MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Sample Questions & Worked Out Examples For PE-03023 PETROLEUM PRODUCTION ENGINEERING B.Tech(First Year) Petroleum Engineering 53 Ministry of Science and Technology Department of Technical and Vocational Education Petroleum Engineering Sample Questions for PE 03023 PETROLEUM PRODUCTION ENGINEERING Part ( I ) Chapter 1 Inflow Performance Relationship 1.*** Discuss the importance of knowing the IPR of a well with necessary illustrations. (10 marks) 2.** Using the Vogel's equation, construct the generalized IPR curve. (10 marks) 3.* The following test was conducted on a solution-gas drive well: Static reservoir pressure = 2000 psi Flowing bottom-hole pressure = 500 psi Producing rate = 146 bpd Find (a) potential of the well, (b) flow rate for a flowing pressure of 1500 psi. (10 marks) 4.** An oil well produced 500 bpd with a flowing BHP of 2500 psi. If the average reservoir pressure is 3000 psi find the maximum possible rate from the well. Also find the production rate when the producing pressure dropped to 1200 psi. Also find the maximum rate if a linear relationship is assumed. The bubble point pressure is 3000 psi. (15 marks) 5.** Construct the IPR curve for the well of problem (4). (10 marks) 6.** Given data: Average reservoir pressure, psi Flowing bottom-hole pressure, psi Production rate, bpd Oil viscosity, cp Oil formation volume factor Oil saturation Residual oil saturation Residual water saturation 7.** Present 2500 2300 400 3.0 1.18 0.76 Future 2000 1500 ? 3.6 1.16 0.67 20% 22% Find the production when the reservoir pressure drops to 2000 psi and for a flowing pressure of 1500 psi, and construct the future IPR for the well. (20 marks) From a solution-gas drive well the following information was obtained: Static reservoir pressure, psi Flowing bottom-hole pressure, psi Production rate, bpd Oil viscosity, cp Oil formation volume factor Average oil saturation Residual oil saturation Residual water saturation Present 1800 1600 250 4.0 1.16 0.75 Future 1500 4.5 1.145 0.72 18% 22% Construct an IPR curve for the future time. (20 marks) 8.*** A well is flowing at 1120 bpd through 2в…ћ-in. tubing. There is zero water cut, and the GLR is 820 cu ft/bbl. A pressure survey on the well shows that the flowing pressure at 6470 ft (the foot of the tubing) is 675 psig, while the pressure buildup survey gives a static pressure of 2080 psig at a datum level of 6500 ft. Using Vogel's method draw the IPR curve and estimate the well's potential. 54 Reservoir analysis indicates that the ratio of the value of kro/ВµoBo now to its value at the static pressure of 1500 psig is 1.57. Estimate what the well's potential rate will be when the static pressure has dropped to 1500 psig. And construct the future IPR curve for the well on the same graph paper. (20 marks) 9.** A series of tests is made on a certain well with the following results. Oil rate, bpd 40 56 61 70 WOR 0 0.785 1.440 1.855 Flowing BHP, psi 2360 1950 1524 1000 Draw the curve of water cut versus gross production rate and the oil, water, and gross IPRs. Might any harm result from shutting this well in for a few days? (15 marks) Chapter 2 Multiphase Flow in Pipes 10.*** Discuss the Gilbert's empirical approach to the vertical two-phase flow in oil wells. (10 marks) 11.* Explain the slippage and flow resistance and discuss the optimum GLR. (15 marks) Chapter 3 Flowing Well Performance (Use square graph paper and Gilbert's families of curves only) 12.* A well utilizing 2в…њ-in. tubing is producing against 200 psi surface pressure at a rate of 200 bbl/day with a constant GOR of 600 from a depth of 8000 ft. Determine the flowing BHP required to produce 200 bbl/day. (5 marks) 13.* A 5000-ft well is equipped with 2в…њ-in. tubing and produces into a constant surface tubing pressure of 100 psi. The static BHP is 2150 psi. The following production test was made on this well. Production rate = 550 bwpd and 50 bpd, GOR = 1200 scf/bbl Find the PI of this well. (8 marks) 14.* A 6000-ft well is equipped with 1.9-in. tubing. A recent survey shows the following information. TEST 1 : THP = 250 psi GOR = 400 Production = 100 bbl/day TEST 2 : THP = 100 psi GOR = 750 Production = 200 bbl/day Determine the PI from these two flowing tests. (10 marks) 15.** A well 6000 ft deep with a static BHP of 3000 psi is equipped with 1.9-in. tubing. This well makes clean oil and has a PI of 0.2. The wellhead tubing pressure remains constant for all rates of 200psi. What GLR will be required to produce 400 bbl/day from this well?(10 marks) 16.** A flowing well with 5540 ft of tubing in the hole is completed without a casing-tubing packer. The CHP is 480 psig when the production rate is 750 bbl/day and 760 psig when the production rate is 525 bbl/day. What are the PI, static pressure, and potential of the well? (10 marks) 17.** A well completed over the interval 2994 to 3032 ft has 2в…њ-in. tubing hung at 3000 ft. The well is flowing 320 bbl/day, zero water cut, at a GOR of 400 cu ft/bbl with a THP of 500 psig. The static pressure is 1850 psig at 3000 ft. What would be the effect of changing the choke size to ВЅ-in.? (15 marks) 18.** A certain well is completed with 7500 ft of 3ВЅ-in. tubing in the hole, the tubing shoe being located just above the top perforations. The well is flowing 130 bbl/day of oil with a water cut of 25 per cent and a GOR of 1200 cu ft/bbl. If the well's static pressure is 2800 psig and its gross PI is 0.32, estimate the size of choke in the flow line. At what rate would the well flow if a ВЅ-in. bean were substituted for the current one? (15 marks) 19.** A well was completed with 7-in. casing perforated from 7216 to 7253 ft with 7000 ft of 2в…њin. tubing in the hole. The well was flowing steadily at 320 bbl/day of clean oil, GOR 800 cu ft/bbl against an 11/64-in. choke when a smaller choke was accidentally inserted in the flow line. When the well stabilized against the new choke, it was flowing with a THP of 300 psig and a CHP of 993 psig. Determine the new bean size, the well's static pressure and the PI. (15 marks) 55 20.** A new flowing well completed with 2в…њ-in. tubing hung at the top of the perforations at 5500 ft was initially produced on Вј-in. choke, the THP stabilizing at 400 psig. After a few days' production the choke size was increased to ВЅ-in., and the THP stabilized at 270 psig. One week later the choke size was again increased, and the well then gauged at 600 bbl/day of clean oil, GOR 800 cu ft/bbl, THP 140 psig. Estimate the well's static pressure and its pumped-off potential. (15 marks) 21.** The completion data of a well are as follows: Total depth 4052 ft 7-in. casing surface to 4020 ft 3ВЅ-in. tubing hung at 4000 ft Casing-tubing packer installed just above tubing shoe. The well was flowing at 300 bbl/day of clean oil, a GOR of 600 cu ft/bbl, and a THP of 300 psi when it was decided to try the effects of an acidizing treatment. During this treatment, 10000 gals of acid was squeezed into the formation. A surface pressure of 3200 psi was needed to overcome the static reservoir pressure of 1800 psi and to achieve the desired injection rate of 2 bbl/min. After the treatment the well's production rate stabilized at 340 bbl/day of clean oil through 3ВЅ-in. tubing with a GOR of 1000 cu ft/bbl and a THP of 300 psi. (a) Determine whether or not the treatment was successful, and give an explanation of the results obtained. (b) What would have been the production rate of the well at a THP of 300 psi if, instead of the acidizing treatment, the 3ВЅ-in. tubing string had been replaced with a 2в…њ-in. tubing (assuming that the change could have been made without damaging the producing formation) ? (15 marks) 22.*** A flowing well with 5000 ft of 2в…њ-in. tubing in the hole is completed with a 7-in. casing. The static pressure is 1450 psig at 5000 ft. The well is currently flowing with a CHP of 738 psig and THP of 360 psig. The production is clean oil and GLR is 0.45 mcf/bbl. Construct the IPR and determine the PI. Which size of bean should be inserted if it is desired to produce at the maximum possible rate with a drawdown of 980 psi? (15 marks) 23.* A flowing well is completed with 7332 ft of 2в…њ-in. tubing, the tubing shoe being located opposite the top of the perforations. At what rate will the well flow against a Вј-in. choke under each of the following conditions? ( ) Static pressure, 3000 psig; PI, 0.42 bbl/day/psi; GOR, 200 cu ft/bbl. ( ) Static pressure, 2500 psig; PI, 0.33 bbl/day/psi; GOR, 330 cu ft/bbl. ( ) Static pressure, 2000 psig; PI, 0.29 bbl/day/psi; GOR, 500 cu ft/bbl. ( ) Static pressure, 1500 psig; PI, 0.27 bbl/day/psi; GOR, 1000 cu ft/bbl. On the same sheet of graph paper plot the pumped-off potential and the actual flow rate against the static BHP? Chapter 4 The Principles of Gas Lift 24.* 25.* Describe the two major methods of gas-lift operation. (10 marks) Discuss the classification of wells to decide whether continuous or intermittent gas lift operation is applicable to a well. (10 marks) 26.* What are the three main types of gas-lift installations? (10 marks) 27.** What type of installation would you recommend for the wells specified in the following table? (20 marks) Well A B C D E F G Depth (ft) 7000 2200 5000 6000 12000 1500 500 Static BHP (psig) 3000 250 200 2500 1500 65 10 Productivity index 10 0.1 2 0.02 0.2 0.5 0.1 Separator pressure, (psig) 50 10 30 100 100 10 0 Fluid gradient, (psi/ft) 0.50 0.35 0.40 0.35 0.45 0.33 0.33 28.* 29.* 30.** 31.** 32.** 33.** 34.** 35.*** 36.** 56 What is the force balance under operating conditions for the conventional fluid-operated valve of Fig.4.11? The notation is as follows: Ab = effective bellows area; As = area of stem; Av = area of port; pb = bellows charge pressure; pc = injection pressure; pt = tubing pressure. (10 marks) Write the force balance under operating conditions for the partially balanced, fluid-operated valve of Fig.4.11. (10 marks) Calculate the casing pressure opposite a valve at 6000 ft using Eq.(4.15), and check with Fig.4.10 for the following well conditions: (10 marks) Geothermal gradient = 1.6В°/100 ft Wellhead pressure = 500 psia Mean surface temperature = 70В°F Gas gravity = 0.60 A pressure-operated valve without a spring has an opening pressure in a valve tester of 600 psig at 60В°F. The valve is to be placed in a well at 6000 ft where the temperature opposite the valve is 160В°F. (15 marks) ( ) If the ratio Av/Ab is 0.112 what is the bellows pressure at 60В°F? ( ) What is the bellows pressure at 160В°F? ( ) What is the surface closing pressure of the valve? An operator needs the surface closing pressure of a pressure-operated flow valve without spring to be 600 psig when the valve is installed in a well at 6000 ft at a temperature of 160В°F. The valve ratio Av/Ab is 0.112. (15 marks) ( ) Determine the gas pressure in the casing opposite the valve at 6000 ft for a surface casing pressure of 600 psig. ( ) What is the bellows pressure at 60В°F? ( ) Calculate the valve opening pressure in a tester at 60В°F. A pressure-operated flow valve has a 75 psi spring pressure effect. The valve opening pressure at 60В°F in a tester is 600 psig. The valve is to be placed in a well at 6000 ft where the temperature in the well opposite the valve is 160В°F. (20 marks) ( ) Calculate the pressure inside the bellows at 60В°F if Av/Ab is 0.112. ( ) What is the bellows pressure at 160В°F? ( ) Calculate the closing pressure of the valve at 6000 ft. ( ) What is the surface closing pressure of the valve? An operator needs the surface closing pressure of a pressure-operated flow valve with a 75 psi spring effect to be 600 psig when the valve is installed in a well at 6000 ft where the temperature is 160В°F. (20 marks) ( ) Using again the value 0.112 for Av/Ab calculate the pressure opposite the valve at 6000 ft for a surface casing pressure of 600 psig. This is the closing pressure of the valve at the operating temperature of 160В°F. ( ) What is the pressure inside the bellows at 160В°F? ( ) What is the pressure inside the bellows at 60В°F? ( ) Calculate the opening pressure of the valve at 60В°F which would be specified in ordering from the manufacturer. (a) Define the spread of a gas-lift valve. (2 marks) (b) What is the spread of a bellows valve having 0.75 sq in. of effective bellows area, o.10 sq in. of seat area, 800 psig pressure in the dome, and zero back pressure? (4 marks) (c) What is the spread with a back pressure of 700 psig? (4 marks) What are the tubing effect and tubing effect factor? Calculate the T.E. and T.E.F. if there is a pressure in the tubing opposite the flow valve of 300 psig and the valve ratio is 0.11. (15 marks) Chapter 5 Gas Lift Design 37.* Explain the sequences of continuous unloading of a gas-lift well. (10 marks) 38.** The following data are given on a well to be placed on intermittent flow. Kick-off pressure = 750 psig Working pressure = 700 psig Production desired = 50 STB/day Separator pressure = 50 psig Spring tension = 100 psig Valve ratio = 0.10 Gradient of well loaded with water = 0.5 psi/ft Injection gravity and temperatures as Fig. 4.10. Desired closing pressures of valves = 660, 650, 640, and 600 psig 57 ( ) Calculate the valve spacing on the basic of closing pressure of the valve above.(10 marks) ( ) Using Eq.4.17 to calculate the temperatures opposite the valves, make an opening pressure analysis in tabular form. (10 marks) 39.** It is desired to design a continuous gas-lift installation from the following well data: Depth to top of perforations = 5800 ft Operating pressure = 650 psig Wellhead tubing pressure = 50 psig Unloading gradient = 0.04 psi/ft Static gradient = 0.5 psi/ft Casing size = 5ВЅ-in., 20 lb/ft Static fluid level = 2500 ft from the surface Tubing size = 2-in. Valve opening pressures at 60В°F = 650, 625, 600, 575, and 550 psig ( ) What are the setting depths of each valve based on valve opening pressures at 60В°F? ( ) A closing pressure analysis of the valve string calculated above should be made to be sure that the valves as spaced will have closing pressures decreasing with depth. Valve ratio = 0.112 and spring effect = 75 psig. (20 marks) 40.** It is desired to design an intermittent gas-lift installation from the following well data: Depth to top of perforations = 4750 ft Depth to packer = 4700 ft Tubing size = 2 in. Casing size = 5ВЅ-in., 20 lb/ft Surface kick-off pressure = 650 psig Working gas pressure = 600 psig Wellhead back pressure = 50 psig Well full of water Unloading gradient = 0.5 psi/ft Valve opening pressures at 60В°F = 650, 625, 600, 575 and 550 psig ( ) What are the setting depths of each valve based on valve opening pressures at 60В°F? (5 marks) ( ) A closing pressure analysis of the valve string calculated above should be made to be sure that the valves as spaced will have closing pressures decreasing with depth. Complete the closing pressure analysis given in the table. (15 marks) Closing Pressure Analysis (1) Valve opening pressure at 60В°F, psig 650 625 600 575 550 (2) (3) Depth of valve, ft Temperature at valve, В°F 89 106 121 133 145 (4) (5) Bellows pressure at 60В°F, psig 511 Bellows pressure at Tv, psig 541 (6) Valve closing pressure at depth, psig 608 (7) Surface closing pressure, psig 592 41.** The following data are given for a well: Depth to center of perforation = 5000 ft Static BHP = 1600 psia Specific gravity of oil = 0.802 (45В°API) Specific gravity of water = 1.07 Specific gravity of gas = 0.60 Desired production = 100 bbl/day Tubing size = 2 in. nominal Producing GOR = 500 SCF/bbl Initial surface tubing pressure = 350 psia Productivity index = 4 Surface flowing temperature = 114В°F Average flowing temperature = 124В°F Bottom-hole temperature = 134В°F (a) What is the flowing BHP when the well is producing 50 per cent water? (5 marks) (b) Now the water-oil ratio has increased to 2:1 and the well is off production. The well is to be placed on continuous-flow gas-lift with a surface operating injection pressure of 700 psig and a kick-off pressure of 800 psig. Determine the optimum point of gas injection by the graphical method, with a differential across the valve of 100 psi and a 200 psia surface tubing pressure. (15 marks) 42.* A well is to be placed on continuous-flow gas lift. The well data are as follows: Well depth = 4900 ft Tubing size = 2 in. Productivity index = 2.0 Static BHP = 2000 psig 58 Production = 500 bbl/day Flowing gradient = 0.5 psi/ft Tubing pressure = 50 psig Unloading gradient = 0.12 psi/ft Surface kick-off and operating pressure = 650 psig Temperature at wellhead = 100В°F Temperature at 4900 ft = 149В°F Av/Ab = 0.11 Spring effect = 75 psig ( ) Using valves with surface closing pressure of 600, 580, and 550 psig, calculate the setting depth for each valve, using the valve closing pressure at valve depth. ( ) What is the temperature at each valve depth? ( ) What are the pressure inside the bellows at valve depths? ( ) What are the pressure inside the bellows at 60В°F? ( ) What are the valve opening pressures at 60В°F? (15 marks) 43.** A low productivity index, relatively high BHP well is to be placed on intermittent-flow gaslift. The well data are as follows: Depth to middle of perforations = 9000ft Surface operating pressure = 900 psig Tubing size = 2 in. (capacity 0.00387 bbl/ft) Casing size = 5ВЅ-in., 20 lb/ft Gravity of oil = 34В°F (0.855) Static BHP = 2500 psig Well productivity index = 0.20 Tubing pressure = 30 psig Oil production desired = 100 bbl/day Wellhead temperature = 100В°F Average tubing temperature = 142В°F Minimum cycle time = 35 min ( ) Assuming that 40 per cent of the starting slug is produced, what will be the depth to the operating valve? ( ) What is the desired casing pressure opposite the valve? ( ) What is the minimum injection gas-oil ratio? (15 marks) 44.** A well is to be placed on intermittent-flow gas-lift. The well data are as follows: Well depth = 8000 ft Tubing size = 2-in., Capacity: 0.00387 bbl/ft Specific gravity of oil = 0.87 Casing size = 5ВЅ-in., 20 lb/ft No water production. Well PI = 0.08 bbl/day/psi Static BHP = 2200 psig Wellhead pressure = 50 psig Oil production desired = 120 bbl/day Average tubing temperature = 127 В°F Cycle time = 48 min Gas deviation factor = 0.87 Calculate the depth to the operating valve and theoretical minimum injection gas-oil ratio, assuming 70 per cent of starting slug is produced. (15 marks) 45.*** What are the two common types of chambers? (10 marks) 46.* Calculate the chamber length for the following well data: (10 marks) Injection pressure = 400 psig Wellhead tubing pressure = 50 psig Fluid gradient = 0.4 psi/ft Insert chamber = 1-in. tubing inside 4-in. OD tubing Capacity of 1-in. tubing = 1.07 bbl/1000 ft Annular capacity between 1-in. dip tubing and 4-in. tubing = 13.54 bbl/1000 ft * = Must know, ** = Should know, *** = Could know 59 Ministry of Science and Technology Department of Technical and Vocational Education Petroleum Engineering Worked Out Examples for PE 03023 PETROLEUM PRODUCTION ENGINEERING Part ( I ) 1. An oil well produced 500 bpd with a flowing BHP of 2500 psi. If the average reservoir pressure is 3000 psi find the maximum possible rate from the well. And find the production rate when the producing pressure dropped to 1200 psi. Also find the maximum rate if a linear relationship is assumed. The bubble point pressure is 3000 psi. Solution The bubble point pressure is 3000 psi and therefore, flowing BHP of 2500 psi is well below the bubble point pressure ,and Vogel's equation or generalized IPR curve can be used. p wf 2500 = = 0.833 pR 3000 пЈ« p wf qo = 1 в€’ 0.2пЈ¬пЈ¬ (q o ) max пЈ pR пЈ«p пЈ¶ пЈ·пЈ· в€’ 0.8пЈ¬пЈ¬ wf пЈ pR пЈё 2 пЈ¶ пЈ·пЈ· = 1 в€’ 0.2 Г— 0.833 в€’ 0.8(0.833) 2 = 0.278 пЈё (qo)max = 500/0.278 = 1800 bbl/day Maximum possible rate from the well = 1800 bbl/day. When producing BHP drops to 1200 psi, p wf pR = 1200 = 0.4 3000 пЈ« p wf qo = 1 в€’ 0.2пЈ¬пЈ¬ (q o ) max пЈ pR пЈ¶ пЈ«p пЈ·пЈ· в€’ 0.8пЈ¬пЈ¬ wf пЈё пЈ pR 2 пЈ¶ пЈ·пЈ· = 1 в€’ 0.2 Г— 0.4 в€’ 0.8(0.4) 2 = 0.792 пЈё qo = 0.792Г—1800 = 1425 bbl/day Production rate from the well at 1200 psi flowing BHP = 1425 bbl/day. If linear relationship is assumed, пЈ« p wf qo = 1 в€’ пЈ¬пЈ¬ (q o ) max пЈ pR пЈ¶ пЈ·пЈ· = 1 в€’ 0.833 = 0.167 пЈё (qo)max = 500/0.167 = 3000 bbl/day Maximum possible rate from the well = 3000 bbl/day. 60 2. Given data: Present 2500 2300 400 3.0 1.18 0.76 Average reservoir pressure, psi Flowing bottom-hole pressure, psi Production rate, bpd Oil viscosity, cp Oil formation volume factor Oil saturation Residual oil saturation Residual water saturation Future 2000 1500 ? 3.6 1.16 0.67 20% 22% Find the production when the reservoir pressure drops to 2000 psi and for a flowing pressure of 1500 psi, and construct the future IPR for the well. Solution Relative permeability to oil can be calculated using Corey type relationship. For present day, For future time, 4 4 4 4 4 4 пЈ® ( S o в€’ S or ) пЈ№ пЈ® 0 . 76 в€’ 0 . 20 пЈ№ пЈ« 0 . 56 пЈ¶ k ro = пЈЇ =пЈ¬ пЈ· = 0 . 87 пЈє = пЈЇ пЈє пЈ° 1 в€’ 0 . 20 в€’ 0 . 22 пЈ» пЈ 0 . 58 пЈё пЈ° (1 в€’ S or в€’ S wi ) пЈ» пЈ® ( S o в€’ S or ) пЈ№ пЈ® 0 . 67 в€’ 0 . 20 пЈ№ пЈ« 0 . 47 пЈ¶ k ro = пЈЇ =пЈ¬ пЈ· = 0 . 43 пЈє = пЈЇ пЈє пЈ° 1 в€’ 0 . 20 в€’ 0 . 22 пЈ» пЈ 0 . 58 пЈё пЈ° (1 в€’ S or в€’ S wi ) пЈ» The value of J at present day is From Eq.(1.9), J * p = J = 400/(2500–2300)=2.0 bbl/day/psi 1 .8 Г— 2 .0 = 2 . 2 bbl/day/ps пЈ« 2000 пЈ¶ 1 + 0 .8 пЈ¬ пЈ· пЈ 2500 пЈё i From Eq.(1.12) пЈ« k ro J *f = J *p пЈ¬пЈ¬ пЈ Вµ o Bo пЈ¶ пЈ·пЈ· пЈё f пЈ« k ro / пЈ¬пЈ¬ пЈ Вµ o Bo пЈ¶ 0 . 43 пЈ¶ пЈ« 0 . 87 пЈ¶= пЈ·пЈ· = 2 . 2 пЈ«пЈ¬ пЈ· /пЈ¬ пЈ· пЈ 3 . 6 Г— 1 . 16 пЈё пЈ 3 . 0 Г— 1 . 18 пЈё пЈёp 0.921 bbl/day/psi From Eq.(1.11), qo = пЈ« p J * pR пЈ® пЈЇ1 в€’ 0 . 2 пЈ¬пЈ¬ wf 1 .8 пЈЇ пЈ pR пЈ° qo = 0 . 921 Г— 2000 1 .8 пЈ« p пЈ¶ пЈ·пЈ· в€’ 0 . 8 пЈ¬пЈ¬ wf пЈ pR пЈё пЈ¶ пЈ·пЈ· пЈё 2 пЈ№ пЈє пЈєпЈ» 2 пЈ® пЈ« 1500 пЈ¶ пЈ« 1500 пЈ¶ пЈ№ пЈ· в€’ 0 .8пЈ¬ пЈ· пЈє = 409 bbl/day пЈЇ1 в€’ 0 . 2 пЈ¬ пЈ 2000 пЈё пЈєпЈ» пЈ 2000 пЈё пЈЇпЈ° Production at flowing BHP 1500 psi at future is 255 bbl/day. To construct the future IPR, prepare the following table and plot the data on the square graph paper. Assumed flowing BHP, psi 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Production, bbl/day 1023 920 716 409 0 61 Bottom-hole pressure, psi 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 500 1000 1500 Production rate, bbl/day Problem (2) 3. A well 6000 ft deep with a static BHP of 3000 psi is equipped with 1.9-in. tubing. This well makes clean oil and has a PI of 0.2. The wellhead tubing pressure remains constant for all rates of 100psi. What GLR will be required to produce 400 bbl/day from this well? Solution Static BHP = 3000 psi and PI = 0.2 bbl/day/psi, to produce 400 bbl/day, flowing BHP will be pwf = 3000 – (400/0.2) = 1000 psi Using the 1.9 in., 400 bpd pressure-curve, with FBHP of 1000 psi, observe various GLR at various THP. GLR, mcf/bbl 0.3 0.4 0.6 Equiv. FBHP, ft Equiv. THP, ft 6700 7250 8000 700 1250 2000 THP, psi 80 140 200 Plot GLR vs. THP, from the graph GLR = 0.33 mcf/bbl at 100 psi THP. THP, psi 200 150 100 50 0.3 0.4 0.5 GLR, mcf/bbl Problem (3) 0.6 62 4. A flowing well with 5540 ft of tubing in the hole is completed without a casing-tubing packer. The CHP is 480 psig when the production rate is 750 bbl/day and 760 psig when the production rate is 525 bbl/day. What are the PI, static pressure, and potential of the well? Solution Using Eq.(3.3): p wf = p c (1 + D 1 .5 ) 100 D1.5 = (5.54)1.5 = 13, p wf = p c (1 + 13 ) = 1 .13 p c 100 When CHP = 480 psig = 495 psia, p wf = 1.13 Г—495 = 560 psia = 545 psig When CHP = 760 psig = 775 psia, p wf = 1.13 Г—775 = 875 psia = 860 psig Assuming straight line IPR, and using p wf = p s в€’ For case I 545 J = Jp s в€’ 750 For case II 860 J = Jp s в€’ 525 Solving these two unknown equations, potential is 1130 bbl/day. # q J (1) (2) PI = 0.71 psi/bbl/day, ps = 1600 psig, and the well's 5. A well was completed with 7-in. casing perforated from 7216 to 7253 ft with 7000 ft of 2в…њ-in. tubing in the hole. The well was flowing steadily at 320 bbl/day of clean oil, GOR 800 cu ft/bbl against an 11/64-in. choke when a smaller choke was accidentally inserted in the flow line. When the well stabilized against the new choke, it was flowing with a THP of 300 psig and a CHP of 993 psig. Determine the new bean size, the well's static pressure and the PI. Solution First case: choke size was 11/16-in. and, so S = 44 for the Eq.(3.5), 0 . 546 0 .546 Tubing head pressure, p tf = 435 R1.89 q = 435 Г— 0 .851.89 Г— 320 = 100 psig S 44 Second case: At THP = 300 psig, CHP = 993 psig = 1008 psia p wf = 1008 (1 + 7 1 .5 ) = 1195 psia = 1180 psig 100 Prepare the following table using the pressure gradient curve for 2в…њ-in. tubing, Assumed flow rates, bbl/day 50 100 200 400 600 Flowing BHPs at THP of 100 psig, psig 1000 820 760 800 840 Flowing BHPs at THP of 100 psig, psig 1460 1200 1100 1160 1180 Assuming a straight line IPR, draw the IPR connecting the points 1180 psi on the first curve and 320 bbl/day on the second curve. From the IPR: static BHP = 1400 psig and the well's potential is 725 bbl/day. So PI is 725/1400 = 0.52 bbl/day/psi. With new choke flowing BHP is 1180 psig and production is 110 bbl/day with THP 300 psig. S 1.89 = 435 Г— 0.85 0.546 Г— 110 = 146 , S = 14 and 14/64 = 7/32-in. choke. 300 63 1600 Bottom-hole pressure, psi 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 200 400 600 800 Production rate, bbl/day Problem (5) 6. What is the force balance under operating conditions for the conventional fluid-operated valve of Fig.4.11? The notation is as follows: Ab = effective bellows area; As = area of stem; Av = area of port; pb = bellows charge pressure; pc = injection pressure; pt = tubing pressure. Solution Referred to Fig. 4.11, conventional fluid-operated valve Closing force, Fc = pb Ab Opening force, Fo = pt ( Ab в€’ Av ) + p c Av Force balance, Fc = Fo pb Ab = pt Ab в€’ pt Av + p c Av 7. Calculate the casing pressure opposite a valve at 6000 ft using Eq.(4.15), and check with Fig.4.10 for the following well conditions: (10 marks) Geothermal gradient = 1.6В°/100 ft Wellhead pressure = 500 psia Mean surface temperature = 70В°F Gas gravity = 0.60 Solution Temperature at 5000 ft, Tv = 70В°F + 5000 Г—(1.6/100)= 150В°F Therefore, T avg = 70 + 150 = 110 В° F (or) 570 В° R 2 Increase in casing pressure, ∆ p в‰… 0 .25 ( p wh / 100 )( D / 100 ) = 0 .25 Г— (500 / 100 )( 5000 / 100 ) = 62 .5 psi The pressure at the valve depth = 500 + 62.5 = 562.5 psia p avg = 500 + 562.5 = 531 psia (or) 516 psig 2 From Fig. 4.9, z = 0.994 p v = p wh 10 ОіD / 122.7 zTavg = 500 Г— 10 0.6Г—5000 / 122.7Г—0.944Г—570 = 555 psia= 540 psig 64 500 + 540 = 520psig 2 From Fig. 4.9 , z = 0.942 which gives pv = 555 psia (or) 540 psig Again p avg = From Fig.4.10, pv = 550 psig 8. An operator needs the surface closing pressure of a pressure-operated flow valve with a 75 psi spring effect to be 600 psig when the valve is installed in a well at 6000 ft where the temperature is 160В°F. (20 marks) (a)Using again the value 0.112 for Av/Ab calculate the pressure opposite the valve at 6000 ft for a surface casing pressure of 600 psig. This is the closing pressure of the valve at the operating temperature of 160В°F. (b)What is the pressure inside the bellows at 160В°F? (c)What is the pressure inside the bellows at 60В°F? (d)Calculate the opening pressure of the valve at 60В°F which would be specified in ordering from the manufacturer. Solution ( ) R = 0.112, from Fig. 4.10, pvc @ Dv = 685 psig (b) p p vc = (1 в€’ R)[ bT + S t ] 1в€’ R p 685 = 0.888[ bT + 75] 0.888 pbT = 618 psig (c)From Fig.4.10, pb = 515 psig (d) p 515 p vo = b + S t = + 75 = 655psig 1в€’ R 0.888 9. It is desired to design a continuous gas-lift installation from the following well data: Depth to top of perforations = 5800 ft Operating pressure = 650 psig Wellhead tubing pressure = 50 psig Unloading gradient = 0.04 psi/ft Static gradient = 0.5 psi/ft Casing size = 5ВЅ-in., 20 lb/ft Static fluid level = 2500 ft from the surface Tubing size = 2-in. Valve opening pressures at 60В°F = 650, 625, 600, 575, and 550 psig (a)What are the setting depths of each valve based on valve opening pressures at 60В°F? (b)A closing pressure analysis of the valve string calculated above should be made to be sure that the valves as spaced will have closing pressures decreasing with depth. Valve ratio = 0.112 and spring effect = 75 psig. Solution From Table 5.1, Aa/At = 4.31 and, since the static fluid level is known as 2500 ft from the surface. The depth to the top valve is D1 = D s + p v1 в€’ p wh 650 в€’ 50 = 2500 + = 2726 ft (Depth to top valve) (1 + R ) G s (1 + 4 .31) 0 .5 65 D1в€’ 2 = p v 2 в€’ G f D1 в€’ p wh Gs = 625 в€’ 0 .04 Г— 2726 в€’ 50 = 932 ft 0 .5 D 2 = 2726 + 932 = 3658 ft (Depth to 2nd valve) 600 в€’ 0 .04 Г— 3658 в€’ 50 = 808 ft, D 3 = 3658 + 808 = 4466 ft (Depth to 3rd valve) 0 .5 575 в€’ 0 .04 Г— 4466 в€’ 50 = = 692 ft, D 4 = 4466 + 692 = 5158 ft (Depth to 4th valve) 0 .5 550 в€’ 0 .04 Г— 5158 в€’ 50 = = 588 ft, D 5 = 5158 + 588 = 5746 ft (Depth to 5th valve) 0 .5 D 2 в€’3 = D 3в€’ 4 D 4 в€’5 Surface Closing Pressure Analysis (1) Valve opening pressure at 60В°F, psig 650 625 600 575 550 (2) (3) (4) (5) Depth of valve, ft 2726 3658 4466 5158 5746 Temperature at valve, В°F 114 129 141 153 162 Bellows pressure at 60В°F, psig 511 488 466 444 422 Bellows pressure at Tv, psig 570 560 540 525 515 (6) Valve closing pressure at depth, psig 637 627 607 592 582 (7) Surface closing pressure, psig 590 570 550 540 530 Column (3): Tv = 0.016 D + 70 В° F Column (4): p vo = пЈ«пЈ¬ p d пЈ¶пЈ· + S t в€’ p t пЈ«пЈ¬ R пЈ¶пЈ· пЈ1в€’ R пЈё пЈ1в€’ R пЈё Column (5)and (7): Fig.4.10 Column (6): p vc = p d @ T v + S t (1 в€’ R ) 10. A well is to be placed on intermittent-flow gas-lift. The well data are as follows: Well depth = 8000 ft Tubing size = 2-in., Capacity: 0.00387 bbl/ft Specific gravity of oil = 0.87 Casing size = 5ВЅ-in., 20 lb/ft No water production. Well PI = 0.08 bbl/day/psi Static BHP = 2200 psig Wellhead pressure = 50 psig Oil production desired = 120 bbl/day Average tubing temperature = 127 В°F Cycle time = 48 min Gas deviation factor = 0.87 Calculate the depth to the operating valve and theoretical minimum injection gas-oil ratio, assuming 70 per cent of starting slug is produced. Solution Static gradient = 0.433 Г— 0.87 = 0.377 psi/ft Drawdown, ∆p =q/PI =120/0.08 =1500 psi Depth to static fluid level = 8000 – [(2200 – 50)/0.377] = 2297 ft Equivalent hydrostatic head of ∆p = 1500/0.377 = 3979 ft Depth to working fluid level = 2297 + 3979 = 6276 ft which is mid point of the slug buildup 66 bbl/cycle = 120 bbl/day Г— 48 min/cycle = 4 bbl/cycle 1440 min/ day Since 70% of the starting slug is produced, Volume of starting slug = 4/0.70 = 5.7 bbl Length of starting slug = 5.7/0.00387 = 1473 ft Depth to operating valve = (1473/2)+6276 = 7012 ft # Tubing pressure opposite the operating valve , pt = 50 + (1473 Г— 0.377) = 605 psig Minimum casing pressure at operating valve = 605 + (605/2) = 908 psig Space for gas injected = 7012 Г— 0.00387 – 5.7 = 21.44 bbl = 120.3 cu ft Tubing pressure under slug the surface = 50 + (4/0.00387) Г— 0.377 = 440 psig pavg = (908 + 440)/2 = 674 psig = 688.7 psia Tavg = 127 + 460 = 587 В°R V sc = 120 .3 Г— 688 .7 520 1 Г— Г— = 5739 SCF/cycle 14 .7 587 0 .87 Minimum injection GOR = 5739 SCF/cycle / 4 bbl/cycle = 1435 SCF/STB # **************** 67 Ministry of Science and Technology Department of Technical and Vocational Education Petroleum Engineering Sample Questions for PE 03023 PETROLEUM PRODUCTION ENGINEERING Part ( II ) Chapter 1 Sucker Rod Pumping 1.* 2.** 3.* 4.* 5.** 6.* 7.* 8.** 9.** 10.** 11.* 12.* 13.** 14.** 15.** Explain the counterbalance effect of the counterbalancing system of a beam pumping unit. (10 marks) Define the factors which contribute to the net polished rod load and give their expressions. (15 marks) Describe the two possible approaches to the design of a tapered sucker rod string and explain the four assumptions made to simplify the design. (10 marks) Explain why volumetric efficiency is extremely important in sucker rod pumping design. (10 marks) Discuss the factors considered in sucker rod and tubing failure. (10 marks) Draw a dynamometer card for an idealized pumping system and explain the six conditions. (10 marks) Draw a dynamometer card for the actual pumping system and explain the eight load factors contribute to the shape of the card. (15 marks) Describe "fluid pound" and "gas pound" of the pumping operation. (10 marks) For a well polished rod stroke length is 68 in., pumping speed is 16 spm, and length of the sucker rod string is 7352 ft. What would be the increase in effective plunger stroke if pumping speed were increased to 20 spm? (10 marks) A well has a sucker rod string consisting of 4600 ft of Вѕ-in. rods and 1950 ft of в…ћ-in. rods. The plunger diameter is 1ВЅ-in., polished rod stroke length is 64 in., and average specific gravity of the well fluid is 0.825. At what pumping speed will polished rod stroke length and effective stroke length be equal if the tubing is anchored? (10 marks) For a well, the plunger diameter is 2 in., pumping speed is 23 spm, the calculated effective plunger stroke is 30.8 in., and production is 20 bbl of oil and 180 bbl of water per day. Calculate the pump constant and the volumetric efficiency of the pump in this well. (5 marks) For a well, the 1Вѕ-in. plunger is set in 2-in. tubing on 4275 ft of Вѕ-in. sucker rods. There is no tubing anchor, and the working fluid level is known to be low. When the well is pumped at 18 spm with a 64-in. stroke, the production is 283 bbl per day of a fluid of specific gravity 0.825. From these data calculate the volumetric efficiency of the pump, peak polished rod load, ideal counterbalance effect, and polished rod horsepower. (20 marks) For a well, a 1Вѕ-in. plunger is to be set with 3200 ft of в…ќ-in. sucker rods. It is estimated that a pumping speed of 17 spm and a polished rod stroke length of 42 in. will give the desired production of 157 bbl per day. It is further estimated that the working fluid level will be about 2000 ft, and that the specific gravity of the produced fluid will be 0.825. Assuming a 30 per cent reduction due to cyclic loading, calculate the minimum nameplate rating for the electric motor to be used as the prime mover. (10 marks) For a certain well, a 2-in. plunger is set on a 3300-ft string of в…ћ-in. rods. The tubing size is 3 in., and there is no tubing anchor or gas anchor. Production is 120 bbl/day of oil and 267 bbl/day of water, the average specific gravity of the tubing fluid being 0.83. An echometer shows the pumping fluid level to be at 2066 ft. The pumping speed is 18 spm at a polished rod stroke length of 64 in. Calculate the effective plunger stroke and peak polished rod load. (15 marks) For a certain pumping well the following data are available: pump setting depth = 3500 ft; rod size = Вѕ in.; tubing size = 2ВЅ in. (tubing not anchored); plunger size = 1Вѕ in.; polished rod stroke length = 54 in.; specific gravity of produced fluid = 0.85; pumping speed = 18 68 spm; working fluid level = 3150 ft. Calculate the volumetric efficiency of the pump if the well is producing 180 bbl/day. (15 marks) 16.** A well is producing 240 bbl/day of a fluid having specific gravity of 0.80. The pump is set at 3500 ft on Вѕ-in. rods, and the plunger size is 1Вѕ in. Calculate the ideal counterbalance effect for the unit. (5 marks) 17.** A certain crank counterbalance has its center of gravity 33 in. from the center of the crankshaft when stroke length is 44 in. In order to reduce pumping speed, and thereby decrease peak polished rod load, it was decided to change the stroke length to 64 in. What will be the new distance from the center of gravity of the counterbalance to the center of the crankshaft if it is desired to keep the counterbalance effect the same? (10 marks) 18.** A dynamometer test was run on the well of Prob.(12). An analysis of the resulting dynamometer card shows a peak load of 11,500 lb, a minimum polished rod load of 3800 lb, a polished rod horsepower of 11.02. From results of the dynamometer test, calculate the ideal counterbalance effect, maximum sucker rod stress, and peak torque if the unit is counterbalanced to within 5 per cent of the ideal value. (10 marks) 19.** For a certain pumping installation production is 200 bbl per day of a fluid having a specific gravity of 0.845 from a depth of 2500 ft. What is the below-ground efficiency for this installation if a dynamometer test shows a polished rod horse power of 7.4 hp? (5 marks) 20.** The area within the loop of a certain dynamometer card is 2.97 sq in.; and the area between the loop and the zero load line is 3.82 sq in. The length of the loop is 4.56 in.; and the instrument constant for the dynamometer is 5550 lb per in. Calculate the correct counterbalance effect for the unit. (5 marks) 21.** For the well of Prob.(20), the pumping speed is 20 spm and stroke length is 48 in. Calculate the above-ground efficiency if the wattmeter (on the line to the electric motor being used as the prime mover) shows an average power input of 14.5 kw. (7 marks) 22.** For a well the sucker rod string consists of 3575 ft of Вѕ-in. rods and 2625 ft of в…ћ-in. rods. A standing valve test on the well gave a static rod load of 10,190 lb. What is the effective specific gravity of the fluid in the tubing? (5 marks) 23.** For the well of Prob.(22), plunger size is 1Вѕ-in. If a traveling valve test shows a load of 14,725 lb, what pumping BHP is indicated? (7 marks) 24.** What is the net lift for the well of Probs.(22) and (23)? (3 marks) 25.*** In the design of a certain well, it is anticipated that production will be 375 bbl per day with a pump setting depth of 6500 ft. Assuming a volumetric efficiency of 75 per cent for the pump, calculate the rod size and the length of each section of the tapered string if sucker rod are available in lengths of 25 ft. (15 marks) 26.*** A dynamometer card for a pumping well is shown in Fig.(1.29). Stroke length for the unit is 44 in., and pumping speed is 19.5 spm. The dynamometer used for the measurements has an instrument constant of 8000 lb per in. Calculate the torque on the gear reducer when the crank has turned through an angle of 330В° from the beginning of the upstroke. (10 marks) 27.*** For the well of Prob.(26), the depth to the plunger is 5000 ft, and production is 225 bbl/day at the pumping speed of 19.5 spm. Because of an increase in water cut, it is desired to obtain more production by increasing pumping to a value greater than 19.5 spm. At what approximate production rate would a synchronous pumping speed be encountered?(10 marks) 28.*** Construct the torque curve over a complete pumping cycle for the well of Prob. (26). (15 marks) 29.*** The overall efficiency of a certain pumping unit (utilizing an electric motor as the prime mover) is 39 per cent. If electric power costs $ 0.03 per kilowatt-hour, calculate the cost (for power only) of lifting a barrel of fluid of specific gravity 0.855 from a depth of 5400 ft. (10 marks) 30.*** A well is producing 584 bbl per day of a fluid having a specific gravity of 0.90. Pump setting depth is 5125 ft, pumping fluid level is 3200 ft, and tubing pressure is 50 psi. What is the net lift of the fluid? (5 marks) 31.*** A pumping unit has a single reduction gear with a gear ratio of 9:6. The unit sheave has a pitch diameter of 34 in., and the sheave on the multicylinder gas engine has a pitch diameter 69 of 8 in. What is the engine speed when the pumping speed is 23 spm? (5 marks) 32.*** It is desired to put on pump a well having a static fluid level of 1000 ft. The well fluid has a 40 per cent water cut, with oil of gravity 40В°API and water of specific gravity 1.015. The installation is to be designed for an oil production of 125 bbl/day. Reservoir studies and well fluids analyses indicate a probable pump volumetric efficiency of at least 80 per cent. (b) Determine the API rating of the pumping unit assembly to be purchased for this installation. (b) Determine, for the propose installation, polished rod stroke length, optimum plunger size, and resulting tubing size and pumping speed. (b) Design the sucker rod string, assuming sucker rods to be available in lengths of 25 ft. (b) Calculate the actual oil production for the assumed volumetric efficiency and the operating conditions of part (b). (b) An example of a pumping unit assembly which meets the requirements of parts (a) and (b) is the Bethlehem 160D-20S-64. This unit has a beam load rating of 20,700 lb, an available counterbalance effect (without auxiliary counterweights) of 11,770 lb, and a peak torque rating of 160,000 in-lb. Compare these values with calculated values under the selected operating conditions. (b) What is the maximum sucker rod stress under the selected operating conditions? (b) Determine the minimum brake horsepower rating for the electric motor to be used as the prime mover. (b) The standard unit sheave for the Bethlehem 160D-20S-64 pumping assembly has a pitch diameter of 24 in., and the double reduction gear has a reduction ratio of 26.4. If motor speed is 1200 rpm, what should be the pitch diameter of the motor sheave to obtain the desired pumping speed? (20 marks) 33.** For a certain pumping installation, the pump setting depth is 515 ft and the working fluid level is 3200 ft. The well is making 580 bbl per day of a fluid of specific gravity 0.90. Assuming negligible tubing pressure, calculate the overall efficiency of the installation if the wattmeter on the line to the electric motor being used as the prime mover shows an average power input of 23 kw. (10 marks) 34.*** What is the average plunger speed for a well being pumped at 20 spm if the effective plunger stroke is 58 in.? (5 marks) 35.*** It is desired to design a pumping installation to obtain a production of 360 bbl per day at a pump setting depth of 3600 ft and an assumed volumetric efficiency of 80 per cent. The appropriate design data shows two possible plunger sizes for the conditions. Considering the possibility of excessive sucker rod failure resulting from synchronous pumping speed, which plunger size should be selected? (10 marks) Chapter 2 Electrical Submersible Centrifugal Pumps 36.* Explain briefly about the components of a electrical submersible pumping system. (15 marks) 37.** What are the accessory items for the submersible pumping system? (10 marks) 38.** Draw a sketch of standard performance curve for a submersible pump and explain its usage. (15 marks) 39.* What is total dynamic head (TDH) and how can it be determined? (10 marks) 40.** Calculate the total dynamic head for the given well: (10 marks) Required wellhead pressure = 200 psig Pump setting depth = 12000 ft Tubing size = 3ВЅ-in. EUE Pumping rate = 2000 bpd Fluid pumped = 70% 40В°API oil with 30% water of specific gravity 1.05 Average density = 54.79 lbm/ft3 Fluid over pump intake = 650 ft 41.* Describe the summary of pump sizing procedure in sizing a submersible pumping unit. (10 marks) Chapter 3 Hydraulic Pumping 42.* Describe the advantages of the piston-type hydraulic pumping system. (10 marks) 43.** Describe the basic types of power fluid system and explain them. (15 marks) 70 44.* Explain the considerations and decisions that must be made when designing a hydraulic pumping installation. (10 marks) 45.** How do you determine the power fluid rate? (10 marks) * = Must know, ** = Should know, *** = Could know ********************* 71 Ministry of Science and Technology Department of Technical and Vocational Education Petroleum Engineering Worked Out Examples for PE 03023 PRODUCTION ENGINEERING Part ( II ) 1. For a well polished rod stroke length is 68 in., pumping speed is 16 spm, and length of the sucker rod string is 7352 ft. What would be the increase in effective plunger stroke if pumping speed were increased to 20 spm? Solution Acceleration factors for respective pumping speeds are first calculated, О± = SN 2 70500 О±1 = 68 Г— 16 Г— 16 = 0 .247 70500 О±2 = 68 Г— 20 Г— 20 = 0 .386 70500 40.8 L2О± only of Eq.1.31, therefore E 40 .8 L2О± 1 40 .8 L2О± 2 – Increase in effective plunger stroke, ∆ S p = Increase in N will affect the term E E = 40 . 8 L 2 40 . 8 Г— 7325 (О± 2 в€’ О± 1 ) = E 30 Г— 10 6 2 ( 0 . 386 в€’ 0 . 246 ) = 10 . 1 in. # 2. A well has a sucker rod string consisting of 4600 ft of Вѕ-in. rods and 1950 ft of в…ћ-in. rods. The plunger diameter is 1ВЅ-in., polished rod stroke length is 64 in., and average specific gravity of the well fluid is 0.825. At what pumping speed will polished rod stroke length and effective stroke length be equal if the tubing is anchored? Solution For Вѕ-in. rods, Ar1 = 0.442 sq in., M1 = 1.63 lb/ft For в…ћ-in. rods, Ar2 = 0.601 sq in., M2 = 2.16 lb/ft For 1ВЅ-in. plunger, Ap = 1.767 sq in. When S = Sp , Eq.1.30 can be rewritten as, пЈ« L L пЈ¶ 40 .8 L2О± = 5 .2GDA p пЈ¬пЈ¬ 1 + 2 пЈ·пЈ· , tubing is anchored. пЈ A r 1 Ar 2 пЈё 5 .2 Г— 0 .825 Г— 6550 Г— 1 .767 пЈ« 4600 1950 пЈ¶ О± = + пЈ¬ пЈ· = 0 .386 40 .8 Г— 6550 Г— 6550 пЈ 0 .442 0 .601 пЈё SN 2 = О± = 0 .386 and N = 70500 0 .386 Г— 70500 = 20 .6 spm # 64 3. A certain crank counterbalance has its center of gravity 33 in. from the center of the crankshaft when stroke length is 44 in. In order to reduce pumping speed, and thereby decrease peak polished rod load, it was decided to change the stroke length to 64 in. What will be the new distance from the center of gravity of the counterbalance to the center of the crankshaft if it is desired to keep the counterbalance effect the same? 72 Solution Assume l1 = l2 , r1 = S/2 = 22 in., and r2 = 32 in. From Eq.6.57, d1 = r1 ( C в€’ C s ) Wc where (C - C s ) = constant Wc Then d1 d 2 = r1 r2 d2 = (33/22)Г—32 = 48 in. # The new distance from the center of gravity of the counterbalance to the center of the crankshaft. 4. For a well the sucker rod string consists of 3575 ft of Вѕ-in. rods and 2625 ft of в…ћ-in. rods. A standing valve test on the well gave a static rod load of 10,190 lb. What is the effective specific gravity of the fluid in the tubing? For this well, plunger size is 1Вѕ-in. If a traveling valve test shows a load of 14,725 lb, what pumping BHP is indicated? What is the net lift for the well ? Solution For Вѕ-in. rods, M1 = 1.63 lb/ft For в…ћ-in. rods, M2 = 2.16 lb/ft From standing valve test, Wrm = 10190 lb Calculated rod load, Wrc = 3575 Г— 1.63 + 2625 Г— 2.16 = 11497 lb From Eq.1.84, Wrm = Wrc (1 – 0.127 G) 1 – 0.127 G = 10190/11497 = 0.886 G = 0.90 # For 1Вѕ-in. plunger, Ap = 2.405 sq in. From traveling valve test, Wrfm = 14725 lb Measured fluid load , Wfm = Wrfm – Wrm = 14725 – 10190 = 4535 lb Calculated fluid load, Wfc = 0.433 GLAp = 0.433Г—0.90Г—6200Г—2.405 = 5810 lb Pumping BHP, pw = (Wfc – Wfm)/Ap = (5810 – 4535)/2.405 = 530 psi # Net lift, LN = L Г— Wfm/Wfc = 6200 Г— 4535 /5810 = 4840 ft # 5. In the design of a certain well, it is anticipated that production will be 375 bbl per day with a pump setting depth of 6500 ft. Assuming a volumetric efficiency of 75 per cent for the pump, calculate the rod size and the length of each section of the tapered string if sucker rod are available in lengths of 25 ft. Solution Pump displacement, V = 375/0.75 = 500 bbl/day From Fig.(1.6), pump displacement of 500 bbl/day and pump setting depth 6500 ft give an API size 640 with stroke length 144 in. 73 From Table 1-12, for pump setting depth 6500 ft, pump size is 1Вѕ-in. (2.405 sq in.) and rod sizes are Вѕ-в…ћ-1. Using the equations from Table 1-4, R1 = 0.664 – 0.0894 Г— 2.405 = 0.449 R2 = 0.181 + 0.0478 Г— 2.405 = 0.296 R3 = 0.155 + 0.0416 Г— 2.405 = 0.255 L1 = 0.449 Г— 6500 = 2918 ft L2 = 0.296 Г— 6500 = 1924 ft L3 = 0.255 Г— 6500 = 1657 ft Sucker rods are available in lengths of 25 ft, therefore Вѕ-in. rods 2925 ft # в…ћ-in. rods 1925 ft # 1-in. rods 1650 ft # 6. For a well, a 1Вѕ-in. plunger is to be set with 3200 ft of в…ќ-in. sucker rods. It is estimated that a pumping speed of 17 spm and a polished rod stroke length of 42 in. will give the desired production of 157 bbl per day. It is further estimated that the working fluid level will be about 2000 ft, and that the specific gravity of the produced fluid will be 0.825. Assuming a 30 per cent reduction due to cyclic loading, calculate the minimum nameplate rating for the electric motor to be used as the prime mover. Solution Hydraulic horsepower, Hh = 7.36Г—10–6qGD = 7.36Г—10–6Г—157Г—0.825Г—2000 = 1.95 hp Frictional horsepower, Hf = 6.31Г—10–7WrSN = 6.31Г—10–7Г—3720Г—42Г—17 = 1.68 hp Polished rod horsepower = 1.95 + 1.68 = 3.63 hp Brake horsepower = 3.63 Г— 1.5 = 5.44 hp Minimum nameplate rating with 30 per cent power reduction due to cyclic loading is = 5.44/0.70 = 7.7 hp # 7. The area within the loop of a certain dynamometer card is 2.97 sq in.; and the area between the loop and the zero load line is 3.82 sq in. The length of the loop is 4.56 in.; and the instrument constant for the dynamometer is 5550 lb per in. Calculate the correct counterbalance effect for the unit. For the above well, the pumping speed is 20 spm and stroke length is 48 in. Calculate the aboveground efficiency if the wattmeter (on the line to the electric motor being used as the prime mover) shows an average power input of 14.5 kw. Solution The correct counterbalance effect, A Y 5550 2 .97 [ Al + u ] = [3 .82 + ] = 6450 lb# Ll 2 4 .56 2 14 .5 kw Average power input = = 19 .43 hp 0.746 kw/hp Ci = Polished rod horsepower from dynamometer card, 74 Hp = SYA u N 48 Г— 5550 Г— 2097 Г— 20 = = 8 .76 hp 396000 L l 396000 Г— 4 .56 Above-ground efficiency =8.76/19.43 = 45 per cent # 8. For the well of Prob.(26), the depth to the plunger is 5000 ft, and production is 225 bbl/day at the pumping speed of 19.5 spm. Because of an increase in water cut, it is desired to obtain more production by increasing pumping to a value greater than 19.5 spm. At what approximate production rate would a synchronous pumping speed be encountered? Solution Order of synchronization, n = 237000 / NL = 237000 / 19 . 5 Г— 5000 = 2 . 43 To obtain a greater pumping speed, n must be assumed to be 2 N = 237000/2Г—5000 = 23.7 spm q = KSpNEv q/N = KSpEv = Constant q1/N1 = q2/N2 q2 = 225Г—23.7/19.5 = 273 bbl per day # 9. A well is producing 240 bbl/day of a fluid having specific gravity of 0.80. The pump is set at 3500 ft on Вѕ-in. rods, and the plunger size is 1Вѕ in. Calculate the ideal counterbalance effect for the unit. Solution For Вѕ-in. rods, M1 = 1.63 lb/ft For 1Вѕ-in. plunger, Ap = 2.405 sq in. Weight of rod string, Wr = 3500 Г— 1.63 lb/ft = 5705 lb Fluid load, Wf = 0.433G (LAp – 0.294 Wr) = 0.433Г—0.8(3500Г—2.405 – 0.294Г—5705)= 2334 lb Ideal counterbalance effect, Ci =0.5 Wf +[Wr (1 – 0.127G)] = 0.5Г—2334 + 5705(1–0.127Г—0.8) = 6290 lb # 10. It is desired to put on pump a well having a static fluid level of 1000 ft. The well fluid has a 40 per cent water cut, with oil of gravity 40В°API and water of specific gravity 1.015. The installation is to be designed for an oil production of 125 bbl/day. Reservoir studies and well fluids analyses indicate a probable pump volumetric efficiency of at least 80 per cent. (a) Determine the API rating of the pumping unit assembly to be purchased for this installation. (b) Determine, for the propose installation, polished rod stroke length, optimum plunger size, and resulting tubing size and pumping speed. (c) Design the sucker rod string, assuming sucker rods to be available in lengths of 25 ft. (d) Calculate the actual oil production for the assumed volumetric efficiency and the operating conditions of part (b). (e) An example of a pumping unit assembly which meets the requirements of parts (a) and (b) is the Bethlehem 160D-20S-64. This unit has a beam load rating of 20,700 lb, an available counterbalance effect (without auxiliary counterweights) of 11,770 lb, and a 75 peak torque rating of 160,000 in-lb. Compare these values with calculated values under the selected operating conditions. ( ) What is the maximum sucker rod stress under the selected operating conditions? ( ) Determine the minimum brake horsepower rating for the electric motor to be used as the prime mover. (h) The standard unit sheave for the Bethlehem 160D-20S-64 pumping assembly has a pitch diameter of 24 in., and the double reduction gear has a reduction ratio of 26.4. If motor speed is 1200 rpm, what should be the pitch diameter of the motor sheave to obtain the desired pumping speed? Solution (a) Production is 125 bbl/day of oil with 40% water cut and if gross production rate is q Water cut = (q – qo)/q = 0.40 Gross production, q = 125/0.60= 208 bbl/day Pump displacement, V = 208/0.80 = 260 bbl/day From Fig. 1.6, with pump setting depth 4500 ft, API unit size 160 is obtained (curve E). API rating of 160,000 in-lb.# ( ) From Table 1-9 for API 160, polished rod stroke length, S = 64 in. and rod string: в…ќ-Вѕ-в…ћ Optimum plunger size = 1ВЅ in. Tubing size = 2 in. Pumping speed, N = 20 spm (by interpolation) (c) Sucker rod string design, for 1ВЅ-in. plunger, Ap = 1.767 sq in. R1 = 0.627 – 0.1393Г—1.767 = 0.380 R2 = 0.199 + 0.0737Г—1.767 = 0.329 R3 = 0.175 + 0.0655Г—1.767 = 0.291 L1 = 0.380Г—4500 = 1710 ft ≈ 1725 ft # L2 = 0.329Г—4500 = 1480 ft ≈ 1475 ft # L3 = 0.291Г—4500 = 1309 ft ≈ 1300 ft # (d) Oil gravity = 141.5/(131.5+40) = 0.825 Water gravity = 1.015 Gravity of well fluid, G = 0.825Г— 3 + 1.015Г— 2 = 0.901 5 5 For в…ќ-in. rods, M1 = 1.16 lb/ft, A1 =0.307 sq in. For Вѕ-in. rods, M1 = 1.63 lb/ft, A2 =0.442 sq in. For в…ћ-in. rods, M2 = 2.16 lb/ft, A3 =0.601 sq in. О± = 64 Г— 20 Г— 20 / 70500 = 0 . 363 ep = 40 .8 L 2О± 40 .8 Г— 4500 2 Г— 0 .363 = = 10 in. E 30 Г— 10 6 et + e r = 5 .2 GDA p пЈ« L L пЈ¶ L L пЈ¬пЈ¬ + 1 + 2 + 3 пЈ·пЈ· E A1 A2 A3 пЈё пЈ At 5.2 Г— 0.901 Г— 4500 Г— 1.767 пЈ« 4500 1725 1475 1300 пЈ¶ + + + пЈ¬ пЈ· = 18 in. 30 Г— 10 6 пЈ 1.304 0.307 0.442 0.601 пЈё Sp = 64+10–18 = 56 in. = 76 V = 0.1484Г—1.767Г—56Г—20 = 294 bbl/day q = 294Г—0.80 = 235 bbl/day (oil and water) Oil production = 235Г—0.60 = 141 bbl/day # (e) Bethlehem 160D-20S-64 unit Beam loading = 20700 lb, CBE = 11770 lb, Peak torque = 160,000 in.-lb Under operating conditions: Wr = (1725Г—1.16)+(1475Г—1.63)+(1300Г—2.16) = 7210 lb Wf = 0.433Г—0.901(4500Г—1.767 – 0.294Г—7210) = 2275 lb Maximum polished rod load, Wmax = 2275 Г—1.363 = 12100 lb # Minimum polished rod load, Wmin = 7210(1 – 0.363 – 0.127Г—0.901) = 3770 lb Ideal counterbalance effect, Ci = 12100+3770/2 = 7935 lb # Peak torque = (12100 – 0.95Г—7935) 64/2 = 145,976 in.-lb # (f) Maximum sucker rod stress = Wmax / A3 = 12100/0.601 = 20100 psi # (g) Hh = 7.36Г—10–6Г—235Г—0.901Г—4500 = 7 hp Hf = 6.31Г—10–7Г—7210Г—64Г—20 = 5.8 hp Brake horsepower = 1.5 (7 + 5.8) = 20 hp # (h) du = 24 in., Z = 26.4, Ne = 1200 rpm, N = 20 spm de = Zdu(N/Ne) = 26.4Г—24(20/1200) = 10.6 in. # Pitch diameter of the motor sheave. *****************
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