ANALYSIS OF HUMAN MOTION
GLOSSARY OF MEDICAL TERMS
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National Agency, nor does it involve any responsibility on their part.
This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held
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1
Project title
Project acronym
Project number
Programme
Reporting period
Elaborated by
Work package / Task
Dissemination level
WEB site
A Web-based E-Training Platform for Extended
Human Motion Investigation in Orthopedics
ORTHO- eMAN
LLP-LdV/ToI/2011/RO/008
Leonardo da Vinci - Transfer of Innovation
30.05.2013
UCV/Taina Avramescu
DUTH/Ioannis Pratikakis
WP5/ Glossary of medical terms
PU
http://www.ortho-eman.ro
Introduction
The present glossary was developed in the framework of ORTHO-eMAN LLPLdV/ToI/2011/RO/008 and has been made specifically for educational purposes and
personal development.
Introduction of this glossary in the structure of the present course was necessary not only
to explain the terms used within the course, but also for the reformulation of the aspects
known through the light of paper context. Thus, we tried to emphasize the notions that
explain the body position in space, the descriptive anatomy of bone and joints, but also to
explain terms of functional anatomy, biomechanics, movement analyze and math used in
the paper, the explications sometimes exceed the simple definition of term and contain
references of recent researches that have not permitted due to time reasons a
reformulation of the definitions.
The definitions used in this glossary of terminology either have been provided by the
authors of the ORTHO e-man training module, or have been extracted wholly or in part,
or paraphrased from different internet reliable sources.
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I.
Terms used to indicate the position and orientation of human body parts and
structures
In order to mark points and draw axis and orientation plans of human body parts, are used
the following terms:
Greek term
Term
Definition
term used to indicate the perpendicular direction of a
Καηαθφξπθνο
Verticalis
horizontal plan of an anatomic formation;
term used to name an axis, a plane or to indicate the
Οξηδφληηνο
Horizontalis
direction of an anatomic formation with a trajectory
parallel with ground or more exactly with the surface of a
liquid in repose;
term used to name the median plan of body (exactly the
Μέζνο
Medianus
mediosagittal plan), which divides the body in two half,
right and left. It is also used to indicate the position of
anatomic formations placed in the middle of a region or
to name a line that divide a region in two equal parts;
term used to indicate the trajectory of an anatomic
΢ηεθαληαίνο
Coronalis
formation of crown shape; in case of development
anatomy it means frontal;
term used to name a plan which is parallel with the
Οβειηαίνο
Sagitalis
median plan or to present anatomic formations localised
in this plan (lat. = arrow shape);
term used to name the frontal plan which is perpendicular
Δκπξφζζηνο
Frontalis
on the median and horizontal ones;
Γηακήθεο
Transversalis term used to name the transversal or horizontal plan
which is perpendicular on the median and frontal plans;
for limbs region this plan is perpendicular on the
longitudinal axis of the region;
term used for anatomic descriptions to show the position
Μεζαίνο
Medialis
of a formation much closer to the median plan;
term used to indicate the position of an anatomic
Πιεπξηθφο
Lateralis
formation much far away from the median plan;
term used to indicate the middle position of a formation,
Δλδηάκεζνο
Intermedius
to name some nerves (N. intermedius) or some bony
prominent;
term used to show that a formation is placed before
Πξνγελέζηεξνο Anterior
another; all formations placed before the frontal plan are
anteriorly;
term used to show that a formation is placed behind
Μεηαγελέζηεξνο Posterior
other; is considered that all formations placed behind the
plan are posteriorly;
term used for the posterior parts of trunk and neck, the
Ραρηαίνο
Dorsalis
term is equally used for head (skull convexity), hand and
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Κνηιηαθφο
Δζσηεξηθφο
Δμσηεξηθφο
- δεμηφο,
Αξηζηεξφο
Γηακήθεο
Δγθάξζηνο
Οπξάο
Αλψηεξα,
θαηψηεξα
Δπηθαλεηαθά,
Δηο Βάζνο
foot surfaces;
term rarely used for human anatomy being replaces with
Ventralis
anterior term, exceptions exist for nervous system, radix
ventralis nerves spinalis, anterior nucleus of thalamus;
term synonymous with *profound*, pointing that a
Internus
formation is placed inside a structure, it must not be used
for medial meaning;
term synonymous with *superficial* and used to show
Externus
that a formation is placed in a more superficial layer than
the one of other formation, must not be used for lateral
meaning;
terms used to indicate the position of a an anatomic
- Dexter,
formation localized to the right or left of the median plan;
Sinister
Longitudinalis term used to name the body length axis or the direction of
a formation placed along a human body region;
term used to indicate the direction of a formation placed
Transversus
across a region;
term rarely used for human anatomy, means superior and
Caudal
inferior, is used more frequently for development
anatomy where cranial term has a rostral meaning;
terms used to indicate the position of some formations
Superior,
placed along body or limbs longitudinal axis or at sagittal
Inferior
plans;
terms used to show the position and direction of an
Superficiale,
anatomic formation localized at the surface of a region
Profundus
(superficial) or in depth of a region (profound).
For orientation and topographic description of limbs anatomic formations will be used the
following terms:
Greek term
Term
Definition
for phalanges orientation (these terms will not be used as
Πξνζεγγηζηηθνί, Proximalis
superior and inferior meaning for limbs);
Απνκαθξπζκέλνη et Distalis
for description of anatomic formations localized at forearm
Αθηηληθφ και
Radialis et
and hand, have lateral meaning and medial one, these
σιέλεο
Ulnaris
terms have the advantage that not take into consideration
the space orientation of hand when an anatomic formation
is described;
for anatomic formations description localized at shank and
Κλεκηαίνπ θαη
Tibialis et
foot, have a double meaning of medial (tibialis) and
πεξφλεο
Fibularis
lateral (fibularis);
for formations description from anterior region of hand
Παιάκεο
Palmaris
(Palma manus);
for description of the formations situated at the region of
Πεικαηηαία
Plantaris
the foot inferior face (Plantae).
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II.
Medical terms (descriptive and functional anatomy, pathology)
A
Greek term
Δλεξγή ππνζηήξημε
Αθηίλε
Απαγσγή
Αρίιιεηνο
ηέλνληαο
Κνηχιε
ή ζφινο θνηχιεο
Πξνζαγσγή
Αγσληζηήο
άιγνο
ακθηάξζξσζε
κπαζζέλεηα
κπνηνλία
Μπτθή αηξνθία
Αλαηνκία
Αλαιγεζία
Αλαηνκηθή ζέζε
Αζηξάγαινο
αγθχισζε
Γψληαζκα
Term
Active support
Actin
Definition
contribution of muscle action to joint stability.
contractile protein that forms the backbone of the
thin filaments within a sarcomere
movement in frontal plan that moves away a body
Abduction
region from the median line of the body
Achilles (tendon) one of the longest tendons in the body, it attaches
the calf muscles to the heel bone
cotyloid cavity - articular cavity of coxal bone for
Acetabulum
the joint with femoral head
movement in frontal plan that approaches a body
Adduction
region to the median line
of the body
muscle actively involved in producing or
Agonist
controlling a movement. Ex: thigh flexion, psoas
muscle, flexor, is agonist; gluteus maximus,
extensor, is antagonist
pain
Algia
functional classification of a joint with limited
Amphiarthrosis
movement
decrease of muscular strength
Amyoshtenia
decrease or disparition of muscle tone,
Amyotonia
synonymous: myotonia
severe decrease of the volume of a striate muscle,
Amyotrophy
through quantity and quality diminishing of its
fibers. Synonymous: muscle atrophy
the study of the structure and parts of the body
Anatomy
the inability to feel pain
Analgesia
standard equilibrium position to which is reported
Anatomical
the description of the body movement. Body is in
position
orthostatic position with the inferior limbs
attached, parallel and superior limbs along the
body, palms looking outside.
the joint formed by the articulation of the lower leg
Ankle
bones with the talus. The ankle connects the foot
with the leg.
partial or total limitation of movements at a joint
Ankylosis
due to an inflammation process of articular cavity
exudates, capsule atrophy or welding of articular
surfaces surgically excised
deviation from a straight line, as in a badly set
Angulation
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Αλψκαινο
Αλσκαιία
Abnormal
Anomaly
Αληαγσληζηήο
Antagonist
Αλαιγεηηθφ
πξφζπησζε
Antalgic
Antevertion
Απνλεχξσζε
Aponeurosis
απφπησζε
Apoptosis
Θσξαθηθφ, ππειηθφ Appendicular
ηκήκαηνπ ζθειεηνχ skeleton
θαη θάησ άθξα
άισο
Areoles (Bone)
bone
deviating from the normal, average, or expected
deviation from the normal, characteristic form,
structure or position, resulting from an embryonary
or exogenous develop disorder
muscle that opposes or fights the action of
another„
that prevents or calm down pain
partially or totally anterior move of an organ;
antevertion of femoral head – increase over 15
degrees of femoral neck inclination angle, meet at
hip congenital dislocation
sheets of tendon like material that cover a muscle
surface or connect muscle to another muscle, or
muscle to bone
a normal series of events in a cell that leads to its
death
the bones of the limbs and supporting thoracic
(pectoral) and pelvic girdles.
cavities from spongy tissue structure, with
different diameters, shape and contain (lat. areola
– small surface).
Obs. Areoles shape can be tubular-cylindrical, ovoid or
spherical; diameters increase from surface to depth; the
contain is represented by bone marrow or air (mastoid).
ρφλδξνο
Άξζξσζε/θιείδσζε
ή ζχλδεζκνο
smooth, shiny layer of hyaline cartilage covering
Articular
the joint surfaces of articulating bones.
(cartilage)
Articulation/joint The area where two bones are attached for the
purpose of permitting body parts to move.
Obs. A joint is usually formed of fibrous connective tissue
and cartilage. Joints are grouped according to their type of
motion: ball-and-socket joint; hinge joint; condyloid joint,
which permits all forms of angular movement except axial
rotation; pivot joint; gliding joint; or saddle joint. Joints can
move in only four ways: gliding, in which one bony surface
glides on another, without angular or rotatory movement;
angular, a movement that occurs only between long bones,
increasing or decreasing the angle between the bones;
circumduction, which occurs in joints composed of the head
of a bone and an articular cavity, with the long bone
describing a series of circles and the whole forming a cone;
and rotation, in which a bone moves about a central axis
without moving from this axis.
Αξζξνδεζία ή
αξζξφδεζε
Αξζξίηηδα
Arthrodesis
Arthritis
surgical replacement of a joint by a rigid
connection between two bones
acute, subacute or chronic inflammatory processes
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of component elements of a joint, with different
etiology and common clinic panel represented by
edema, inflammation and painful joint (arthralgia)
Obs. Causes are incompletely known, include articular
trauma, bacterial infections, tuberculosis, genetically causes,
hormonal or metabolic disorders. From forms point of view
can be dry, serous, infected; mono, oligo or poliarticular.
Ρεπκαηνεηδήο
αξζξίηηδα
Arthritis
(rheumatoid)
Οπξηθή αξζξίηηδα ή Arthritis (gout)
πνδάγξα
Αξζξνγξχπσζε
Arthrogryposis
Αξζξνπάζεηα
Αξζξνπιαζηηθή
Arthropathy
Arthroplasty
αξζξνθέληεζε
Arthrocentesis
αξζξνζθφπεζε
Arthroscopy
Άξζξσζε(αζζέλεηα) Arthrosis
consequence of an autoimmune attack at articular
tissues, followed by thickness of synovial
membrane, synovial liquid accumulation, articular
cartilage destruction
appears due to nucleoproteins metabolism
disorders, increasing of sanguine uric acid and
sodium urates crystals deposition at joint level,
especially at small joints of hand and foot (hallux)
arthrogryposis multiplex congenital- include
nonprogresive
pathological
conditions
characterized by multiple joint contractures in the
entire body at birth
the generic name of any articular affection
surgical
orthopedic
technique
of
joint
reconstruction for functional recovery, practiced
especially for bone ankylosis
surgical intervention through which are maintain in
correct position the strained bone extremities, after
previous reduction
diagnostic and treatment method of articular
affections that imply a limited incision at articular
capsule, followed by the introduction of an
apparatus named arthroscope that visualizes the
articular cartilage, synovial membrane and other
formations (meniscus, crossed ligament at knee
joint)
articular affection with chronic evolution, part of
degenerative chronic rheumatism (of wear)
Obs. Is characterized by deformed bone extremities,
irregular articular outlines, narrowed articular space and
osteophytes
αζηάζεηα
Astasia
Αζζέλεηα ή
αδπλακία
Asthenia
Αηαμία
Ataxia
impossibility to keep the orthostatic posture due to
a motor deficit
pathologic diminishing of physic and psychic
effort capacity; myalgic – a form of asthenia
characterized by general fatigue and muscular
pains
failure of active movements’ coordination
Obs. Presents as clinic forms:
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 cerebellar ataxia ataxia due to disease of the cerebellum.
 Bruns' frontal ataxia a disturbance of equilibrium and
gait due to a lesion in the frontal lobe, characterized by
assumption of a broad-based gait with the feet flat on the
ground and a tendency to retropulsion.
 Friedreich's ataxia hereditary sclerosis of the dorsal and
lateral columns of the spine, usually beginning in
childhood or youth; it is attended with ataxia, speech
impairment, scoliosis, peculiar movements, paralysis, and
often hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
 locomotor ataxia tabes dorsalis.
 motor ataxia inability to control the coordinate
movements of the muscles.
 sensory ataxia ataxia due to loss of proprioception (joint
position sensation) between the motor cortex and
peripheral nerves, resulting in poorly judged movements,
the incoordination becoming aggravated when the eyes
are closed.
 ataxia-telangiectasia a severe autosomal recessive
progressive
cerebellar
ataxia,
associated
with
oculocutaneous telangiectasia, abnormal eye movements,
sinopulmonary disease, and immunodeficiency.
Αζέησζε
Athetosis
Αηνλία
Αηξνθία
Atony
Atrophy
a constant succession of slow, writhing,
involuntary movements of flexion, extension,
pronation, and supination of fingers and hands, and
sometimes of toes and feet.
loss of tonus
progressive, acquired decrease in the size of a
normally developed cell, tissue, or organ.
Obs. Atrophy may result from a decrease in cell size, number
of cells or both with serious consequences over their
function. Can be limited to a certain organ, due to disease
interference with the metabolism of the organ or can
interested the entire limb, if its nutrition and innervation is
affected. The natural aging of tissues and body organs leads
to atrophy of senescentis or simple senescentis. The inactivity
of a tissue or organ will lead in time to a local atrophy, for
example muscular dystrophy that causes atrophy, decreasing
of volume and muscular strength due to sarcoplasm loss
Αηξνθία νζηψλ
Atrophy (bone)
1. the bone resorption internally (in density) and
externally (in form) (e.g., of residual ridges); 2. a
loss of bone substance or volume.
Obs. Atrophy of bone ordinarily occurs without a
corresponding change in the volume or external dimensions
of bone, but the mass of bone tissue may be reduced by as
much as 75%. The internal architecture of the bone
gradually becomes attenuated and finally disappears.
Atrophied bone is brittle and has a more spongy consistency
than normal bone. In cross-section the cortex is thin, and the
periosteal surface is smooth and unchanged, but the
intramedullary substance is composed of a yellow, fatty,
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cancellous bone tissue. Bone atrophy may be systemic,
regional, or local.
Μπτθή αηξνθία
Atrophy
(muscular)
a wasting of muscle tissue, especially resulting
from lack of use.
Obs. There are numerous causes for simple atrophy of
muscle, such as chronic malnutrition, immobilization, and
denervation.
Αηξνθία ηζηψλ
Atrophy (tissue)
Αμνληθφο ζθειεηφο
Axial skeleton
Άμνλαο (αλαηνκηθά) Axis (anatomic)
an atrophy resulting from a lack of function of a
tissue, organ, or body part.
the bones of the body axis, including the skull,
vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
for the description of anatomic formations are used
three orientation space axis, that pass through
center of gravity (S1), intersect themselves under
right angles and are named: longitudinal, sagittal
and transversal. These axes define plans.
Obs. Body length axis or longitudinal axis lies between a
superior polar point, named vertex and an inferior polar
point, situated in the center of sustain basis; is perpendicular
on the ground horizontal. The depth body axis or the sagittal
axis passes through the center of gravity and has an
anterior-posterior direction. The width body axis or
transversal one passes through weight center and is parallel
with the ground horizontal.
B
Greek term
ηζνξξνπία
Term
Balance
Definition
maintenance of postural stability or equilibrium. Also postural
control.
the lowest rate at which a person can possibly use energy and
Βαζηθφο
Basal
κεηαβνιηθφο metabolic rate remain alive; at this rate, only absolutely necessary functions
such as breathing are maintained
ξπζκφο
having action at two joints
δπαξζξηθφ
Biarticular
the substance that forms the skeleton of the body. It is
Οζηφ
Bone
composed chiefly of calcium phosphate and calcium
carbonate. It also serves as a storage area for calcium, playing
a large role in calcium balance in the blood
Θξεπηηθέο
Bone nutritive arteries that assure the bone nutrition
Observation. Can be diaphysis, metaphysis or epiphysis ones, result from
αξηεξίεο
arteries
periosteum or periarticular vascular arches
νζηψλ
all cell activities that will determine the increase of
Αλάπηπμε
Bone growth
dimensions and/or mass of skeleton component.
ησλ νζηψλ
Observation. Increasing is a temporo-spacial phenomenon, that is why a
special importance is given to kinetic increase, characterized by speed
and growth acceleration.
Οζηηθφο
Bone flap
a window created by the temporary surgical displacement of a
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θξεκλφο
Μπειφο ησλ Bone marrow
νζηψλ
section of bone, which remains attached along one edge to
provide a blood-supply during the procedure
reticular tissue that occupies the free spaces from inside bones
(medullar canal of long bones shafts, areola cavities of
spongy tissue.
Observation. At birth the marrow bone has a hematopoietic character
(red); after age of 7 years the marrow of long bones changes in adipose
tissue (yellow marrow); at senescence important parts of hematopoietic
marrow and adipose one transforms into connective tissue (fibrous
marrow or gray).
Θξεπηηθέο
αξηεξίεο
νζηψλ
Πξνχζα
Bone nutritive arteries that assure the bone nutrition
Observation. Can be diaphysal, metaphysal or epiphysal ones, result from
arteries
Θπιαθίηηδα
Bursitis
periosteum or periarticular vascular arches.
Bursa
a bursa is a closed fluid-filled sac that functions as a gliding
surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body
inflammation of a bursa due to excessive pressure or friction,
or from injury.
C
Greek term
Βάδηζκα/πεξπάηεκα
κε ξπζκφ
Απνηηηάλσζε
(θπζηνινγηθή)
Απνηηηάλσζε
(παζνινγηθή)
Κάινο
Term
Cadence
walking
Calcification
(physiological)
Calcification
(pathological)
Callus
ρφλδξνο
Cartilage
Definition
gait tempo measured in steps per minute
biologic process through which calcium salts
deposit during ossification
abnormal deposits of calcium and magnesium salts
in tissue
new osseous tissue that weld the ends resulted
from a bone fracture; vicious – imperfect welding
of a fracture
medium hard conjunctive tissue formed of cells,
fibers and fundamental substance, has no
vascularization and its nutrition is assured by
diffusion from surrounding tissues
Obs. Fundamental substance contains proteoglycans in the
structure of whom are proteins, hyaluronic acid and
chondroitin sulfate. The chondrocytes contain enzymes
implied in the synthesis and degradation of proteoglycans.
This turnover usually lasts months or even years, increases
moderately due to intern or extern trauma agents’ action.
Even after cartilage turnover acceleration, the cartilage
recovers slowly, due to the indirect supply of nutritive
substances (diffusion). Depending on the fibers nature and
arrangement there are three types of cartilage: hyaline,
elastic and fibrous.
Hyaline cartilage – cartilage with the lowest resistance, but
biggest spreading in human body. It is found at costal,
nasal, laryngeal, tracheal and bronchial cartilages.
Articular cartilage – a particular type of hyaline cartilage
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containing collagen fibers with high resistance
Elastic cartilage – cartilage formed mostly of elastic fibers.
It is found at ear auricle, Eustachian tube , epiglottis.
Fibrous cartilage – the most resistant type of cartilage,
contains many collagen fibers and a reduced amount of
fundamental substance. It is found at areas subdued to some
pressure solicitations, such as intervertebral discs, pubic
symphysis.
Κεληξηθφ
λεπξηθφ
ζχζηεκα
Δγθεθαιηθή
παξάιπζε (CP)
Central nervous
system
Cerebral palsy
(CP)
ρνλδξνθχηηαξα
Υνλδξνκαιάθπλζε
ήρνλδξνκαιαθία
Chondrocytes
Chondromalacia
brain, spinal cord and their nerve endings.
Abbreviated CNS.
term used for a group of nonprogressive disorders
of movement and posture caused by abnormal
development of, or damage to, motor control
centers of the brain. CP is caused by events before,
during, or after birth. The abnormalities of muscle
control that define CP are often accompanied by
other neurological and physical abnormalities.
cartilage cells, structural components of cartilage
abnormal softening or degeneration of cartilage of
the joints, especially of the knee patellae
Obs.It occurs in young adults after knee injury and is
characterized by swelling, pain, and degenerative changes,
which are revealed on x-ray examination.
Υνλδξνκαιάθπλζε
επηγνλαηίδαο
Υνξεία
Chondromalacia
patellae
Chorea
pathological softening and thinning of the cartilage
(gristle) lining the back of the kneecap.
name given to some diseases or syndromes of
central nervous system, of different etiology, of
whom dominant syndrome is represented by
involuntary moves, with segmental character,
arrhythmic, rapidly unorganized, without finality;
the ceaseless occurrence of rapid, jerky,
dyskinetic, involuntary movements.
Obs. As clinic forms present:
 acute chorea Sydenham's chorea a self-limited disorder,
occurring between the ages of 5 and 15, or during
pregnancy, linked with rheumatic fever, and marked by
involuntary movements that gradually become severe,
affecting all motor activities
 chronic chore , chronic progressive hereditary chorea
Huntington's chorea.- hereditary disease marked by
chronic progressive chorea and mental deterioration to
dementia.
Πεξηζηξνθηθή
θίλεζε άθξνπ
Circumduction
special form of angular motion in which the distal
end of a limb or segment moves in a circular
pattern about a relatively fixed proximal end,
tracing out a cone-shaped pattern; successive
combination of many fundamental moves through
which a segment passes (flexion, abduction,
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Υσιφηεηα
δηαιείπνπζα
ρσιφηεηα
Νεπξνγελήο
ρσιφηεηα
Κιηληθφο
Κλονικός ζπαζμός
κλώνος
Ραηβντππνπνδία
(CTEV)
΢πλελεξγνπνίεζε
θνιιαγφλν
extension, adduction) and returns to flexion
position; can be executed backwards leaving from
any position
temporal disorders that appear during an intense
Claudication
activity and disappear or diminish after repose
temporal disorders that appear after intense
Claudication
(intermittent)
solicitations of some organs and disappear or
diminish after a certain repose; painful cramp of
shank muscles, during effort, due to chronic
arterial insufficiency, that disappear during repose,
pain, tension, and weakness in the legs on walking,
which intensifies to produce lameness and is
relieved by rest; it is seen in occlusive arterial
disease.
disorder accompanied by pain and paresthesias in
Claudication
(neurogenic)
the back, buttocks, and legs that is relieved by
stooping, caused by mechanical disturbances due
to posture or by ischemia of the cauda equine
having to do with the examination and treatment
Clinical
of patients.
1. alternate involuntary muscular contraction and
Clonus
relaxation in rapid succession after forcible
extension or flexion of a part; 2. a continuous
rhythmic reflex tremor initiated by the spinal cord
below an area of spinal cord injury, set in motion
by reflex testing. Similar clonospasm.
Clonus (ankle) a series of abnormal reflex movements of the foot,
induced by sudden dorsiflexion, causing alternate
or foot clonus
contraction and relaxation of the triceps surae
muscle.
Clubfoot (talipes a genetic disorder in which the foot is twisted and
misshapen
equinovarus)
simultaneous action of agonists and antagonists at
Coactivation
a given point
protein of scleroproteins group that contain
Collagen
glycocol, proline, oxiproline; generic name that
include a big variety of protein molecules that
enter extracellular matrix structure, having as base
structural unit three polypeptide chains with triple
helix configuration.
Observation. Till present were identified 19 collagen types,
formed of minimum 33 distinct polypeptide chains.
΢πκπαγήο νζηηθή
νπζία
Compact
osseous
substance
variety of hard connective tissue (osseous),
adapted at maximum to the sustain and resistance
function, with homogenous macroscopic structure,
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formed of attached osseous lamellas, without
delimiting interior cavities. Synonymous cortical
bone; lamellar bone.
Observation. Microscopic is formed of osseous lamellas
disposed concentric around Haversian canals (osteons),
presenting thus cavities of reduced dimensions (Haversian
canals, osseous gaps, Volkmann canals).
Αμνληθή ηνκνγξαθία Computerized
Axial
Tomography scan CAT or CT
scan
Δθ γελεηήο
Congenital
Δθ γελεηήο ζηξαβφ Congenital
πφδη
crooked foot
Δθ γελεηήο
ξαηβφηεηα
ηππνεηδνχο πνδηνχ
Congenital
varus equine
foot
ζπζηαιηηθή
ζπληζηψζα
Contractile
component
αληαγσληζκφο
Contention
ζπζηαιηηθφηεηα
Contractility
΢χζπαζε
Contracture
Οκφθεληξε ζπζηνιή
(κπψλ) ή νκφθεληξε
ζχζπαζε
Contraction
(concentric)
pictures of structures within the body created by a
computer that takes the data from multiple X-ray
images and turns them into pictures on a screen.
CT stands for computerized tomography
term that refers to an apparent or latent disorder of
new born, due to a pathologic process spent during
intrauterine life
corresponds to malformations that modified the
foot orientation compared with the shank. There
are four directions where the foot can be deviated
compared with the shank: in extension, with
support on the forefoot (equine); in dorsal flexion;
in adduction (varus); in abduction (valgus).
congenital deformation of one or both feet that
associate equine and varus calcaneus, forefoot and
middle foot adduction and inversion, atrophy of
the shank affected muscles and a foot length
smaller than the one of the healthy foot.
structure within a muscle that can produce force.
The fundamental contractile component of a
skeletalmuscle is the sarcomere.
in orthopedic means maintaining in contact the
fragments of a fracture; is performed through
immobilization orthopedic ways or surgically
through osteosynthesis.
muscular tissue propriety to answer to stimulation
through form changing, usually shortening; a
muscle’s ability to generate a pulling or tension
force.
permanent tonic contraction of a muscle or
muscles group of pathological cause; can be
antalgic, myogenic, neurogenic or ischemic
contraction realized by the responsible muscle for
this contraction. The muscular insertions approach
and the muscle shorts. The torque produced by the
muscle is greater than the external torque, and
therefore, the muscle is able to shorten while
13
Έθθεληξε ζπζηνιή
(κπψλ) ή έθθεληξε
ζχζπαζε
Contraction
(eccentric)
Μπτθή ζπζηνιή
Contraction
(muscular)
΢πληνληζκφο
Coordination
Coxa plana
Coxa plana
Coxa Valga
Coxa valga
Coxa Vara
Coxa vara
Γεθαλίθηα
Crutches
D
Greek term
Απαζβέζησζε
Term
Decalcification
δηάξζξσζε
Γηάζηαζε
Diarthrosis
Diastasis
Γηπιεγία
Diplegia
δηάζηξεκκα
Γπζθηλεζία ή
δπζιεηηνπξγία
ζηελ
θηλεηηθφηεηα
δπζκεηξία
Disjunction
Dyskinesia
(motor)
Dysmetria
overcoming the external load. Ex: trunk flexion
from clinostatic represents a concentric contraction
of rectus abdominis muscle
contraction performed by a muscle through
progressive decreasing of its contraction state; the
muscular insertions move away. The torque
produced by the muscle is less then external
torque; the joint movement occurs more slowly
than the external torque would tend to
internal state in which a muscle actively exerts a
force, regardless of whether it shortens or
lenghtness.
muscle working together with correct timing and
intensity to produce or control a movement.
flattening of the head of the femur resulting from
osteochondrosis of its epiphysis
deformity of the hip joint with increase in the
angle of inclination between the neck and shaft of
the femur, producing a straighter bone.
deformity of the hip joint with decrease in the
angle of inclination between the neck and shaft of
the femur.
help sustain the body during static position and
walking by axillary and hands support
Definition
dystrophic process of osseous tissue, during which under
the various influences (mechanic, chemical, nervous)
calcium from the respective tissue decreases
progressively till disappears. Synonymous osseous
demineralization.
functional classification of a freely movable joint.
the equivalent of dislocation for fixed joints. Frequently
occur at tibiofibular joints.
paralysis of both sides of any body part or of like parts
on the opposite sides of the body
the equivalent of sprain for fixed joints
an impairment in the ability to control movements,
characterized by spasmodic or repetitive motions or lack
of coordination.
an aspect of ataxia, in which the ability to control the
distance, power, and speed of an act is impaired; usually
14
used to describe abnormalities of movement caused by
cerebellar disorders.
displacement of parts that form a unit; of fragments –
κεηαθίλεζε
Dislocation
radiologic sign that emphasize the displacement level of
a fracture fragments.
Ραρηαία
Dorsal flexion joint motion at the ankle where the foot moves toward
(dorsiflexion)
the lower leg
θάκςε
Ράρε ηνπ
Dorsum of foot an anatomical term referring to the upper surface of the
foot. Similar dorsum pedis.
πνδηνχ
all moves performed between two successive leanings of
Γηπιφ βήκα
Double step
the same foot; functional unit of locomotion during
(δηαζθειηζκφο) (stride)
walking; formed of 2 simple steps. Similarly contact
with heel, attack with heel, contact with foot, attack with
foot.
period when the body s weight is supported by both legs
Γηπιή
Double support
ππνζηήξημε
E
Term
Greek term
πκελνγελήο νζηέσζε Endoconnective
ossification
Υνλδξνγελήο
νζηέσζε
Enchondral
ossification
ελδνπξφζεζε
Endoprosthesis
ειεθηξνκπνγξάθεκα
(EMG)
Electromyography
(EMG)
Δπίθπζε
Epiphysis
επηκχην
Epimysium
Αλάζπαζε
ρείινπο
έμσ Eversion
Definition
ossification type characterized by direct
metaplasia of connective tissue at osseous tissue.
Synonymous - desmal; of membrane.
type of ossification hold at the surface and inside
a cartilaginous model that is destroyed and
replaced with fibrous or spongy tissue.
Endomysium – fibrous connective tissue sheath
that surrounds each muscle fiber located within a
fascicle in a skeletal muscle. Synonymous:
endocartilage; of cartilage
prosthesis introduced inside human body (gr.
endon - inside; at interior
graphic or optic recording method of muscular
action potentials, in repose and during voluntary
contraction Can diagnosis both muscular
affections and peripheral neuron ones (motor units
activity).
long bones extremity formed by a compact
osseous tissue layer at periphery and a spongy
osseous tissue at interior (gr.epiphysis excrescent).
fibrous connective tissue sheath that surrounds a
whole skeletal muscle
move through which the foot lateral edge lifts
(dorsal flexion, abduction and pronation of foot)
15
Δπέθηαζε
Γηεγεξζηκφηεηα
Δπεθηαζηκφηεηα
Έθηαζε
Δμσηεξηθή
πεξηζηξνθή
(πιεπξηθή)
Δμσθπηηαξηθφ
πιέγκα (ECM)
move in sagittal plan that moves away a body
region posteriorly from the anatomic position
describes the ability of muscle to respond to a
Excitability
stimulus.
describes the ability of muscle to lengthen or
Extensibility
stretch and as a consequence to generate force
over a range of lengths.
therapeutic way used for fracture or dislocation
Extent
joint reduction or for the immobilization of a limb
by applying a traction. Can be extemporaneous or
continuous, manually or mechanic (pulleys,
orthopedic mass, elongation apparatuses).
External rotation movement in a transversal plan that moves
outside a part of the body.
(lateral)
Extension
a complex material formed of an organic
component that include insoluble fibers, micro
fibrils, soluble proteins and glycoproteins to
which is attached an anorganic component
represented by hydroxyapatite crystals and
calcium-phosphate amorphous; is responsible for
mechanic and physiochemical properties specific
to each tissue and offers a support for cell
attachment.
Extracellular
matrix
Observation. The most frequent proteins from extracellular
matrix structure are the ones of the collagen family (type I,
II, III) and exists as fibers fascicules. Other are represented
by proteoglycans, hyaluronan, elastin, fibronectin,
thrombospondin, laminin, osseous sialoprotein, tenascin,
etc.
Δμσππξακηδηθφ
ζχζηεκα
Extrapyramidal
system
Δμσππξακηδηθή
λφζνο
(εμσππξακηδηθφ
ζχλδξνκν)
Extrapyramidal
disease
(extrapyramidal
syndrome)
ηππνπνδία
Equines foot
F
Greek term
Μεξηαίν νζηφ
Term
Femur
system of nervous fibers that descend from motor
cortex to effectors (muscles) and serve to
involuntary motility and muscular tone.
any of a group of clinical disorders marked by
abnormal involuntary movements, alterations in
muscle tone, and postural disturbances; the group
includes PARKINSONISM, CHOREA, ATHETOSIS, and
others.
foot position in which the forefoot is lower than
the heel. In gait, at initial contact, the foot is
plantar flexed.
Definition
bone of the leg situated between the pelvis and knee in
16
Πιαηππνδία
Flat foot
Ιλνβιάζηεο
Fibroblast
Πεξφλε ηεο θλήκεο
Fibula
Λεπηή κεκβξάλε
Αθηηλνγξαθηθή
εηθφλα απφ πξφζζηανπίζζηα απφθιηζε
Film
Film of
anteroposterior
incidence
Film of
profile
Αθηηλνγξαθηθή
εηθφλα πιάγηα
(πξνθίι)
θαζήισζε
Fixation
Δζσηεξηθή
θαζήισζε
Fixation
(internal)
Δμσηεξηθή
θαζήισζε
Fixation
(external)
θάκςε
Flexion
Δπθακςία/επιπγπζία Flexibility
άξζξσζεο
(joint)
humans. It is the largest and strongest bone in the
body.
Absence of an arch in the sole of the foot that causes
the foot to lie flat when the person is standing
a type of cell found in connective tissue throughout
the body that produces collagen and other proteins
found in the extracellular (between cells) spaces
the smaller of the two bones in the lower leg, located
externally. The end of the fibula forms the bony
prominence of the outer ankle
slang shortening of X-ray film
an X-ray picture in which the beams pass from frontto-back (anteroposterior). As opposed to a PA
(posteroanterior) film in which the rays pass through
the body from back-to-front
an X-ray picture taken from the side.
the act or surgery of immobilization in a certain
position
a surgical procedure that stabilizes and joins the ends
of fractured (broken) bones by mechanical devices
such as metal plates, pins, rods, wires or screws.
a procedure that stabilizes and joins the ends of
fractured (broken) bones by a splint or cast. External
fixation is as opposed to internal fixation in which the
ends of the fractured bone are joined by mechanical
devices such as metal plates, pins, rods, wires or
screws.
a move in sagittal plan that moves away a body region
anteriorly from anatomic position. Other process of
bending, or the state of being bent.
the ability to move a joint smoothly through its
complete range of motion. Flexibility is determined by
the nature of the joint structure, the condition of the
ligaments and fascia that surround the joint, and
muscle extensibility. Flexibility may also be limited
by the skin, connective tissue, and bones around the
joint. Flexibility is one of the main components of
physical fitness and is believed to be important for
optimum health. Flexibility exercises have been
prescribed for the relief of dysmenorrhea, general
neuromuscular tension, and low back pain. However,
an athlete who concentrates on flexibility exercises at
17
the expense of strength training may reduce joint
stability and increase the risk of dislocations
the range of motion that can be achieved by actively
Γπλακηθή επθακςία Flexibility
moving a body segment using muscle actions.
(dynamic)
Dynamic flexibility also refers to the relative ease of
making rapid or repeated movements over any range,
rather than the range itself. It is determined by the
forces that oppose or resist the movements, and is
affected by the ability of muscles to recover quickly.
Dynamic flexibility is an important ability underlying
many gross motor skills, and is important for
developing speed and power.
the maximum range of motion possible at a particular
Βαζκφο επιπγπζίαο
Flexibility
joint or series of joints working together. Extent
(extent)
flexibility is largely joint-specific; good flexibility at
one joint does not guarantee good flexibility
elsewhere. Use of the term is sometimes restricted to
the ability to flex and stretch the trunk and back
muscles as far as possible in any direction.
the range of motion of a joint when a body segment is
΢ηαηηθή επθακςία
Flexibility
passively moved (e.g. by an exercise partner) and held
(static)
in position. It is measured using a dexometer or
goniometer
Φάζε αηψξεζεο
Flight phase period of the running gait cycle when both feet are off
the ground
of walking
the lower extremity of the human leg that is in direct
πφδη
Foot
contact with the ground in standing or walking
the forefoot consists of five metatarsals and phalanges,
Μπξνζηηλφ ηκήκα Forefoot
or toes. The big toe provides the most propulsion,
πνδηνχ
while the second through fourth toes provide stability
while walking or standing.
a term that includes a range of conditions that may
Γπζκνξθία ζην πφδη Foot
affect the bones, tendons, and muscles of the foot.
deformity
There are foot acquired deformations – affections that
appear during life, others than the ones secondary to
vicious consolidated fractures. Include hallux valgus,
hammer fingers, supraductus and infraductus ones,
hallux varus, flat foot, flat forefoot, round forefoot,
complex deformed forefoot, metatarsus primus varus,
etc. and foot congenital deformations (congenital
crooked foot, calcaneus valgus, etc.)
Obs. All babies have flat feet because their arches are not yet
built up (and their feet tend to be plump). This condition may
persist into adulthood, or an arch may form as the child grows.
Flat feet can also be acquired, as in jobs that require a great
18
deal of walking and carrying of heavy objects. Also called pes
planus
Θξεπηηθφ ηξήκα
(ζξεπηηθφο πφξνο)
Μπξνζηηλφ ηκήκα
πνδηνχ
Κάηαγκα
Διεπζεξία θίλεζεο
G
Greek term
Βάδηζκα
orifice placed at the surface of bone through which
enter inside him 1-2 nutritive arteries, passing into
nutritive canals.
the portion of the foot that includes the metatarsus and
Forefoot
toes
interruption of bone continuity. A fracture is a break
Fracture
in the bone or cartilage. Is named by the trauma event
that caused the bone breakage. Although usually a
result of trauma, a fracture can be the result of an
acquired disease of bone, such as osteoporosis, or of
abnormal formation of bone in a congenital disease of
bone, such as osteogenesis imperfecta ('brittle bone
disease'). Fractures are classified according to their
character and location (for example, greenstick
fracture of the radius).
term referring to the distance and direction a joint can
Freedom of
move between the flexed position and the extended
movement
(biomedical)- position. The act of attempting to increase this
distance through therapeutic exercises (range of
motion therapy—stretching from flexion to extension
for physiological gain) is also sometimes called range
of motion. Each specific joint has a normal range of
motion that is expressed in degrees.
Devices to measure range of motion in the joints of the
body include the goniometer and inclinometer which use
a stationary arm, protractor, fulcrum, and movement arm
to measure angle from axis of the joint. As measurement
results will vary by the degree of resistance, two levels
of range of motion results are recorded in most cases.
Limited range of motion refers to a joint that has a
reduction in its ability to move. The reduced motion may
be a mechanical problem with the specific joint or it may
be caused by injury or diseases such as osteoarthritis,
rheumatoid arthritis, or other types of arthritis. Pain,
swelling, and stiffness associated with arthritis can limit
the range of motion of a particular joint and impair
function and the ability to perform usual daily activities.
Similarly freedom of movement degree.
Foramina
nutrient
Term
Gait
Definition
all forms of bipedal locomotion where there is not a
period of time in which both legs are in the air (flying
19
Κχθινο
βαδίζκαηνο
Gait cycle
Γηαηαξαρή ζην
βάδηζκα
Gait disorder
Τπεξεθηαζηκφηεηα Genu
ηεο άξζξσζεο ηνπ recurvatum
γφλαηνο
ξαηβνζθειία
Genu varum
γιπθνπξσηεΐλε
Glycoproteins
phase): o cyclic locomotion move which is realized
by successive move of a leg before the other.
the period between foot initial contact with ground
and the following initial contact of the same foot with
ground
an abnormality in the manner or style of walking,
usually due to diseases or injuries to the legs, feet,
brain, spinal cord, or inner ear; usually results from
neuromuscular, arthritic, or other body changes. The
body's center of gravity may change over the years,
causing a change in the degree of knee flexion needed
to maintain one's balance when walking. Some
individuals with neuromuscular disorders walk with a
shuffling gait or move with lurching actions. At times
a gait disorder may be the result of a medication that
causes confusion or loss of coordination or an eye or
ear disturbance that affects the sense of balance.
Similar Walking abnormalities
hyperextensibility of the knee joint more then 180,
due to exaggerated laxity of capsule and posterior
ligaments. Sequel of poliomyelitis.
Genu valgum - a childhood deformity in which shank
axis deviates external from the femur one, thus the
shanks form an obtuse angle open to exterior (if it is
bilaterally result shank in X). Internal faces of the
knee stick together during orthostatic position, the
knees rub together or ―knock‖ in walking and the
ankles are far apart; the most common causes are
irregularity in growth of the long bones of the lower
limb (sometimes from injury to the bone ends at the
knee) and weak ligaments with no properly support of
the weight of the body.
an outward curvature of one or both lower limbs near
the knee, in which shank axis deviates internal from
the femur one, thus the shanks form an obtuse angle
open to interior (if it is bilaterally result shank in O).
The internal edges of ankles (malleolus) stick
together during orthostatic position, while the knees
are apart.
conjugate proteins of mucoproteins type that contain
carbohydrates into the molecule.
Observation. The most representative glycoproteins are:
osteonectin, osteocalcin, L 2HS-glycoprotein.
κφζρεπκα
Graft
surgery transplant of an organ or tissue.
Surgery transplant of an organ or tissue from one part
20
of the body to another part of the body at the same
person is named autograft; to another person
identically antigenetic – isograft; of the same species
– home graft; of another species – heterograft. The
best results were recorded in case of auto and
isografts, the other grafts cause immune reactions that
can determine the graft rejection. There are some
immune depressive ways through which the rejection
reaction can be delayed or reduced.
Observation. In case of osseous pathology the grafts are used to
remediate the effects of some trauma, for osseous tumors are
used resections.
«πφλνη ηεο
αλάπηπμεο»
H
Greek term
Μεγάιν δάρηπιν
πνδηνχ
΢σιήλαο ηνπ
Havers
αίκαζξν
Ηκηπιεγία
Growing pains
mysterious pains in growing children, usually in the
legs, likely occurring as a result of overuse. Growing
pains are typically somewhat diffuse, and they are not
associated with physical changes of the area, such as
swelling or redness. The pains are usually easily
relieved by massage, acetaminophen, or rest.
Term
Hallux
Definition
the first finger (big toe) of foot
Haversian
canal
neurovascular canal from osseous structure, produced
by collagen fibers, around which are disposed
concentric lamellae; contains 1-2 sanguine capillaries,
nervous fibers.
blood accumulation in a joint.
paralysis of one side of the body (flaccid or spastic)
usually caused by a neurological, tumoral,
inflammatory or traumatic lesion located in the brain
or cervical segment of the spinal cord. The paralysis
occurs on the side opposite the brain disorder
Hemarthrosis
Hemiplegia





χδξαζξν
Ιζρίν
ζπγγελέο
alternate hemiplegia paralysis of one side of the face and
the opposite side of the body. crossed hemiplegia
cerebral hemiplegia that due to a brain lesion.
facial hemiplegia paralysis of one side of the face.
spastic hemiplegia hemiplegia with spasticity of the
affected muscles and increased tendon reflexes.
spinal hemiplegia that due to a lesion of the spinal cord.
serous accumulation in an articular cavity due to an
inflammation or local trauma
part of human body placed between trunk and hip;
Hip
anatomic region corresponding to the joint of inferior
limbs with trunk (coxofemoral joint).
Hip congenital congenital dislocation or subluxation of the hip
Hidrathrosis
21
εμάξζξεκα ηνπ
ηζρίνπ
dislocation
Τδξνμπαπαηίηεο
Hydroxyapatite
(congenital acetabula dysplasia) - a complete or partial
displacement of the femoral head out of the
acetabulum in newborns.
anorganic component of extracellular matrix, disposed
under crystals which are orientated with their long
axis parallel with the one of collagen fibers.
Observation. Exists under amorphous or crystalline form. By the
association of hydroxyapatite complex with calcium and
phosphate ions results the osseous crystalline unit.
παινπξνληθφ νμχ
Hyaluronic
acid
Τπεξθηλεηηθφηεηα Hyperkinesia
Τπνπιαζία
I
Greek term
Ιαηξνγελήο
Ιδηνπαζήο
Hypoplasia
Term
Iatrogenic
Idiopathic
Αθηλεηνπνίεζε Immobilization
(Οξζνπεδηθή)
(orthopedic)
Δκθχηεπκα
Implant
Πξφζπησζε,
απφθιηζε ή
εθηξνπή
Incidence
(radiology)
Κιίζε ιεθάλεο
Inclination
pelvis
a viscous slippery substance that lubricates the joints,
is a key component of connective tissue. On a more
technical level, hyaluric acid is a glycosaminoglycan
(formerly called a mucopolysaccharide), a long
unbranched
polysaccharide
(complex
sugar),
composed of repeating dimeric units of glucuronic
acid and N acetyl glucosamine.
exaggerate motility caused by intense activity of
striated or smooth muscles.
insufficient development of a tissue or organ, often of
congenital cause.
Definition
due to the activity of a physician or therapy.
generic name given to normal or pathologic phenomena
of unknown cause
an action that cause a static position; can refer to one or
more joints or to the entire body; is symptomatic
(disease) or therapeutic, when is realized through
conservatory ways (gypsum or orthopedic apparatus) or
orthopedic, continuous extension or through surgical
ways (arthrodesis).
an object or material inserted or grafted into the body
for prosthetic, therapeutic, diagnostic, or experimental
purposes. The implant may be of tissue, such as in a
bone graft, or of an artificial substance, such as in a hip
prosthesis
the position of a body part that needs to be irradiated
from the irradiation source. Are described anteriorposterior, posterior-anterior, lateral, oblique, eccentric,
cranial-caudal, caudal-cranial radiological incidences.
ventral inclined position of pelvis from the axial
skeleton; it is appreciated after its straits inclination
from the horizontal ( with which the superior strait
makes an angle of 60 degrees and with the inferior one
22
an angle of 10 degrees).
first phase of gait cycle that starts from the moment the
Πξψηε θάζε Initial contact
forefoot reaches the ground, usually through the heel
ηνπ
θχθινπ
and lasts till the vertical moment, when all plantae is
βαδίζκαηνο
placed on the ground. To end the swing phase and begin
the stance phase
harm or hurt. To harm, hurt, or wound. The word injure
Βιάβε
Injury
may be in physical or emotional sense. From the Latin
injuria meaning injury
Αζηάζεηα
Instability (joint) any motion occurring in a joint in response to the
reactive force of gravity at a time when that joint should
άξζξσζεο
be stable under such a load
Δζσηεξηθή
Internal rotation movement in a transversal plan that moves inside a part
of the body
πεξηζηξνθή
(medial)
(έζσ)
Αλάζπαζε έζσ Inversion (move) move through which the medial edge of foot lifts
(plantar flexion, adduction and supination of foot)
ρείινπο
describes a contraction performed with a constant
Ιζνθηλεηηθή
Isokinetic
angular velocity
ζπζηνιή
contraction
literally means constant tension. This condition does not
Ιζνηνληθή
Isotonic
occur in intact human subjects (i.e.in vivo) because the
ζπζηνιή
contraction
level of muscle force varies continuously and rarely, if
ever, is constant through a movement.
position fixed through a muscle contraction:
Ιζνκεηξηθή
Isometric
synonymous static contraction. Muscle insertions are
ζπζηνιή
contraction
not moving away, length muscle remains constant and
the locomotion is not produced. Torque produced by the
muscle is equal and opposite to the external torque.
J
Greek term
Άξζξσζε
Δμάξζξεκα
Term
Joint
Joint
dislocation
Υαιαξφηεηα ησλ Joint laxity
αξζξψζεσλ
Κιεηδσκέλε
Joint locked
άξζξσζε
Definition
see articulation
articular lesion that refer to the dislocation of articular
surfaces which are fixed in this vicious position through a
muscle contraction
slackness or displacement in the motion of a joint
joint in which the elements joined are interlocked.
Ex. "locked knee" is a term used to describe a patient's inability to
either bend or straighten their knee. There are two general types of
locked knees. The locked knee can either be caused by a mechanical
block to knee motion, or a locked knee can be caused by pain that is
too severe to allow knee motion.
23
K
Greek term
Γφλαην
Term
Knee
Αζηαζέο γφλαην Knee (lax)
(LAX)
Κηλεζηνζεξαπεία Kinesitherapy
L
Greek term
Labrum
Definition
the joint between the thigh and the lower leg, formed by
the articulation of the femur and the tibia and covered
anteriorly by the patella.
unstable knee and unable of active moves, due to a
musclecapsuleligament excessive laxity (congenital or
due to strong trauma) or to all muscular groups
(poliomyelitis)
generic term used for treatment through locomotion.
Uses active and passive movements in order to obtain a
function recovery as complete as possible.
Term
Labrum
Definition
in medicine, a ring of fibrocartilage (fibrous
cartilage) around the edge of the articular (joint)
surface of a bone. The term labrum is used in
anatomy to designate a lip, edge, or brim. Plural:
labra.
the part of the limb between the knee and foot in
Πφδη
Leg
vertebrates.
a tough band of connective tissue that connects two
΢χλδεζκνο
Ligament
bones
ζπλδεζκνπιαζηηθή Ligamentoplasty surgical procedure of repairing torn or relaxed
ligaments of a joint, especially the knee ones.
occurs during life or is congenital, when either one
Αληζφηεηα άθξσλ Limbs
of the superior limbs or the inferior limbs is shorter
inequality
than the other one. Causes can be congenital
(hypoplasia of a limb, congenital pseudoarthrosis) or
acquired (posttrauma: vicious consolidated fractures
or after bacillary osteoarthritis with ankylosis,
osteomyelitis with premature joined of growth
cartilage, etc.).
asymmetric walk with unequal support and trunk
ραιαξφο
Limp
abnormal oscillations, due to an affection that
interests the spine, pelvic belt, one inferior limb or
both unequally. It usually results from pain,
weakness, neuromuscular imbalance, or a skeletal
deformity. A type of asymmetric abnormality of the
gait
backache affecting the lumbar region or lower back;
Οζθπτθφο πφλνο
Lumbar pain
can be caused by muscle strain or arthritis or
vascular insufficiency or a ruptured intervertebral
24
disc. Also lumbago.
M
΢θπξφ
Term
Malleolus
Μεραληθή
κνλάδα
Mechanical unit
Μελίζθνο
(αξζξηθφο)
κεηαηάξζην
Meniscus
(articular)
Metatarsals
Μπειψδεο απιφο
ή Μπειηθή
θνηιφηεηα
ηαξζφο
Medullary cavity
Μεζαία θάζε
ηνπ θχθινπ
βαδίζκαηνο
Midstance
Αλφξγαλν
πεξηερφκελν
νζηψλ (BMC)
Καθή
επζπγξάκκηζε
Κηλεηηθφηεηα
άξζξσζεο
θηλεηηθφηεηα
Mineral bone
content
Δχξνο θίλεζεο
Middle foot
Definition
osseous prominence of tibia and fibula, placed at the
inferior part of ankle.
all fascicles that form a distinct functional portion,
acting in the same direction. The mechanic units of
a muscle have opposite action. Decomposition in
mechanic units is meet at voluminous and wide
muscles composed of portions with different
orientation.
disc fibrocartilaginos located at the junction of two
bones in a joint. The meniscus acts to absorb shock.
five cylindrical bones that extend from the heel to
the toes. The metatarsals are numbered from the
inside out, so the first metatarsal extends to the big
toe.
central cavity of long bones shaft, contains the bone
marrow.
part of the foot located in the middle of the plantar
surface, also known as the tarsus. Several
interlocking tarsal bones, which are irregular in size
and shape, form a stable yet flexible platform for
locomotion. This platform is called the arch of the
foot.
first part of unilateral sustain from gait cycle.
Obs. This phase starts when the opposite foot leaves the
ground and continuousness while the body weight is
progressively projected on the whole support limb plantar
length till the forefoot. Is overlapped to the flat foot phase
from traditional classification. Some authors distinguished a
phase of precocious/initial flat foot and a late/final flat foot
phase
Misalignment
Mobility (joint)
Mobility
(movement)
Motion (range)
the ratio between the weight of osseous anorganic
component and the dehydrated osseous tissue one,
per volume unit.
vicious consolidation of a fracture that compromise
the normal function axis of a limb
ability of a joint to move through a range of motion
ability to move readily.
measure of joint mobility
25
formation process of body morphologic structures
(gr. morphe - form + genos - origin); macro and
microscopic study of body growth and formation,
following the causes that determine its shape and
structure and the laws that control the causes; study
of shape changes appeared at live tissues during
growth and develop processes, posttrauma recovery,
regeneration or pathologic processes.
κνξθνθπζηνινγία Morphophysiology science that study the structure and function of
organs, tissues and body cells.
study of the behavioral aspects of movement,
Κηλεζηνινγία
Motor (behavior)
including development, learning and control
(ζπκπεξηθνξά
θίλεζεο)
study of the neural, physical and behavioral aspects
Κηλεηηθφο
Motor (control)
of movement.
έιεγρνο
study of changes in movement behavior throughout
Αλάπηπμε
Motor
the life span
θίλεζεο
(development)
study of how motor skills are learned
Δθκάζεζε
Motor (learning)
θίλεζεο
doubled α-motor neurons and all of the
Κηλεηηθή κνλάδα Motor unit
corresponding muscle fibers it innervates; all of
these fibers will be of the same type (either fast
twitch or slow twitch).
Μνξθνγέλεζε
Morphogenesis
Obs. When a motor unit is activated, all of its fibers contract.
Groups of motor units often work together to coordinate the
contractions of a single muscle; all of the motor units that
subserve a single muscle are considered a motor unit pool. he
number of muscle fibers within each unit can vary: thigh
muscles can have a thousand fibers in each unit, eye muscles
might have ten. In general, the number of muscle fibers
innervated by a motor unit is a function of a muscle's need for
refined motion. The smaller the motor unit, the more precise
the action of the muscle.
Καηεχζπλζε ηεο Movement
θίλεζεο
direction
sense (direction) of a move; it depends on the
muscle settlement from the joint axis.
Observation. Move plan is always perpendicular on move axis
(biomechanical axis, articular axis). In the same plan and
around the same axis can be performed always two moves of
opposite direction by two different muscular groups. In
sagittal plan, the movements are realized around a transversal
axis and are flexion and extension (for some segments, are
named ante and retroproiection, ex: the shoulder moves in
sagittal plan). In frontal plan, the moves are realized around a
sagittal axis; for limbs are named abduction and adduction
and for trunk and neck, laterally inclination moves. The
corresponding moves of the fingers are related to hand and
foot axis. In transversal plan, moves realized around a
longitudinal axis and are named internal and external rotation
26
moves. Pronation and supination are special rotation moves
that occur at forearm and foot.
κπτθή δπζηξνθία
Muscular
dystrophy
a group of muscular progressive diseases, non
inflammatory, without a central or peripheral
nervous pathology; during final stages of affection,
the muscular fibers are replaced with adipose tissue
and conjunctive one; a group of inherited disorders
in which strength and muscle bulk gradually
decline. Nine types of muscular dystrophies are
generally recognized.
Obs. Present as clinic forms:
 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): the best-known form
of muscular dystrophy, due to mutation in a gene on the X
chromosome that prevents the production of dystrophin, a
normal protein in muscle; DMD affects young boys, causing
progressive muscle weakness in the pelvis and upper limbs,
resulting in clumsiness, frequent falling, an unusual gait
and general weakness.
 Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD): similar to Duchenne
muscular dystrophy but starts later in life and advances
more slowly.
 Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD): LGMD begins in
late childhood to early adulthood and affects both men and
women, causing weakness in the muscles around the hips
and shoulders. It is the most variable of the muscular
dystrophies, and there are several different forms of the
disease now recognized.
 Myotonic dystrophy: also known as Steinert's disease,
affects both men and women, causing generalized weakness
first seen in the face, feet, and hands. It is accompanied by
the inability to relax the affected muscles (myotonia).
Symptoms may begin from birth through adulthood.
 Distal muscular dystrophy (DD): DD begins in middle age
or later, causing weakness in the muscles of the feet and
hands.
 Congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD): CMD is present
from birth, results in generalized weakness, and usually
progresses slowly.
Μπτθφο
πιενλαζκφο
Μπτθή ζπλέξγεηα
Μπνηελνληψδεο
ηκήκα
κπαζζέλεηα
Μπαζζέλεηα
Gravis
situation in which more muscles are available to
Muscular
perform actions that are minimally necessary
(redundancy)
Muscular (synergy cooperative action of several muscles working
together as a single unit
Musculotendinous region where a muscle and a tendon connect.
(junction)
serious muscular fatigue.
Myasthenia
Myasthenia gravis a disease characterized by progressive fatigue and
generalized weakness of the skeletal muscles,
especially those of the face, neck, arms, and legs,
caused by impaired transmission of nerve impulses
27
Μπνπάζεηα
Myopathy
Μπνζίλε
Myosin
Μπνζίηηδα
Myositis
N
Greek term
Νέθξσζε
Term
Necrosis
caused by a deficiency of acetylcholine at the
neuromuscular junctions
generic named for chronic affections of muscular
system or of other muscles with progressive
character.
contractile protein that forms the thick filaments
within a sarcomere
Inflammation of muscle tissue. Many factors can
lead to myositis, including injury and side effects of
medication. It is also a key sign of autoimmune
conditions as a rare disease in which the muscle
fibers and skin are inflamed and damaged, resulting
in muscle weakness. There are several types of
myositis that affect different parts of the body.
Definition
destruction of tissue area that has no environmental
conditions, nutrition and oxygen essential for life
temporary suppression of conduction through
Νεπξαπξαμία
Neurapraxia
peripheral nerve in some cases of injury, keeping
nerve anatomical integrity
newly created joint between two bone extremities
λενάξζξσζε
Neoarthrosis
found in normal anatomical relations, joint
arthroplasty created by a bony ankylosis.
Νεπξνεθθπιηζηη- Neurodegenerative chronic progressive neuropathy characterized by
selective and generally symmetrical loss of neurons
θά λνζήκαηα
diseases
in motor, sensory, or cognitive systems Types by
area: Cerebral cortex–Alzheimer's disease, Pick's
disease, Lewy body dementia Basal ganglia–
Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease Brainstem
& cerebellum–dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy,
Freidreich's ataxia, multiple system atrophy, types 1,
2, 3, 6, 7 spinocerebellar ataxia Motor–amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis, familial spastic paraparesis, spinal
muscular atrophy, spinal & bulbar muscular atrophy.
relating to a nerve fiber or impulse passing toward
Νεπξνθηλεηηθή
Neuromotor
motor effectors; "neuromotor impulses"
reference position for joints in anatomical position
Οπδέηεξε ζέζε
Neutral position
canals from bone structure, crossed by the bone
Θξεπηηθά
Nutrient canals
nutritive arteries, that made the connection between
θαλάιηα
nutrient foramen and medullary
28
O
Greek term
Όξζσζε
Term
Orthosis
Οζηενζχλζεζε ή Orthosynthesis
νξζνζχλζεζε
Οζηενπνίεζε ή Ossification
νζηέσζε
Οζηεναξζξίηηδα Osteoarthritis
Οζηενβιάζηεο
Osteoblast
Definition
an orthopedic apparatus that controls a position or a
movement
surgical intervention through which are fixed the
osseous fragments of a fracture
formation process of osseous tissue.
acute or subacute infectious process of articular bone
extremities or of joint soft tissues with osseous
extension; degradation of articular cartilage caused by
mechanical action.
young osseous cell with major role in ossification
process, being responsible of synthesis, deposition and
mineralization of matrix (gr. blastos - bud).
Observation. Some osteoblasts participate at hematomatrix
barrier, adjusting the ions transfer between blood and
extracellular matrix; once the value of external mechanic
stimulus increases, the osseous tissue increases its density due to
osteoblasts activity; the adulterated response of osteoblasts at
elder persons at mechanic stimulus is responsible for the
diminishing of osseous tissue formation with implications in
osteoporosis; under the action of a mechanic solicitation
releases the growth factor with role in the initial stages of
postfracture osseous differentiations.
Οζηενθχηηαξν
Osteocyte
Οζηενθιάζηεο
Osteoclast
adult osseous cell, with many ramified extensions,
placed in cavities named osteoplasts.
giant osseous cell, multinucleated, with a rich
enzymatic equipment and role for active erosion of
bone (osseous reshuffling).
Observation. In many studies is described the osteoclasts
activation and osseous tissue resorption, under mechanic
stimulus impulse
νζηενρνλδξίηηο
Osteochondritis
Οζηενδπζηξνθία
Osteodystrophy
Οζηενγέλεζε
Osteogenesis
Αηειή
νζηενγέλεζε
Osteogenesis
imperfecta
inflammation of bones and cartilages; spinal juvenile
deformation/dissect epiphysis – articular disease
(knee, hip, elbow) consists of the necrosis of a portion
of articular epiphysis which in some cases detaches
and becomes an articular free corp.
osseous dystrophy – generic term for osseous
affections characterized by shape, dimension,
consistence change or bone increasing; cystic juvenile
– localized form of fibrocystic osteopathy observed at
young, characterized by multiple cystic formations.
all processes of bone growth and differentiation as
organ (gr. osteon - bone + genesis - birth)
a group of inherited connective tissue diseases, all of
which result from mutations that affect collagen in
29
Οζηεφιπζε
Osteolysis
νζηεΐηεο
Osteitis
νζηεψλαο
Osteon
connective tissue in the body, and all of which result
in fragile bones. The best known types of osteogenesis
imperfecta are types I and II.
1. Mineral and organic resorption process of bone,
produced through disabling activity of granulated
tissue rich vascularized appeared as a result of an
inflammatory reaction; the histologic aspect of the
bone is characterized by the presence of some lacunar
spaces in the bony walls of the canals from the
haversian systems. 2. Radiographic image of central
or marginal osseous transparency, with disappeared or
smooth edges, expression of a pathologic osteoplazy
resorption.
generic term used for naming the osseous tissue
inflammations. There are more forms of osteitis:
chronic, fibrocystic, neuralgic, etc.
morphofunctional unit of compact bone; ensemble
formed of a Havers canal, osseous lamellas with
concentric disposition around it and components
placed in these formations ( gr. osteon - bone).
Observation. Is named also haversian system. The correct name
is secondary osteon to make the distinction from the primary
osteon which organizes during bone formation.
Οζηενκπειίηηδα
Osteomyelitis
Οζηενπαζεηηθή
νζηενπιάζηεο
Osteopathy
Osteoplasts
Οζηενπιαζηηθή
Osteoplasty
Οζηενπιαζηηθή
Οζηενπφξσζε
Osteoplasty
Osteoporosis
marrow bone inflammation is propagated through
blood or from an articular inflammatory process.
Mostly is
produced
by pyogenic
germs
(staphylococcus, streptococcus) or tuberculosis
bacillus. Osteomyelitis caused by pyogenic germs
produces abscesses of bone marrow, as of bone
substance that necroses and removes under the form
of fragments named seizures.
generic term used to designate any osseous disease.
stellate or fusiform cavities from osseous lamellae
structure where there are the osteocytes; present many
extensions (ducts) that represent the main path for
sanguine gases and nutritive substances diffusion
between vascular system and osteons.
represents the replacement of a sick bone with a
healthy one or with a synthetic material able to take
the sustain function (gr. plastos - modeled).
plasty through osseous graft.
pathologic process characterized by an incorrect ratio
between osteoformation and osteolysis, with
predominance of the latter, osseous demineralization,
apparition of some osseous cavities of big dimensions
30
Πξφγνλνο
νζηετθψλ
θπηηάξσλ
Οζηενζχλζεζε
and the decrease of osseous resistance at fractures (gr.
phoros - pore, canal).
Osteoprogenitors STEM cells (origin, precursor ones) that form the
osseous cells
cells
Observation. From morphologic and kinetic point of view, were
identified 2 types of osteoprogenitors cells: preosteoblasts and
preosteoclasts; thus is suggesting that osteoblasts come from a
stromal conjunctive cell and osteoclasts from monocytes.
Osteosynthesis
νζηενηελνληψδεο Osteotendinous
ηκήκα
junction
Οζηενηνκία
Osteotomy
P
Greek term
Μεξηθή
παξάιπζε ή
πάξεζε
Νφζνο ηνπ
Parkinson
surgical procedure through which are fixed the bony
fragments of a fracture.
region where a bone and tendon connect.
surgical procedure which consists of a bone division
into sections in order to obtain centering, derotation,
elongation, shortening or its support.
Term
Paresis
Definition
motor deficiency with a degree smaller than the one
caused by paralysis; slight or incomplete paralysis.
Parkinson's
disease
a progressive nervous disease occurring most often after
the age of 50, associated with the destruction of brain
cells that produce dopamine and characterized by
muscular tremor, slowing of movement, partial facial
paralysis, peculiarity of gait and posture, and weakness.
Also called paralysis agitans, shaking palsy.
contribution of noncontractile tissues to joint stability.
Παζεηηθή
ππνζηήξημε
Παξάιπζε
Passive
support
Paralysis
Πεξηφζηεν
Periosteum
Φάιαγγα
Phalanges
Λεθάλε
Pelvis
Πεξηνζηίηηδα
Periostitis
diminishing or loss of muscle motor force, due to
central or peripheral nervous system lesions. Is
accompanied by nonfunctional muscles rigidity, that
can be painful or not and leads to a muscle atrophy
connective vascular membrane that wraps on the bones,
with role for nutrition and osseous tissue formation
(growth increase).
from anatomic point of view, represent the hand and
foot fingers bones. There are 3 phalanges (proximal,
intermediate, distal) for fingers 2-5 and two phalanges
for thumb and hallux
basin-shaped structure of the vertebrate skeleton,
composed of the innominate bones on the sides, the
pubis in front, and the sacrum and coccyx behind, that
rests on the lower limbs and supports the spinal column.
periosteum inflammation, usually occurred during an
31
πεξηκχην
Πεξηθεξηθφ
λεπξηθφ ζχζηεκα
΢ρέδην
(αλαηνκηθά)
inflammatory or posttrauma process.
fibrous connective tissue sheath that surrounds each
Perimysium
fascicle within a skeletal muscle
the portion of the nervous system that is outside the
Peripheral
nervous system brain and spinal cord. Abbreviated PNS. The nerves in
the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) to
sensory organs, such as the eye and ear, and to other
organs of the body, muscles, blood vessels, and glands.
The peripheral nerves include the 12 cranial nerves, the
spinal nerves and roots, and the autonomic nerves.
surface that divides into sections/intersects imaginary
Plan
the human body under a certain incidence. Moves
(anatomic)
happens in these plans around an axis perpendicular on
the respective plan
Obs. Plans that divide the body in two half are named mediosagittal (right and left), medio-frontal (anterior and posterior) and
medio-transversal (superior and inferior). At the intersection of the
three plans there is the gravity center of the body ( S2 ).
Sagittal plan is the one that divides the body in a left part and a
right one. By extension we name the sagittal plan any plan parallel
with the mentioned one. It is the plan where take place the moves
visible from profile, around a transversal axis (frontal).
Frontal plan is the one that divides the body into an anterior part
and a posterior one.
It is the plan where perform the moves visible from anterior,
around a sagittal axis (antero-posterior).
Transversal plan is the plan that divides the body into a superior
part and an inferior one. Is the plan where are realized moves
visible from up or from down, around a vertical axis (longitudinal).
For distal joints the movements are performed in a single plan
(pure moves). At proximal joints (shoulder, hip) are realized
complex moves, simultaneously in more plans, while for
intermediary articulations (elbow, knee) movements are made in
two plans.
Πεικαηηαία
ππνζηήξημε
Πεικαηηαία
επηθάλεηα
Πιαζηηθφηεηα
Πεικαηηαία
θάκςε
Πνιηνκπειίηηο
orthopedic apparatus composed usually of a hard
aluminum lama, gridded after a gypsum molding, to
sustain the flat foot arch.
anatomical term for the bottom surface of the foot.
Plantar
When the foot is facing the floor, the part that contacts
surface
the floor is the plantar surface.
ability to adapt to environmental stimuli and events.
Plasticity
Plantar flexion motion at the ankle where the foot moves away from
the lower leg
epidemic or contagious infectious disease caused by a
Poliomyelitis
specific virus, that produces anatomic lesions of gray
substance of spinal marrow gray substance, attacking
the motor nervous cells, manifests through fever,
digestive disorders, somnolence and painful limbs
Plantar
support
32
Πνιπαξζξηθφο
Πνιπαξζξίηηδα
Polyarticular
Polyarthritis
Πνξψδεο (ηνπ
νζηνχ)
΢ηάζε(ζψκαηνο)
΢ηάζε (ζηαηηθή)
Έιεγρνο ηεο
ζηάζεο
Οξζνζηαηηθφο
(πξνζαξκνζηηθφο
έιεγρνο)
Αληηδξαζηηθφο ή
αληελεξγφο
έιεγρνο
Οξζνζηαηηθφο
(ζηαηηθφ έιεγρνο)
Κάπνηα Φάζε
βαδίζκαηνο
Porosity
(bone)
Posture
Posture (static)
Postural
(control)
Postural
(adaptive
control)
Postural
(reactive
control)
Postural (static
control
Preswing
(phase)
Πξεληζκφο
Pronation
Ιδηνδεθηηθφηεηα
ή θηλαηζζεηηθή
ηθαλφηεηα
Proprioception
Έιιεηκα
ηδηνδεθηηθφηεηαο
Proprioceptive
deficit
Σνπνζέηεζε
ηδηνδεθηηθφηεηαο
Αληαλαθιαζηηθή
ηδηνδεθηηθφηεηα
Proprioceptive
positioning
Proprioceptive
reflex
muscles, followed by localized paralysis, usually at
inferior limb; infantile paralysis.
with action at many joints level
simultaneous inflammation of more joints; disease with
chronic progressive rheumatoid evolution, with
symmetric
polyarticular
determinations,
of
inflammatory type and serious alteration of general
condition, leading in time to deformations and
ankylosis.
measure of the soft tissue in bone; inverse of density
alignment or position of the body and its parts
postures involving little or no movement.
maintenance of postural stability or equilibrium. Also
balance.
strategy to maintain balance by modifying movement in
response to situational changes
strategy to maintain balance (e.g. to prevent a fall)
using muscle action
strategy to maintain as center of gravity projection kept
within the base of suportstatic posture with the body
final element of supporting phase (50-60% of gait
cycle) and it is from functional point of view more
related to the oscillation phase than the support one.
Synonymous toes lifting from ground; terminal contact.
to turn or rotate (the hand or forearm) so that the palm
faces down or back; to turn or rotate (the foot) by
abduction and eversion so that the inner edge of the sole
bears the body's weight.
the kinesthetic sense. The sense that deals with
sensations of body position, posture, balance, and
motion¸ sensation pertaining to stimuli originating from
within the body related to spatial position, muscular
activity and movement
a defect of proprioception in which the animal acts as
though it does not know where its feet are (in contrast
to a cerebellar defect when the feet do not end up where
the animal appears to intend that they should go).
positioning of the limbs or head and neck in response to
proprioceptive inputs. The basis of postural reflexes.
a reflex that is initiated by stimuli arising from some
function of the reflex mechanism itself.
33
Κάπνηα Φάζε
βαδίζκαηνο
Propulsion
phase of
walking
Πξνζζεηηθή
Prosthesis
Πξνζζεηηθή
Prosthetic
Ππξακηδηθή νδφο Pyramidal
tract
dynamic or oscilation phase when foot leaves the
ground and oscilates towards anteriorly without having
any contact with the support surface.
a device that replaces an organ, assuming its functions.
procedure through which an organ is replaced
two well-defined bands formed by motor axons from
the cerebral cortex that enter the medulla oblongata and
end in the spinal cord (anterior corticospinal tract and
lateral corticospinal tract).
Obs. The majority of the fibers in these tracts cross to the opposite
side; therefore damage to the right cerebral HEMISPHERE affects
motor control of the left half of the body.
Ππξακηδηθφ
ζχλδξνκν
Pyramidal
syndrome
all the symptoms are caused by partial or complete
damage of the pyramidal tract and is suggested by:
spasticity, progressively weak muscle, wasted muscles,
increased deep tendon reflexes, positive Babinski reflex
R
Term
Greek term
Πίζσ
κέξνο Rearfoot
πνδηνχ
Definition
the area in the back (rear) of the foot. The rearfoot
includes
the "talus" and "calcaneus" bones
and
surrounding soft tissues.
Απνθαηάζηαζε Rehabilitation the process of helping a person who has suffered an
illness or injury restore lost skills and so regain maximum
self-sufficiency. For example, rehabilitation work after a
stroke may help the patient walk and speak clearly again.
restoring in anatomic position the fractures and
Μείσζε
Reduction
dislocations, with or without opening the focus
(θάηαγκα)
(fracture)
(nonbleeding or close reduction and orthopedic, bleeding
reduction).
represents a succession of alternative sequences of
Αλαδηακφξθσζε Remodeling
osseous resorption and formation, having as result
(νζηηθή)
(osseous)
changes of shape and volume of the osseous tissue
structure.
Observation. This type of osseous activity occurs in the human
skeleton from formation until death, interesting both the compact
bone and the spongy one. From the factors implied in the phenomena
genesis we draw attention over the mechanic factors.
Οζηηθή
αθαιάησζε
S
Greek term
ζαξθνκέξην
Resorption
(osseous
Term
Sarcomere
breakdown or demineralization of bone
Definition
the contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber. All structures
contained between two successive Z membranes.
Obs. Sarcomeres are divided into bands of filaments made of actin or
34
myosin. During muscle contraction, the filaments slide over each other
to cause shortening of the sarcomere.
ηζρηαιγία
Sciatica
pain that results from irritation of the sciatic nerve and
typically radiates from the buttock to the back of the thigh.
Obs. Although sciatica can result from a herniated disc pressing
directly on the nerve, any cause of irritation or inflammation of this
nerve can reproduce the painful symptoms of sciatica.
Sequestrum
δηάθπζε
Sequestrum
(Medicine/
Pathology)
Shaft
a fragment of dead bone separated from healthy bone as a
result of injury or disease; a detached piece of necrotic
bone that often migrates
the body of long bones, formed by a cylinder of compact
osseous tissue crossed by a central canal; (gr. diaphysis interstitium).
Observation. There is a gradually transition between compact osseous
tissue and spongy one as the central medullary cavity approaches, thus
we can affirm that osseous shafts contain also spongy osseous
substance at bone-marrow interface.
΢παζηηθή
δηπιεγία
Spastic
diplegia
ζπαζηηθφηεηα Spasticity
Νάξζεθαο
Splint
΢πνγγψδεο
νζηηθή νπζία
Spongy
osseous
substance
pathological gait characterized by abnormally flexed,
adducted, and internally rotated hips, hyperflexed knees
and equinus of the foot and ankle.
an increase in muscle tone due to hyperexcitability of the
stretch reflex and is characterized by a velocity-dependent
increase in tonic stretch reflexes.
orthopedic way of immobilization of a body part. Can be
flexible or rigid, made of metal, bandage or gypsum gauze,
celluloid, plastic material.
variety of hard connective tissue (osseous), with
macroscopic structure like the texture of a sponge (porous),
formed of osseous lamellas (trabeculae) orientated in
different directions that delimits a series of cavities of
different dimensions and shapes (areoles) where exist the
hematopoietic osseous marrow. Synonymous trabecular
tissue; osseous spongy.
Observation. Microscopic the organization of this tissue class is
basically lamellar, the osseous lamellas are disposed generally in the
plan of mechanic forces that action over ground, identified itself with
the isostatic lines.
Γηάζηξεκκα
Sprain
΢ηαζεξφηεηα
άξζξσζεο
Stability (joint)
articular trauma caused by a move that exceeds the
articular mobility limits, without the articular surfaces
moves from their normal position.
resistance offered by various musculoskeletal tissues that
surround a skeletal joint.
Obs. Several subsystems ensure the stability of a joint. These are the
passive, active and neural subsystems. The opposite of stability is
instability. The bony components that may relate to the potential for
joint instability can be measured by use of x-rays. Plain film lateral xrays can be used to evaluate for translations anteriorly
(anterolisthesis) or posteriorly (retrolisthesis). Where plain films
35
indicate the likelihood of these translations being significant, flexionextension views can be utilized to determine the dynamic range of
movement of joints. This allows for a more accurate view of any
potential instability issues
Κάπνηα Φάζε
βαδίζκαηνο
΢ηαηηθή
θαηαθφξπθε
επζπγξάκκηζε
Stance phase
of walking
Static vertical
alignment
΢ηαζεξή
θαηάζηαζε
Βήκα
Steady state
Γηαηαξαρή
ζην
πεξπάηεκα
Stepped
walking
Αθακςία
Stiffness
΢ηξεο
καηάγμαηα
Stress
fractures
Γνκή
Structure
πεξηζηξνθή
Supination
Τπνζηήξημε
(ηαηξηθφο
φξνο)
΢ηήξημε θάησ
άθξνπ
Άθξν θίλεζεο
Support
(medical term)
΢πλάξζξσζε
΢πγρφλδξσζε
΢πλδέζκσζε
άξζξσζε
Αξζξηθή
Step
Support limb
(walking)
Swing limb
(walking)
Synarthrosis
Synchondrosis
Syndesmosis
Synovial
(joint)
Synovial
static or amortization phase when foot reaches the support
surface
view of skeletal placement along a plumb line, viewed
from the side, with the body segments stacked on the line
of gravity in a non-locomotion stance, and with the weight
evenly distributed between the feet.
posture involving slight movement
the period from initial contact of one leg to initial contact
of the opposite/contralateral limb
walking disorder due to the paralysis of the muscles
innervated by the external popliteal nerve; during walking,
the foot reaches first the ground with the toe and then with
the heel. Synonymous stepped walking.
articular stiffness, movements’ limitation at a joint, through
intra and periarticular fibrous organization.
microfractures that appear when the external solicitation
level is lower than the static resistance of the osseous
material.
internal way of composing a system, characterized by the
nature and proprieties of the component elements, through
their space distribution and their connections and
interactions
to turn or rotate (the hand or forearm) so that the palm
faces up or forward; to turn or rotate (the foot) by
adduction and inversion so that the outer edge of the sole
bears the body's weight.
way of sustaining the weight body – total or partial- to
carry the weight of; to bear or withstand (pressure, weight,
etc.).
inferior limb that sustains the body weight.
inferior limb that performs the body forwarding
functional classification of a joint with no movement
joint bound by hyaline cartilage, variety of synarthrosis
joint bound by ligaments
structural classification of joint containing a fibrous joint
capsule, synovial membrane, synovial cavity, synovial
fluid and articular cartilage.
space between the bones in a synovial joint
36
θνηιφηεηα
Αξζξηθφ πγξφ
Αξζξηθή
κεκβξάλε
T
Greek term
Νσηηάδα
θζίζε
(articular
cavity)
Synovial
(liquid)
Synovial
(membrane)
viscous fluid found in synovial joints that provides
lubrification and reduces friction
thin membrane,on the inner surface of the fibrous joint
capsule of a synovial joint that produces synovial fluid.
Term
Tabes
Definition
a gradual, progressive wasting of the body in any chronic
disease, progressive locomotor ataxia; ~dorsal - a slowly
progressive nervous disorder, from degeneration of the
dorsal columns of the spinal cord and sensory nerve
trunks, resulting in disturbances of sensation and
interference with reflexes and consequently with
movements; called also locomotor ataxia. It is caused by
syphilis and may appear 5 to 20 years after initial
infection.
first of the foot tarsus bones. Synonymous astragal
Αζηξάγαινο
Talus
foot deviation directed outside
Talus Valgus Talus Valgus
foot deviation directed inside.
Talus Varus
Talus Varus
΢χλδξνκν
Tarsal
tunnel a complex of symptoms resulting from compression of
the posterior tibia nerve or of the plantar nerves in the
ηαξζηθνχ
syndrome
tarsal tunnel, with pain, numbness, and tingling
ζσιήλα
paresthesia of the sole of the foot
region composed by the seven bones (talus, calcaneus,
Σαξζφο
Tarsus
navicular, medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiform, and
cuboid) between the ankle and metatarsus.
cordlike connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.
Σέλνληαο
Tendon
Fibrous tissue band.
inflammation of a tendon, usually due to overuse.
Σελνληίηηδα
Tendinitis
first finger (big toe) of hand
Αληίρεηξαο
Thumb
skank bone, placed on the medial part.
Κλήκε
Tibia
Μεηαθχηεπζε Transplantation represents introduction of an organ or organ fragment
through surgical method into a live body, in order to
replace the organ that can be used or destroyed and to
reestablish the vascular connections of transplanted organ
with the receiver body.
pathological gait characterized by pelvic drop during
Tredelenberg Tredelenberg
(Posture)
early to midstance due to weakness or paralysis of the hip
(posture)
adductors.
a physical examination finding associated with various
Trendlenburg Trendlenburg
hip abnormalities (those associated with abduction
(ζεκάδη)
(sign)
muscle weakness or hip pain congenital dislocation, hip
37
ηξνπνκπνζίλε Tropomyosin
Σξνπνλίλε
Troponin
U
Greek term
Μνλνκεξήο
ππνζηήξημε (ζην
πεξπάηεκα)
V
Greek term
Δμσηεξηθή
Απφθιηζε ηνπ
άθξνπ απφ
ηνλ θάζεην
άμνλα
Δζσηεξηθή
Απφθιηζε ηνπ
άθξνπ απφ
ηνλ θάζεην
άμνλα
Αηζνπζαίεο
δηαηαξαρέο
θαλάιηα
Volkmann
rheumatic arthritis, osteoarthritis) in which the pelvis sags
on the side opposite the affected side during single leg
stance on the affected side; during gait, compensation
occurs by leaning the torso toward the involved side
during stance phase on the affected extremity.
regulatory protein located on the actin filament. In the
relaxed skeletal muscle it covers the myosin head binding
sites on the actin molecules.
regulatory protein that binds to both tropomyosin and
actin, When combined with calcium, troponin influences
tropomyosin to initiate muscle contraction.
Term
Definition
period when the body’ s weight is supported by one
Unilateral
support (walking) leg
Term
Valgus
Definition
deviation of a limb or limb segment outside the normal
longitudinal axis, thus the external angle of 180 degrees
decreases. There is a certain degree of physiologic valgus (at
elbow, knee, ankle); the overcome of this degree has a
pathologic signification.
deviation of a limb or limb segment inside the normal
Varus
longitudinal axis, thus the internal angle of 180 degrees
decreases. There is a certain degree of physiologic varus (at
shoulder, hand, hip); the overcome of this degree has a
pathologic signification.
Vestibular Disorders of the body's balance (vestibular) system in the inner
ear due to a tremendous range of conditions including vertigo,
disorders
Meniere's disease, acoustic neuroma, multiple sclerosis,
syphilis, trauma, ear infections, medications toxic to the ear
(ototoxic drugs), epilepsy (seizure disorders)
Volkmann canals with oblique or transversal direction in comparison with
the osteons one, that are not surrounded by concentric
canals
lamellae, seem to be simple anastomotic canals
Q
Term
Greek term
Σεηξαθέθαιν Quadriceps
(απνθπγή
(avoidance)
Definition
gait strategy adopted by persons with ACL deficiency to
avoid activation of muscles in the quadriceps group
38
Αναθορέs
-
The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine
http://medicine.academic.ru/
http://www.medterms.com/
39
ANALYSIS OF HUMAN MOTION
GLOSSARY OF
TECHNICAL TERMS
(BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING TERMS)
Project title
Project acronym
Project number
Programme
Reporting period
Elaborated by
Work package / Task
Dissemination level
WEB site
A Web-based E-Training Platform for Extended Human
Motion Investigation in Orthopedics
ORTHO- eMAN
LLP-LdV/ToI/2011/RO/008
Leonardo da Vinci - Transfer of Innovation
31.05.2013
UCV/Dorin Popescu, Dan Selisteanu, Taina Avramescu
DUTH/Ioannis Pratikakis
WP5/ Glossary of biomedical engineering terms
PU
http://www.ortho-eman.ro
This project has been carried out with the support of the European Community. The content of
this project does not necessarily reflect the position of the European Community or the
National Agency, nor does it involve any responsibility on their part.
This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held
responsible for any use, which may be made of the information contained therein.
40
Όξνη ηαηξηθήο θπζηθήο θαη εκβηνκεραληθήο
A
Αδξάλεηα – αληίζηαζε ζε κηα αιιαγή ηεο θαηά κήθνο θίλεζεο ελφο ζψκαηνο.
Αεξνδπλακηθή δχλακε – ε δχλακε πνπ αζθείηαη ζε έλα ζψκα νπνηεδήπνηε ππάξρεη κηα θίλεζε ηνπ
ζψκαηνο κέζσ ηνπ αέξα.
Αθξαία ζηηγκή αδξάλεηαο – κέηξεζε ηεο αληίζηαζεο ελφο ζψκαηνο θαηά ηελ ζπζηξνθή ή πεξηζηξνθή.
Αλαινγία – θάηη πνπ θαηά θάπνην ηξφπν είλαη παξφκνην κε θάηη άιιν.
Αλάιπζε ηεο αλζξψπηλεο θίλεζεο – έξεπλα ζηελ αλζξψπηλε θίλεζε γηα λα γλσξίζνπκε ηελ θαηαζθεπή,
ηελ ιεηηνπξγηθφηεηα θαη ηελ ηθαλφηεηά ηεο; ζηνπο ηνκείο ηεο ηαηξηθήο, ζπφξ θαη παξαηήξεζεο κε
βίληεν ε αλάιπζε ηεο αλζξψπηλεο θίλεζεο έρεη γίλεη εξεπλεηηθφ θαη δηαγλσζηηθφ εξγαιείν. Η
αλζξψπηλε θίλεζε κπνξεί λα δηαηξεζεί ζε ηξεηο θαηεγνξίεο: αλαγλψξηζε αλζξψπηλεο
δξαζηεξηφηεηαο, παξαθνινχζεζε αλζξψπηλεο θίλεζεο θαη αλάιπζε θηλήζεσλ ησλ ηκεκάησλ ηνπ
ζψκαηνο.
Αλαιπηηθφ κνληέιν – ζχλνιν παξαζηάζεσλ ζπκβφισλ ηα νπνία πεξηγξάθνπλ ην ππφ κειέηε θπζηθφ
θαηλφκελν θαη ηελ ζπκπεξηθνξά ηνπ πιηθνχ ζε δξάζε ππφ ζπλζήθεο εμσηεξηθνχ ζηξέο (έληαζεο) κε
πξφζζεηεο ζπλζήθεο πνπ ην πεξηβάιινπλ νη νπνίεο πεξηγξάθνπλ ηελ αιιεινεπίδξαζε ηνπ ππφ
εμέηαζε ζπλφινπ θαη ησλ δπλάκεσλ πνπ ρξεζηκνπνηνχληαη. Στόλιo: φηαλ ηα κεηαβιεηά ζηνηρεία
πνηθίινπλ ζε ρξφλν ην πξνο αλάιπζε κνληέιν πξέπεη λα πεξηιακβάλεη ηηο αξρηθέο ζπλζήθεο. Απηφ
ην κνληέιν είλαη ην νπζηαζηηθφ ζηνηρείν γηα ηελ αλάπηπμε ηνπ αξηζκεκέλνπ κνληέινπ κε
πεξηνξηζκέλα ζηνηρεία θαη νη πξνγλσζηηθέο ηνπ ηθαλφηεηεο δεκηνπξγνχλ ηελ ιεηηνπξγία
πξνζεκείσζεο ηνπ.
Αλαθαηαζθεπή νζηνχ – ην ζχλνιν ηψλ δηαδηθαζηψλ πνπ νδεγνχλ ζηελ αλάπηπμε ηνπ ηζηνχ ηνπ νζηνχ
ειέγρνληαο ζπγρξφλσο ηελ κνξθή ηνπ νζηνχ πνπ ρξεζηκνπνηείηαη ζηελ δηαδηθαζία αλάπηπμεο (φξνο
κνξθν-θπζηνινγίαο)
Αλάιπζε βεκαηηζκνχ – αμηνιφγεζε ηνπ ηξφπνπ ή ηνπ ζηπι βάδηζεο, ζπλήζσο πξαγκαηνπνηείηαη
παξαηεξψληαο ην άηνκν ελψ πεξπαηάεη θπζηνινγηθά ζε κηα επζεία γξακκή.
Αλάιπζε θίλεζεο – ην επηζηεκνληθφ πεδίν πνπ κειεηά ηηο κεζφδνπο θαη εθαξκνγέο ζηηο νπνίεο δχν ή
πεξηζζφηεξα δηαδνρηθά ζηηγκηφηππα απφ κηα ζεηξά ζηηγκηνηχπσλ επεμεξγάδνληαη γηα λα παξάμνπλ
πιεξνθνξίεο βαζηζκέλεο ζηελ θαηλφκελε θίλεζε ζηηο εηθφλεο.
Αληζνηξνπηθφ (πιηθφ) – νη θπζηθνί ρξεζηκνπνηνχλ ηνλ φξν αληζνηξνπία γηα λα πεξηγξάςνπλ ηηο ηδηφηεηεο
ησλ πιηθψλ πνπ εμαξηψληαη απφ ηελ θαηεχζπλζε. Ανιζοηροπία είλαη ε ηδηφηεο ηνπ λα εμαξηάζαη
απφ ηελ θαηέπζπλζε, ελ αληηζέζεη κε ηελ ηζνηξνπία, ε νπνία ππνλνεί αθξηβψο φκνηεο ηδηφηεηεο ζε
φιεο ηηο θαηεπζχλζεηο. Μπνξεί λα ραξαθηεξηζζεί ζαλ κία δηαθνξά φηαλ κεηξηέηαη θαηά κήθνο ζε
δηάθνξνπο άμνλεο, ζηελ θπζηθή ηδηφηεηα ελφο πιηθνχ (απνξξφθεζε, δηαζιαζηηθφ δείθηε,
ππθλφηεηα, θ.η.ι) Έλα παξάδεηγκα αληζνηξνπηθνχ πιηθνχ είλαη ην μχιν, ην νπνίν είλαη επθνιφηεξν
λα ηεκαρηζηεί θαηά κήθνο ησλ θφθθσλ απφ ην λα ηεκαρηζηεί θφληξα ζε απηφ.
Παρατήρηση. Το ανθρώπινο ον είναι ένα ανισοτροπικό σλικό.
Αληνρή εθειθπζκνχ – κνληέιν ζην νπνίν ε αλάιπζε πιεξνθνξηψλ επηηπγράλεηαη ζε ηξείο δηαζηάζεηο.
Αλχςσζε – ε θίλεζε κηαο θαηαζθεπήο ζε πςειφηεξε ή πξφο ηα επάλσ θίλεζε.
Άμνλαο πεξηζηξνθήο – κηα θαληαζηηθή θάζεηε γξακκή ζην επίπεδν ηεο πεξηζηξνθήο ε νπνία πεξλάεη
κέζα απν ην θέληξν ηεο πεξηζηξνθήο γχξσ απφ ην νπνίν ην ελ ιφγσ ζχζηεκα πεξηζηξέθεηαη.
Απνγείσζε – ε ηειεπηαία επαθή ηνπ πνδηνχ κε ην έδαθνο γηα λα ζπκπιεξσζεί ην ζηάδην ηεο ζηάζεο θαη
λα αξρίζεη ε ζηάδην ηεο ηαιάληεπζεο. Επίζεο ε απνκάθξπλζε ησλ δαθηχισλ.
Απνδνηηθφηεηα – πνζφ ζπλνιηθήο απφδνζεο πνπ παξάγεηαη απφ έλα δεδνκέλν πνζφ κεηαβνιηθήο
εηζαγσγήο (π.ρ. πφζε εξγαζία κπνξεί λα πξνθχςεη φηαλ ρξεζηκνπνηνχκε έλα δεδνκέλν φγθν
ελέξγεηαο). Η αλαινγία ηεο σθέιηκεο εξγαζίαο πνπ πξνέθπςε απν κηα κεραλή, θηλεηήξα, ζπζθεπή
θ.η.ι ζε ζρέζε κε ηελ ελέξγεηα πνπ δψζακε, ζπρλά εθθξάδεηαη ζαλ πνζνζηφ.
Απφζηαζε – ε έθηαζε ηνπ ρψξνπ αλάκεζα ζε δχν αληηθείκελα ή κέξε; είλαη κηα αξηζκεηηθή πεξηγξαθή
πνπ δείρλεη πφζν καθξπά βξίζθνληαη ηα αληηθείκελα ην έλα απφ ην άιιν. Μηα κέηξεζε ππφ θιίκαθα
ηεο έθηαζεο ηεο θίλεζεο ελφο ζψκαηνο, άζρεηα κε ηελ θαηεχζπλζε πνπ πήξε. Έηζη φηαλ έλα ζψκα
θηλείηαη απφ κηα ηνπνζεζία ζε κηα άιιε, ε απφζηαζε αλάκεζα ζηελ νπνία θηλείηαη είλαη ην κήθνο
ηεο δηαδξνκήο πνπ αθνινπζεί.
41
Απνηπρία (δνκηθή) – αλαθέξεηαη ζηελ απψιεηα ηεο δπλαηφηεηαο κεηαθνξάο θνξηίνπ ελφο ζπζηαηηθνχ ή
κέινπο κέζα ζε κηα δνκή ή ζ’απηήλ ηελ ίδηα ηελ δνκή. Η απνηπρία ζηελ δνκή δεκηνπξγείηαη φηαλ
ην πιηθφ πηέδεηαη λα θηάζεη ην φξην αληνρήο ηνπ, πξνθαιψληαο έηζη θάηαγκα ή ππεξβνιηθέο
παξακνξθψζεηο.
Αξηζκεηηθφ κνληέιν – ηα απνηειέζκαηα ηεο κεηαιιαθηηθήο δηαδηθαζίαο ηνπ αλαιπηηθνχ κνληέινπ
θαηαγξάθνληαο ηηο ζρέζεηο πνπ πεξηγξάθνπλ ηελ ζπκπεξηθνξά ηνπ κνληέινπ ππφ ζπλζήθεο δξάζεο
ησλ δηάθνξσλ κεραληθψλ θνξηίσλ.
Β
Βαζκφο έληαζεο – ν βαζκφο αιιαγήο ηεο έληαζεο (παξακφξθσζε) ελφο πιηθνχ σο πξφο ηνλ ρξφλν.
Βάξνο – ε δχλακε έιμεο πνπ αζθείηαη απφ έλα αληηθέηκελν απφ ηελ έιμε ηεο βαξχηεηαο ηεο γεο. Σν βάξνο
ζπλήζσο εθθξάδεηαη ζε κνλάδεο φγθνπ αιιά απηφ δελ είλαη ζσζηφ επηζηεκνληθά. Η χπαξμε κηαο
δχλακεο πξνππνζέηεη φηη ην βάξνο ζα πξέπεη λα κεηξεζεί ζε newtons (N), θαη φηη έλα ζψκα χιεο ζα
έρεη έλα βάξνο mg, φπνπ g είλαη ε επηηάρπλζε ηεο ειεχζεξεο πηψζεο (9.80 665 ms−2).
Βαξχηεηα – ε ακνηβαία έιμε αλάκεζα ζε φιεο ηηο κάδεο θαη κφξηα ηεο χιεο αλά ηελ πθήιην. Ο λφκνο ηνπ
Νεχησλα γηα ηελ βαξχηεηα ζε φιε ηελ γε πξνζδηνξίδεη νηη αλά δχν κφξηα χιεο ζηελ πθήιην
ππάξρεη κηα έιμε κεηαμχ ηνπο κε κηα δχλακε πνπ επελεξγεί ζηελ γξακκή έλσζήο ηνπο, ή ζε έληαζε
πνηθίιιεη σο πξνο ην πξντφλ ησλ καδψλ ηνπο θαη αληίζηξνθα σο πξνο ην ηεηξάγσλν ηεο απφζηαζεο
αλάκεζά ηνπο.
Βαζηθφο ξπζκφο κεηαβνιηζκνχ (BMR) – ην BMR αλαθέξεηαη ζην πνζφλ ελέξγεηαο
πνπ ρξεηάδεηαη ην
ζψκα γηα λα δηαηεξήζεη ηελ ζηάζε ηνπ εθεί πνπ βξίζθεηαη θαη ππνινγίδεηαη ζην 50-80% ηνπ
ζπλφινπ ηεο θαζεκεξηλήο ελέξγεηαο πνπ ρξεζηκνπνηεί. Σν BMR θπξίσο θαζνξίδεηαη απφ ηελ
ζπλνιηθή ηζρλή κάδα, θπξίσο ηελ κάδα ησλ κπψλ, δηφηη ε ηζρλή κάδα απαηηεί πνιιή ελέξγεηα γηα
λα δηαηεξεζεί. Έηζη, νηηδήπνηε κεηψλεη ηελ ηζρλή κάδα ζα ζαο κεηψλεη ην BMR.
Βηνυιηθφ – έλα πιηθφ ζπκβαηφ βηνινγηθά πνπ ρξεζηκνπνηείηαη γηα ηελ θαηαζθεπή ηερλεηψλ νξγάλσλ,
ζπζθεπψλ απνθαηάζηαζεο, ή γηα ηελ πξφζζεζε θαη αληηθαηάζηαζε θπζηθψλ ζσκαηηθψλ ηζηψλ.
Βξαρίνλαο κνρινχ – καζεκαηηθά, ε ξνπή πξνζδηνξίδεηαη ζαλ ην εμσηεξηθφ (δηαλπζκαηηθφ) γηλφκελν ηεο
απφζηαζεο ηνπ βρατίονα τοσ μοτλού θαη ηεο δχλακεο πνπ ηείλεη λα παξάγεη πεξηζηξνθή. Η αχμεζε
ηεο πεξηζηξνθήο εμαξηάηαη απφ ηξείο πνζφηεηεο: ηελ δχλακε πνπ εθαξκφδνπκε, ην κήθνο ηνπ
βρατίονα πνπ ζπλδέεη ηνλ άμνλα κε ην ζεκείν εθαξκνγήο ηεο δχλακεο θαη ε γσλία αλάκεζα ζην
δηάλπζκα ηεο δχλακεο θαη ηνλ βξαρίνλα.
Γ
Γεσκεηξηθφ κνληέιν – κνληέιν ην νπνίν παξνπζηάδεηαη κε βάζε ην ζθεπηηθφ ηεο δηαθξηηηθήο αλάιπζεο.
Γξακκή ηεο ελέξγεηαο ηεο δχλακεο – κηα γξακκή θαηά κήθνο ηεο νπνίαο επηδξά κηα δχλακε θαη ε νπνία
εθηείλεηαη απεξηφξηζηα θαη ζηηο δπν θαηεπζχλζεηο θαηά κήθνο ηεο γξακκήο ελφο πεξηνξηζκέλεο
νξίνπ δχλακεο ηαρχηεηαο.
Γξακκηθή δπλακηθή θίλεζεο – πξντφλ κηαο ζσκαηηθήο κάδαο θαη ε ηαρχηεηά ηεο.
Γξακκηθή θίλεζε – θίλεζε θαηά κεθφο κηάο ίζηαο ή θπξηήο γξακκήο.
Γξακκηθή θηλεηηθή ελέξγεηα – ½ x κάδα x γξακκηθή ηαρχηεηα.
Γσληψδεο κεηαηφπηζε – γσληαθή κέηξεζε απν ηελ ζέζε εθθίλεζεο κέρξη ην ζεκείν πνπ ηειεηψλεη ε
γσληψδεο θίλεζε. Η απφζηαζε κέζα ζηελ νπνία έλα αληηθείκελν θηλείηαη φηαλ αθνινπζεί έλα
θπθιηθφ κνλνπάηη. Αληηπξνζσπεχεηαη απφ ην κήθνο ηνπ ηφμνπ ελφο θχθινπ ζρεδηαζκέλνπ λα
αληηπξνζσπεχεη ηελ θίλεζε ηνπ αληηθεηκέλνπ γχξσ απφ έλα νξηζκέλν ζεκείν.
Γσληψδεο θηλεηηθή ελέξγεηα – ½ x (ζηηγκή αδξάλεηαο) x (γσληψδεο ηαρχηεηα)2 .
Η πεξηζηξνθηθή ελέξγεηα ή ε γσληψδεο θηλεηηθή ελέξγεηα είλαη ε θηλεηηθή ελέξγεηα ιφγσ ηεο
πεξηζηξνθήο ελφο αληηθεηκέλνπ θαη είλαη κέξνο ηνπ ζπλφινπ ηεο θηλεηηθήο ελέξγεηαο.
Γ
Γηάξθεηα ζηηγκήο ηεο αδξάλεηαο – κέηξεζε ηεο αληίζηαζεο ελφο ζψκαηνο ζην ιχγηζκα. Η δεύηερη
διάρκεια ηης ζηιγμής, επίζεο γλσζηή σο διάρκεια ζηιγμής ηης αδράνειας, ζηιγμή αδράνειας
ηης επίπεδης περιοτής, ή δεύηερη ζηιγμή αδράνειας είλαη ε ηδηφηεηα κηαο εγθάξζηαο ηνκήο πνπ
κπνξεί λα ρξεζηκνπνηεζεί γηα λα πξνιέγεη ηελ αληίζηαζε ησλ αθηίλσλ ζην ιχγηζκα θαη ζηελ
εθηξνπή γχξσ απφ έλα άμνλα πνπ βξίζθεηαη ζην επίπεδν ηεο εγθάξζηαο ηνκήο.
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Γηαηήξεζε ελέξγεηαο – έλαο θαλφλαο πνπ πξνζδηνξίδεη νηη ε ζπλνιηθή ελέξγεηα ελφο απνκνλσκέλνπ
ζπζηήκαηνο παξακέλεη ζηαζεξή αζρέησο αιιαγψλ κέζα ζην ζχζηεκα. Η αξρή ηεο δηαηήξεζεο
ελέξγεηαο πξνζδηνξίδεη νηη ε ελέξγεηα δελ κπνξεί νχηε λα δεκηνπξγεζεί ή θαηαζηξαθεί, παξ'φινλ
νηη κπνξεί λα αιιάμεη απν ηνλ έλα ηχπν ζηνλ άιιν.
Γηαηήξεζε νξκήο – ε αξρή ζχκθσλα κε ηελ νπνία φηαλ έλα ζχζηεκα καδψλ ππφθεηηαη κφλν ζηηο
εζσηεξηθέο δπλάκεηο πνπ νη κάδεο ηνπ ζπζηήκαηνο αζθνχλ αλακεηαμχ ηνπο, ε νξκή ηνπ
ζπζηήκαηνο παξακέλεη ζηαζεξή; δελ έρεη βξεζεί θακκία παξαβίαζε απηήο ηεο αξρήο.
Γηαηκεηηθή ηάζε – ην ζπζηαηηθφ ηνπ ζηξεο ζε ίδην επίπεδν κε ηελ δηαηνκή πιηθνχ. Στόλιο: ε δηαηκεηηθή
ηάζε πξνθχπηεη απφ ην ζηνηρείν ηνπ δηαλχζκαηνο ηεο δχλακεο ην νπνίν είλαη παξάιιειν κε ηελ
εγθάξζηα ηνκή. Αθ’εηέξνπ ε θαλνληθή έληαζε (ζηξεο) πξνθχπηεη απφ ην ζηνηρείν ηνπ δηαλχζκαηνο
ηεο δχλακεο ην νπνίν είλαη θαηαθφξπθν ή αληη-παξάιιειν πξνο ηελ εγθάξζηα ηνκή ηνπ πιηθνχ
επάλσ ζην νπνίν επηδξά.
Γχλακε – νπνηαδήπνηε επηξξνή πνπ θάλεη έλα αληηθείκελν λα ππνζηεί κηα νξηζκέλε αιιαγή, είηε φζν
αθνξά ηελ θίλεζε ηνπ, θαηεχζπλζε ηνπ, ή ηελ γεσκεηξηθή ηνπ θαηαζθεπή. Άλλοι ταρακτηρισμοί :
κεραληθή δξάζε ή ελέξγεηα πνπ εθαξκφδεηαη ζε έλα ζψκα ην νπνίν έρεη ηελ ηάζε λα παξάγεη
επηηάρπλζε; φηη πξνθαιεί κηα κάδα λα επηηαρχλεη ηνλ ξπζκφ ηεο ή λα γίλεη δχζκνξθν.
Γχλακε αληίδξαζεο εδάθνπο – κηα ηζνδχλακε θαη αληίζεηε δχλακε ε νπνία αζθείηαη απφ ην έδαθνο
ελάληηα ζε έλα αληηθείκελν φηαλ έξζεη ζε επαθή κε απηφ. Άλλος ορισμός: ε δχλακε ε νπνία αζθείηαη
απφ ην έδαθνο ζε έλα ζψκα φηαλ έξζεη ζε επαθή κε απηφ. Στόλιο: Γηα παξάδεηγκα, έλαο άλζξσπνο
πνπ ζηέθεηαη αθίλεηνο ζην έδαθνο αζθεί κηα δχλακε επαθήο ζε απηφ (ε νπνία ηζνχηαη κε ην βάξνο
ηνπ) θαη ζπγρξφλσο κηα ηζνδχλακε θαη αληίζεηε αληίδξαζε εδάθνπο αζθείηαη απφ απηφ ζηνλ
άλζξσπν.
Γχλακε (ελφο πιηθνχ) – ηθαλφηεηα λα αληηζηέθεηαη ζην ζηξεο πνπ εθαξκφδεηαη ρσξίο απνηπρία.
Γχλακε – ηαρχηεηα (ζπγγεληθή ζρέζε) – ε ηδηφηεηα ελνο ζθειεηηθνχ κπ ε νπνία δείρλεη φηη ε ηθαλφηεηα
παξαγσγήο δχλακήο ηνπ εμαξηάηαη απφ ηελ ηαρχηεηα ζπζηνιήο.
Γπλακηθή – έρεη ζρέζε κε ηελ ελέξγεηα ή ηηο δπλάκεηο πνπ παξάγνπλ θίλεζε, ζε αληίζεζε κε ηελ ζηαηηθή
θαηάζηαζε.
Γπλακηθή αλαηνκίαο – κειέηε ηεο αλζξψπηλεο αλαηνκίαο ε νπνία επηθεληξψλεηαη ζηελ δπλακηθή ή ζηελ
θίλεζε.
Γπλακηθή ελέξγεηα βαξχηεηαο – ε ελέξγεηα ηελ νπνία θαηέρεη έλα ζψκα ζαλ απνηέιεζκα (εμαηηίαο) ηεο
ζέζεο ηνπ. Η ελέξγεηα ελφο ηκήκαηνο ή ελφο ζπζηήκαηνο ηκεκάησλ ε νπνία κάιινλ πξνέξρεηαη απφ
ηελ ζέζε, ή θαηάζηαζε παξά ηελ θίλεζε. Έλα αλπςσκέλν βάξνο, έλα ηπιηγκέλν ειαηήξην ή κηα
θνξηηζκέλε κπαηαξία έρνπλ δπλακηθή ελέξγεηα.
Γπλακηθή ηζνξξνπία – θαηάζηαζε ζηελ νπνία νη επηηαρχλζεηο εμηζνξξνπνχληαη ζχκθσλα κε ηελ δεχηεξε
αξρή ηνπ Νεχησλα γηα ηελ θίλεζε (π.ρ. δχλακε = κάδα x επηηάρπλζε). Είλαη έλα ηδηαίηεξν
παξάδεηγκα ελφο ζπζηήκαηνο ελψ βξίζθεηαη ζε ζηαζεξή θαηάζηαζε.
Γπλακηθή ζηάζε – είλαη ε ζέζε ηεο θίλεζεο φπσο ηελ βιέπνπκε φηαλ βαδίδνπκε ή ηξέρνπκε.
Γπλακηθή ζπκπεξηθνξά – κηα πεξηγξαθή πνπ δείρλεη πσο έλα ζχζηεκα ή κηα αηνκηθή κνλάδα ιεηηνπξγεί
ζε ζρέζε κε ηνλ ρξφλν.
Γπλακηθφ δξάζεο – ειεθηξηθφ ζήκα πνπ πεξλάεη θαηά κήθνο ηεο κεκβξάλεο ελφο λεχξνπ ή κηαο κπηθήο
ίλαο. Μπνξνχκε επίζεο λα ην νλνκάζνπκε κηα λεπξηθή δηέγεξζε ζε ζρέζε κε ην λεχξν ή κηα
πηζαλφηεηα κπηθήο δξάζεο θαζψο απηή ζρεηίδεηαη κε ηελ κπηθή ίλα.
Γπζθακςία – ε αθακςία ελφο αληηθεηκέλνπ – ην κέγεζνο αληίζηαζεο ζηελ παξακφξθσζε φηαλ
εθαξκφδνπκε κηα δχλακε. Η ζπκπιεξσκαηηθή ηδέα είλαη επιπγηζία ή επθακςία: φζν πην επιχγηζην
είλαη έλα αληηθείκελν ηφζν ιηγφηεξν δχζθακπην είλαη.
Δ
Δηθνλνζηνηρείν-Pixel – δηζδηάζηαηε κνλάδα γηα ηελ αμηνιφγεζε ηεο αλάιπζεο κηάο εηθφλαο.
Έληαζε – Ύςνο (L) / Αξρηθφ Ύςνο (L0); ε έληαζε είλαη κηα πεξηγξαθή ηεο παξακφξθσζεο ζε ζρέζε κε
ηα ζρεηηθά κέξε ηνπ ζψκαηνο πνπ κεηαηνπίδνληαη θάηη πνπ απνθιείεη ηηο ζηαζεξέο ζσκαηηθέο
θηλήζεηο. ΢ηηο θπζηθέο επηζηήκεο θαη ζηελ κεραληθή είλαη έλαο αξηζκφο πνπ πεξηγξάθεη ηελ ζρεηηθή
αιινίσζε θφξκαο ηνπ ειαζηηθνχ, πιαζηηθνχ θαη πγξψλ πιηθψλ φηαλ αζθνχληαη δπλάκεηο ζ’απηά.
Εκθαλίδεηαη ζε φιν ην πιηθφ θαζψο ηα κφξηα ηνπ πιηθνχ κεηαηνπίδνληαη απφ ηελ ζπλεζηζκέλε ηνπο
ζέζε. Η θαλνληθή έληαζε πξνθαιείηαη απφ θάζεηεο πξφο ηα επίπεδα δπλάκεηο ή εγθάξζηεο ηνκέο ηνπ
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πιηθνχ, φπσο ζε έλα φγθν ν νπνίνο βξίζθεηαη ππφ πίεζε ζε φιεο ηηο πιεπξέο. Αθξαία έληαζε
πξνθαιείηαη απφ δπλάκεηο πνπ είλαη παξάιιειεο θαη απιψλνληαη ζηα επίπεδα ή ζηηο εγθάξζηεο
ηνκέο, φπσο γηα παξάδεηγκα ζε έλα θνληφ κεηαιιηθφ ζσιήλα πνπ έρεη πεξηζηξαθεί γχξσ θαη θαηά
κήθνο ηνπ άμνλα.
1. Η θαηάζηαζε ελφο πιηθνχ ην νπνίν παξακνξθψλεηαη απφ ηηο δπλάκεηο πνπ επηδξνχλ ζε απηφ. Η
έληαζε κεηξηέηαη σο ε αλαινγία παξακφξθσζεο ηνπ πιηθνχ σο πξφο ηελ δηάζηαζε ηνπ πιηθνχ ζην
νπνίν εθαξκφδνληαη νη δπλάκεηο. Επνκέλσο, ζπκπηεζηηθή έληαζε είλαη ε αλαινγία ζπζηνιήο ηνπ
πιηθνχ σο πξνο ην αξρηθφ ηνπ κήθνο; ε έληαζε ζην ηξάβεγκα είλαη ε αλαινγία επηκήθπλζεο ηνπ
πιηθνχ ζην αξρηθφ ηνπ κήθνο; ε δε αθξαία έληαζε είλαη ε αλαινγία εθηξνπήο ηνπ πιηθνχ πξφο ηελ
θαηεχζπλζε ηεο αθξαίαο δχλακεο πξνο ηελ απφζηαζε αλάκεζα ζηηο αθξαίεο δπλάκεηο.
2. Σξαπκαηηζκφο ζε έλα κπ ή ηέλνληα ιφγσ ππεξβνιηθνχ κεραληθνχ ζηξεο. (Έλαο ηξαπκαηηζκφο
ζηνλ νπνίν έλαο κπο θαηαζηξέθεηαη ιφγσ ηνπ ππεξβνιηθνχ ηεληψκαηνο ή ηεο ππεξβνιηθήο
εξγαζίαο. Μπνξεί λα πξνθχπηεη απφ κηα θαη’επζείαλ ζχγθξνπζε ε νπνία ζπξψρλεη ηνλ κπ ελάληηα
ζην νζηνχλ πνπ βξίζθεηαη απφ θάησ).
Δκβηνκεραληθή κνληεινπνίεζε – κέζνδνο πνπ βαζίδεηαη ζηε ρξήζε ησλ εκβηνκεραληθψλ κνληέισλ;
ζρεκαηηθή αλαπαξαγσγή ελφο ζχλζεηνπ ζπζηήκαηνο ζαλ έλα απινπνηεκέλν αλάινγν ζχζηεκα ην
νπνίν επηηπγράλεηαη γηα λα κειεηεζεί ε ζπκπεξηθνξά ηνπ αξρηθνχ ζπζηήκαηνο ζε νξηζκέλεο
ζπλζήθεο. Στόλιο: ΢πρλά ην αξρηθφ ζχζηεκα ζρεδηάδεηαη θαη μεθηλάεη απν κηα βαζηθά
επαλαιακβαλφκελε ελφηεηα.
Δκβηνκεραληθή – ε κειέηε ησλ κεραληθψλ ζεκείσλ ελφο δσληαλνχ ζψκαηνο, ηδηαίηεξα ησλ δπλάκεσλ πνπ
αζθνχληαη απν ηνπο κχεο θαη ηελ βαξχηεηα επάλσ ζηελ θαηαζθεπή ηνπ ζθειεηνχ; ε κειέηε ηήο
θαηαζθεπήο θαη ε ιεηηνπξγία ησλ βηνινγηθψλ ζπζηεκάησλ φπσο ησλ αλζξψπσλ, δψσλ, θπηψλ,
νξγάλσλ θαη θπηηάξσλ κέζσ ησλ κεζφδσλ ηεο κεραληθήο. (gr. Bios – δσή + lat. Mechanicus –
κεραληθή).
Δκβηνκεραληθή ελέξγεηα – ην ζχλνιν ηήο κεηαβνιηθήο ελέξγεηαο πνπ απαηηείηαη γηα λα δηεθπεξαηψζεη έλα
νξηζκέλν θνκκάηη εξγαζίαο; Ελέξγεηα πνπ ρξεζηκνπνηείηαη θαηά ηελ δηάξθεηα κηάο ζσκαηηθήο
δξαζηεξηφηεηαο. Καηά ηελ δηάξθεηα κηάο βαξηάο ζσκαηηθήο άζθεζεο, νη κχεο κπνξνχλ λα
θαηαλαιψζνπλ κέρξη 3,000 ζεξκίδεο αλά ψξα. Η ελέξγεηα πνπ ρξεηάδεηαη θαηά ηελ δηάξθεηα ηεο
άζθεζεο είλαη ν κφλνο ηξφπνο θαηαλάισζεο ελέξγεηαο πνπ κπνξεί θαλείο λα ειέγμεη. Η
θαηαλάισζε ελέξγεηαο ησλ κπψλ απνηειεί κφλν ην 20% ή πεξίπνπ ηήο νιηθήο ελέξγεηαο πνπ
θαηαλαιψλνπκε φηαλ αλαπαπφκεζα, αιιά θαηά ηελ δηάξθεηα κηάο θνπηαζηηθήο άζθεζεο κπνξεί λα
απμεζεί 50 θνξέο ή πεξηζζφηεξν. Δηάθνξεο ηππηθέο δξαζηεξηφηεηεο θαη ηα πνζά ελέξγεηαο (ζε kJ
αλά θηιφ θαηά ψξα) αλάκεζά ηνπο είλαη :
 Σν ήζπρν θάζηζκα – 1.7
 Σν γξάςηκν – 1.7
 Να ζηέθεζαη ζε αλάπαπια – 2.1
 Η νδεγεζε ελφο απηνθηλήηνπ – 3.8
 ΢θνχπηζκα κε ειεθηξηθή ζθνχπα – 11.3
 Γξήγνξν βάδηζκα – 14.2
 Σξέμηκν – 29.3
 Κνιχκπη (ζηα 4 ρηι. αλά ψξα) – 33
 Κσπειαζία ζε αγψλα – 67.
Δλέξγεηα (κεραληθή) – ηθαλφηεηα ή δπλαηφηεηα λα πξαγκαηνπνηείηαη κεραληθή εξγαζία. ΢ηελ θπζηθή, ν
φξνο μητανική ενέργεια πεξηγξάθεη ην άζξνηζκα ηεο δπλακηθήο ελέξγεηαο θαη ηεο θηλεηηθήο
ελέξγεηαο πνπ παξνπζηάδεηαη ζηα ζπζηαηηθά κέξε ελφο μητανικού σσστήματος. Μεραληθή ελέξγεηα
είλαη ε ελέξγεηα πνπ ζρεηίδεηαη κε ηελ θίλεζε ή ηελ ζέζε ελφο αληηθεηκέλνπ.
Δλέξγεηα πνπ δεκηνπξγεί δπζκνξθίεο (ενέργεια σε ένταση) – ε εμσηεξηθή εξγαζία πνπ δεκηνπξγείηαη
επάλσ ζε έλα ειαζηηθφ κέινο πξνθαιψληαο ην λα αιινησζεί. Απν ηελ ήξεκή ηνπ θαηάζηαζε
κεηακνξθψλεηαη ζε ελέξγεηα ππφ έληαζε ε νπνία είλαη κηα κνξθή αλακελφκελεο ελέξγεηαο. Η
ελέξγεηα ππφ έληαζε ππφ κνξθή κηαο ειαζηηθήο δπζκνξθίαο είλαη σο επη ην πιείζηνλ ζεξαπεχζηκε
ππφ κνξθή κεραληθήο εξγαζίαο.
Δμαξηψκελνο ξπζκφο έληαζεο – ε ηδηφηεηα ελφο ηζηνχ πνπ απνθαζίδεη φηη ε κεραληθή ηνπ αληαπφθξηζε
ζην θνξηίν εμαξηάηαη απφ ηνλ βαζκφ παξακφξθσζεο ηνπ ηζηνχ.
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Δπηθχξσζε ηεο αμίαο ηνπ κνληέινπ – επηηπγράλεηαη κε ηελ παξνπζίαζε απνδείμεσλ γηα ηελ αθξίβεηα ηνπ
ρξεζηκνπνηνχκελνπ κνληέινπ ζε ζχγθξηζε κε ηελ πξαγκαηηθή δνκή. Στόλιο: έλαο άιινο
ζρεκαηηζκφο: αμηνιφγεζε κνληέινπ.
Δπηκήθπλζε – ε δηαδηθαζία αχμεζεο ηνπ κήθνπο.
Δπθακςία – ε ηθαλφηεηα ελφο πιηθνχ λα ράζεη ηελ θφξκα ηνπ κε ειαζηηθφηεηα θαη λα επηζηξέςεη ζην
αξρηθφ ηνπ ζρήκα φηαλ ζηακαηήζεη ε πίεζε ζηελ νπνία ην ππνβάιιακε.
Ι
Ιδηφηεηεο πιηθψλ – νη γεληθέο ηδηφηεηεο πνπ ραξαθηεξίδνπλ ην πιηθφ.
Ιζνξξνπία – ε θαηάζηαζε ελφο ζπζηήκαηνο ζην νπνίν φιεο νη αληαγσληζηηθέο επηξξνέο εμηζνξξνπνχληαη,
ζε κηα επξεία πνηθηιία πεξηπηψζεσλ. Έλα κε εχθακπην ζψκα είλαη ζε κεραληθή ηζνξξνπία φηαλ ην
ζχλνιν φισλ ησλ δπλάκεσλ ζε φια ηα ηκήκαηα ηνπ ζπζηήκαηνο είλαη κεδέλ θαη επίζεο ην ζχλνιν
φισλ ησλ πεξηζηξνθηθψλ δπλάκεσλ ζε φια ηα κφξηα ηνπ ζπζηήκαηνο είλαη κεδέλ.
Ιζνζηαηηθέο γξακκέο αληηπξνζσπεχνπλ ηηο δηεπζχλζεηο κεηάδνζεο κέζα ζηηο δνκέο ησλ νζηψλ ησλ
κεραληθψλ δπλάκεσλ πνπ επηδξνχλ ζηελ επηθάλεηα ησλ νζηψλ.
Ιζνηξνπηθφ (πιηθφ) – έρεη φκνηεο ηηκέο κηαο ηδηφηεηαο ζε φιεο ηηο θαηεπζχλζεηο. Στόλιο: Γηα ιφγνπο
απινπνίεζεο, ζε πνιπάξηζκεο κειέηεο, ην νζηνχλ ζεσξείηαη έλα ηζνηξνπηθφ πιηθφ.
Ιζηνκνξθνκεηξία – ε κέζνδνο κέηξεζεο ηνπ κεγέζνπο θαη ηχπνπ ησλ θπηηάξσλ ηνπνζεηψληαο έλα δίρηπ
παξάιιεισλ γξακκψλ πάλσ απφ ηηο ηζηνινγηθέο εηθφλεο ελφο ηζηνχ (gr. histos – ηζηφο + morphe –
κνξθή + metron – κέηξεζε).
Κ
Καζαξή ηάζε θίλεζεο – ην ζχλνιν φισλ ησλ θηλήζεσλ (πεξηζηξνθψλ) πνπ επελεξγνχλ ζε έλα ζψκα.
Κακππινεηδήο θίλεζε – θίλεζε θαηά κήθνο κηάο γξακκήο κε θακπχιεο (κνλνπάηη)
Κέληξν βαξχηεηαο – ην ζεκείν κέζα ή θνληά ζε έλα ζψκα ζην νπνίν ε δπλακηθή ελέξγεηα βαξχηεηαο ηνπ
ζψκαηνο είλαη ίζε κε εθείλε ελφο κφλν ζσκαηηδίνπ ηεο ίδηαο κάδαο πνπ βξίζθεηαη ζε εθείλν ην
ζεκείν κέζσ ηνπ νπνίνπ ελεξγνχλ νη πξνθχπηνπζεο δπλάκεηο βαξχηεηαο επάλσ ζηα ζσκαηίδηα ηνπ
ζψκαηνο πνπ ην απνηεινχλ. ΢ε έλα νκνηφκνξθν πεδίν βαξχηεηαο απηφ ζπκπίπηεη κε ηελ κάδα ηνπ
θέληξνπ βάξνπο ηνπ ζψκαηνο. Σν ζεκείν ζην νπνίν κπνξεί λα ζεσξεζεί φηη επελεξγεί ην ζχλνιν
ηνπ βάξνπο ελφο αληηθεηκέλνπ θαη επνκέλσο δείρλεη φηη φια ηα κέξε βξίζθνληαη ζε ηζνδχγην. Η
ζέζε ηνπ θέληξνπ βαξχηεηαο πνηθίιιεη αλάινγα κε ην ζρήκα ηνπ αληηθεηκέλνπ. ΢ε αληηθείκελα κε
έλα θαλνληθφ ζρήκα, ην θέληξν βαξχηεηαο ζπκπίπηεη κε ην γεσκεηξηθφ θέληξν. ΢ε αληηθείκελα κε
έλα κε θαλνληθφ θαη επκεηάβιεην ζρήκα (φπσο ζηελ πεξίπησζε ηνπ αλζξψπηλνπ ζψκαηνο), ην
θέληξν βαξχηεηαο δελ κπνξεί λα πξνζδηνξηζζεί εχθνια θαη αιιάδεη κε θάζε αιιαγή ζηελ ζέζε ηνπ
ζψκαηνο; κπνξεί αθφκε θαη λα κελ βξίζθεηαη κέζα ζηελ θπζηθή νπζία ηνπ ζψκαηνο. Σν θέληξν
βαξχηεηαο ελφο ζψκαηνο ίζσο ζπκπίπηεη κε ην γεσκεηξηθφ ηνπ θέληξν, ηδηαίηεξα εάλ ην ζψκα είλαη
ζπκκεηξηθφ θαη απνηειείηαη απφ νκνγελέο πιηθφ. ΢ε αζχκκεηξα, αλνκνηνγελή ή θνίια αληηθείκελα,
ην θέληξν ηεο βαξχηεηαο κπνξεί λα επξίζθεηαη ζε θάπνηα απφζηαζε απν ην γεσκεηξηθφ θέληξν ή
αθφκε ζ’ελα ζεκείν εμσηεξηθά ηνπ αληηθεηκέλνπ, φπσο αλάκεζα ζηα πφδηα κηαο θαξέθιαο. Κνληά
ζηελ επηθάλεηα ηεο γεο, φπνπ ε βαξχηεηα επελεξγεί πξφο ηα θάησ ζαλ έλα παξάιιειν πεδίν
δχλακεο, ην θέληξν βαξχηεηαο θαη ην θέληξν ηεο χιεο είλαη ηα ίδηα. Απφ ηελ κειέηε ηεο δπλακηθήο
ησλ αεξνζθαθψλ, νρεκάησλ θαη πινίσλ ζπκπεξαίλεηαη νηη ην ζχζηεκα θηλείηαη ζηελ πιεζίνλ ζηελ
γε βαξχηεηα θαη επνκέλσο νη φξνη ηνπ θέληξνπ βαξχηεηαο θαη ηνπ θέληξνπ ηεο κάδαο
ρξεζηκνπνηνχληαη ελαιιάμ.
Κέληξν ηεο κάδαο – ην ζεκείν ζ’ελα ζχζηεκα ζσκάησλ ή έλα εθηεηακέλν ζψκα ζην νπνίν ε κάδα ηνπ
ζπζηήκαηνο κπνξεί λα ζεσξεζεί νηη ζπκππθλψλεηαη θαη ζηελ νπνία νη εμσηεξηθέο δπλάκεηο
κπνξνχλ λα ζεσξεζνχλ εθαξκφζηκεο.
Κηλεκαηηθή – ε πεξηγξαθή ηεο θίλεζεο ζε ζρέζε κε ηφπν θαη ρξφλν, ρσξίο λα ιακβάλνληαη ππ’φςηλ νη
δπλάκεηο πνπ κεζνιαβνχλ. Η θηλεκαηηθή είλαη ν θιάδνο ηεο θιαζζηθήο κεραληθήο πνπ
πεξηιακβάλεη ηελ θίλεζε ησλ ζεκείσλ, ζσκάησλ (αληηθεηκέλσλ) θαη ζπζηεκάησλ ζσκάησλ
(ζχλνια αληηθεηκέλσλ) ρσξίο λα ιακβάλνληαη ππ’φςηλ νη ιφγνη ηεο θίλεζεο.
Κηλεκαηηθή αλάιπζε – ε δηαδηθαζία κέηξεζεο ησλ θηλεκαηηθψλ πνζνηήησλ πνπ ρξεηάδνληαη γηα λα
πεξηγξαθεί ε θίλεζε. ΢ηελ κεραληθή, γηα παξάδεηγκα, ε θηλεκαηηθή αλάιπζε κπνξεί λα
ρξεζηκνπνηεζεί γηα λα βξεζεί ε έθηαζε ηεο θίλεζεο ζε έλα δεδνκέλν κεραληζκφ θαη εξγαδφκελε
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αληίζηξνθα ε θηλεκαηηθή ζχλζεζε ζρεδηάδεη έλα κεραληζκφ γηα κηα επηζπκεηή έθηαζε θίλεζεο. Δελ
αζρνιείηαη κε ηελ κάδα ή ηηο δπλάκεηο πνπ πξνθαινχλ ηελ θίλεζε.
Κίλεζε (επζχγξακκε) – θίλεζε θαηά κήθνο κηάο επζείαο γξακκήο.
Κίλεζε (πεξηζηξνθηθή) – θίλεζε ζηελ νπνία έλα ζψκα πεξηζηέθεηαη γχξσ απφ έλα άμνλα. Επίζεο γσληαθή
θίλεζε.
Κηλεηηθή – ε κειέηε ηεο θίλεζεο θαη νη αηηίεο ηεο; απηφ ην ηκήκα ηεο θιαζζηθήο κεραληθήο πξαγκαηεχεηαη
ηελ ζπγγέλεηα αλάκεζα ζηηο θηλήζεηο ησλ πιηθψλ ζσκάησλ θαη ηηο δπλάκεηο πνπ επηδξνχλ πάλσ
ηνπο.
Κηλεηηθή ελέξγεηα – ε ελέξγεηα ηεο θίλεζεο, ε νπνία ηζνχηαη κε ην ήκηζπ ηεο κάδαο ελφο αληηθεηκέλνπ
πνιιαπιαζηαδφκελε κε ην ηεηξάγσλν ηεο ηαρχηεηάο ηεο. Έλα ζχζηεκα ζσκάησλ κπνξεί λα έρεη
εζσηεξηθή θηλεηηθή ελέξγεηα ιφγσ ηεο ζρεηηθήο θίλεζεο ησλ ζσκάησλ ζην ζχζηεκα. Μεξηθέο
θνξέο εμππεξεηεί λα κνηξάζνπκε ηελ θηλεηηθή ελέξγεηα ελφο ζψκαηνο ζην άζξνηζκα ηεο θηλεηηθήο
ελέξγεηαο κεηαηφπηζεο θαη ηεο θηλεηηθήο ελέξγεηαο πεξηζηξνθήο γχξσ απν ην θέληξν κάδαο
(πεξηζηξνθηθή ελέξγεηα):
Ek = Et + Er
φπνπ:
Ek είλαη ε ζπλνιηθή θηλεηηθή ελέξγεηα
Et είλαη ε θηλεηηθή ελέξγεηα κεηαηφπηζεο
Er είλαη ε περιστρουική ενέργεια ή η γφνιακή κινητική ελέξγεηα
Κφπσζε – ζσκαηηθή ή ςπρηθή εμάληιεζε ιφγσ πίεζεο; ε ζπλερήο ζξαχζε ελφο πιηθνχ ην νπνίν ππφθεηηαη
ζε εληάζεηο πνπ αθνινπζνχλ ε κηα θαηφπηλ ηεο άιιεο; θαηαζηξνθή δνκήο ιφγσ
επαλαιακβαλφκελσλ θνξηψζεσλ.
Λ
Λεηηνπξγία (βηνινγία) – ε δξαζηεξηφηεηα πνπ επηηπγράλεηαη ζην επίπεδν ησλ δσληαλψλ νξγαληζκψλ απν
θχηηαξα, ηζηνχο, φξγαλα, ζπζηήκαηα νξγάλσλ ή απφ νιφθιεξν ην ζψκα. Στόλιο: ε ιεηηνπξγία
ζρεηίδεηαη θαη θαζνξίδεηαη απφ κεξηθέο αλαηνκηθέο ή εκβηνκεραληθέο δνκέο θαη δελ κπνξεί λα
ππάξμεη ρσξίο απηέο.
Μ
Μέγηζην θνξηίν – ε κεγαιχηεξε ηηκή θνξηίνπ ζηεξηδφκελνπ απφ έλα ηζηφ πξίλ απφ ηελ ηειηθή
θαηάξξεπζε.
Μεηαβίβαζε (δπλακηθή, ελέξγεηα) – αληαιιαγή δπλακηθήο ή ελέξγεηαο απφ έλα ζψκα ζε άιιν.
Μεραληθέο ηδηφηεηεο – νη ηδηφηεηεο πνπ ραξαθηεξίδνπλ ηελ κεραληθή ζπκπεξηθνξά ελφο πιηθνχ.
Μεραληθφ ζηξεο – ε δχλακε αλά κνλάδα επηθάλεηαο. Στόλιο: ππάξρεη ζπκπηεζηηθφ ζηξεο, ζηεξεηηθφ
ζηξεο, ζηξεο ιφγσ έληαζεο, ην αθξαίν ζηξεο.
Μεραληθφ θνξηίν – ε δηαδηθαζία ζηαζεξψλ δνκηθψλ αιιαγψλ ελφο πιηθνχ ην νπνίν ππφθεηηαη ζε θπθιηθφ
κεραληθφ ζηξεο; Εθθξάδεηαη ζαλ ην ζχλνιν φισλ ησλ δπλάκεσλ φπσο εθαξκφδνληαη αλά πάζα
ζηηγκή.
Μνληέιν – έλα ζχζηεκα ην νπνίν αληηπξνζσπεχεη ην ζχλνιν ησλ αληηπξνζσπεπηηθψλ ηδηνηήησλ ελφο πνιχ
πνιπζχλζεηνπ ζπζηήκαηνο κε ην νπνίν έρεη δνκηθέο θαη ιεηηνπξγηθέο αλαινγίεο, απηέο έρνπλ
επηηεπρζεί γηα λα απινπνηεζεί ε κειέηε ηνπ ζχλζεηνπ ζπζηήκαηνο.
Μνληέιν δχν δηαζηάζεσλ – έλα κνληέιν ζην νπνίν ε αλάιπζε πιεξνθνξηψλ επηηπγράλεηαη ζε δχν
δηαζηάζεηο.
Μνριφο – ζπζθεπή ζηαζεξά ηνπνζεηεκέλε ζε έλα κφλν ζεκείν ζην νπνίν δχν δπλάκεηο κπαίλνπλ ζε
εθαξκνγή ζε δχν δηαθνξεηηθά ζεκεία.
Μπειφο – ε εζσηεξηθή ηνπ φςε – έλα ζηξψκα ζπνγγψδνπο ηζηνχ ηνπ νζηνχ ην νπνίν ζπλδέεη ηνλ
ζπκπαγή ηζηφ ηεο δηάθπζεο ηψλ καθξηλψλ νζηψλ κε ην κεδνχιη απφ ην θεληξηθφ κπειηθφ θαλάιη
(θνηιφηεηα).
Ο
Οξζνηξνπηθφ (πιηθφ) – απηφ πνπ έρεη δηάθνξεο πιηθέο ηδηφηεηεο ή δπλάκεηο ζε δηάθνξεο νξζφγσλεο
θαηεπζχλζεηο ( π.ρ. πιαζηηθφ εληζρπκέλν κε γπαιί, ή μχιν). Στόλιο: ε πξνζαξκνγή ηνπ νζηνχ κε
απηφλ ηνλ ηχπν πιηθνχ πξνζθέξεη κηα κέζε παξαπιήζηα ιχζε.
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Οξκή – ε ηδηφηεηα ελφο θηλνχκελνπ ζψκαηνο ε νπνία θαζνξίδεηαη απφ ην γηλφκελν ηεο ζσκαηηθήο κάδαο
θαη ηεο ηαρχηεηάο ηεο.
Π
Παζνκεραληθή – έλαο θιάδνο ηεο θπζηθήο επηζηήκεο πνπ αζρνιείηαη κε ηηο ζηαηηθέο θαη δπλακηθέο
δπλάκεηο θαη ε αθχζηθε δηαθνξεηηθή επίδξαζε ζε έλα αλζξψπηλν ζψκα ην νπνίν επεξεάδεηαη απφ
λεπξνινγηθέο κπηθέο θαη ζθειεηηθέο αλσκαιίεο. Επεηδή απηφ έρεη ζρέζε κε θιηληθή παξάηεξεζε
βάδηζεο, κηα πηζαλή κηθξφηεξε παζνκεραληθή παξακφξθσζε ησλ άθξσλ παξαηεξείηαη φηαλ ν
κνριφο ηνπ βξαρίνλα έρεη αιιάμεη απφ ην ―θαλνληθφ‖ πξνθίι ησλ θαηψηεξσλ άθξσλ. Σέηνηα
αιιαγή ζπλήζσο πξνθαιείηαη απφ ηνπο κπο ησλ λεχξσλ ή παξάγνληεο ηζνξξνπίαο θαη δεκηνπξγεί
ζαλ απνηέιεζκα κηα ππεξβνιηθή θάζεηε ή νξηδφληηα κεηαηφπηζε ηνπ COM.
Παξάκεηξνο κνληέινπ – αξηζκεηηθέο ηηκέο πνπ ραξαθηεξίδνπλ κεξηθέο κεραληθέο ηδηφηεηεο ηνπ κνληέινπ
ελφο ζπζηήκαηνο.
Πεξηζηξνθηθή δχλακε – ην απνηέιεζκα κηαο δχλακεο πνπ ηείλεη λα πξνθαιέζεη έλα ζηξίςηκν ή ζπζηξνθή
γχξσ απφ έλα άμνλα. Επίζεο ρξεζηκνπνηείηαη ζαλ ζπλψλπκν γηα ηελ ζηηγκή ζαλ απνηέιεζκα κηαο
δχλακεο πνπ ηείλεη λα πξνθαιέζεη πεξηζηξνθή ελφο ζψκαηνο γχξσ απφ ηνλ άμνλα πεξηζηξνθήο.
Πξνβνιή – (θέληξν βαξχηεηαο) - κηα γξακκή πνπ ηελ ζχξνπκε απφ ην θέληξν ηεο βαξχηεηαο θαηαθφξπθα
πξνο ηελ βάζε ηνπ ζεκείνπ ζηήξημεο.
Πξνζνκνίσζε – ε κίκεζε ηεο ιεηηνπξγίαο κηάο δηαδηθαζίαο ππφ ζπλζήθεο πξαγκαηηθνχ θφζκνπ ή ελφο
ζπζηήκαηνο αλά ηνλ ρξφλν. Η πξάμε φηαλ πξνζνκνηψλνπκε θάηη θαηά πξψηνλ ηελ αλάπηπμε ελφο
κνληέινπ; απηφ ην κνληέιν αλαπαξηζηά ηα θαίξηα ραξαθηεξηζηηθά ιεηηνπξγίαο ηνπ επηιεγκέλνπ
θπζηθνχ ή αθεξεκέλνπ ζπζηήκαηνο ή δηαδηθαζίαο. Σν κνληέιν αληηπξνζσπεχεη απηφ ην ίδην ην
ζχζηεκα, ελψ ε πξνζνκνίσζε αλαπαξηζηά ηελ ιεηηνπξγία ηνπ ζπζηήκαηνο αλά ηνλ ρξφλν.
Πξνζσξηλή αλάιπζε – ππνινγηζκφο βάζεη ηεο δηάξθεηαο ηνπ ρξφλνπ.
Ππθλφηεηα νζηνχ – κηα κέηξεζε πνπ αληηζηνηρεί ζηελ νξπθηή ππθλφηεηα ηνπ νζηνχ θαη ε νπνία
εθθξάδεηαη ζαλ νξπθηή κάδα αλά κνλάδα φγθνπ νζηνχ θαη ζπλήζσο ππνινγίδεηαη κε ηελ ρξήζε
κηάο ξαδηνινγηθήο ζάξσζεο ηνπ θαηψηεξνπ ηκήκαηνο ηεο ζπνλδπιηθήο ζηήιεο ή γνθνχ. Οη
κεηξήζεηο ηεο ππθλφηεηαο ηνπ νζηνχ ρξεζηκνπνηνχληαη γηα λα δηαγλψζνπλ θαη λα γίλνπλ
παξαηεξήζεηο γηα ηελ νζηενπφξσζε θαη άιιεο αζζέλεηεο. Επίζεο νλνκάδεηαη θαη ορσκτή πσκνότητα
οστού. Σν αληίζεην ηεο πφξσζεο.
Ρ
Ρνπή αδξάλεηαο ηεο κάδαο – κέηξεζε ηεο αληίζηαζεο ελφο ζψκαηνο ζηελ πεξηζηξνθή γχξσ απφ έλα
άμνλα.
΢
΢ηαηηθή ηζνξξνπία – θαηάζηαζε ηζνξξνπίαο ζηελ νπνία δελ ππάξρεη θακκηά θαζαξή επηηάρπλζε. ΢πλήζσο
αλαθέξεηαη ζε ζηαηηθή ή κε θηλεηηθή ηζνξξνπία. Έλα ζπζηεκα κνξίσλ βξίζθεηαη ζε ζηαηηθή
ηζνξξνπία φηαλ φια ηα κφξηα ηνπ ζπζηήκαηνο βξίζθνληαη αδξαλή θαη ε ζπλνιηθή δχλακε θάζε
κνξίνπ βξίζθεηαη ζηαζεξά ζην κεδέλ.
΢ηηγκή – ε επίδξαζε κηάο δχλακεο πνπ ηείλεη λα πξνθαιέζεη πεξηζηξνθή γχξσ απφ έλα άμνλα.
΢ηηγκή ηεο δξάζεο ηνπ βξαρίνλα – ε θάζεηε απφζηαζε απφ ηνλ άμνλα ηεο πεξηζηξνθήο κέρξη ηελ γξακκή
δξάζεο επίζεο πεξηζηξνθηθφο βξαρίνλαο.
΢ηνηρεηαθφο φγθνο – ηξηζδηάζηαηε κνλάδα γηα ηελ εθηίκεζε ηεο αλάιπζεο εηθφλαο.
΢ηξνθνξκή είλαη κηα δηαηεξνχκελε πνζφηεηα πνπ κπνξεί λα ρξεζηκνπνηεζεί γηα λα πεξηγξάςεη ηελ
ζπλνιηθή θαηάζηαζε ελφο θπζηθνχ ζπζηήκαηνο. Η ζηξνθνξκή ελφο ζπζηήκαηνο κνξίσλ (π.ρ. έλα
άθακπην ζψκα) είλαη ην άζξνηζκα ησλ ζηξνθνξκψλ ησλ αηνκηθψλ κνξίσλ. Γηα έλα άθακπην ζψκα
πνπ πεξηζηξέθεηαη γχξσ απφ έλα ζπκκεηξηθφ άμνλα ε ζηξνθνξκή κπνξεί λα εθθξαζζεί ζαλ ην
πξνηφλ ηεο ζηηγκήο ηνπ ζψκαηνο ζε αδξάλεηα I θαη ηεο γσληψδνπο ηαρχηεηαο ω.
΢πκπίεζε – ε εθαξκνγή ηζνδπγηζκέλσλ εζσηεξηθψλ (―πξνσζεηηθψλ‖) δπλάκεσλ ζε δηαθνξεηηθά ζεκεία,
έλα πιηθφ ή θαηαζθεπή, δειαδή, δπλάκεηο κε θαζφινπ θαζαξφ ζχλνιν ή δχλακε πεξηζηξνθήο
θαηεπζπλφκελεο κε ηνλ ζθνπφ λα κεηψζνπλ ην κέγεζνο πξνο κηα ή πεξηζζφηεξεο θαηεπζχλζεηο
(κεραληθή).
Άλλος ορισμός: ην απνηέιεζκα ηεο ππνηαγήο ελφο πιηθνχ ζην ζηξέο ζπκπίεζεο.
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΢πκπηεζηηθή δχλακε – ηθαλφηεηα αληνρήο ζε δπλάκεηο πνπ θαηεπζχλνληαη απφ ηνλ άμνλα θαη ζπξψρλνπλ.
΢πκθσλία – κέηξεζε ηεο ζρέζεο αλάκεζα ζηελ έληαζε θαη ην ζηξέο. Σν αληίζηξνθν ηνπ άθακπηνπ. ΢ηελ
ηαηξηθή, ζσμθωνία (επίζεο σπακοή ή ικανόηηηα). Πεξηγξάθεη ηνλ βαζκφ ζηνλ νπνίν έλαο αζζελήο
αθνινπζεί ηηο ηαηξηθέο ζπκβνπιέο.
΢πλνιηθή κεραληθή ελέξγεηα – ην ζχλνιν ηεο γξακκηθήο θηλεηηθήο ελέξγεηαο ελφο ζψκαηνο, ηεο γσληαθήο
θηλεηηθήο ελέξγεηαο θαη ηεο πηζαλήο ελέξγεηαο ηεο ζέζεο πνπ θαηέρεη.
΢πληειεζηήο ειαζηηθφηεηαο – ε αμία ηεο κεραληθήο έληαζεο απφ ηελ νπνία νη ζσκαηηθέο δπζκνξθίεο
είλαη αλαζηξέςηκεο.
΢πζηξνθή – ζηελ κεραληθή ησλ ζηεξεψλ, ζπζηξνθή είλαη ην ζηξίςηκν ελφο αληηθεηκέλνπ εμ’αηηίαο κηαο
πεξηζηξνθηθήο δχλακεο, επνκέλσο εθθξάδεηαη ζε N·m. ΢ε πεξηνρέο θάζεηεο ζηνλ άμνλα ηεο
πεξηζηξνθηθήο δχλακεο, ην αθξαίν ζηξεο πνπ πξνθχπηεη ζ’απηφ ην ηκήκα είλαη θάζεην ζηελ αθηίλα.
΢ρέζε έληαζεο – κήθνπο – ε ηδηφηεο ελφο ζθειεηηθνχ κπφο πνπ δείρλεη νηη ε ηθαλφηεηά ηνπ παξαγσγήο
εμαξηάηαη απφ ην κήθνο ηνπ κπφο είηε απηφο αλήθεη ζε ζπξξηθλνχκελεο θαη κε ζπξξηθλνχκελεο
δνκέο.
Σ
Σαιάληεπζε (ζηάδην) – ε πεξίνδνο θαηά ηελ νπνία ην πφδη δελ είλαη ζε επαθή κε ην έδαθνο θαηά ηνλ
βεκαηηζκφ.
Σαιάλησζε – ελαιιαζζφκελεο πεξηνδηθέο θηλήζεηο γχξσ απφ κηα ζέζε ηζνξξνπίαο; έρεη ηξία κεηαβιεηά
ραξαθηεξηζηηθά: ζπρλφηεηα, κέγεζνο θαη θάζε.
Σάζε (έληαζε) – ην κεγαιχηεξν ζηξεο θαηά ηελ δηάξθεηα ηνπ ηεληψκαηνο ή ηξαβήγκαηνο πξηλ απφ ηελ
ζηέλσζε.
Σξηβή – ε δχλακε πνπ αληηζηέθεηαη ζηελ ζρεηηθή θίλεζε ησλ ζηεξεψλ, πγξψλ επηθαλεηψλ θαη ζηνηρείσλ
πιηθψλ ηα νπνία γιπζηξνχλ ην έλα επάλσ ζην άιιν. Άλλος ορισμός: ε αληίζηαζε πνπ αλαπηχζζεηαη
ζηελ εζσηεξηθή πιεπξά ησλ δχν επηθαλεηψλ θαη ε νπνία επελεξγεί αληίζεηα κε ηελ θαηεχζπλζε ηεο
ππάξρνπζαο θίλεζεο ή ηεο επηθείκελεο θίλεζεο.
Φ
Φνξηίν – ε δχλακε πνπ εθαξκφδεηαη εμσηεξηθά ζε έλα ζψκα.
Φ
Φεθηνπνίεζε – ε παξνπζίαζε ελφο αληηθεηκέλνπ, εηθφλαο, ήρνπ, εγγξάθνπ ή ζήκαηνο (ζπλήζσο έλα
αλαινγηθφ ζήκα) κε κηα δηαθξηηή ζεηξά ζεκείσλ ή δεηγκάησλ. Σν απνηέιεζκα νλνκάδεηαη υηυιακή
παροσσίαση ή πην εηδηθά κηα υηυιακή εικόνα, γηα ην αληηθείκελν, θαη έλαο υηυιακός τύπος γηα ην
ζήκα. Γηα ηελ αθξίβεηα, ςεθηνπνίεζε ζεκαίλεη απιψο ε ζχιιεςε ελφο αλαινγηθνχ ζήκαηνο ζε
ςεθηαθή κνξθή. Η ςεθηνπνίεζε είλαη ν θχξηνο ηξφπνο γηα λα απνζεθεχνληαη εηθφλεο ζε κηα κνξθή
θαηάιιειε γηα κεηάδνζε θαη επεμεξγαζία ζε ππνινγηζηή είηε κε ηελ ζάξσζε απφ δχν-δηαζηάζεσλ
αλαινγηθά πξσηφηππα ή φηαλ έρνπλ ιεθζεί ρξεζηκνπνηψληαο κηα ζπζθεπή επηιεγκέλσλ εηθφλσλ
φπσο ε ςεθηαθή θσηνγξαθηθή κεραλή, ηνκνγξαθηθφ φξγαλν φπσο ν ζαξσηήο CAT, ή απνθηψληαο
ηηο αθξηβείο δηαζηάζεηο απφ έλα πξαγκαηηθφ αληηθείκελν ρξεζηκνπνηψληαο κηα ηξηζδηάζηαηε
ζπζθεπή ζάξσζεο.
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Όξνη πνπ ρξεζηκνπνηνχληαη γηα ηελ βάζε ζάξσζεο πιάθαο πίεζεο
Α
Άμνλαο πνδηνχ – ν άμνλαο ηνπ πνδηνχ μεθηλάεη ζην θέληξν ηεο πηέξλαο αλάκεζα ζην κεζαίν ζεκείν ηεο
πηέξλαο θαη ζην ζεκείν πξνο ην πιάη θαη πεξλάεη αλάκεζα ζηνπο κεηαηάξζηνπο 2 θαη 3 (βνεζάεη
ζηνλ θαζνξηζκφ ηεο εμσηεξηθήο πεξηζηξνθήο).
Γ
Γσλία πνδηνχ – (γσλία απαγσγήο) δείρλεη ηελ παξέθιηζε απφ ηελ θαηεχζπλζε βαδίζκαηνο (θαηεχζπλζε
πιάθαο) θαη πξνζδηνξίδεηαη πνζνηηθά απφ ηηκέο πνπ δείρλνπλ ηε έμσ ή ελδν-πεξηζηξνθή: κηα ζεηηθή
γσλία ππνδεηθλχεη έμσ πεξηζηξνθή ηνπ πνδηνχ, νπνηεδήπνηε ε γσλία είλαη αξλεηηθή ππνδεηθλχεη
ελδν-πεξηζηξνθή.
Γ
Γπλακηθή – έρεη ζρέζε κε ηελ κειέηε ηεο δπλακηθήο; ηεο ελέξγεηαο ή αζρνιείηαη κε ηελ ελέξγεηα ή κε
δπλάκεηο πνπ παξάγνπλ θίλεζε, ζε αληίζεζε κε ηελ ζηαηηθή θαηάζηαζε.
Δ
Δλεξγή επηθάλεηα επαθήο [cm2] – ε επηθάλεηα επαθήο φπνπ ηνπνζεηείηαη ην θνξηίν.
Η
Hallux αθακςία – δείρλεη ηηο δηαθνξέο αλάκεζα ζηηο πηέζεηο πνπ αζθνχληαη επάλσ ζην hallux θαη ηνλ
πξψην κεηαηάξζην. Ο ηχπνο είλαη (T1-M1).
Ι
Ιζνξξνπία πνδηνχ – κεηξηέηαη ε ζπλνιηθή ηζνξξνπία θαηά ηελ δηάξθεηα ηνπ βεκαηηζκνχ. Τπνινγίδεηαη
απφ ηελ δηαθνξά αλάκεζα ζε δχν φξνπο: M1 + M2 + HM θαη M3 + M4 + M5 + HL. Σν πφδη
βξίζθεηαη ζε πξεληζκφ φηαλ ε πίεζε είλαη πςειφηεξε θάησ απφ ηελ πιαηλή πιεπξά ηεο πηέξλαο.
Ιζνξξνπία ηνπ κπξνζηηλνχ ηκήκαηνο ηνπ πνδηνχ – πεξηγξάθεη ηελ ηζνξξνπία ηνπ κπξνζηηλνχ κέξνπο ηνπ
πνδηνχ, κε ηνλ ηχπν (M1+M2)-(M3+M4+M5).
Κ
Κέληξν πίεζεο – ζηελ εκβηνκεραληθή, ηο κένηρο ηης πίεζης (CoP) είλαη ν φξνο πνπ δίλεηαη ζην
νινθιεξσκέλν πεδίν πίεζεο πνπ έλαο νξγαληζκφο αζθεί επάλσ ζε κηα ππνζηεξηδφκελε επηθάλεηα,
ηππηθά κέζσ ελφο πνδηνχ ή άιινπ εμαξηεκαηνο. Σν CoP ζπλήζσο αιιάδεη θαζ’φιε ηελ δηάξθεηα
καο θίλεζεο θαζψο δηαθνξεηηθά κέξε ηνπ πνδηνχ επηβξαδχλνληαη κε δηαθνξεηηθνχο ξπζκνχο. Γηα
παξάδεηγκα, θαηά ηελ δηάξθεηα ηεο αλζξψπηλεο βάδηζεο, ην θέληξν πίεζεο είλαη θνληά ζηελ πηέξλα
ηελ ζηηγκή πνπ παηάεη ην ηαθνχλη θαη θηλείηαη πεξηζζφηεξν πξνο ηα εκπξφο ζε φιε ηελ δηάξθεηα ηνπ
βεκαηηζκνχ θαη πξνζδηνξίδεηαη θνληά ζηα δάθηπια θαηά ην ζήθσκα.
Μ
Max αηζζεηήξαο αηρκήο – ε κέγηζηε δχλακε πνπ κεηξάεη έλαο αηζζεηήξαο κέζα ζε θάζε δψλε.
Max F [N] – ε κέγηζηε δχλακε πνπ θαηαγξάθεηαη ζηελ ππφ κειέηε πεξηνρή.
Max P [N/cm2] – ε κέγηζηε πίεζε πνπ θαηαγξάθεηαη ζηελ ππφ κειέηε πεξηνρή.
Μέζε ηζνξξνπία κπξνζηηλνχ πνδηνχ – δείρλεη ηελ ηζνξξνπία αλάκεζα ζην M1 θαη ζην M2 θαηά ηελ
δηάξθεηα ηεο βάδηζεο; Ο ηχπνο ππνινγηζκνχ είλαη M2-M1.
Meta θφξησζε – κεηξάεη ηελ δηαθνξά ηεο πίεζεο αλάκεζα ζηνπο κεηαηάξζηνπο M2 θαη M3 θαη ζηνπο
κεηαηάξζηνπο M1, M4 M5. Ο ηχπνο είλαη (M2 + M3) - (M1 + M4 + M5).
Μεηξήζεηο δπλακηθήο – ε κέηξεζε ηεο δπλακηθήο επηηξέπεη κηα πην ιεπηνκεξή αλάιπζε ησλ απφςεσλ γηα
ηελ βάδηζε ή ηξέμηκν, θαηαγξάθνληαο ηηο πηέζεηο ηεο ζφιαο ηνπ παπνπηζηνχ ζε φιε ηελ δηάξθεηα
ηνπ βαδίζκαηνο ή ηξεμίκαηνο.
Μέηξεζε – είλαη ε δηαδηθαζία ή ην απνηέιεζκα γηα λα πξνζδηνξηζζεί ην εχξνο κηαο πνζφηεηαο, φπσο ην
κήθνο ή ε κάδα ε νπνία έρεη ζρέζε κε κηα κνλάδα κέηξεζεο, φπσο έλα κέηξν ή έλα θηιφ.
Π
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Πεξηνρή επαθήο CA [cm2] – επηθάλεηα επαθήο ε νπνία εθθξάδεηαη ζε cm2 γηα θάζε πεξηνρή πνπ
αμηνινγνχκε.
Πεξηζηξνθή πηέξλαο – ππνινγίδεηαη ζπγθξηλνκελε κε ηελ πίεζε θάησ απφ ην κέζν ηεο πηέξλαο (HM) κε
ηελ πίεζε θάησ απφ ην πιαηλφ ηεο πηέξλαο (HL).
Πνζνζηφ επαθήο (%) ηεο ελεξγεηηθήο επηθάλεηαο θαηά ηελ δηάξθεηα ηεο ζηάζεο % C – δίλεη
πιεξνθνξίεο ζρεηηθά κε ην πνζνζηφ ηεο ζπλνιηθήο ελεξγεηηθήο επηθάλεηαο ε νπνία αληηζηνηρεί
ζηελ ζηηγκή πνπ ιάβακε γηα εμέηαζε; ην πνζνζηφ ηνπ ρξφλνπ επαθήο ζπγθξηλφκελν κε ηνλ πιήξε
θχθιν βεκαηηζκνχ.
Πνζνζηφ θνξηίνπ LR [N/cm.s] – ε ηαρχηεηα επηβάξπλζεο ζηελ πξνζδηνξηζκέλε πεξηνρή.
΢
΢ηαηηθή κέηξεζε – ζηηγκηαία θαηαγξαθή; θπξηνιεθηηθά πξνιαβαίλεη κηα γξήγνξε θσηνγξάθεζε ζηηο
ζφιεο ηνπ αζζελνχο. Σα απνηειέζκαηα κηάο ζηαηηθήο κέηξεζεο είλαη νη κέγηζηεο πηέζεηο ηεο επαθήο
ηνπ πνδηνχ.
΢ηαηηθφ – απηφ πνπ δελ έρεη θακκηά θίλεζε; θαζνξηζκέλε; ζηάζηκε ζηάζε; έρεη ζρέζε κε ζψκαηα ζε
αλάπαπζε ή δπλάκεηο πνπ ηζνξξνπνχλ αλακεηαμχ ηνπο.
Τ
Τπνζηξαγαιηθή γσλία άξζξσζεο – είλαη ε γσλία αλάκεζα ζηνλ άμνλα ηνπ αζηξαγάινπ θαη ηνλ άμνλα ηεο
πηέξλαο; δείρλεη ην κέγεζνο ηνπ πξεληζκνχ ζην πίζσ πφδη θαηά ηελ δηάξθεηα ηεο ζχγθξνπζεο. Καηά
ηελ δηάξθεηα ελφο βεκαηνο θαηαγξάθεη ηηο ειάρηζηεο θαη κέγηζηεο ηηκέο. Όζν πην κεγάιε είλαη ε
ηηκή ηφζν πην πνιχο πξεληζκφο δεκηνπξγείηαη. Οη ειάρηζηεο θαη νη κέγηζηεο ηηκέο δίλνπλ επίζεο κηα
έλδεημε γηα ηελ ζέζε ηνπ πίζσ πνδηνχ ζε ζρέζε κε ην έδαθνο.
Τπνζηξαγαιηθή επθακςία αξζξψζεσλ – αλαθέξεηαη ζηελ πνηθηιία ηεο ππνζηξαγαιηθήο γσλίαο άξζξσζεο
θαη εθθξάδεη ηελ θηλεηηθφηεηα ηνπ αζηξαγάινπ.
Υ
Υξφλνο Max F/P – ν ρξφλνο θαηά ηνλ νπνίν κεηξηέηαη ε κέγηζηε δχλακε/πίεζε ε νπνία εθθξάδεηαη ζε
ρηιηνζηά ηνπ δεπηεξνιέπηνπ; ν ηξέρνλ ρξφλνο ελψ θαηαγξάθεηαη ε κέγηζηε δχλακε.
Χ
Ώζεζε I [Ns/cm] – ε θφξησζε ζε πίεζε θαη ρξφλν. Η ψζεζε (%) δείρλεη ηελ πξαγκαηηθή επηβάξπλζε ππφ
ην βάξνο ηεο ππφ αμηνιφγεζε πεξηνρήο.
Μαζεκαηηθνί φξνη πνπ ρξεζηκνπνηνχληαη ζηελ πεξηγξαθηθή θαη ιεηηνπξγηθή αλαηνκία
Α
ANSYS, Inc. – είλαη ε κεραληθή πξνζνκνίσζε ελφο παξφρνπ ινγηζκηθνχ. Αλαπηχζεη γεληθήο ρξήζεο
αλάιπζε πεξηνξηζκέλσλ ζηνηρείσλ θαη ππνινγηζηηθή ξεπζηή δπλακηθή. Ελψ ην ANSYS έρεη
αλαπηχμεη κηα πνηθηιία κεραληθήο ππνβνεζνχκελεο απφ ηνλ ππνινγηζηή (CAE) πξνηφλησλ, ίζσο
είλαη πην γλσζηφ γηα ηα ANSYS Μεραληθά ηα ANSYS πξνηφληα Πνιπθπζηθήο.
APDL –ΠΑΡΑΜΕΣΡΙΚΗ ΓΛΩ΢΢Α ΢ΥΕΔΙΑ΢ΜΟΤ ANSYS.
Αλάιπζε πεπεξαζκέλσλ ζηνηρείσλ (FEA) – είλαη κηα ηερληθή πξνζνκνίσζεο κε ππνινγηζηή πνπ
ρξεζηκνπνηείηαη ζηελ αλάιπζε ηεο κεραληθήο. Υξεζηκνπνηεί αξηζκεηηθή ηερληθή νλνκαδφκελε
κέζνδνο πεπεξαζκέσλ ζηνηρείσλ (FEM). Τπάξρνπλ πνιιά παθέηα ινγηζκηθνχ πεπεξαζκέλσλ
ζηνηρείσλ, πνπ είλαη θαη ειεχζεξα θαη ηδηφθηεηα. Η αλάπηπμε ηεο κεζφδνπ πεπεξαζκέλσλ ζηνηρείσλ
ζηε δνκηθή κεραληθή ζπλήζσο βαζίδεηαη ζε κηα αξρή ελέξγεηαο φπσο απηή ηεο εηθνληθήο εξγαζίαο
ή ζηελ αξρή ηεο ζπλνιηθήο ειάρηζηεο πηζαλήο ελέξγεηαο.
Απαινηθή θαηά Gauss – είλαη έλαο αιγφξηζκνο γηα ηελ ιχζε ζπζηεκάησλ γξακκηθψλ εμηζψζεσλ. Απηή ε
κέζνδνο κπνξεί επίζεο λα ρξεζηκνπνηεζεί γηα λα βξεζεί ε ηάμε ελφο πίλαθα, γηα λα ππνινγίζνπκε
ηνλ αληίζηξνθν ελφο αληηζηξέςηκνπ πίλαθα.
Απνδφκεζε Cholesky – ή ηο ηρίγωνο Cholesky είλαη ε απνδφκεζε ελφο Hermitian, ζεηηθά-νξηζκέλνπ
πίλαθα ζε έλα γηλφκελν θαηψηεξνπ ηξηγσληθνχ πίλαθα θαη ηνπ αλάζηξνθνχ ηνπ. Η απνδφκεζε
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Cholesky θπξίσο ρξεζηκνπνηείηαη γηα ηελ αξηζκεηηθή ρξήζε ησλ γξακκηθψλ εμηζψζεσλ Ax = b.
Αξηζκεηηθή αλάιπζε – είλαη ε κειέηε ησλ αιγφξηζκσλ νη νπνίνη ρξεζηκνπνηνχλ αξηζκεηηθή
πξνζέγγηζε γηα ηα πξνβιήκαηα ηεο καζεκαηηθήο αλάιπζεο.
Γ
Γξακκηθή εμίζσζε – είλαη κηα αιγεβξηθή εμίζσζε ζηελ νπνία θάζε φξνο είλαη ή ζηαζεξφο ή ην πξνηφλ
ελφο ζηαζεξνχ θαη (ε πξψηε δχλακε) ελφο απινχ κεηαβιεηνχ. Οη γξακκηθέο εμηζψζεηο κπνξεί λα
έρνπλ κία ή πεξηζζφηεξεο κεηαβιεηέο.
Γ
Γηαθνξηθή εμίζσζε – είλαη κηα ζπλαξηεζηαθή εμίζσζε ε νπνία πεξηιακβάλεη παξαγψγνπο ησλ κε
γλσζηψλ ζπλαξηήζεσλ.
Γπλακηθή – έλαο ηνκέαο ηεο κεραληθήο πνπ πξαγκαηεχεηαη ηελ θίλεζε ησλ ζσκάησλ θάησ απφ ηηο
δξάζεηο ησλ δπλάκεσλ ή ε κειέηε ησλ επηδξάζεσλ ησλ δπλάκεσλ επάλσ ζην ζέκα ηεο θίλεζεο ησλ
αληηθεηκέλσλ.
Δ
Δπαγσγή – ε δηαδηθαζία ησλ γεληθψλ αξρψλ πνπ πξνθχπηνπλ απφ εηδηθά γεγνλφηα θαη ζηηγκέο.
Δπαλάιεςε – κηα ππνινγηζηηθή δηαδηθαζία ζηελ νπνία ν θχθινο ησλ ιεηηνπξγηψλ επαλαιακβάλεηαη,
ζπρλά πεξίπνπ πιεζηάδεη πεξηζζφηεξν θνληά ην επηζπκεηφ απνηέιεζκα. Κάζε επαλάιεςε ηεο
δηαδηθαζίαο νλνκάδεηαη επίζεο "επαλάιεςε," θαη ηα απνηειέζκαηά ηεο ρξεζηκνπνηνχληαη ζαλ
αθεηεξία γηα ηελ επφκελε επαλάιεςε.
Κ
Κφκβνη – ζεκεία πνπ ζπλδένπλ ηα πεπεξαζκέλα ζηνηρεία πνπ δελ έρνπλ ιεθζεί ππ’φςηλ ζην κνληέιν;
πξνζδηνξίδνπλ ηελ ζπλδεζηκφηεηα ησλ πεπεξαζκέλσλ ζηνηρείσλ.
Μ
Macro – κηα νκάδα νδεγηψλ πνπ αληηπξνζσπεχεηαη απφ κία ζπληεηκεκέλε κνξθή.
Με γξακκηθφ ζχζηεκα – είλαη απηφ πνπ δελ ηθαλνπνηεί ηελ αξρή ηεο ππέξζεζεο, ή έλα ηνπ νπνίνπ ε
απφδνζε δελ είλαη επζέσο αλάινγε κε φηη έρνπκε εηζάγεη; έλα γξακκηθφ ζχζηεκα εθπιεξεί απηνχο
ηνπο φξνπο. Με άιια ιφγηα, έλα κε γξακκηθφ ζχζηεκα είλαη νπνηφδεπνηε πξφβιεκα φπνπ ε
εμίζσζε (εμηζψζεηο) γηα λα ιπζεί δελ κπνξεί λα θαηαγξαθεί ζαλ έλαο γξακκηθφο ζπλδηαζκφο ησλ
άγλσζησλ κεηαβιεηψλ ή ιεηηνπξγηψλ πνπ εκθαλίδνληαη ζε απηήλ (απηέο).
Μεραληθή ππνβνεζνχκελε απφ computers (CAE) – είλαη ε εθαξκνγή ηνπ ινγηζκηθνχ ησλ ππνινγηζηψλ
ζηελ κεραληθή γηα λα αμηνινγεζνχλ ζηνηρεία θαη ζπκπιέγκαηα. Πεξηιακβάλεη ηελ πξνζνκνίσζε,
αμηνιφγεζε, βειηηζηνπνίεζε ησλ πξνηφλησλ θαη θαηαζθεπαζηηθψλ εξγαιείσλ. Η θχξηα εθαξκνγή
ηνπ CAE, ε νπνία ρξεζηκνπνηείηαη απφ πνιηηηθνχο κεραληθνχο, ζηελ κεραληθή, αεξνδηαζηεκηθή
θαη ειεθηξνληθή κεραληθή, παίξλεη δε ηελ θφξκα ηνπ FEA παξάιιεια κε ζρέδηα ππνβνεζνχκελα
απφ ηνλ ππνινγηζηή (CAD).
Π
Πεδίν νξηζκνχ ή απιά ην πεδίο κηαο ιεηηνπξγίαο – είλαη ην ζχλνιν "ησλ εηζαγσγψλ" ή νη αμίεο ησλ
απφςεσλ γηα ηηο νπνίεο πξνζδηνξίδεηαη ε ιεηηνπξγία.
Πίλαθαο – είλαη κηα νξζνγψληα ζεηξά αξηζκψλ, ζπκβφισλ, ή εθθξάζεσλ, δηαξξπζκηζκέλσλ ζε ζεηξέο θαη
ζηήιεο.
Πξνζέγγηζε – φηαλ παξνπζηάδνπκε θάηη πνπ δελ είλαη αθξηβέο, αιιά φκσο πιεζηάδεη αξθεηά γηα λα είλαη
ρξήζηκν. Παξ’φινλ φηη ε πξνζέγγηζε ζπλήζσο εθαξκφδεηαη ζε αξηζκνχο, ζπρλά εθαξκφδεηαη θαη ζε
ηέηνηεο πεξηπηψζεηο φπσο νη καζεκαηηθέο ιεηηνπξγίεο, ζρήκαηα θαη θπζηθνί λφκνη.
΢
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΢πκπέξαζκα – ε ζπκπεξαζκαηηθή δηαδηθαζία απφ ην γεληθφ ζην εηδηθφ απφ ηελ νπνία βγαίλεη έλα
ζπκπέξαζκα θαη’αλάγθελ απφ ηηο ππνζέζεηο.
Τ
Τπν-ηνκέαο – έλα ζπζηαηηθφ ηκήκα ελφο πεδίνπ, ην νπνίν έρεη επηηεπρζεί απφ ηελ ππνδηαίξεζε ηνπ ππφ
εμέηαζε πεδίνπ.
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Λεμηιφγην Βηνυιηθψλ
A
Αηκνζπκβαηφηεηα – ην πξφβιεκα ηεο πήμεο ηνπ αίκαηνο φηαλ κεζνιαβήζεη ε παξνπζία μέλσλ ζσκάησλ.
Στόλιο: ε κειέηε ηεο αηκνζπκβαηφηεηαο είλαη πνιχ πεξίπινθε θαη δελ πεξηνξίδεηαη ζηελ πήμε ηνπ
αίκαηνο αιιά επίζεο αθνξά ηελ αληαπφθξηζε ηνπ αλνζνπνηεηηθνχ ζπζηήκαηνο (αληηζψκαηα θ.η.ι.)
θαη ηελ αληίδξαζε ησλ ηζηψλ θαη θπηηάξσλ, ηδηαίηεξα ησλ ιεκθνθπηηάξσλ θαη ιεπθνθπηηάξσλ.
Αινπκίλα (Al2O3) – έλα θεξακηθφ βηνυιηθφ κε κηα εμαηξεηηθή αληίζηαζε ζηελ ηξηβή, κε κηα θαιή
βηνζπκβαηφηεηα, πςειήο δχλακεο θαη κε κηα κεγάιε αληίζηαζε ζηελ ηξηβή. Στόλιο:
ρξεζηκνπνηείηαη γηα πάλσ απφ 20 ρξφληα ζηελ νξζνπεδηθή ρεηξνπξγηθή.
Αινπκίλην ράιθηλν – θξάκα ραιθνχ θαη αινπκηλίνπ κε άιιεο κηθξέο πνζφηεηεο κεηάιισλ, φπσο ληθέιην,
ζίδεξνο θαη καγγάλην. Στόλιο: Απηφ ην θξάκα αληηζηέθεηαη ζηνλ καιαθφ ράιπβα θαη έρεη θαιή
αληίζηαζε ζηελ δηάβξσζε.
Αληίζηαζε (εηδηθή ειεθηξηθή αληίζηαζε) – είλαη ε αληίζηαζε ζην ειεθηξηθφ ξεχκα ελφο κέξνο ηνπ
κεηαιινπ κε έλα ηκήκα 1 cm2 θαη έλα κήθνο 1 cm (in   cm).
Αληνρή – ν ζπλεζηζκέλνο ηξφπνο κέηξεζεο κηαο ίλαο ή λήκαηνο. Μπνξεί λα πξνζδηνξηζζεί ζαλ ε ηειηθή
δχλακε ηεο ίλαο (ζπάζηκν) ζε (κνλάδεο κέηξεζεο γξακκαξίσλ) πνπ δηαηξνχληαη κε ηα denier.
B
Βηναδξαλέο (βηνυιηθφ) – ρσξίο αληαπφθξηζε (ή κε ηελ ειάρηζηε αληαπφθξηζε) απφ ηνλ νξγαληζκφ πνπ
βξίζθνληαη; Επνκέλσο ρσξίο αιιεινεπίδξαζε κε ηνλ δσληαλφ ηζηφ.
Βην-αλεθηά (βηνυιηθφ) – δηαρσξίδεηαη απφ ηνλ δσληαλφ ηζηφ κε ηελ θαηάιιειε παρηά εζσηεξηθή πιεπξά
ψζηε λα απνθεχγνληαη ζεκαληηθέο δηαηαξαρέο ζπκβαηφηεηαο.
Βηναπνξξνθήζηκν (βηνυιηθφ) – εμαζθαιίδεη κηα επαλαξξνθεηηθή δηαιπηή δηαδηθαζία κεηά ηελ εηζαγσγή
ζην αλζξψπηλν ζψκα, θαη κε κηα ζηαδηαθή αληηθαηάζηαζε κέζσ ηεο εμάπισζεο ηνπ δσληαλνχ
ηζηνχ.
Βηνελεξγεηηθφ (βηνυιηθφ) – πξνυπνζέηεη θπζηθν-ρεκηθέο αληηδξάζεηο κε ηνλ δσληαλφ ηζηφ δίλεη ρξήζηκεο
απαληήζεηο, αλάθηεζε δπλάκεσλ ζηελ δψλε επαθήο θαη δηεγείξεη ηελ αχμεζε ησλ θπηηάξσλ ηνπ
ελδνζειίνπ.
Βηνζπκβαηφηεο – κηα ηδηφηεηα ελφο πιηθνχ. Έλα πιηθφ κε βέιηηζηε βηνζπκβαηφηεηα δελ πεξηιακβάλεη
αλεπηζχκεηε αληίδξαζε. ΢πγρξφλσο αλακέλεηαη φηη ην πιηθφ πνπ έρνπκε εκθπηεχζεη ζα αληηζηαζεί
ζε νπνηαδήπνηε θπζηνινγηθή έληαζε ρσξίο νπζηψδεηο αιιαγέο δηαζηάζεσλ, αιινίσζε θφξκαο ή ζε
θάπνην άιιν θαηαζηξνθηθφ πεξηζηαηηθφ.
Βηνυιηθά – αλφξγαλα ή νξγαληθά πξντφληα κε πνηθίιεο εθαξκνγέο φπσο πξνζζεηηθά ή εκθπηεχκαηα ζε
βηνινγηθνχο ηζηνχο, ζε αλζξψπνπο θαη δψα. Μπνξνχλ λα ρξεζηκνπνηεζνχλ δηάθνξα κέηαιια,
θξάκαηα, θεξακηθά, γπαιί, νξγαληθά πνιπκεξή θαη άιια ηέηνηα, φπσο είλαη ηα ζχλζεηα πξντφληα.
Δ
Δθπνκπέο ηφλησλ (πνπ έρνπλ ζρέζε κε ηελ ηνμηθφηεηα) – νη θαθψζεηο πξνθαινχληαη απφ ηελ ρξήζε
κεηαιιηθψλ θξακάησλ ιφγσ ηεο εθπνκπήο ηφλησλ ζαλ απνηέιεζκα ηεο δηάβξσζεο.
Διαηφηεο – ε ηθαλφηεηα ηνπ κεηάιινπ λα κεηακνξθψλεηαη θάησ απφ ην ζηξεο ηεο ζπκπίεζεο; απηφ ζπρλά
ραξαθηεξίδεηαη απφ ηελ ηθαλφηεηα ηνπ πιηθνχ λα ζρεκαηίδεη έλα ιεπηφ θχιιν ζθπξειαηψληαο ή
δηπιψλνληαο ζε ρακειφηεξε ζεξκνθξαζία απφ ην ζεκείν ηεο ηήμεο.
Δπαηζζεζία θαη αιιεξγίεο (πνπ έρνπλ ζρέζε κε ηελ ηνμηθφηεηα) – πξνζδηνξίδνληαη ζαλ δπλαηέο
αληηδξάζεηο ησλ αηφκσλ ζηηο νπζίεο πνπ εηζέξρνληαη ζηνλ νξγαληζκφ.
Δππιαζηφηεηα – κηα ζηαζεξή ηθαλφηεηα ηνπ πιηθνχ λα παξακνξθψλεηαη ππφ ζπλζήθεο έληαζεο φηαλ
ηεληψλεηαη; απηφ ζπρλά ραξαθηεξίδεηαη απφ ηελ ηθαλφηεηα ηνπ πιηθνχ λα ηελησζεί κέζα ζ’έλα
θαιψδην; εμαξηάηαη απφ ηελ πιαζηηθφηεηα θαη ειαηφηεηα.
Θ
Θεξκηθή αγσγηκφηεο – ε πνζφηεηα ζεξκφηεηαο πνιιαπιαζηάδνκελε ζε έλα δεπηεξφιεπην κέζσ ελφο
θπβηθνχ εθαηνζηνκέηξνπ ηνπ κεηάιινπ (ζε J  cm
1
 s 1  grd 1 ). Στόλιο: κέηαιια κε πςειή
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ζεξκηθή αγσγηκφηεηα είλαη: ν άξγπξνο, ν ραιθφο, ν ρξπζφο θαη ην αινπκίλην, θαη κε ρακειή
αγσγηκφηεηα: ν κφιπβδνο θαη ν πδξάξγπξνο.
Κ
Κεξακηθά πιηθά – βηνυιηθά κε κεγάιε δχλακε ζε ζρέζε κε ηελ κάδα ηνπο, ηελ αθακςία, ηελ αληνρή ζε
ζνθ, ηελ αληίζηαζε ζηελ δηάβξσζε (ρξεζηκνπνηνχληαη ζηελ ζηνκαηνινγία & νδνληηαηξηθή,
νθζαικνινγία, ζε ζπζθεπέο κέηξεζεο–ζεξκφκεηξα θ.η.ι.).
Κξάκαηα αινπκηλίνπ – ηα θξάκαηα ηα νπνία δεκηνπξγνχκε απφ ηνλ ζπλδπαζκφ αινπκηλίνπ κε άιια πιηθά.
Στόλιο: Σα θξάκαηα αινπκηλίνπ θαηάιιεια γηα ρπηήξηα πεξηέρνπλ max. 15% ζηιηθφλε, πιένλ ησλ
άιισλ κηθξψλ πνζνηήησλ κεηάιισλ, φπσο ν ραιθφο, ην ζίδεξν, ην ληθέιην θαη ν ςεπδάξγπξνο. Σα
θξάκαηα αινπκηλίνπ ηα νπνία είλαη θαηάιιεια γηα άιιεο δηαδηθαζίεο κνληεινπνίεζεο φπσο ε
ζθπξειάηεζε, ε πιαζηηθνπνίεζε, θ.η.ι., πεξηέρνπλ πεξίπνπ 7% καγλήζην θαη 1% καγγάλην.
Κξάκαηα βαζηζκέλα ζην θνβάιηην – θξάκαηα κε έλα πεξηερφκελν 25-30% ρξψκην-Cr, 5-7% κνιπβδαίληνMo θαη κηθξέο πνζφηεηεο άιισλ κεηάιισλ φπσο ην ληθέιην-Ni, καγγάλην-Mn, δηξθφλην-Zr θαη
θαζζίηεξνο-Sn. Άιια θξάκαηα βαζηζκέλα ζην θνβάιηην είλαη εθείλα κε πεξίπνπ 20% ρξψκην-Cr,
10% ληθέιην-Ni and max. 15% wolfram-W.
Κξάκαηα βαζηζκέλα ζην ηηηάλην – θξάκαηα κε 70-90% ηηηάλην-Ti, θαη κηθξέο πνζφηεηεο άιισλ
κεηάιισλ: αινπκίλην-Al, βαλάδην-V, ληφβην-Nb, ηαληάιεην-Ta, καγγάλην-Mn, δηξθφλην-Zr θαη
θαζζίηεξνο-Sn.
Κξάκαηα ράιπβα – κηα κεγάιε πνηθηιία απφ θξάκαηα ηα νπνία βαζίδνληαη ζηνλ ράιπβα (θξάκα βαζηζκέλν
ζηνλ ζίδεξν); κπνξνχλ λα παξαρζνχλ ρξεζηκνπνηψληαο δηαθνξεηηθνχο ζπλδπαζκνχο ζηνηρείσλ θαη
κε ηελ θαηάιιειε ζεξκηθή κεηαρείξεζε. Ο ράιπβαο καγγαλίνπ πεξηέρεη πεξίπνπ 1% άλζξαθα θαη
11-14% καγγάλην. Υξεζηκνπνηείηαη γηα ηελ παξαγσγή ζπζηαηηθψλ πνπ κπνξνχλ λα αληηζηαζνχλ ζε
κεγάιε ρξήζε. Ο αλνμείδσηνο ράιπβαο, γλσζηφο σο 18-8, είλαη έλα θξάκα ζηδήξνπ, κε 18%
ρξψκην, 8% ληθέιην θαη 0.08% άλζξαθα.
Κξάκαηα ραιθνχ – θξάκαηα βαζηζκέλα ζηνλ ραιθφ ζε ζπλδπαζκφ κε άιια πνηθίια κέηαιια.
Παξαδείγκαηα: κπξνχληδνο, νξείραιθνο θαη θξάκαηα ραιθν-ληθειίνπ. Ο κπξνχληδνο πνπ είλαη ην
παιαηφηεξν θξάκα απνηειείηαη απφ 75% ραιθφ θαη 25% θαζζίηεξν. Ο κπξνχληδνο είλαη έλαο
γεληθφο ηίηινο γηα κηα κεγάιε πνηθηιία ζε θξάκαηα ραιθνχ.
Μ
Μέηαιιν – έλα ζηνηρείν, έλα ζχλζεην ζψκα ή θξάκα ην νπνίν είλαη θαιφο αγσγφο θαη ηνπ ειεθηξηζκνχ θαη
ηεο ζεξκφηεηαο. Στόλιο: Σα κέηαιια είλαη ζπλήζσο ιακπεξά, έρνπλ ειαηφηεηα θαη είλαη εχπιαζηα.
Πνιιά ζηνηρεία θαη ζχλζεηα ζψκαηα πνπ θαλνληθά δελ θαηαηάζζνληαη ζαλ κέηαιια γίλνληαη
κεηαιιηθά ππφ πςειέο πηέζεηο.
Ν
Νηνπξαινπκίλην – έλα θξάκα αινπκηλίνπ ην νπνίν παίξλνπκε ρξεζηκνπνηψληαο ηελ επίδξαζε γλσζηή σο
ζθιήξπλζε κε ηνλ ρξφλν. Η ζχλζεζε ησλ θξακάησλ ληνπξαινπκηλίνπ πνηθίιιεη, αιιά πεξηέρνπλ
αινπκίλην, πιένλ 3.5%-4.5% ραιθφ, 0.4%-0.7% καγλήζην, 0.4%-0.7% καγγάλην, θαη πεξίπνπ 0.7%
ζηιηθφλεο.
Ο
Οξείραιθνο – έλα θξάκα ραιθνχ-ςεπδαξγχξνπ, ζπρλά ελψλεηαη κε άιια πιηθά, φπσο ν θαζζίηεξνο,
κφιπβδνο θαη ην αινπκίλην. Σν ληθέιην αξγχξνπ έρεη ζρέζε κε ηνλ κπξνχληδν θαη απνηειείηαη απφ
ραιθφ ςεπδάξγπξν θαη ληθέιην.
Οξζψζεηο – νξζνπεδηθέο εθαξκνγέο ή ζπζθεπέο νη νπνίεο ρξεζηκνπνηνχληαη γηα λα επζπγξακκίδνπλ,
εκπνδίδνπλ ή λα δηνξζψλνπλ παξακνξθψζεηο ή γηα λα βειηηψλνπλ ηελ ιεηηνπξγία ησλ θηλεηψλ
ηκεκάησλ ηνπ ζψκαηνο.
Π
Πιαζηηθφηεηα – κηα κεραληθή ηδηφηεο ησλ κεηάιισλ θαη θξακάησλ λα κεηακνξθψλνληαη κνλίκσο φηαλ
επεξξεάδνληαη απφ έλα εμσηεξηθφ ζηξεο.
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Πνιπκεξή – πιηθά κε αδχλακε ειεθηξηθή θαη ζεξκηθή αγσγή, αδχλακε κεραληθή δχλακε; Πνιχ εχπιαζηα
θαη κε αληίζηαζε ζε ζνθ (ρξεζηκνπνηνχληαη γηα θαθνχο επαθήο, ζηηο κεκβξάλεο αηκνδηάιπζεο,
ηερλεηφ δέξκα, ηέλνληεο θ.η.ι.).
Πξφζζεζεο – έλα ηερλεηφ εχξεκα πνπ πξννξίδεηαη γηα ηελ αληηθαηάζηαζε ελφο νξγάλνπ ή κηαο άξζξσζεο
(αληηθαζηζηά έλα ηκήκα ηνπ ζψκαηνο πνπ έρεη ραζεί ιφγσ ηξαχκαηνο, αξξψζηηαο ή ιφγσ ζπλζεθψλ
εθ γελεηήο).
΢
΢χλζεηα πιηθά – πξνέξρνληαη απφ δπν ή πεξηζζφηεξα πιηθά, κε πνηθίιεο ηδηφηεηεο (κέηαιιν/κέηαιιν,
κέηαιιν/πνιπκεξέο, πνιπκεξέο/πνιπκεξέο, πνιπκεξέο/θεξακηθά θ.η.ι.).
΢σκαηίδηα πνπ πξνθχπηνπλ απφ ηελ ηξηβή (ζρεηίδνληαη κε ηελ ηνμηθφηεηα) – ζσκαηίδηα πνπ παξάγνληαη
απφ πξνζζέζεηο ζηηο αξζξψζεηο θαη απφ θηλεηά εκθπηεχκαηα.
T
Σνμηθφηεο – ν βαζκφο ζηνλ νπνίν κηα νπζία κπνξεί λα θαηαζηξέςεη έλα νξγαληζκφ. Η ηνμηθφηεο κπνξεί λα
ζπζρεηηζζεί κε ηελ επίδξαζε επάλσ ζε έλα νιφθιεξν νξγαληζκφ, φπσο δψν, βαθηήξην ή θπηφ,
θαζψο επίζεο ε επίδξαζε επάλσ ζηελ ππνδνκή ελφο νξγαληζκνχ, φπσο έλα θχηηαξν
(θπηηαξνηνμηθφηεηα) ή έλα φξγαλν φπσο ε επαηνμηθφηεηα ηνπ ήπαηνο.
Τ
Τδξνμπαπαηίηε (HAp) – έλα θεξακηθφ βηνυιηθφ βαζηζκέλν ζε θσζθνξηθφ αζβέζηην; ε εκπνξηθή
πδξνμπαπαηίηεο είλαη βηνζπκβαηή θαη ε βην-ππνβάζκηζε είλαη απνχζα ή πεξηνξηζκέλε.
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