost kanala korištenjem endodontskog instrumenta #10 u klinički prihvatljivom vremenu. Pritom povećanje koncentracije fluorida ubrzava proces (8). Metaanaliza dosadašnjih istraživanja o usporedbi 0,75-postotnog levobupivakaina i 2-postotnog lidokaina tijekom stomatoloških zahvata pokazala je kako nema razlike u postoperativnom razdoblju, pri čemu se bupivakain preporučuje za endodontske zahvate produljenog trajanja ili u slučaju očekivanih postoperativnih bolova (9). Istraživanje snage veze intrakanalnih nadogradnji u endodontski liječenim zubima pokazalo je smanjenje vrijednosti ako su kanali bili napunjeni termoplastički tretiranom alfa fazom gutaperke, pri čemu je bila mnogo veća i količina detritusa na zidovima korijenskog kanala (10). Kao alternativa skupom i vremenski zahtjevnom endodontskom liječenju trajnih molara s ireverzibilnim pulpitisom, istraženo je i korištenje kalcijem obogaćenih cemenata. Pritom je u toj dvogodišnjoj studiji koja još uvijek traje istaknuto kako se terapija cementima bogatima kalcijem, osim što se čuva vitalnosti pulpe, može usporediti s rezultatima postignutima konvencionalnim endodontskim zahvatom, no pritom je jeftinija i za zahvat je potrebno manje vremena (11). Dvogodišnja retrospektivna studija o korištenju Super EBA-e u endodontskoj mikrokirurgiji pokazala je kako je ovaj materijal dobar izbor u kirurškom rješavanju postendodontske bolesti (12). U studiji in vitro o otpornosti endodontski liječenih razorenih maksilarnih prednjih zuba postignuti su bolji rezultati kod endokruna i kratkih intrakanalnih kolčića u usporedbi s velikim intrakanalnim kolčićima. Ističe se da je skupina koja je bila opskrbljena endokrunama imala više reparabilnih fraktura nego ostale (13). Simulirano starenje i opterećenje značajno su djelovali na otpornost intrakanalnih kolčića na lom, dok je djelovanje na modul elastičnosti bilo manje izraženo. Termocikliranje i izloženost kipućoj vodenoj kupelji imali su statistički značajan utjecaj za razliku od samo čuvanja u vodi (14). Endodontic sealer GuttaFlow 2 was found to be as biocompatible as previous generations of GuttaFlow sealers. Periodontal ligament primary human fibroblast cell culture test had shown increase in cell viability after 24 hours and after 1, 2 and 4 weeks in case of all GuttaFlow specimens when compared to AH Plus cement group (1). In vitro study of endodontic sealer eluates (AH Plus™, GuttaFlow™, Tubliseal™, Sealapex™ and RealSeal™) on the osteoblastic and osteoclastic cellular response during 21 days showed disturbances in both cellular lines. Osteoblast cells demonstrated lower adaptability and higher susceptibility to eluates (2). Magnesium phosphate cements enriched with bismuth trioxide were found to have good handling and mechanical properties. After 3 month period they exhibited better sealing ability than MTA and after 6 month period 2 formulations still had a better sealing than MTA (3). Calcium silicate cement MTA Plus (white and grey)showed low dose and exposition time dependent in vitro cytotoxicity which was comparable to other cements from the hydraulic calcium silicate group (4). When compared to formocresol, MTA demonstrated better success rate in deciduous teeth pulpotomy in a meta analysis of studies carried so far (5). Pottasium-titanyl-phosphate laser lowered bacterial load of a root canal slightly more than 980 nm diode laser (93% vs. 96%). When compared with conventional endodontic treatment, both laser treated groups had significantly lower quantity of bacteria (6). Research of an external resorption of replanted teeth showed that crucial factor was a time between tooth replantation and pulp extirpation. Namely, delayed pulp extirpation increases the risk of inflammatory resorption, while it’s incidence is lowered with older age of patients (7). Broken nickel - titanium instruments in simulated root canals were successfully electrochemically solved up to the point where a glide path with #10 endodontic instrument could be established in clinically acceptable time period. Increased fluoride concentration in the solution accelerated the process (8). Meta analysis of studies comparing efficacy of 0,75% bupivacaine and 2% lidocaine in dental procedures revealed no differences in postoperative events. Bupivacaine was suggested to be used in extended procedures like root canal treatment or where postoperative pain is expected (9). Retention strength of intracanal posts placed in roots filled with thermoplastically treated alpha phase of the gutta-percha was lower than in control groups while the quantity of detritus on the canal walls was increased (10). Calcium enriched cement mixtures were investigated as a cheaper and faster alternative to the standard root canal therapy in case of permanent molars with irreversible pulpitis. It was demonstrated that using a calcium rich cement mixtures yielded results similar to those of standard root canal treatment while preserving the pulp vitality in successfully treated teeth (11). Two year retrospective study on Super EBA usage in endodontic microsurgery confirmed this material to be a valid choice for surgical treatment of a post-endodontic disease (12). In vitro study on resistance of endodontically treated extensively destroyed maxillary frontal teeth showed better results when endocrowns and short intracanal posts were used compared to large intracanal posts. Fractures in endocrown group were generally reparable when compared to root canal post groups (13). Simulated ageing and load significantly influenced fiber resin intracanal post resistance while elasticity modulus was less influenced. Thermocycling and boiling water had statistically significant effect when compared to water storage only (14). www.ascro.hr Znanstvene novosti u stomatologiji News in Dental Sciences 58 Literatura www.ascro.hr 1. Accardo C, Himel VT, Lallier TE. A Novel GuttaFlow Sealer Supports Cell Survival and Attachment. J Endod. 2014 Feb;40(2):231-4. doi: 10.1016/j. joen.2013.08.029. Epub 2013 Oct 15. PubMed PMID: 24461409. 2.Rodrigues C, Costa-Rodrigues J, Capelas JA, Fernandes MH. Behaviour of co-cultured human osteoclastic and osteoblastic cells exposed to endodontic sealers’ extracts. Clin Oral Investig. 2014 Mar;18(2):479-88. doi: 10.1007/s00784-0130983-6. Epub 2013 Apr 20. PubMed PMID: 23604699. 3.Mestres G, Aguilera FS, Manzanares N, Sauro S, Osorio R, Toledano M, Ginebra MP. Magnesium phosphate cements for endodontic applications with improved long-term sealing ability. Int Endod J. 2014 Feb;47(2):127-39. doi:10.1111/iej.12123. Epub 2013 May 3. PubMed PMID: 23639141. 4.Eid AA, Gosier JL, Primus CM, Hammond BD, Susin LF, Pashley DH, Tay FR. In vitro biocompatibility and oxidative stress profiles of different hydraulic calcium silicate cements. J Endod. 2014 Feb;40(2):255-60. doi: 10.1016/j. joen.2013.07.009. Epub 2013 Aug 31. PubMed PMID: 24461414; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3904134. 5.Shirvani A, Asgary S. Mineral trioxide aggregate versus formocresol pulpotomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Clin Oral Investig. 2014 Jan 23. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24452827. 6. Romeo U, Palaia G, Nardo A, Tenore G, Telesca V, Kornblit R, Del Vecchio A, Frioni A, Valenti P, Berlutti F. Effectiveness of KTP laser versus 980 nm diode laser to kill Enterococcus faecalis in biofilms developed in experimentally infected root canals. Aust Endod J. 2014 Mar 3. doi: 10.1111/aej.12057. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24588799. 7. Bastos JV, Ilma de Souza Côrtes M, Andrade Goulart EM, Colosimo EA, Gomez RS,Dutra WO. Age and timing of pulp extirpation as major factors associated with inflammatory root resorption in replanted permanent teeth. J Endod. 2014 Mar;40(3):36671. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.10.009. Epub 2013 Nov 14. PubMed PMID: 24565654. 8.Aboud LR, Ormiga F, Gomes JA. Electrochemical induced dissolution of Fragments of nickel-titanium endodontic files and their removal from simulated root canals.Int Endod J. 2014 Feb;47(2):15562. doi: 10.1111/iej.12126. Epub 2013 May 9. PubMed PMID: 23659794. 9. Su N, Wang H, Zhang S, Liao S, Yang S, Huang Y. Efficacy and safety of bupivacaine versus lidocaine in dental treatments: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int Dent J. 2014 Feb;64(1):3445. doi: 10.1111/idj.12060. Epub 2013 Oct 11. PubMed PMID: 24117122. 10.Scotti N, Coero Borga FA, Alovisi M, Bergantin E, Marchionni S, Pasqualini D,Berutti E. Fiber-post bond strength in canals obturated with a crosslinked gutta-percha core obturator. Eur J Oral Sci. 2014 Feb 5. doi: 10.1111/eos.12112.[Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24495099. 11.Asgary S, Eghbal MJ, Ghoddusi J. Two-year results of vital pulp therapy in permanent molars with irreversible pulpitis: an ongoing multicenter randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2014 Mar;18(2):635-41. doi: 10.1007/s00784-0131003-6. Epub 2013 May 28. PubMed PMID: 23712823. 12.Li H, Zhai F, Zhang R, Hou B. Evaluation of Microsurgery with SuperEBA as Root-end Filling Material for Treating Post-treatment Endodontic Disease: A 2-year Retrospective Study. J Endod. 2014 Mar;40(3):345-50. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.11.001. Epub 2013 Dec 12. PubMed PMID: 24565650. 13.Ramírez-Sebastià A, Bortolotto T, Cattani-Lorente M, Giner L, Roig M, Krejci I. Adhesive restoration of anterior endodontically treated teeth: influence of post length on fracture strength. Clin Oral Investig. 2014 Mar;18(2):545-54. doi: 10.1007/ s00784-013-0978-3. Epub 2013 Apr 20. PubMed PMID: 23604697. 14.Barbizam JV, White SN. Fatigue susceptibility of an endodontic fibre post material. Int Endod J. 2014 Feb;47(2):202-9. doi: 10.1111/iej.12135. Epub 2013 May 25. PubMed PMID: 23711157. Restaurativna dentalna medicina Restorative dental medicine Istraživanje citotoksičnosti kompomera i cementa modificiranog smolom osvijetljenih halogenim i LED izvorima svjetla, pokazalo je da su kod kompomera manje citotoksične skupine bile osvijetljene halogenim svjetlom, a kod smolom modificiranog staklenog ionomera bilo je obrnuto. Izvor svjetla nije utjecao na količinu eluata monomera HEMA i TEGDMA, pri čemu je bila otpuštena veća količina monomera HEMA (1). Smolom modificirani stakleni ionomer obogaćen kitosanom, albuminom i translatorno kontroliranim tumorskim proteinom bio je manje citotoksičan za stanice pulpe i smanjio je količinu stanica u apoptozi štiteći tako od učinka HEMA-e (2). Zamjena kalcija stroncijem u stakleno-ionomernom cementu rezultirala je boljom radioopaknošću cementa, a pritom zadržana su estetska svojstva. Osim toga otpuštanje fluorida bilo je izraženije kod zamjene kalcija stroncijem (3). U slučaju uporabe kalcijevih silikatnih cementa preporučuje se za dva tjedna odgoditi postavljanje kompozitnog materijala kako bi se omogućila njegova potpuna maturacija. Na ovaj način materijal može podnijeti kontrakcijski stres kompozitnog materijala. Osim navedenoga u studiji je istaknuto da je moguće koristiti se i jetkajućim – ispirućim i samojetkajućim adhezivima (4). Kod jetkajuće ispirućih adheziva karbodiimid, promotor proteinskog križnog povezivanja, uspješno je inhibirao matriksne metaloproteinaze (5). Istaknuto je kako jetkanje prije korištenja samojetkajućih adheziva nije utjecalo na mikropropuštanje metakrilatnih i siloranskih kompozitnih materijala (6). U istraživanju mehaničkih svojstava materijala grijanje stakleno-ionomernih cementa prije aplikacije nije pokazalo nikakve prednosti u odnosu prema kontrolnoj skupini na sobnoj temperaturi (7). Predtretman kaviteta kositrenim kloridom značajno je pojačao mikrotenzilnu snagu veze samojetkajućeg adheziva s monomerom MDP (8). Kontakt natrijeva hipoklorita s MTA-om i drugim materijalima koji sadržavaju bizmut može rezultirati nestabilnošću boje i smeđim obojenjem, pa se preporučuje da se navedeno izbjegava (9). Dodavanje polietilenskih ili staklenih vlakana u različite kompozitne materijale nije znatno promijenilo njihovu translucenciju. Osim toga produljeno čuvanje u vodi najsnažnije je djelovalo na translucenciju siloranskog materijala (10). Dentalni kompozitni materijali i adhezijski sustavi punjeni kalcijevim silikatima postigli su jako dobre rezultate u stabilizaciji i zaštiti preostalih Research on cytotoxicity of compomers and resin modified glass ionomers polymerized using halogen and LED light sources revealed lower compomer cytotoxicity when polymerized with halogen source, while resin modified glass ionomer was opposite. Light source didn’t affect quantity of HEMA and TEGDMA monomers, while HEMA being released in greater quantity (1). Resin modified glass ionomer enriched with chitosan, albumin and translatory controlled tumor protein expressed lower cytotoxicity upon pulp cells, lowering the number of cells in apoptosis thus protecting them from negative effects of HEMA monomer (2). Replacement of calcium with strontium in glass ionomer cement led to better radio opacity while keeping the aesthetic properties. Also, fluoride release was enhanced by replacing calcium with strontium (3). When using a calcium silicate cements it was shown that in order for these cements to withstand the polymerization stress, a composite filling should be placed after two or more weeks, thus enabling the cement to fully mature. It is possible to use both - an etch and rinse and self etch adhesives (4). Carbodiimide, a protein cross linking promotor successfully inhibited matrix metalloproteinases when used in combination with etch and rinse adhesives (5). It was shown that etching before placement of self etch adhesives did not influence a micro leakage of methacrylate based and silorane composite materials (6). Preheating of glass ionomer materials showed no beneficial effect on mechanical properties when compared with control group applied on room temperature (7). Tin chloride pretreatment of cavity substantially increased micro tensile bonding strength of a MDP monomer containing self etch adhesive (8). Contact of MTA and other bismuth containing materials with sodium hypochlorite may lead to color instability and brownish discoloration, so this practice should be avoided (9). Addition of polyethylene or glass fibers into different composite materials didn’t significantly affect their translucency. Also, extended periods of water storage strongly changed translucency of a silorane based composite material (10). Dental composite materials and adhesive systems filled with calcium silicates achieved very good results in stabilizing and protection of the remaining hard dental tissues and improved biomimetic properties of these 59 Literatura 1. Botsali MS, Kuşgöz A, Altintaş SH, Ulker HE, Tanriver M, Kiliç S, Başak F, Ulker M. Residual HEMA and TEGDMA Release and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement and Compomers Cured with Different Light Sources. ScientificWorldJournal. 2014 Jan 28;2014:218295. doi: 10.1155/2014/218295. eCollection 2014. PubMed PMID: 24592149. 2. Wanachottrakul N, Chotigeat W, Kedjarune-Leggat U. Effect of novel chitosan-fluoroaluminosilicate resin modified glass ionomer cement supplemented with translationally controlled tumor protein on pulp cells. J Mater Sci MaterMed. 2014 Jan 8. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24398913. 3. Shahid S, Hassan U, Billington RW, Hill RG, Anderson P. Glass ionomer cements: Effect of strontium substitution on esthetics, radiopacity and fluoride release. Dent Mater. 2014 Mar;30(3):308-13. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2013.12.003. Epub 2014 Jan 10. PubMed PMID: 24418629. 4.Hashem DF, Foxton R, Manoharan A, Watson TF, Banerjee A. The physical characteristics of resin composite-calcium silicate interface as part of a layered/laminate adhesive restoration. Dent Ma- materials, simplifying a process of creating a highly aesthetic restorations (11). Nanoaerosol analysis created by a dental drill demonstrated that sole activation of a hand piece produced a majority of aerosol, even without a water cooling. This nanoaerosol was comprised of ash particles, oil and graphitic structures. When preparing a composite material, a nano aggregates of a filler and resin were found, but without free nanofiller particles (12). ter. 2014 Mar;30(3):343-9. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2013.12.010. Epub 2014 Jan 10. PubMed PMID: 24418628. 5. Mazzoni A, Apolonio FM, Saboia VP, Santi S, Angeloni V, Checchi V, Curci R, Di Lenarda R, Tay FR, Pashley DH, Breschi L. Carbodiimide Inactivation of MMPs and Effect on Dentin Bonding. J Dent Res. 2014 Mar;93(3):263-8. doi: 10.1177/0022034513516465. Epub 2013 Dec 11. PubMed PMID: 24334409; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3929975. 6. Catelan A, Giorgi MC, Soares GP, Lima DA, Marchi GM, Aguiar FH. Effect of different monomerbased composites and acid etching pre-treatment of enamel on the microleakage using self-etch adhesives systems. Acta Odontol Scand. 2014 Mar 3. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24580091. 7.Menne-Happ U, Ilie N. Effect of heat application on the mechanical behaviour of glass ionomer cements. Clin Oral Investig. 2014 Mar;18(2):643-50. doi: 10.1007/s00784-013-1005-4. Epub 2013 Jun 6. PubMed PMID: 23740319. 8. Peutzfeldt A, Koch T, Ganss C, Flury S, Lussi A. Effect of tin-chloride pretreatment on bond strength of two adhesive systems to dentin. Clin Oral Inves- tig. 2014 Mar;18(2):535-43. doi: 10.1007/s00784013-0975-6. Epub 2013 Apr 17. PubMed PMID: 23592063. 9.Camilleri J. Color Stability of White Mineral Trioxide Aggregate in Contact with Hypochlorite Solution. J Endod. 2014 Mar;40(3):436-40. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.09.040. Epub 2013 Nov 1. PubMed PMID: 24565667. 10.Ozakar Ilday N, Celik N, Bayindir YZ, Seven N. Effect of water storage on the translucency of silorane-based and dimethacrylate-based composite resins with fibres. J Dent. 2014 Feb 12. pii: S03005712(14)00041-4. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2014.02.002. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24530921. 11.Profeta AC. Preparation and properties of calcium-silicate filled resins for dental restoration. Part II: Micro-mechanical behaviour to primed mineral-depleted dentine. Acta Odontol Scand. 2014 Feb 4. [Epub ahead of print]PubMed PMID: 24490642. 12.Bogdan A, Buckett MI, Japuntich DA. NanoSized Aerosol Classification, Collection and Analysis - Method Development Using Dental Composite Materials. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2014 Jan 16. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24433286. Parodontologija Periodontology Pokazalo se kako estrogen alfa receptor stimulira sintezu koštanog sijaloproteina, neovisno o ligandima, sudjelujući tako u inicijalnom formiranju koštanog tkiva (1). U istraživanju utjecaja polimorfizma interleukina za 10 gena i parodontne bolesti na psima nisu pronađene značajnije razlike kad je riječ o genotipu i skupinama alela. No jedna od varijacija rezultirala je u aminokiselinskom slijedu promjenom glicina u arginin, što bi ipak moglo utjecati na funkcionalnost IL-a 10 (2). Nanocjevčice titanijeva dioksida punjene srebrnim oksidom pokazale su produljeno antibakterijsko djelovanje na E. coli i S. aureus, čak i nakon 28 dana. Pritom nisu negativno djelovale na osteoblastičnu aktivnost, proliferaciju i diferencijaciju, za razliku od istih nanocjevčica ali sa slobodnim srebrom. Također je uočeno pozitivno djelovanje na migraciju stanica. Primijenit bi se mogle u slučaju da je potrebno produljeno antibakterijsko djelovanje bez smanjenja intenziteta (3). Cirkadijalni ritmovi iznimno su važni za metabolizmom kosti. Pokazalo se da glukokortikoidi reguliraju cirkadijalni ritam osteoklastične aktivnosti modulirajući cirkadijalnu ekspresiju gena povezanih s osteoklastima. Drugi pretpostavljeni mehanizam jest posredstvom beta adrenergičke inervacije i signaliziranja (4). Pregledom literature ustanovljeno je da je aktivacijski sustav plazminogena u parodontnoj bolesti poremećen, pa bi njegova ponovna regulacija i stabilizacija mogle pridonijeti liječenju (5). Kod korištenja kolagene membrane s GDF-om 5 (faktor rasta – diferencijacije 5) istaknut je bolji regenerativni potencijal od membrane s PDGF-om (trombocitni čimbenik rasta), pri čemu je brzina regeneracije kosti bila značajno ubrzana (6). Fotodinamska terapija, uz nekirurški tretman periimplantitisa, jednako je učinkovita kao i jednogodišnja adjuvantna lokalna primjena minociklina (7). Sustav postupnog oslobađanja lijeka na temelju polidioksanona imao je bolje rezultate ako se koristio ciprofloksacin umjesto metronidazola. Djelovanje na parodontne patogene bilo je snažnije, a na fiziološki poželjne komenzale manje snažno nego kod uporabe metronidazola (8). U istraživanju provedenom na štakorima pokazalo se da i snižena i povišena koncentracija testosterona uzrokuju gubitak kosti. Snižena koncen- It was demonstrated that estrogen receptor alpha stimulates bone sialoprotein synthesis irrespectively of ligand, participating in the initial formation of the bone tissue (1). Research on polymorphism of the interleukin 10 gene and periodontal disease correlation on dogs showed no significant differences in genotype and allele groups. However, one of the variations led to glycine to arginine substitution in the amino acid sequence, which could have influence on the IL 10 functionality (2). Titanium nanotubes filled with silver oxide exhibited prolonged antibacterial action on E. coli and S. aureus that lasted over 28 days. A positive effect on cellular migration was also observed. They didn’t affect osteoblastic activity, proliferation and differentiation, as nanotubes filled with elemental silver did. They could be used in cases where sustained antibacterial action is required for the prolonged period of time (3). Circadian rhythms have one of the leading roles in the bone metabolism. It was shown that glucocorticoids regulate osteoclastic activity modulating a circadian expression of genes related to osteoclasts. Other suggested mechanisms are direct beta adrenergic innervations and signaling (4). Literature review revealed that plasminogen activation system malfunctions in periodontal disease. Its’ regulation and stabilization might help in treatment of the periodontal disease (5). Using a collagen membrane enriched with GDF 5 (growth/differentiation factor 5) yielded better results in bone regeneration than membrane with PDGF (platelet derived growth factor). The speed of the bone regeneration was substantially increased (6). Photodynamic therapy as an adjuvant therapy to a non-surgical treatment of periimplantitis showed similar efficacy to a local minocyclin application in period of one year (7). Gradient drug release system based on polydioxanone showed better results when used with ciprofloxacine than metronidazole. Action against periodontal pathogens was improved, while physiological bacterial flora was less affected (8). Research on rats showed that both, increased and decreased concentration of testosterone caused bone loss. Lowered concentration promotes inflammatory bone response, while increased concentration increases osteoblast derived RANKL/OPG ratio (9). www.ascro.hr tvrdih zubnih tkiva, kao i unaprijeđena biomimetska svojstva, što bi moglo olakšati izradu visokoestetskih restauracija (11). Analiza nanoaerosola stvorenog bušilicom s velikim brojem okretaja pokazala je da je samo pokretanje uređaja zaslužno za većinu aerosola, čak i bez vodenog hlađenja. Pritom se nanoaerosol sastojao od čestica pepela, ulja i grafitnih struktura. Kod brušenja kompozitnog materijala pronađeni su nanoagregati punila i smole, ali ne i slobodne nanočestice punila (12). 60 tracija potiče upalu kosti, a povećana povećava osteoblastički proizvedeni RANKL/OPG-omjer (9). Salivarno nosilaštvo i povećana opasnost od infekcije s Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans dokazano je kod djece roditelja s generaliziranim agresivnim parodontitisom (10). Literatura www.ascro.hr 1. Takai H, Matsumura H, Matsui S, Kim KM, Mezawa M, Nakayama Y, Ogata Y. Unliganded estrogen receptor α stimulates bone sialoprotein gene expression. Gene. 2014 Apr 10;539(1):50-7. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.063. Epub 2014 Feb 2. PubMed PMID: 24495337. 2.Albuquerque C, Morinha F, Requicha J, Dias I, Guedes-Pinto H, Viegas C, Bastos E. A casecontrol study between interleukin-10 gene variants and periodontal disease in dogs. Gene. 2014 Apr 10;539(1):75-81. doi: 10.1016/j. gene.2014.01.057. Epub 2014 Jan 31. PubMed PMID: 24487092. 3. Gao A, Hang R, Huang X, Zhao L, Zhang X, Wang L, Tang B, Ma S, Chu PK. The effects of titania nanotubes with embedded silver oxide nanoparticles on bacteria and osteoblasts. Biomaterials. 2014 Apr;35(13):4223-35. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.01.058. Epub 2014 Feb 13. PubMed PMID: 24529392. 4.Fujihara Y, Kondo H, Noguchi T, Togari A. Glucocorticoids mediate circadian timing in peripher- Salivary carrier state and increased risk of active Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans infection was determined in children of parents with generalized aggressive periodontitis (10). al osteoclasts resulting in the circadian expression rhythm of osteoclast-related genes. Bone. 2014 Apr;61:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.12.026. Epub 2014 Jan 2. PubMed PMID: 24389417. 5. Wyganowska-Świątkowska M, Surdacka A, Skrzypczak-Jankun E, Jankun J. The plasminogen activation system in periodontal tissue (Review). Int J Mol Med. 2014 Apr;33(4):763-8. doi: 10.3892/ ijmm.2014.1653. Epub 2014 Feb 10. PubMed PMID: 24535478. 6.Yamano S, Haku K, Yamanaka T, Dai J, Takayama T, Shohara R, Tachi K, Ishioka M, Hanatani S, Karunagaran S, Wada K, Moursi AM. The effect of a bioactive collagen membrane releasing PDGF or GDF-5 on bone regeneration. Biomaterials. 2014 Mar;35(8):2446-53. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.006. Epub 2013 Dec 30. PubMed PMID: 24388383. 7.Bassetti M, Schär D, Wicki B, Eick S, Ramseier CA, Arweiler NB, Sculean A, Salvi GE. Anti-infective therapy of peri-implantitis with adjunctive local drug delivery or photodynamic therapy: 12-month outcomes of a randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2014 Mar;25(3):279-87. doi: 10.1111/clr.12155. Epub 2013 Apr 8. PubMed PMID: 23560645. 8.Bottino MC, Arthur RA, Waeiss RA, Kamocki K, Gregson KS, Gregory RL. Biodegradable nanofibrous drug delivery systems: effects of metronidazole and ciprofloxacin on periodontopathogens and commensal oral bacteria. Clin Oral Investig. 2014 Feb 18. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24535074. 9. Steffens JP, Herrera BS, Coimbra LS, Stephens DN, Rossa C Jr, Spolidorio LC, Kantarci A, Van Dyke TE. Testosterone regulates bone response to inflammation. Horm Metab Res. 2014 Mar;46(3):193200. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1367031. Epub 2014 Feb 13. PubMed PMID: 24526374. 10.Monteiro MF, Casati MZ, Taiete T, Sallum EA, Nociti-Jr FH, Ruiz KG, Casarin RC. Salivary carriage of periodontal pathogens in generalized aggressive periodontitis families. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2014 Mar;24(2):113-21. doi: 10.1111/ipd.12035. Epub 2013 May 6. PubMed PMID: 23647376. Protetika i implantologija Prosthodontics and implantology Istraživanje legure za dentalne implantate na temelju titanija i bakra pokazalo je snažna kontinuirana antibakterijska svojstva i dobru staničnu biokompatibilnost, što omogućuje korištenje ove legure u izradi dentalnih implantata (1). Istraživanje bakterijske adhezije na površine bataljaka izrađenih od titanija i cirkonija pokazalo je da je najviše bakterija bilo na lijevanim titanskim površinama, a slijedile su strojno obrađene površine tiranija i cirkonija. Osim toga lijevani titanij bio je naseljen većim prosječnim brojem bakterijskih vrsta nego strojno obrađene površine titanija i cirkonija. Anteriorni ili posteriorni položaj u ustima nije utjecao na količinu bakterija (2). Pokušaj korištenja intraoralnog skeniranja bezube mandibule opskrbljene implantatima radi izrade većih konstrukcija na njima, nije bio uspješan. Naime, zbog nedostatka anatomskih orijentira na bezuboj su mandibuli bile prevelike angulacijske i dimenzijske pogreške (3) Cirkonijski mostovi na implantatima retinirani vijcima dali su dobre kliničke rezultate u petogodišnjoj studiji (uspješni više od 90 %). Pritom se preporučuje retencija vijkom izravno na razini implantata (4). Grafen kao materijal za oblaganje implantata, ali i ostalih materijala u dentalnoj medicini, pokazao je dobre inicijalne rezultate u poboljšanju bioloških i mehaničkih svojstava. Indicirana su daljnja istraživanja u području biokompatibilnosti i oseodiferencijaciji te modeliranju kosti (5). Dnevno izlaganje biofilma naseljenog s više kultura otopini sredstva za čišćenje proteza smanjilo je bakterijsko opterećenje, no pogodovalo je razvoju bakterije Candida albicans, što bi moglo predstavljati etiološki čimbenik u razvoju oralne kandidijaze kod ljudi s mobilnim protetskim nadomjestcima (6). Akrilat obogaćen titanijevim dioksidom prekrivenim fluorapatitom ima jako dobra svojstva u inhibiciji adhezije C. albicans. To bi moglo olakšati higijensko održavanje nadomjestaka. Mehanička svojstva bila su minimalno promijenjena (7). Istraživanje utjecaja mobilnih protetskih nadomjestaka pokazalo je promjene u senzornom odgovoru živaca maksilarnog alveolarnog grebena (8). U starijoj japanskoj populaciji je unos vlakana i vitamina značajnije je utjecao na žvačne sile negoli broj preostalih zuba (9). Krom-kobalt legure proizvedene selektivnim laserskim sinteriranjem pokazale su veću otpornost na kiseline nakon pečenja keramike. Zbog promjene pH nakon obroka, ta otpornost na kiseline mogla bi pridonijeti izradi kvalitetnijih nadomjestaka (10). Istraživanje cementiranja nanokompozitnih CAD/CAM kruna na dentinske bataljke pokazalo je da je u usporedbi cemenata Variolink II i Alloy based on titanium and copper was shown to have strong antibacterial properties with good cellular biocompatibility, which enables this alloy to be potentially used in a dental implantology (1). Research on bacterial adhesion to the titanium and zirconium abutment surfaces has shown that cast titanium surfaces had the greatest number of bacteria, followed by machined titanium surfaces and zirconium surfaces. Also, cast titanium surfaces had a highest mean number of species. Anterior or posterior position in mouth didn’t seem to influence bacterial load of surfaces (2). Preliminary study on intraoral scanning of the mandible supplied with implants in order to provide larger restoration yielded poor results. Due to absence of anatomical landmarks angulation and length errors were too large (3). Zirconium based screw retained prostheses supported by implants showed very good long term results during a 5 year period (over 90% success rate). It was recommended to achieve retention with the screw directly at the implant level (4). Graphene as the implant and other dental structures coating material showed good preliminary results in biological and mechanical properties improvement. Further studies are strongly indicated in the area of biocompatibility and osteodifferentiation and bone modeling (5). Daily exposure of biofilm to the denture cleanser caused decrease in bacterial load, but increased contamination with Candida albicans. This could be one of the etiological factors in a development of oral candidiasis in denture wearers (6). Acrylic filled with fluorapatite coated titanium dioxide particles showed very good C. albicans adhesion inhibition with minor change in mechanical properties, which could facilitate hygiene of dentures (7). Research on influence of dentures on sensory response showed change in sensory response of nerves of the maxillary alveolar ridge (8). Fiber and vitamin intake had a greater influence on chewing forces than remaining number of teeth in an elderly Japanese population (9). Chrome cobalt alloys manufactured using selective laser sintering had a greater resistance to acid after porcelain firing. Because of the pH change after meals, this resistance may help to create more durable crowns and bridges (10). Research on nanocomposite CAD/CAM crowns cementation on dentine abutments revealed that in comparison of Variolink II and Clearfill SE cement, Variolink had better results. Pretreatment of the crowns was shown to be unnecessary in both composite cement groups (11). 61 Literatura 1. Liu J, Zhang X, Wang H, Li F, Li M, Yang K, Zhang E. The antibacterial properties and biocompatibility of a Ti-Cu sintered alloy for biomedical application. Biomed Mater. 2014 Apr;9(2):025013. doi: 10.1088/1748-6041/9/2/025013. Epub 2014 Feb 24. PubMed PMID: 24565798. 2. Nascimento Cd, Pita MS, Fernandes FH, Pedrazzi V, de Albuquerque Junior RF, Ribeiro RF. Bacterial adhesion on the titanium and zirconia abutment surfaces. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2014 Mar;25(3):337-43. doi: 10.1111/clr.12093. Epub 2013 Jan 14. PubMed PMID: 23316996. 3. Andriessen FS, Rijkens DR, van der Meer WJ, Wismeijer DW. Applicability and accuracy of an intraoral scanner for scanning multiple implants in edentulous mandibles: A pilot study. J Prosthet Dent. 2014 Mar;111(3):186-94. doi: 10.1016/j. prosdent.2013.07.010. Epub 2013 Nov 8. PubMed PMID: 24210732. 4. Worni A, Kolgeci L, Rentsch-Kollar A, Katsoulis J, Mericske-Stern R. Zirconia-Based Screw-Retained Prostheses Supported by Implants: A Retrospective Study on Technical Complications and Failures. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2014 Feb 27. doi: 10.1111/cid.12214. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24576088. 5.Gu M, Liu Y, Chen T, Du F, Zhao X, Xiong C, Zhou Y. Is Graphene a Promising Nano-Material Micro CT analysis of premolars restored with oval or circular intracanal posts showed no differences in the quantity and distribution of air bubble inclusions. However, the oval shaped group had substantially larger volume of the cement (12). Prevalence of tinitus among the patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is up to eight times larger than in group without TMD. Results of this study indicate that dental treatments and interventions could help patients which have a TMD related tinitus (13). for Promoting Surface Modification of Implants or Scaffold Materials in Bone Tissue Engineering? Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2014 Feb 27. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24447041. 6. de Lucena-Ferreira SC, Ricomini-Filho AP, da Silva WJ, Cury JA, Del Bel Cury AA. Influence of daily immersion in denture cleanser on multispecies biofilm. Clin Oral Investig. 2014 Mar 4. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24590620. 7.Sawada T, Sawada T, Kumasaka T, Hamada N, Shibata T, Nonami T, Kimoto K. Self-cleaning effects of acrylic resin containing fluoridated apatite-coated titanium dioxide. Gerodontology. 2014 Mar;31(1):68-75. doi: 10.1111/ger.12052. Epub 2013 Apr 15. PubMed PMID: 23581545. 8. Ito N, Kimoto S, Kawai Y. Does wearing dentures change sensory nerve responses under the denture base? Gerodontology. 2014 Mar;31(1):63-7. doi: 10.1111/ger.12006. Epub 2012 Dec 20. PubMed PMID: 23278139. 9.Inomata C, Ikebe K, Kagawa R, Okubo H, Sasaki S, Okada T, Takeshita H, Tada S, Matsuda KI, Kurushima Y, Kitamura M, Murakami S, Gondo Y, Kamide K, Masui Y,Takahashi R, Arai Y, Maeda Y. Significance of occlusal force for habitual intakes of vitamins and dietary fiber in independently living 70-year-old Japanese: from SONIC (Septuagenarians, Octogenarians, Nonagenarians Investigation with Centenarians) Study. J Dent. 2014 Feb 28. pii: S0300-5712(14)00065-7. doi: 10.1016/j. jdent.2014.02.015. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24589846. 10.Xin XZ, Chen J, Xiang N, Gong Y, Wei B. Surface characteristics and corrosion properties of selective laser melted Co-Cr dental alloy after porcelain firing. Dent Mater. 2014 Mar;30(3):263-70. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2013.11.013. Epub 2013 Dec 30. PubMed PMID: 24388219. 11.Stawarczyk B, Stich N, Eichberger M, Edelhoff D, Roos M, Gernet W, Keul C. Long-term tensile bond strength of differently cemented nanocomposite CAD/CAM crowns on dentin abutment. Dent Mater. 2014 Mar;30(3):334-42. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2013.12.012. Epub 2014 Jan 10. PubMed PMID: 24418627. 12.Rengo C, Spagnuolo G, Ametrano G, Juloski J, Rengo S, Ferrari M. Micro-computerized tomographic analysis of premolars restored with oval and circular posts. Clin Oral Investig. 2014 Mar;18(2):571-8. doi: 10.1007/s00784-0130982-7. Epub 2013 Apr 21. PubMed PMID: 23604784. 13.Buergers R, Kleinjung T, Behr M, Vielsmeier V. Is there a link between tinnitus and temporomandibular disorders? J Prosthet Dent. 2014 Mar;111(3):222-7. doi: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2013.10.001. Epub 2013 Nov 25. PubMed PMID: 24286640. Jurica Matijević [email protected] www.ascro.hr Clearfil SE bolje rezultate imao Variolink, s tim da predtretman kruna nije bio potreban ni kod jednog od navedenih kompozitnih cementa (11). MikroCT analiza premolara opskrbljenih kompozitnim kolčićima ovalnog i kružnog presjeka pokazala je kako nema razlike u količini i distribuciji zračnih mjehurića. Volumen cementa bio je značajno veći kod ovalnih kolčića (12). Pokazalo se da je prevalencija tinitusa u skupini pacijenata s temporomandibularnim poremećajima do osam puta veća nego u skupini bez njih. Rezultati tako visoke korelacije upućuju na to da bi se dentalnim zahvatima moglo pomoći pacijentima koji pate od tinitusa povezanog s temporomandibularnim poremećajima (13).