Approaches, possibilities and choices for a better dissemination of

Approaches, possibilities and choices for a
better dissemination of knowledge
Networking and Best Practices for
Mediterranean Grassland Habitat Types
29 - 30 May 2015, Prespa, Greece
Natura 2000 in Apulia
Nat
2000
Nat
2000
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Natura 2000 in Apulia
Surface
Area
2005 (ha)
SCI
SCI water
SAC
Total land no overlappings (no water)
% regional total
surface
391.421,00
20,30
243.788,00
12,60
Surface
% regional total
surface
2012 (ha)
394.150,20
74.536,88
259.672,00
402.899,20
20,36
13,41
20,81
Agricultural area in Natura 2000 areas
Tot surface Natura 2000
(land)
(ha)
Natura 2000 su
regional total
surface
(%)
Agricultural areas
in Natura 2000
(ha)
% Agricultural areas
in Natura 2000
(%)
Tot agricultural area
Apulia Region
(ha)
% of agr areas in Nat
2000 on total regional
agr area
400.170
20,7
197.424,073
49,3
1.471.510,12
11,75
Region Apulia is the Mangement Authority
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
A basic feature of nature protection is that it
traditionally constitutes an external, top-down
intervention based on scientific knowledge,
while local knowledge and practices are at best
treated as complementary.
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
To achieve the objective of a management
really sustainable in the Natura 2000 areas, it is
necessary to put the protection and
conservation of biodiversity (genetic, vegetal,
animal) together with the valorization of
territory through its productive, social and
cultural aspects.
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
… Participatory Approach
Throughout the processes of implementation of various
international projects dealing with natural resources use and
management (Interreg projects AM.JO.WE.L.S. on coastal
wetlands, Innova and INTEGRA aimed at defining criteria for
sustainable and participatory management of protected areas in
the Euro-mediterranean; EcoMeMaq, LIFE+ Cent.Oli.Med.
Project, …) my Institution pursued the aim of involving
stakeholders at different spatial levels (from local to regional
and supranational) and in different planning domains (from
concrete actions to the wide-area planning and to the definition
of EU-Med strategies).
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Participatory approaches are institutional
instruments whereby public and/or various
stakeholders are brought together to
participate more or less directly, and more or
less formally, in some stages of the decisionmaking process.
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
How “to prepare people to contribute”
to biodiversity conservation?
There’s a need to share knowledge,
but …
what kind of knowledge?
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Comparing knowledge typologies
Scientific knowledge
Local /tacit knowledge
•
• Local /tacit knowledge is highly
variable and non-universal
• Local knowledge encourage
practices that allow control but in
a way that adaptive flexibility
towards the uncontrolled is still
recognized as a necessary
attribute
• Local knowledge is generated in
practice and can be only weakly
codified
• Knowledge exchange is informal
and based on trust, therefore
embedded in local networks
•
•
Scientific knowledge is often
described as highly
decontextualized, specialized and
standardized
Scientific knowledge encourages
practices to control and standardize
local conditions
Scientific knowledge is generated in
extra-local conditions following a
cartesian view of controlled
conditions and it is highly codified,
validated trough academic
discourse and transferred trough
consultancy and extension services.
Is related to different social orders
or network structures
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Until some years ago, there was a general consensus about the significance
of knowledge for sustainable resource use and nature protection
(Berkes and Folke 1998; Millar and Curtis 1999; Burgess et al. 2000; Curry
and Winter 2000; Berkes 2002).
Most of the specific knowledge about natura
conservation could be analized and categorised into:
Reserve management types,
Agri-environmental projects,
Research and development projects,
and Community development activities
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
but … nature is socially constructed,
Places are both socially and naturally made through both the actions of the
residents and their local natures, and ... by combinations of externalised
socio-natural-political forces and ideologies.
Nature is socialised just as community is naturalised.
(Marsden, 2003)
The different paradigms of sustainable development disagree over the
forms and role of the knowledge required.
(Bruckmeier and Tovey 2008)
Nature protection and resource management also refer to
knowledge about social processes and dynamics, economic
relations and communication:
“Managerial” knowledge also is needed
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Different typologies of knowledge that can be
used for Natura 2000 sites and sustainable rural
development in general and are coming from
different «producers» and need to be better
targeted to different «consumers / users»
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
In Suškevičs and Külvik (2011) an investigation is reported about the
landowner involvement during the Natura 2000 designations in Estonia.
The analysis focused on two aspects:
1. The role of information and knowledge in the participatory process;
2. The acceptance of Natura 2000 among landowners.
Insights gained from two case studies in northern Estonia (Kõnnumaa) and
southern Estonia (Otepää) indicated that despite extensive communication
processes during designations, many landowners lacked basic knowledge on
Natura 2000 issues and on consultation procedure at the beginning of
involvement processes and afterwards.
And the results additionally suggested that:
“addressing the needs, expectations and knowledge claims of different
stakeholders within participatory processes is a necessary precondition for
gained acceptance in biodiversity-related landscape planning.”
Suškevičs M. and Külvik M. (2011). The Role of Information, Knowledge, and Acceptance During Landowner Participation in the Natura 2000
Designations: The Cases of Otepää and Kõnnumaa, Estonia. In: Jones M. and Stenseke M. (ed). The European Landscape Convention.
Springer Netherlands, pp. 275-294. Landscape Series. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9932-7_14
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Therefore ….
Involvement of local communities and of the so-called stakeholders
represents a not-negotiable component in the management of a
territory and even more for a Natura 2000 area
An objective for the achievement of sustainable management of protected
areas should include the empowerment of local communities in
recognizing their rights and their responsibilities in the management of
these natural resources.
If the people that are living in and around the protected area are not
prepared to contribute to the implementation of the political measures
for biodiversity conservation, regulations, policies and plan will have
little chance to achieve their objectives.
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Knowledge typology
Knowledge producer
Knowledge users/
consumers
Scientific /expert
knowledge (managerial,
or classical, …)
Researchers, experts
(botanists, fauna experts,
…)
Management authorities
Planners, researchers
Local stakeholders,
Decision makers, …
Managerial scientific
/expert knowledge
Researchers, experts
Management authorities,
(managers, sociologists,…) Decision makers,
Planners, Researchers,
Local stakeolders
Lay/traditional knowledge Layman (farmers,
stakeholders, …)
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Researchers,
Management authorities
Planners,
Local stakeolders,
Decision makers, …
The challenge of nature protection is to connect
expert knowledge to local communities and thereby
to other knowledge types.
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
For all typologies of knowledge
networking is the key to exchange
“knowledge in networks can be either prescriptive or negotiative ...
As networks emerge or change so the knowledge held by various
participants is likely to be redistributed and this redistribution will be
governed, in part, by the degree to which knowledge is standardised or
open to negotiate in local situations.”
(Morgan and Murdoch 2000)
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Governance and Actors for Natura 2000
Who is principally involved in the governance of the Natura 2000 areas?
Ministries (Agriculture, Environment, Tourism)
Regions
Management Authorities (Region Apulia)
Local institutions (Municipalities, …)
Private owners
There is a low level of communication and / or cooperation between the
players involved in the management of Natura 2000
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
General Tools for knowledge sharing
•
Meeting involving all stakeholders or farmers directly (representatives can be
appointed by them in a second moment), to explain in a very clear way the reason
why you are asking their direct participation and ask for their involvement (in
agreeing on decisions and rules, asking for their commitment)
•
Stakeholders’ analysis (about 40 local actors selected based on the assumption that
they should represent all sustainability dimensions) and involvement of
representatives.
•
Personal interviews on the basis of a semi-structured questionnaire (Stakeholders’
Rapid Appraisal of Sustainable Management) in order to define: level of awareness,
perceived values and threats affecting areas and domains of interest and main
objectives for the biodiversity conservation of the habitats for each Sustainability
Dimension
•
Stakeholders’ meetings aimed to prioritize specific objectives, results and actions;
these represents the management criteria on the basis of which the an Integrated
Socio-Economic and Environmental Planning can be set.
•
Step-by-step validation of rules and decisions through meetings with technicians,
fauna and flora experts are going to be performed all along the process.
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Working with local stakeholders
• 1° step:
• Collecting and «harvesting» Layman knowledge
– Delivering of short questionnaires with few technical questions (max
10) in order:
• To collect info context dependent
• To better understand the priorities of intervention
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Gentile Agricoltore,
In questa tabella sono riportati alcuni dati frutto di un monitoraggio di aziende olivicole pugliesi in corso dal 2004.
I dati riportati sono dati medi calcolati su base pluriennale e raccolti in aziende agricole diverse tra loro e situate in tutta la
Ask their
Regione.
Le saremmo grati se volesse contribuire ad aggiornare questi dati e a renderli ancora più aderenti
alla nostra realtà agricola
opinion
inserendo nelle colonne a destra dei dati già presenti, i dati relativi alla azienda o agli appezzamenti da Lei condotti o gestiti.
La ringraziamo per la collaborazione e per la disponibilità.
Caratteristiche degli oliveti e dati da rilevare
dato medio pugliese
dato medio pugliese
dato medio pugliese
oliveti secolari tradiz
moderni intensivi
super intensivi
da 48 a 120
> 120
>277
60 (da 34 a 234)
24,75
43,28
da 1,5 a 2,5
0,33
0,25
128,75
920,4
1274
turno di potatura (anni)
4
2
1
fertilizzazione (kg N/ha)
<170
>=170
>210
diserbo / lavorazioni
diserbo / lavorazioni
diserbo/ lavorazioni
sotto la chioma
sulle file/tra le file
tutto
numero di piante/ha
potatura (lavoro) (gg/ha)
tempo/pianta (ore)
carburante (per potatura e operazioni connesse)
gestione infestanti
localizzazione della gestione delle infestanti
raccolto (q/ha)
dimensioni dell’appezzamento di riferimento (ha)
dimensioni medie dell’azienda di riferimento (ha)
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Concrete conservation actions
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Concrete conservation actions
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Concrete conservation actions
Collection of
propagation
material
(seeds,
rhizomes,
bulbs, …) from
local shrubs.
Multiplication
and growth of
material in
nursery.
Concrete conservation actions
Nursery at
CIHEAM IAM-Bari
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
In the course of the meetings or
trainings courses with all farmers
Tabella 3 – dati derivanti dal confronto tra due diversi piani di fertilizzazione fogliare applicati a due tipologie di
oliveto secolare. (Fonte: IAMB1)
Descrizione lavorazione
Costo
Quantità
Im piego
Prezzo
Tem po
Costo
carburanti
Modalità di
prodotto N P2O5 K2O
operatrice Fertilizzante
prodotto di lavoro m anodopera
e
distribuzione
utilizzata (%) (%) (%)
(ore/ha)
(€/kg)
(gg/ha)
(€/ha)
lubrificanti
(kg/ha)
(€/ha)
lancia
Oliveto secolare monumentale con 60 piante ad ettaro
nitrofol
concimazione fogliare 1
8
olifol
magnefol
nitrofol
concimazione fogliare 2
8
plantofol
complet
nitrofol
concimazione fogliare 3
8
olifol
plantafol
magnefol
concimazione fogliare 4
8
complet
11,38
5,69
1,90
6,32
2,53
9,49
6,32
3,16
1,90
6,32
9,49
29
9
6
29
8
20
29
9
8
6
20
7
15
8,5
4
6
15
7
8,5
15
6
4
15
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
Costo
prodotti
(€/ha)
Costo
trattam ento
(€/ha)
1,3
59,44
61,24
18,97
139,65
1,3
59,44
61,24
18,34
139,02
Costo
della
gestione
della
fertilità
(€/ha)
€ 547,21
1,3
59,44
61,24
11,38
132,06
1,3
59,44
61,24
15,81
136,49
Tabella
4 - Elementi di confronto tra
diverse tipologie di oliveti secolari in rapporto alla loro gestione (dati medi relativi all’areale compreso tra il
concimazione fogliare 1
8
floral
0,32
30 12 20
3,00
1,3
59,44
61,24
0,95
121,62
Relevant question related
to comparison of plans
of
potatura
fertilizazion
Parco delle Dune Costiere e la Riserva di Torre
Guaceto)0,32
(Fonte: IAMB).
micron
2,00
1,3
swift
0,32
1
19
2,00 costi (€/ha)
superficie micron
2,00 controllo
azienda fogliare
oliveto
lavorazioni 0,32
gestione
gestione
concimazione
3
8
1,3
(ha)
erre
10 15 17
2,00
del
terreno 0,24
fertilità
avversità
malerbe
erre
0,24
10 15 17
2,00
concimazione
fogliare 4 monumentali 8
1,3
oliveti secolari
prime
0,32
8,5 13
2,00
borfast
1,42
A
biologico
0,8 8
247,40
202,18 Boro 71,0016,00
concimazione
fogliare
5
1,3
ferrofast
1,4214,70 Ferro
B
biologico
2,01
124,00
- 16,00
Oliveto infittito con 150 piante ad ettaro (40 monumentali e 110 alberi di 25 anni)
C
biologico
10,1
105,00
356,07
129,00
nitrofol
11,38
29
1,00
D
biologico
11,467
105,00
13,379
150,00
concimazione
fogliare
1
1,1
olifol
5,69
7
15
1,00
E
convenzionale
18,25
2,32
662,10
163,001,00 34,74
magnefol
1,90
6
oliveti secolari monumentali infittiti
nitrofol
6,32
29
1,00
concimazione
fogliare
2
1,1
plantofol
2,53
8 8,5 67,00
6
1,00
A
biologico
19,367
254,00
201,75
complet
9,49
B
biologico
32,4
172,00
14,7020 4 15- 1,00
nitrofol
6,32
29
1,00
C
biologico
60,057
112,00
358,73
130,00
concimazione
fogliare
3
1,1
olifol
3,16
9
7
15
1,00
E
convenzionale
19,7
21,35
591,40
39,49
plantafol
1,90
8 8,5 120,58
6
1,00
magnefol
6,32
6
1,00
concimazione fogliare 4
7
1,1
complet
9,49
20
4
15
1,00
8
atomizzatore
lancia
concimazione fogliare 2
7
concimazione fogliare 2
7
concimazione fogliare 3
concimazione fogliare 4
concimazione fogliare 5
atomizzatore
concimazione fogliare 1
7
7
7
floral
micron
swift
micron
erre
erre
prime
borfast
ferrofast
0,32
0,32
0,32
0,32
0,24
0,24
0,32
1,42
1,42
30
1
10
10
12
20
19
15 17
15 17
8,5 13
Boro
Ferro
3,00
2,00
2,00
2,00
2,00
2,00
2,00
16,00
16,00
59,44
61,24
59,44
61,24raccolta
1,11
1,26
59,44
61,24
1,11
1066,00 61,241448,58
59,44
45,53
1229,00
798,00
250,00
1131,00
1200,00 53,58 780,00
52,01
18,97
1181,59
522,51
52,01
18,34
836,00 53,58 478,38
121,94
produzione
121,78
(kg/ha)
costo
totale€ 653,34
121,78
3035,16
166,21
2165,70
1971,07
2248,37
124,56
2566,26
6.010
2.220
6.133
1.280
5.190
452,00
429,00
346,00 53,58 949,00
52,01
11,38
479,37
483,99
123,93
1837,13
6.947
€ 486,87
1067,70
4.564
1895,73
6.509
116,97
1736,18
5.760
52,01
53,58
15,81
121,40
1,1
52,01
53,58
0,95
106,54
1,1
52,01
53,58
1,26
106,86
1,1
52,01
53,58
1,11
106,70
1,1
52,01
53,58
1,11
106,70
1,1
52,01
53,58
45,53
151,13
€ 577,92
1
L’Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo nell’ambito delle attività di formazione, ricerca e di supporto istituzionale ha effettuato una serie di monitoraggi
presso le aziende agricole del territorio pugliese. Tale attività di raccolta dati è stata svolta con continuità a partire dal 2004 ed è tuttora in corso.
I dati presenti in questo documento provengono da elaborazioni effettuate nel lambito di lavori di ricerca a supporto della formazione in particolare
da: i) Ramez M. (2009) – Micoroeconomic Analysis in organic olive farms. The case of : “Ancient olive trees in the rural parkland in Apulia”
CIHEAM/IAMB – Collection Master of Science n 570/2009; ii) Network di aziende MOAN – Medterranean Organic Agriculture Network – 20042010; iii) Progetto ABMed 2007-2010 finanziato dal MiPAAF.
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Negotiating about plants to be allocated at the borders of the fields
allowed us to acquire a better knowledge of past traditional local diet;
allowed Farmers to know about importance of such species for birds and animal
in general
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Guidelines for Biodiversity Conservation in
different cropping systems
Good practices for the conservation and
improvement of biodiversity in the ancient olive
groves
• In the guidelines for the olive groves the
Through
a consultation
with farmers
and local
priorities
and the specific
objectives
are
technicians,
Guidelines
for
the
Conservation
of
derived from the analysis of the perceptions
Biodiversity
in anySHs.
cropping system can be
of the different
defined.
• The analysis of landscape, flora and fauna
In conducted
the guidelines,
priorities
in the target
areasand
wereobjectives
the basis
should
from
contribution
of different
withcome
which
to the
integrate
the agronomical
subjects,
collected through questionnaires and in
know-how.
the
course
of several practices
meetings. were considered
• All
agricultural
(planting, soil cultivation, soil fertility
management,
management
Guidelines
are notirrigation,
going toweed
be a
theoretical
and pest
pruning, harvesting)
document
butmanagement,
a practical handbook
taking into
indicating alla farming
low environmental
impact
consideration
practices to properly
approach
manage
the crop (or pasture with) a low impact
on
environmental
of reference.
• the
Practices
were context
negotiated
and agreed
with farmers and local extension
services
anddisseminated
technicians.to local farmers
Guidelines
can
Requirements:
through
a short training courses that can enable
themEnvironmental
to achieve credits
for continuous education
sustainability
that Economic
allow to achieve
a better scoring when they
sustainability
apply for contributions from RDPs
Sharing
Replicability
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Knowledge typology
Knowledge producer
Knowledge users/
consumers
Scientific /expert
knowledge (managerial,
or classical, …)
Researchers, experts
(botanists, fauna experts,
…)
Management authorities
Planners, researchers
Local stakeholders,
Decision makers, …
Managerial scientific
/expert knowledge
Researchers, experts
Management authorities,
(managers, sociologists,…) Decision makers,
Planners, Researchers,
Local stakeolders
Lay/traditional knowledge Layman (farmers,
stakeholders, …)
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Researchers,
Management authorities
Planners,
Local stakeolders,
Decision makers, …
THE KNOWLEDGE WE ARE ABLE TO SHARE IN THESE CONTEXT
WHERE LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS ARE THE CENTER OF THE
ACTIONS IS MAINLY RELATED TO:
1. Agri-environmental projects,
2. Agricultural practices
3. Low impact management options
4. But also about
5. Flora and fauna species
6. Rational use of natural resources (water, soil conservation,
…)
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
From objectives to strategies
Stakeholders’
analysis and
Country Rapid
Appraisal
Prioritization of
specific objectives
Definition of
tools, actions
and players
Definition of
strategies
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
In the course of the meetings with
local stakeholders:
It can be also a good
moment to collect useful
infos to start to identify
key Stakeholders ...
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
This kind of participatory process revealed to be more time-spending than it
was foresaw, but part of this work was used to develop the environmental
and economic plan for the development of the area as well as to elaborate
the integrated environmental governance model by concerted efforts with
the local actors in the target area.
INTEGRATED PLAN FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND
ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT
&
LOCAL GOVERNANCE MODEL
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Guidelines for management of
biodiversity Olive groves in Apulia and
Grece
Sharing among
stakeholders
Questionnaires
to stakeholders
Integrated Plan for Socio-Economic and
Environmental Development
Local governance model
Identification of the local governance model
Action Plan at EU-Med level
Permanent Consulatation Table at EuMed level
(Italy, Spain, Portugal,
Grece, Syria and Tunisia)
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Concrete actions of implementation
Transferibility:
From Guidelines to EU-Med Action Plan
Integrated Plan for Socio-Economic and
Environmental Development
In order to improve consciousness and enhance the natural capital and socio-cultural
heritage, in the frame of the activities for biodiversity protection integrated Plan for
Socio-Economic and Environmental Development of areas can be implemented.
The identified development strategies takes into account the principles of
sustainable development:
1. to put in value the strengths offered by natural resources, history and culture as
well as the agricultural landscape and their tourist attractiveness, ensuring a
development that take care both environmental and human resources;
2. to suggest development strategies that directly involve local farming
communities;
3. to set up a virtuous circle between different economic sectors, especially
tourism and agriculture.
Key-words are: environmental and economic sustainability, sharing, replicability
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Integrated Plan for Socio-Economic and
Environmental Development
Contents:
– Analysis of the local context in the Reserve
– Analysis of the social and productive system
(agriculture, tourism,…)
– Analysis planning and regulation tools existing in the
areas
– Ongoing Projects (in a view of sustainable development)
– The Socio-Economic Development Plan:
• Pivot and Purpose of the Plan
• Objectives and Actions to be implemented
• Definition of interventions
• Parties to be involved (stakeholders' analysis)
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Governance Model
Problems, specific issues,
weak points
Actions
Strategic objectives
Operational objectives
This path has been organized in separate parts in relation to the following issues concerning
the area of intervention:
The relationship with the natural ecological system (habitats and species)
The system of fruition
Environmental education and diet
The agronomic management of Natura 2000 areas in support of biodiversity
Sustainable tourism
Monitoring of changes, results and achievements
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
SHs Rapid Appraisal output:
the results on same issue differ place to place
POLICY EFFECTIVENESS
2
1
0
-1
-2
COOPERATION LEVEL
MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS
Apulia IT
Chania GR
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Comparison between perceived values
in Apulia (IT) and Chania (GR)
Century-old Olive Groves values (Chania - Apulia)
Environmental Values
35
30
25
20
Chania
15
Puglia
10
5
0
Economic Values
Socio-cultural Values
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Century-old Olive Groves threats (Chania - Apulia)
Habitat conversion
Economical threats
Social threats
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Transportation/Energy infrastructure
Abiotic resource use
Modification of natural processes / ecological
drivers / disturbance regimes
Consumptive biological resource use
Invasive species (alien and native)
Non-consumptive biological resource use
Pollution
Puglia
Chania
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
1st Stakeholders Meeting
In the 1st meeting
A provisional table of the specific objectives, as coming from the Questionnaires, was
discussed and integrated from the participants.
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Knowledge typology
Knowledge producer
Knowledge users/
consumers
Scientific /expert
knowledge (managerial,
or classical, …)
Researchers, experts
(botanists, fauna experts,
…)
Management authorities
Planners, researchers
Local stakeholders,
Decision makers, …
Managerial scientific
/expert knowledge
Researchers, experts
Management authorities,
(managers, sociologists,…) Decision makers,
Planners, Researchers,
Local stakeolders
Lay/traditional knowledge Layman (farmers,
stakeholders, …)
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Researchers,
Management authorities
Planners,
Local stakeolders,
Decision makers, …
Dimension
Specific Objectives
Economic –
To increase system
competitiveness.
To increase local income
supported by sustainable
use of local resources
(olive oil)
To ensure equitable
compensation for farmers
as repository of a
traditional cropping
system
To foster sustainable
tourism in the High Nature
Value Farmland.
Results
Actions
To make olive/oil production constant
through the years
Disseminate best (organic) farming practices (Action
D4-D5)
To increase economic revenue coming
from olive oil commercialization
Start up for a labeling procedure addressed to the
definition of an (organic) olive oil brand linked to
COGs
to guarantee economic sustainability to
farmers and operators present in the area
(Action C9)
Develop an organization between farmer that produce
olive oil from COGs
Develop a trekking path passing through farms that
produce olive oil from COGs. (Action C9)
To integrate farmers revenue with other
product linked to olive groves production
a) implement the manufacturing of soap from olive oil;
b) woods product coming from pruning and other
practices,
c) non-wood products (small fruits, mushroom,
truffles, …)
To guarantee a burden sharing of
cost/benefit among farmers/community
coming from COGs conservation
Policy follow up can proceed from the Governance
model implementation (Action C10) in order to set up
a subsidy system for farmer (e.g. taxes reduction) to
guarantee COGs conservation
To attract tourist flows linked to olive oil
production in different season during the
year promoting the territorial value
Set up of service centre as a point in which inform
wide public about tourist activities that will be held in
the park area
Develop a trekking path passing through farms that
produce olive oil from COGs. (Action C9)
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Dimension
Specific
Objectives
Results
Increase in the population of Reptiles, Mammals and
Birds (Action E1-2)
To protect
biodiversity and
ecosystems
services and goods.
Environmental
– To optimize
natural
resource use
within the
reversibility
threshold
To reduce
pollutants in soil,
water air and
products
Provide shelter to small-sized vertebrates and
insects by mean of construction of rudimentary drystone walls (Action C1-2)
Planting of trees able to provide shelters and food
sources for reptiles, mammals and birds (Action
C1-2)
Establishment of Mediterranean shrubs edges
(Action C1-2)
Increase of floristic biodiversity of the olive groves
(Actions E3-4)
To protect the
physical and
ecological functions
of the landscape
Actions
Planting of trees able to provide shelters and food
sources for reptiles, mammals and birds (Action
C1-2)
Ensure effective soil and water coservation
Mantain/recover soil erosion conservation
structures (terraces, …) a/o guarantee a
permanent vegetation cover as well as an effective
drainage systems
Increase agro-ecosystem connectivity by
creating/recovering ecological network
Establishment of Mediterranean shrubs edges
(Action C1-2)
Improvement of local stakeholders’ awareness on threats
due to unsustainable management affecting landscape
and products.
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Promotion of best management practices in olive
groves.
Promotion of organic farming as a way to reduce
impacts on natural resources
Dimension
Governance development of a
farmers’ collective
participatory
approach in
management of
olive groves as
HNVF
Specific Objectives
To improve
shared/harmonized policy
and regulatory framework
suitable for HNVF and
COGs specifically, in
Mediterranean Area.
Results
Actions
Supply to the Action Plan for protection of
COGs in Mediterranean indication about
farming practices compatible with
protection of biodiversity (Action A10)
Develop Action Plan for protection of COGs in
Mediterranean
To ensure institutional
and financial provision for
COGs agricultural areas
management
Implementation of a Governance model
(Action A8)
Policy follow up can proceed from the Governance
model implementation (Action C10) in order to set up
a subsidy system for farmer (e.g. taxes reduction,
minimum wage for young farmers) to guarantee
COGs conservation
To ensure the
development and effective
implementation of COGs
agricultural areas
management plans.
Coordination among Regional Law and PA
management plan
Include in the Protected Area management plan the
protection of COGs as natural heritage and
biodiversity sources
To favor the active
participation of farmers in
the management of the
area.
Establishment of a permanent consultation
table through local Administration,
SHS/economic operators, for the
preservation, management and
enhancements of the COGs in the area
(Action C10)
Drawing up of a memorandum of understanding
between local Administration, SHS/economic
operators, for the preservation, management and
enhancements of the COGs in the area. (Action C1011)
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
The governance model for Torre Guaceto
Analysis of
governance
models
To identify the players
involved in the area
Permanent consultation table
Local
actors
Stakeholders
questionnaires
Analysis of
stakeholders’
needs
the assessment of the
current forms of
participation and sharing
of decisions
Elaboration of a
governance model
Management
Autority
Collection of
conservation/
enhancement initiatives
developed and shared
on the territory
Conferring
roles/functions to
the different
actors
management
secretariat
Governance
effectiveness
monitoring
Memorandum
of
Understanding
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
• The challenge of nature protection is to connect
expert knowledge to local communities and
thereby to other knowledge types.
• So far, experiences of how far such connections
may evolve are limited or in
• Experiences of participated governance can act as
networking activities and help sharing
managerial knowledge and knowledge about
policies at local and EU level
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
The governance model
Detect existing
resources
Catalyze the
strategic
ability of the
local system
Listen to local
stakeholder
Management
Authority
Building
networks for
local actors
Identify firm’s
needs
Exchange
knowledge
and capacities
Identify
existing skills
and
competencies
In the frame of the proposed
governance model, to meet all
the functions listed here, the
role of network facilitator will
be
assumed
by
the
Management Authority.
This is fully in line with the role
of Management Authority in
protected areas where, it is
considered as a player who
have in charge all the
functions/activities needed to
promote
sustainable
development in the territory:
in
other
words
the
management authority can
assume the role of a
“sustainable
development
agency”.
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Apulia Region; Research
agencies, tourist promotion
agencies; Italian State Railways;
ANAS; Public Transportation
Company; Airports Management
Company; ATO; Water supply
Company
Growers, Local Action
Groups, Centres of Expertise
and Environmental
Education Centres, Skilled
workers, Nurserymen, Oil
mills, Processors for Agr.
Associations, Farms.
The governance model
Cooperative for tourism
services, certification
bodies for organic
farming, organic
products outlets; GAS,
tourist accommodation
facilities, tour
operators, training and
research institutes,
primary schools,
secondary schools
(technical schools for
agriculture, hotel
institutes, high schools,
..), banks,
restaurateurs,
environmental
associations, cultural,
handicrafts and
gastronomy
associations or
cooperatives.
Upper level
actors
Management
Authority
Rural
stakeholders
Local non-rural
stakeholders
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
• The integrated Plan for Socio-Economic and Environmental development
as well as the Governance Model for the Ancient Olive Orchards in Torre
Guaceto were validated by the Apulian “Commissione Tecnica di Tutela
degli Alberi Monumentali” (4/2/2011 – 13/1/2012);
• Apulia Region approved the integrated Plan for Socio- Economic and
Environmental development and the Governance Model for the Ancient
Olive Orchards in the Natural State Reserve of Torre Guaceto with an
official deliberation (Delibera di Giunta Regionale n. 1331 del
03/07/2012);
• Such important (and needed) “political” step allowed the full
implementation for both the plan at local level, by ensuring, at the same
time, replicability in areas having the same characteristics.
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
The governance model for Voukolies (GR)
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
THE EU MED ACTION PLAN
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
The applied methodology
Different tools were applied to formulate the
Action Plan strategies:
• Ad-hoc Rapid Appraisal (RA) questionnaires
to collect information in each Country;
• Metaplan for prioritization of specific
objectives and to define tools at EU-Med
and Country level;
• Brainstorming and Nominal Group
Technique to suggest common actions for
enhancement of the areas.
SOCIAL
ECONOMIC
SUSTAINABILITY
DIMENSION
MAIN
OBJECTIVES
SPECIFIC
OBJECTIVES
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOVERNANCE
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
TOOLS
COMMON
ACTIONS
ACTORS
INVOLVED
Perception of values
Ancient Olive Orchards values (EU-MED)
Ancient Olive Orchards values (Target Areas)
Environmental Values
34
33
Environmental Values
32
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
31
30
29
28
27
26
Economic Values
EU-MED
Socio-cultural Values
Economic Values
target areas
Socio-cultural Values
These different level of perception are explained by differences in the importance and
values by groups of actors having such a different level of awareness/sensitivity.
It appear clearly how, for policy-makers, natural areas seems to have importance per se
because of their relevance in terms of agro-ecological values expressed as well as for the
cultural heritage they represents, and thus they are worthy of protection, regardless of
their productive value.
The economic values are strongly perceived by those groups whose income and way of
life is closely related to the maintenance of the profitability of the agricltural areas.
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Perception of thereats
Ancient Olive Orchards threats (Target Areas)
Ancient Olive Orchards threats (EU-MED)
Habitat conversion
Econom ical threats
Social threats
33
30
27
24
21
18
15
12
9
6
3
0
Modification of natural processes / ecological
drivers / disturbance regim es
Habitat conversion
Transportation/Energy infrastructure
Econom ical threats
Abiotic resource use
Consum ptive biological resource use
Social threats
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Modification of natural processes / ecological
drivers / disturbance regim es
Abiotic resource use
Consum ptive biological resource use
Invasive species (alien and native)
Invasive species (alien and native)
Transportation/Energy infrastructure
Non-consum ptive biological resource use
Non-consum ptive biological resource use
Pollution
Pollution
target areas
Also for threats some differences are evident, but the general picture is more coherent:
modifications of natural processes were perceived at high level in Portugal and lower in
Lebanon;
modifications of social processes were strongly perceived in Spain and Tunisia than in
Portugal;
habitat conversion was considered as one of the most important threats in all the
Countries.
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
From these …
Social specific
objectives
Tools
Common actions
EU-MED/NATIONAL LEVEL
- International dissemination for the importance
of this cultural heritage
NATIONAL/REGIONAL/LOCAL LEVEL
- Drawing and publishing education material for
secondary school (teacher and student guides);
workshops for local agents, TV commercial for
awareness; targeted school workshop for
training;
- Teaching activities around AOO
To provide
education
opportunities
Actors involved
EU-MED/NATIONAL LEVEL
EU-MED/NATIONAL LEVEL
- Notices via paper, text messaging or web
according to the Country needs
NATIONAL/REGIONAL/LOCAL LEVEL
NATIONAL/REGIONAL/LOCAL LEVEL
- Designing, drawing and publishing common
- Technicians, local agents, local people
materials, translated to different languages.
- International workshop on the topic, at
Mediterranean level, each two years, with
specific focus on good-practices related issues.
- Descriptive writing, pictures, drawings of
- Local /Regional High and Elementary
Monumental olives (MO) in AOOs and Ancient
Schools, Farmers and Farmers Organizations,
Olive Oil Industries (AOOIs) for primary and High
Stakeholders
school students.
- Description drawing, photograph and age
determination of AOO and MO
- Rede Rural Nacional (National Rural Network) - Dissemination and publishing materials
- Universities and Professional technical
- FEADER – Axe 4
- Meetings to transfer knowledge
schools and secondary schools
- Professional education
- Develop educational programs in schools on - Inclusion of specific training modules in
olive
school curricula (with provision of classroom - Teachers of primary and secondary school
- Develop awareness programs addressed to a lectures and field visits, and lab activities)
with technical support by research institutes and
wide public
- Organisation of events (ToT) to raise universities ;
- Activate professional training courses on awareness, prepare information material on the - Ministry of Agriculture, NGOs, UN agencies,
activities related to olive oil/fruits processing
issues, implement trainings and workshops
media, Municipalities, local stakeholders’
- Training and information to farmers
- Organizing professional training courses also associations, farmers’ organizations, tourism
- Vocational training
checking the possibility to launch/participate to entrepreneurs
calls of the European Social Fund (ESF)
- Local administrations in collaboration with
- Develop and design programs for vocational societies working in the training sector
training, prepare handbooks
- Technicians, local partners, NGOs, farmers
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
From these …
Economic
specific
objectives
Tools
Common actions
EU-MED/NATIONAL LEVEL
- International fund (IUCN…)
- CAP and rural development
To ensure
equitable
compensation for
farmers as
repository of
traditional
knowledge
NATIONAL/REGIONAL/LOCAL LEVEL
- National taxes or incentives for ecosystem
services
- Subsidies for singular Monumental olives
(MO) in AOOs and Ancient Olive Oil Industries
(AOOIs)
EU-MED/NATIONAL LEVEL
- Raising awareness programme
- Farmer-consumer direct trade programme
- Educational/recreation and tourism farming
trade programme
- Find sources of funding for farmers
(FEADER)
NATIONAL/REGIONAL/LOCAL LEVEL
- To establish rational criteria for eligibility
according to the singularity of AOOs, MOs and
AOOIs.
- financial support for management of AOOs
- demonstrations in the field
- Set up rules and regulations to support
farmers with AOO
- Provide grants to support AOO farmers in
other agricultural/rural related activities
- Issue rules and regulations
- Create an AOO fund to support farmers
- Design and Implement pilot projects focusing
on alternative agricultural activities
- Implement training programs and farmers
awareness programs
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Actors involved
EU-MED/NATIONAL LEVEL
- Regional authorities, Management bodies;
organizations; local agents, enterprises
- Ministries (Agriculture, Environment) and
regional authorities
NATIONAL/REGIONAL/LOCAL LEVEL
- Local/Regional/National and European
Administrations. Farmers Organizations;
Stakeholders Organizations; Academic
Institutions for supportive studies on eligibility
criteria
- Management bodies; organizations; local
agents, enterprises
- Ministry of Agriculture, local authorities
- Ministry of finance, Private sector
- Ministry of agriculture, local authorities,
NGOs, farmers
- Technicians, farmers, UN agencies, NGOs,
local authorities
From these …
Environmental
specific
objectives
To protect the
aesthetic and
scientific value of
the environment
Tools
Common actions
Actors involved
EU-MED/NATIONAL LEVEL
EU-MED/NATIONAL LEVEL
EU-MED/NATIONAL LEVEL
- IUCN – Intergovernmental Platform on
- Common proposal, Awareness project
- Authorities, management bodies, scientific
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
bodies
- European Landscape Convention
NATIONAL/REGIONAL/LOCAL LEVEL
NATIONAL/REGIONAL/LOCAL LEVEL
NATIONAL/REGIONAL/LOCAL LEVEL
- Handbook on the topic
- Drawing and publishing
- Management bodies
- Research& Innovation + Development - Priority Areas: i) Landscape, ii) Biodiversity, - Regional Universities and other Research
Projects
iii) Erosion, iv) Contamination
Institutions
- Strategic Plans
technological transfer and cooperation between National and UE Projects Financing Agencies;
research institutions.
Environmental
Administrations;
Farmers
organizations
- FEADER: Axes 1 and 2: Continuation of the - Training and awareness;
- Farmers, olive oil producers; National/local
support to biodiversity of traditional olive groves
 Drawing up manuals of good practices;
Administration; Management bodies
in the framework of the Agro Environmental
 Drawing up guides of birds and plants
Measures
associated with these systems
- RDP at national level a/o Regional initiatives
- Define a brand to disseminate and valorize - Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Culture,
AOOs territories
local authorities
- To organize events to disseminate at a wide - Technician, media, NGOs, EU-Projects,
public AOOs’ values; through i) Awareness ministry of agriculture and environment, research
campaign, ii) Media campaign, iii) Brochures and institutes
website:
- Set up an action plan for the awareness
campaign
- Develop logos and awareness material to
disseminate through schools, TV, radio and bill
boards
- Prepare brochures and website information to
share with the general public
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
From these …
Governance
specific objectives
Tools
Common actions
EU-MED/NATIONAL LEVEL
- EU projects (LIFE, Cooperation)
To ensure shared
policies/regulations
harmonization for
AOOs agricultural
areas
NATIONAL/REGIONAL/LOCAL LEVEL
- Working group
- Approved programmes, plans, legislation
involving national, regional, local authorities
and wide panel of other actors
- Consensus Strategic Plan for
Conservation and Sustainable Use of Olive
Farms
- Rede Rural Nacional (National Rural
Network)
- LIFE /after LIFE project
- Working group
- Approved programs, plans, legislation
involving national, regional, local authorities
and wide panel of other actors
EU-MED/NATIONAL LEVEL
- Create opportunities for multi-stakeholders
meetings at international/national/local level
through participation in calls for EU projects (Life,
Cooperation) that can establish the basis for
government action
NATIONAL/REGIONAL/LOCAL LEVEL
- Targeted programme; workshops
- Definition of AOOs, MOs and AOOIs areas,
groves and olives to be potentially conserved
according to the available budget for
conservation and diversification;
- Definition of areas where new olive orchards
may be planted
- Creation of working groups with all
stakeholders to create specific programs and
legislative proposals
- Definition of Model of Governance applicable
and transferable to each Countries.
- Increase awareness of the importance for
conservation of AOOS.
- Create information sharing platform
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB
Actors involved
EU-MED/NATIONAL LEVEL
- EU/National/Regional Administrations
NATIONAL/REGIONAL/LOCAL LEVEL
- Authorities; Management bodies;
social/economic actors; citizens
- Local/Regional/National Administrations;
Local /Regional / National Banks; Farmers
organizations; Stakeholders Administrations
- National/local Administration; management
bodies; farmer’s organizations; local private
enterprises. Local authorities
- National, regional and local authorities
Thank you for your attention !
All the document are available on:
www.lifecentolimed.iamb.it
Generosa Jenny Calabrese CIHEAM - IAMB

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