File Ref.No.7220/GA - IV - B2/2012/CU
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
Abstract
MA Malayalam Unified Syllabus applicable for Department of Malayalam, University of Calicut,
Affiliated Colleges and School of Distance Education - implemented with effect from 2014 Admission
- Approved - Orders issued
G & A - IV - B
U.O.No. 9713/2014/Admn
Dated, Calicut University.P.O, 15.10.2014
Read:-1. UO GA1/J1/1373/08 dated 01.07.08
2. UO GA IV/J1/1373/08 dated 23.07.2010
3. Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Studies in Malayalam P.G held on
20.11.2013 and 08.01.2014
4. Minutes of the Meeting of the Faculty of Language and Literature held on
23.01.2014 item number n, item number o
5. Minutes of the Meeting of the Academic Council held on 20.03.2014 item number II
E
6. Minutes of the Meeting of the Sub Committee on CUCSS P.G held on 07.04.2014
7. Letter dated 30.09.2014 from the Dean Faculty of Language and Literature
8. Orders of the Vice Chancellor in file of even number dated 15.10.2014
ORDER
Vide UO read first above Orders were issued implementing CCSS for PG Courses in the
Teaching Departments /Schools of the University, from the Academic Year 2008-09 onwards.
Vide UO read second Credit Semester System and Grading was introduced for PG Curriculum
in the Affiliated Colleges in the University with effect from 2010 admission and Regulations for the
same implemented.
The Board of studies in Malayalam (PG) at its meeting held on 20.11.2013 and
08.01.2014 discussed about the unification of MA Malayalam Syllabus and resolved that a unified
Syllabus be followed for MA Malayalam in the Affiliated colleges, University Departments and for the
School of Distance Education vide paper read third above.
The Faculty of Language and Literature at its meeting held on 23.01.2014 vide item no
n approved the decision of the Board of studies in Malayalam (PG) to revise and unify the
MA Malayalam (PG) syllabus and vide item number o referred the matter of unification of
Malayalam (PG) Syllabus to the Steering Committee vide paper read fourth above.
The Academic council at its meeting held on 20.03.2014 vide item number II E approved
the Minutes of the Meeting of the Facurty of Language and Literature vide paper read fifth above.
The matter of unification of MA Malayalam Syllabus was placed before the Sub Committee on
CBCSS (PG) for consideration and the Sub Committee on CBCSS (PG) resolved to form a
Committee to study the matter in detail vide paper read sixth above.
The Dean Faculty of Language and Literature vide paper read seventh above forwarded
the Unified Syllabus of MA Malayalam to be followed in Affiliated Colleges, University Departments
and School of Distance Education.
Vide paper read sixth the Vice Chancellor has ordered that the Unified Syllabus of
MA Malayalam for the Affiliated Colleges , University Departments and School of Distance Education
be implemented urgently with effect from 2014 admission.
Accordingly Orders are issued implementing the Unified Syllabus of MA Malayalam
to be followed in the University Departments, Affiliated Colleges and School of Distance Education
with effect from 2014 admission . The Syllabus applicable for S.D.E is implemented subject to
approval of the Regulations by the Academic Bodies.
Orders are issued accordingly.
The Unified Syllabus of MA Malayalam for the Affiliated Colleges, University
Departments and School of Distance Education with effect from 2014 admission
is attached
herewith.
Muhammed S
Deputy Registrar
To
1. The Head of the Department of Malayalam
2. Principals of all Arts and Science Colleges offering MA Malayalam
3. Director , School of Distance Education
.
Copy to: PA to Controller of Examinations/EX Section/EG Section/DR & AR - PG Branch/
Exam S.D.E / Tabulation Section PG and S.D.E
Forwarded / By Order
Section Officer
Imen-°‰v k¿∆-Ie
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bqW-nt- h¿kn‰n H^v Imen-°‰v ]n H
ae-в€Џpdw XmeqВ°v Л› 673635
Fw. F. ae-bmfw
`mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
]cn-jv°-cn®]mTy-]-≤Xn
2014˛2015 A≤y-b-\-h¿jw apX¬
malayalam language and literature
m a malayalam syllubus 2014 -2015 onwards
prepared by
post graduate malayalam board of studies
university of calicut 673635
Imen-°-‰v bqW-n-th¿kn‰n
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л›
`m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
ae-bmfw Fw.F. ˛ `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw ]mTy]≤Xn D∂X-amb Dt±-iyß-tfmSpw e£y-ßtfmSp-w IqSn-bmWv kwhn-[m\w
sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. -ae-bm-fw Fw. F. Ign™v ]pd-�n-d-ßp∂
hnZymВїв€ћn ae-bm-f`
- m-jb
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- n-s®-Sp� kwkv°m-cß
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hfsc Ipd-™-ImewsIm≠v aebm-f`m-j-bpw km-ln-Xy-hpw
t\Snb hf¿®bpw hnImkhpw {it≤-ba
- m-Wv. Ihn-XbvВ°p ]pdta
sNdp-I-Y, t\mh¬, \mS-Iw, Xnc-°-Y, \ncq-]-Ww, Bfl-I-Y,
Poh-N-cn-{Xw, bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw Л› XpS-Гџnb kmlnXy-{]-Гїm-\ГџЖ’ ssIh-cnВ® t\Вґ-ГџЖ’, hniz-km-ln-Xy-Г�nse anIВ® Nne
`mjmkmln-Xyß-fpsS \o≠-Im-es� Ncn{X�n\p kam-\-ambn�o¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p.
]mT-]p-kvX-Ißfmbn Npcp°w Ir-Xn-Iƒ am{Xta \n¿t±-in°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈p. Ahsb amXr--I-bm°n Ah Dƒs∏Sp∂ {]ÿm-\-�ns‚ Ncn-{Xs�bpw Ir-Xn-I-sfbpw Bg-�n¬
]Tn-°pI F∂-Xmbncn-°Ww e£yw. Ihn-sb-tbm {]ÿm-\s�-tbm F¥n-s\-∏-‰n-bm-bmepw Ncn-{X-t_m-[-t�msSbmhWw
]Tnt°-≠-Xv. Hsc-gp-�p-Im-c≥ As√-¶n¬ Hcp IrXn kmlnXyNcn{X-�n¬ FhnsS \nev°p∂p F∂v Xncn-®d
- n-bW
- w. Atв€Џmtg
kmln-Xy-]-T\w At\z-j-W-�n-te°pw Kth-j-W�n-te°pw
4
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Xncn-bq. B t_m[t�msS Fgp-�p-Im-scbpw IrXn-I-sfbpw
hnZymВїв€ћn kao-]n-В°Ww.
hmb\ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn¬ am{Xambn HXp-ßn-t∏m-I-cp-Xv.
B\p- I m- e n- I - { ]kn- ≤ o- I - c - W - ß fpambpw ]pXnb]pkv X - I ßfpambpw \nc-¥cw _�-s∏-´p-sIm-≠ncn-°-Ww. hmbn-°p-I,
NnВҐn-В°p-I, Fgp-Г�pioen-В°p-I.
1) ]mTy-{I-aw, ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw, ]co-ВЈm-k{Вє-Zmbw
k¿∆- I - e m- i m- e mae- b m- f - h n- ` m- K w, k¿∆- I emim- e - b psS
AwKo-Imcw t\Snb tImtf-Pp-IЖ’, hnZq-c-hn-Zym-`ym-khn`mKwЛ›
F∂v aq∂p [mc-I-fn-embn \S-�p∂ aebm-fw˛`mjbpw kmlnXyhpw Fw.-F.bv°v (2014˛2015 apX¬) Htc ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bpw ]mT]p-kvX-I-ßfpamWv ]n≥Xp-S-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ k¿∆-I-em-im-ebnsebpw tImtf-Pp-I-fnsebpw Fw.-F.bv°v skaÿ k{º-Zmb{]Im-cap≈ ]co-£bpw hnZq-c-hn-Zym-`ymkhIp-∏nse Fw.F.bv°v h¿jm¥∏-co-£-bp-amWv \n›-bn-®-n´p-≈Xv. k¿∆-I-emime/tImtfPv Fw.-F.bv°v Hmtcm skaÃ-dnepw Hmtcm sF—nIw. hnZq-c-hn-Zym`ymkw Fw.F.bv°v Hmtcm -h¿jhpw c≠v
sF—nIw.
2) bqW-nthgvkn‰n ae-bm-f-hn-`mKw / tImtfPv
]mTy-]-≤Xn / -tImgvkp-Iƒ
Hmtcm skaÃ-dnepw 4 tImgvkv hoXw. AXn¬ 3 tImgvkv
\n¿_-�n-Xw. 1 tImgvkv sF—nIw.
BsI skaГѓВї 4. BsI tImgvkv 16.
Hmtcm skaÃ-dnepw Ipd-™Xv 90 {]hr�nZnh-kw.
Hmtcm Znhkhpw 5 aWn-°q¿. BgvN-bn¬ 5 Znh-kw.
\memw skaÃ--dns‚ HSp-hn¬ hmNm-]-co-£.
]co£ 6 amks� skaÿImew Ign-bpw-apºv \S-�-Ww.
]co-£m-Imew skaÃ--dp-ambn _�s∏-Sp-�cpXv.
=
5
s{IUn‰v
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
A Xmc-X-ay-km-lnXyw
5
B BJym-\-imkv{Xw
C IYm-km-lnXyw
D kv{XoЛ›Z-fn-XЛ›v- ]
- c
- n-ГїnXnkmlnXyw
t]cv
BZy-Im-e-a-e-bm-f-KZyw
BZy-Im-e-a-e-bm-f-IhnX
B[p-\n-I-I-hnX
MALAYALAM FIRST SEMESTER
CORE COURSE 1 /
MALAYALAM FIRST SEMESTER
ELECTIVE COURSE 1/ TOTAL COURSE No. 4)
]qВїГ†-cq]w:
H∂mw skaÿ
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
(tImUv
MAL1CO 1
=
MAL1CO1
MAL1CO2
MAL1CO3
MAL1E1/4
tImUv
MAL1E1/4
tImgvkv
1 tImВї
2 tImВї
3 tImВї
4 sF—nIw
MAL3CO9
kmln-Xy-kn-≤m¥w
({]mNo\w)
tIc-f-kw-kvВ°mcw
kwkv-IrXw (1)
aq∂mw ska-ÿ
A
B
C
D
c≠mw skaÿ
5 tImВї
MAL2CO5
B[p-\n-I-ae-bmfKZyw
6 tImВї
MAL2CO6
ae-bm-fhymI-cWw
7 tImВї
MAL2CO7
`mjmimkv{Xw
`mc-Xo-b-km-lnXyw
8 sF—nIw MAL2E2/8
Xan-gvkm-lnXyw
A\p-I-ev]\w
\ho-\-I-hnX
9 tImВї
10 tImВї
MAL3CO10
11 tImВї
MAL3CO11
12 sF—nIw MAL3E3/12
kmln-Xy-]T-\hpw
A ae-bm-f-\m-SIw
B P\-{]n-b-km-lnXyw
C am[ya]-T\w
D `mjm-im-kv{Xhpw
13 tImВї
MAL4CO14
MAL4CO13
6
14 tImВї
15 tImВї
MAL4CO15
16 sF—nIw MAL4E4/16
Unk¿t´-j≥
hmNm-]-coВЈ
5
2
5
5
5
5
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
A
B
C
D
BsI s{IUn‰v =
87
…….……………………….
kmln-Xy-kn-≤m¥w
(B-[p-\n-Iw)
hnhВїГ�\w:
X�zhpw {]tbm-Khpw
kwkv-IrXw (2)
hna¿i-\-kn-≤m-¥-߃
tIc-fo-b-NnВҐ
hnizkm-lnXyw
t^mIvtemВї
\memw ska-ГѓВї
3) sk-akvv‰¿ ]co£
Hmtcm tImgvkn\pw ]co-ВЈmk-abw 3 aWn-В°qВї.
Hmtcm tImgvkn\pw amВїВ°v 100.
80 amВїВ°v ]pdw ]co-ВЈbvВ°pw 20 amВїВ°v BВҐ-cn-I]
- c
- o-ВЈb
- vВ°pw.
16 tImgvkn\v BsI 1600 amВїВ°v. UnkВїtВґj\v 100 amВїВ°v.
hmNm-]-co-ВЈbvВ°v 50 amВїВ°v/BsI-В°qSn 1750 amВїВ°v.
BВҐ-cn-I-aq-ey-\nВїГ†bw \nc-ВҐcw \S-Г�Ww.
h¿jm-c-w-`-�n¬�s∂ Unk¿t´-j-\p≈ hnjbw \evIWw.
A≤ym-]-I¿ Kth-j-W-®p-a-Xe hln-°-Ww.
\memw skaÃ-dns‚ HSp-hn¬ hmNm-]co£. hIp-∏nse c≠v
A≤ym-]I
- {- ]-Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw ]pdta\n∂p hcp∂ c≠v ]co-£I
- cpw
tN¿∂v hmNm]co£ \S-�-Ww.
]co-£-bn¬ (External assessment) hnP-bn-°m≥ Ipd™Xv 40 iXam-\w am¿°v.
B¥-cnIaq-ey-\n¿Æ-b-�n¬ (Internal assessment) {]tXyIw
an\naw C√. hnP-bn-°m�-h¿°v AtX ska-ÿ ]co£ FgpXp∂ Pq\n-b¿ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒs°m∏w Hc-h-k-cw-IqSn \¬tI≠-Xm-Wv.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
7
]co-£m-kw-hn-[m-\w, hnP-bn-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb am¿°v
\n›bn-°¬, ASp-�- sk-an-Ã-dn-te-°p≈ Ib-‰w, ]cm-P-b-s∏´
hnZym¿∞n-°p≈ k]vfn-sa-‚dn ]co-£ ˛ XpS-ßnb F√m-°mcy-߃°pw bqW-n-th¿kn-‰n-bpsS s]mXp-\n-¿t±i-ßfpw \nb-aßfpw _m[-I-am-bn-cn-°pw.
(No.GA1/F/6847/2001 Dated 11.10.2002)
4. tNmZy-coXn
tNm-Zy-tв€Џ-в€Џ-dp-IfpsS coXnbpw amВїВ°pw:
(1) H‰-hm-°ntem H‰hmIy-�ntem D�cw
Fgp-tX≠20 tNmZyw. ½ am¿°phoXw.
(20 x ВЅ = 10)
(2) c≠p]pd-�n¬ Ihn-bmsX D�cw
Fgp-tX≠5 tNmZyw. 4 am¿°phoXw
(5 x 4 = 20)
(3) \mep]pd-�n¬ Ihn-bmsX D�cw
Fgp-tX≠5 tNmZyw. 10 am¿°phoXw
(5 x 10 = 50)
H∂mw tNmZy-�n\p tNmbvkv C√. c≠pw aq∂pw tNmZy߃°v AXXp bqWn‰n¬\n∂pXs∂ tNmbvkv
\evIWw. AXn\v (F) As√-¶n¬ (_n) F∂p
ImWn-В°-Ww.
AIw-]-co-ВЈ (Internal examination) Л› amВїВ°v hn`-P\w:
hkvXp-\njvTtNmZy-ßfpw hnh-c-Wm-flItNmZy-ßfpw
D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww.
(1) sSГѓv t]в€ЏВї
Л› 8 amВїВ°v
(2) skan-\mВї
Л› 5 amВїВ°v
(3) Assk≥sa‚ v
Л› 4 amВїВ°v
(4) A‰-‚≥kv
Л› 3 amВїВ°v
BsI
= 20 amВїВ°v
(]pdw-]-co-ВЈbvВ°v 80 amВїВ°v /
BВҐ-cn-I- aqey-\nВїГ†-b-Г�n\v 20 amВїВ°v /
Hcp tImgvkn\v BsI 100 amВїВ°v)
8
5 Unk¿t´-j≥
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ \memw skakv‰
- Вї A-hk
- m\w Hcp t{]mPIvSv
/ Unk¿t´-j≥ ka¿∏n-°-Ww. {][m-\-]m-Ty-hn-j-b-ßfn¬\n∂v Hcphnjbw sXcs™-Sp°mhp-∂X
- m-Wv. Un∏m¿´psa-≥dnse Hc-≤ym-]-Is‚ ta¬t\m´-�n¬ Bbn-cn-°Ww
{]_�w Xøm-dm-t°-≠-Xv. CXv Kth-j-W-{]m-[m-\y-ap≈
cN-\-bm-b-Xn-\m¬ {]_-�-�ns‚ Ah-X-cWcoXn, `mjm
ssien-, coXn-imkv{Xw (methodology) ˛ F∂nh-sb-∏‰n kmam\y-ambn a\- n-em-°-Ww. -Xm-ev]-cy-ap≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v
Kth-j-W-�n-te°p Xncn-bm-\p≈ {]mY-anI-{]-h¿�-\-ambn- ´ mbn- c n- ° Ww CXns\ ImtW≠- X v . H∂mw skaÃdn¬�s∂ t{]mP-IvSns‚ hnjbw \evtI-≠-Xm-Wv. \memw
skaÃ-¿ Ah-km\w ssKUns‚ kΩ-X-t�msS Unk¿t´j≥ ka¿∏n-°-Ww.
6 hnZq-chn-Zym`ymkw
]qВїГ†-cq]w:
=
(tImUv
DEMAL1CO1
=
t]cv
DEMAL1E1/7
tImUv
BZy-Im-e-a-e-bm-f-KZyw
BZy-Im-e-a-e-bmf-IhnX
B[p-\n-I-I-hnX
B[p-\n-I-a-e-bm-f-KZyw
ae-bmfhymI-cWw
`mjm-imkv{Xw
5
5
5
5
5
5
s{IUn‰v
DISTANCE EDUCATION MALAYALAM
FIRST YEAR CORE COURSE 1
DISTANCE EDUCATION MALAYALAM
FIRST YEAR ELECTIVE COURSE 1/
TOTAL COURSE NO. 7)
tImgvkv
DEMAL1CO1
DEMAL1CO2
DEMAL1CO3
DEMAL1CO4
DEMAL1CO5
DEMAL1CO6
H∂mw h¿jw
1 tImВї
2 tImВї
3 tImВї
4 tImВї
5 tImВї
6 tImВї
DEMAL1E1/7
DEMAL1E1/7
DEMAL1E1/7
DEMAL1E1/7
A
B
C
D
DEMAL2CO9
5
Xmc-X-ay-km-lnXyw
5
BJym-\-imkv{Xw
IYm-km-lnXyw
kv{XoЛ›Z-fn-Xv-Л›]-cn-ГїnXn
kmlnXyw
`mc-Xo-b-km-lnXyw
5
Xan-gvkm-lnXyw
A\p-I-ev]\w
\ho-\-I-hnX
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
7 sF—nIw
8 sF—nIw
A
B
C
D
tImgvkv
9 tImВї
DEMAL2CO10
DEMAL2CO11
DEMALA2CO12
kmlnXy-]T\hpw
A ae-bm-f-\m-SIw
B P\-{]n-b-km-lnXyw
C am[ya]-T\w
D `mjm-im-k{v Xhpw
5
9
t]cv
s{IUn‰v
kmln-Xy-kn-≤m¥w
({]mNo\w)
5
tIc-f-kw-kvВ°mcw
5
kwkv-IrXw (1)
5
kmln-Xy-kn-≤m¥w
(B-[p-\n-Iw)
5
hnhВїГ�\w:
X�zhpw {]tbm-Khpw
5
kwkv-IrXw (2)
5
5
c≠mw h¿jw
DEMAL1E2/8
DEMAL1E2/8
DEMAL1E2/8
DEMAL1E2/8
Unk¿t´-j≥
10 tImВї
11 tImВї
12 tImВї
DEMALA2CO13
tImUv
13 tImВї
14 tImВї
DEMALA2CO14
15 sF—nIw DEMALA2E3/15
16 sF—nIw DEMAL2E4/16
A hnaВїi-\k
- n-≤m-¥ß
- Ж’
B tIcfob-NnВҐ
C hniz-km-lnXyw
D t^mIvtemВї
2
87
………………………………………….......................
hmNm-]-coВЈ
BsI s{IUn‰v
…………………………………………...................….
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
10
9. Unk¿t´-j≥
11. t{KUv
aqey-\nВїГ†bw (amВїВ°v)
90 Л› 99
80 Л› 89
70 Л› 79
60 Л› 69
50 Л› 59
40 Л› 49
30 Л› 39
20 Л› 29
10 Л› 19
t]mbn‚ v
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
E
D-
D
C
C+
B
B+
A
A+
t{KUv
11
100 am¿°ns‚ HcptImgvkn\v BsI \evIp∂ s{IUn‰v 5
100 am¿°ns‚ Unk¿t´-j\v BsI \evIp∂ s{IUn‰v 5
50 am¿°ns‚ sshhbv°v \evIp∂ s{IUn‰v
2
80
16 tImgvkpIƒ 16 x 100 = 1600 BsI s{IUn‰v
Unk¿t´-j\pw sshhbpw tN¿�v BsI s{IUn‰v 87
10. s{IUn‰v
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ H∂mw h¿jm-h-km\w Hcp Unk¿t´j≥ ka¿∏n-°-Ww. {][m-\-]m-Ty-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂v
Hcphnjbw sXcs™-Sp°mhp-∂X
- m-Wv. hnZq-ch
- n-Zym`ymk-h-Ip-∏nse A≤ym-]-Is‚ ta¬t\m´-�n¬ Bbn-cn°Ww -{]_�w Xøm-dm-t°-≠Xv. Kth-j-W-{]m-[m\y-ap≈Xn-\m¬ {]_-��
- ns‚ Ah-Xc
- WcoXnsb-°pdn®pw `mjmssien-sb-°p-dn®pw coXn-imkv{X-s�°pdn®pw (methodology) kmam-\y-ambn a\- n-em-°-Ww. Xm-ev]-cy-ap≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v Kth-j-W-�n-te°p
Xncn-bm-\p≈ Hcp {]mYanI Kth-j-W-{]-h¿�-\-ambn-´mbn-cn-°Ww CXns\ ImtW≠-Xv.
7 hnZq-c-hn-Zym`ym--kw Л› hВїjm-ВҐв€ЏcoВЈ
(NL No.GA1/F/6847/2001 Dated 11.10.2002).
Hmtcm tImgvkn\pw ]co-ВЈmk-abw 3 aWn-В°qВї.
Hmtcm tImgvkn\pw BsI 100 amВїВ°v.
16 tImgvkn\v BsI 1600 amВїВ°v.
t{]mPIvSn\v 100 amВїВ°v.
hmNm-]-co-ВЈbvВ°v 50 amВїВ°v / BsI-В°qSn 1750 amВїВ°v.
H∂mw h¿jm-cw-`-�n¬�s∂ Unk¿t´-j-\p≈
hnjbw \evIWw.
c≠mw-h¿j-am-bm¬ ]co-£m-^ew sshIm-\n-S-bp-≠v.
c≠mw h¿jm-h-km\w hmNm-]co£.
hnZym¿∞n GXp tImtf-Pn-emtWm ]co£ Fgp-Xp-∂Xv AhnSs� hIp-∏nse c≠v A≤ym-]-I-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw ]pdta \n∂p
hcp∂ c≠v ]co-£-Icpw tN¿∂p hmNm]co£ \S-�-Ww.
hnP-bn-°m≥ Ipd-™Xv- 40 iX-am-\w am¿°v.
Fв€љm-В°m-cy-Гџ-fnepw bqW-n-thВїkn-d-dn-bpsS s]mXp-\n-ВїtВ±iГџfpw \nb-a-Гџfpw _m[-I-am-bn-cn-В°pw.
8. tNmZy-coXn
tNm-Zy-tв€Џ-в€Џ-dp-IfpsS coXnbpw amВїВ°pw:
(1) H‰-hm-°ntem H‰hmIy-�ntem D�cw Fgp-tX≠20 tNmZyw. Hcp tNmZy-�n\v 1/2 am¿°v. BsI
amВїВ°v 10.
(2)aq∂p]pd-�n¬ Ihn-bmsX D�cw Fgp-tX≠5
tNmZyw. Hcp tNmZy-Г�n\v 6 amВїВ°v. BsI 30 amВїВ°v.
(3)A©p]pd-�n¬ Ihn-bmsX D�cw Fgp-tX≠5 tNmZyw. Hcp tNmZy-�n\v 12 am¿°v. BsI 60
amВїВ°v.
H∂mw tNmZy-�n\p tNmbvkv C√. c≠pw aq∂pw
tNmZy- ß ƒ°v AXXp bqWn- ‰ n¬\n- ∂ p- X s∂
tNmbvkv \evI-Ww. AXn\v (F) As√-¶n¬ (_n)
F∂p ImWn-°-Ww.
(BsI amВїВ°v 100 / AIw-]-coВЈ Cв€љ.)
12
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
12. \ne-hmcw sa®-∏-Sp-�¬ / ho≠pw ]co£ Fgp-X¬
Fw. F. ]m m-Im≥ Hmtcm tImgvkn\pw G‰hpw Ipd-™Xv
4 t]mbn‚p≈ C t{KUv Bh-iy-am-Wv. F√m tImgvkp-Ifpw
FgpXn ]q¿�n-bm-°msX t]mIp-∂h¿°v Fgp-Xnb tImgvkpI-fpsS t]cv, t]mbn‚ v, t{KUv F∂nh tcJ-s∏-Sp-�nb tImgvkv
k¿´n-^n-°‰v \evIm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
tXm‰pt]mb tImgvkp-Iƒ ho≠pw Fgp-Xm≥ A\p-hZ- n-t°≠Xm-Wv. kne-_kv amdn-bm¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ ]pXnb kne-_-kn¬
am{Xta ]co£ Fgp-Xm≥ ]‰q. kne-_kv amdp-tºmƒ Cw{]qhvsa‚n\v \¬Ip∂ c≠v Ah-k-c-߃ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-�m-hp∂-Xm-Wv. apgp-h≥ tImgvkp-Ifpw FgpXn \ne-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp�Ww F∂p≈-h¿°v ho≠pw ]co£ Fgp-Xm≥ Hc-h-kcw
\evtI≠-Xm-Wv. AXn\p Ime-]-cn[n t\mt°-≠-Xn-√. ]t£,
AXv \ne-hn-ep≈ kne-_kv {]Im-c-am-bn-cn-°pw. H‰-sbm‰
tImgvkv Bbmepw H∂n-®m-bmepw \ne-hn-ep≈ kne-_ v A\pk-cn®p am{Xta ho≠pw ]co-£- F-gp-Xm≥ A\p-h-Zn-t°-≠-Xp≈p. am¿°v Ipd-™p-t]m-bX
- p-sIm≠v Hmtcm tImgvkv CS-bv°nsS
FgpXn \ne sa®-s∏-Sp-�m≥ A\p-h-Zn-t°-≠-Xn-√.
H∂mw skaÿ
MAL1CO1
MAL1CO2
MAL1CO3
MAL1E1/4
tImUv
bqWnth-¿-kn‰n / tImtfPv
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
tImgvkv
1 tImВї
2 tImВї
3 tImВї
4 sF—nIw
13
t]cv
s{IUn‰v
BZy-Im-e-a-e-bm-f-KZyw
5
BZy-Im-e-a-e-bm-f-IhnX
5
B[p-\n-I-I-hnX
5
A Xmc-X-ay-km-lnXyw
5
B BJym-\-imkv{Xw
C IYm-km-lnXyw
D kv{XoЛ›Z-fn-Xv-Л›]-cn-ГїnXn kmlnXyw
14
Code: MAL1CO1
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Fw.F. ae-bmfw Л› `m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
BZy-Im-e-ae-bm-f-KZyw
(Early Malayalam Prose)
aebmf`mjbpsS Dev]�nhnImks�bpw kaImenImh
ÿsbbpw hkvXp\njvTambn a\ nem°m≥ hnZym¿∞nIsf
{]m]v X am°pI F∂XmWv BZy- I m- e - a - e - b m- f - K Zyw F∂
t]∏¿sIm≠v Dt±in°p∂Xv. hnhn[ ImeL´ßfnep≠mb
KZyamXrIIsf kqВЈvaXtbmsS ]cnNbsв€ЏSpI; hniIe\w
sNbvXp a\ nem°pI; `mjmkq{XW]camb hnjbßfn¬
sXfn™ ImgvN∏mtSmsS CSs]Sm≥ i‡-cm-°pI ˛ Ch-bmWv
Cu ]T\w sIm≠v e£y-am-°p-∂-Xv. `mjbpsSbpw kmlnXy
�ns‚bpw {]mcw-`-s�°p-dn®pw hnIm-k-N-cn-{X-s�-°p-dn®pw
hkvXp-\n-jvTamb Hcht_m[w cq]s∏Sm≥ Cu ]T\w klmbI-c-am-bn-�o-c-Ww.
bqWn‰v 1
{]mNo\KZyamXrIIfpw AhbpsS `mjmNcn{XЛ›
kmwkvВ°mcnI{]m[m\yhpw -Л›
1. imk\߃˛ hmg∏n≈nimk\w, PqXimk\w
(`cW`mj, khntij{]tbmKw)
2. `mjmIuSeobw˛ koXm≤y£w (Irjnsb°pdn
®p≈ `mKw, hnh¿�\w. kwkvIrX�nse hn⁄m\߃ kz¥am°m≥ aebmfw ]mIs∏Sp∂p.
kºpjvS`mjbnte°p≈ IpXn∏v.)
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
15
3. {_“mWvU]pcmWw (tImk-e-cmPbp≤˛
k∂m-l-]-cy¥w)
4. \ВєymВҐangv (Aw-Kp-eo-bmw-KwЛ›
l\p-ams‚ Bfl-KXw
5 {IaZo]nI (am-bm-ko-Xm-В¶w)
6. B´{]Imcw (AwKpeobm¶w˛]pd∏mSv)
(Cu `mK-Гџ-sfв€љmw {]mNo-\-`m-jm-K-Zy-am-Xr-I-IЖ’
F∂ ]pkvX-I-�n¬ kam-l-cn-®n-´p-≠v).
7. sshвЃ„m\nIkmlnXyw (B\В»mkv{Xw,
sshZyw, bp‡n`mj˛km-am-\y-]-cn-Nbw)
8. ]m´v˛aWn{]hmfw F∂nhbnse `mjbpambp≈
XmcXayhpw aebmf `mjmkn≤m¥oIcWhpw ˛
(amXrIIƒ]ZykmlnXy�ns‚ `mKambn
]TnВ°m\p-в‰ v.)
kwkvIrXP\yhmZw, kzX{ВҐhmZw, D]imJmhmZw,
an{i`mjmhmZw XpSГџnb `mtjmevв€ЏГ�nhmZГџfpsS
]›m�e�n¬ ˛
kmlmbIIrXnIЖ’:
1) tUm. ]n. sI. \mcmbW-]n-≈, {]mNo-\-a-e-bm-f-K-Zy-amXrIIƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-k¿∆-I-em-ime {]kn-≤o-I-cW-h-Ip-∏v, 1971 (1950).
2) tUm. Fw. Fw. ]pcptjm�a≥ \mb¿, {]mNo\`mjm
KZyamXrIIƒ, Imen°‰v k¿∆Iemime.
3) sI. kmw_inhimkv { Xn, hn.F. cmakzmanimkv { Xn
(kwtim[nX-kw-kv°-cWw), `mjmIuSeobw, Xncp-h-\-¥]pcw: tIcfk¿∆Iemime, 2010.
4) tUm. sI.Fw. {]`mIchmcnb¿, aebmfw am‰hpw
hf¿®bpw, ipI-]pcw: h≈t�mƒ hnZym]oTw, 2007.
5) tUm. ]n. hn. thembp[≥]n≈, a[yImeaebmfw, Xriq¿:
Id‚ v _pIvkv, 2004.
6)
16
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
13)
12)
10)
9)
8)
7)
kn. F¬. B‚Wn, `mjm]T\߃, Xriq¿: tIcf
kmlnXy AВ°mZan, 1989.
tUm. sI. Fw. {]`mIchmcnb¿ & tUm. ]n. F≥. cho{µ≥
(kВєm.), aebmf`mjm]T\ГџЖ’, Xncph\ВҐ]pcw:
tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v, 1990.
tUm. sI. cXv\Ω, aebmf`mjmNcn{Xw Fgp�—≥ hsc,
tIm´bw: Id‚ v _pIvkv, 1994.
CfwIpfw Ip™≥]n≈, tIcf`mjbpsS hnImk]cnWm
aГџЖ’, tImВґbw: Fkv]n-kn-Fkv, 1953.
kn. F¬. B‚Wn, `mjmKZyw, kmlnXyNcn{Xw
{]Гїm\ГџfneqsS, (F- U n.)tUm. sI.Fw.tPmВїГ·v ,
tImВґbw: Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 1973, ]pdw 615-Л›685.
tUm. ]pXpt»cn cmaN{µ≥, tIcfNcn{X�nse
ASnÿm\tcJIƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq-´v, 2007 (2011)
sI. Fw. {]`mIchmcnb¿, ]q¿∆tIcf`mj, aZncmin
k¿∆Iemime, 1982.
bqWn‰v 2
aebmf�ns‚ B[p\nIoIcWw A®SnL´w ˛
]T\hpw Bkq{XWhpw
tlm¿�qkv ame_mdn°qkv ˛ hm≥doUv (1678)˛
(hntij]T\w)
1 F. F≥. NnZw_c≥, tlm¿�pkpw C´n ANypX\pw: kXyhpw anYybpw -˛ 64, 85, 87 F∂o ]pdßfn¬ sImSp�n´p≈ amXrIIƒ.
2 kwt£]thZm¿∞w ˛ ¢a‚ v ]nbm\nbkv, 1772.
3 h¿�am\]pkvXIw ˛ (BZys� c≠p ]Z߃)
4 thZXВїВ°w Л›
5 s_bvenbpsS ss__nЖ’hnhВїГ�\wЛ›
Kp≠¿´ns‚ ss__nƒ hnh¿�\w ˛
(kmam\y]cnNbw)
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
17
6 ]›ntamZbw (1847) hntij]T\w˛ 10˛mw \º¿,
(taml≥Zmkv hfvfn°mhv, ]›n-tam-Z-bw, `mjm
C≥kv‰yq-´v, 2011, ]pdw 224˛231.)
cmPykamNmcw (1847)
(taml≥Zmkv h≈n°mhv, cmPy-k-amNmcw, Xncp-h\-¥-]pcw: kmwkv°m-cn-I-h-Ip-∏v, 1998.)
7 ⁄m\\nt£]w ˛ (hntij]T\w, H∂mw e°w,
вЃ„m\\ntВЈ]w: ]T\hpw ]mThpw, _m_p
sNdnbm≥ & tP°_vv sFk°v ImfnaTw,
]pdw 157Л›164)
8 anj\dn \nL≠p°ƒ, hymIcW߃ ˛ (kmam\y]cnNbw)
9 Pcm¿±ns‚ Ae¶mcimkv{Xw˛ ^m. Pcm¿±v
(kmam\y]cnNbw)
10 _mem`yk\w ˛ tPm¿÷v am�≥
klmbI{KЕёГџЖ’:
1) tUm. _m_p sNdnbm≥, s_©an≥ s_bven, tIm´bw:
Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 2009.
2) _m_p sNdnbm≥ & tP°_v v sFk°v ImfnaTw,
вЃ„m\\ntВЈ]w: ]T\hpw ]mThpw, Xncp-h-\-ВҐ-]pcw:
{]`mXv _pВ°v lukv, 2002.
3) kmaph¬ Nµ\∏≈n (FUn‰¿), h¿�-am-\-∏p-kvXIw,
tIm´bw: F≥_nFkv, 1989.
4) tUm. h≈n°mhv taml≥Zmkv, cmPykamNmcw Hcp ]T\w,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: kmwkv°mcnI {]kn≤oIcWhIp∏v, 1998.
5) kn.F¬.B‚Wn, `mjm]T\߃, Xriq¿: tIcf kmlnXy
AВ°mZan, 1989.
6) tUm. kmap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏-≈n (FUn‰¿), ae-bmfKZy-am-XrI-Iƒ.
7) Pn. {]nbZ¿i\≥, BZyImeamknIIƒ, Xriq¿: tIcf
kmlnXy AВ°mZan, 2007.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
19
18
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
8) F≥. kmw, aebmf]{X{]h¿�\w 19˛mw \q‰m≠n¬,
tImВґbw: Un. kn. _pIvkv.
9) Fw. PbcmPv, aebmf A®Snam[yaw `qXhpw h¿�am\hpw (`mKw H∂v), tImgn-t°mSv: amXr`qan _pIvkv, 2013.
10) Pn. IaeΩ, aebmf`mjbpsS ASnthcpIƒ, tIm´bw:
Id‚ v _pIvkv, 1998.
11) tIcf {]kv AВ°mZan (kВєm-Z-IВї), ]{X`mj, sImВ®n: 1983.
bqWn‰v 3
aebmf�ns‚ B[p\nIoIcWw- ˛ aebmf�ns‚
B[p\nIoIcWhpw CXc`mjIfpambp≈ kº¿°hpw˛ D®mcWw, A£came, en]nhyhÿ, ]Zw, hymIcWw, ssien, Nn”\w F∂o Xeßfnse {]`mh�ns‚ hna¿i\mflIamb hnebncp�¬ ˛ kaImenIaebmfKZy�ns‚ kz`mhw˛ {]iv\߃˛ kwkvIrX�ns‚ {]`mhw ˛ Cw•njns‚ {]`mhw ˛ a‰p `mj-IfpsS IS-∂p-I-b‰w ˛ kmlnXy�nepw ssh⁄m\nImhnjvImc�nepap≈ ]pXnb {]hWXIƒ ˛
`cW`mjmaebmfw ˛ I�pIƒ, \nthZ\߃, D�chpIƒ, {]amW߃ XpSßnb hyhlmcßsf ap≥\n¿�nbp≈ ]cymtemN\Iƒ ˛ kmt¶Xn]Z\n¿ΩmWw
˛ AXn-s‚ {]iv\ßsf°pdn®p≈ BtemN\Iƒ˛
kwkvIrXs� B{ibn°tem AtXm Cw•njn¬\n∂p kzoIcn°tem A`nejWobw ˛ `n∂m`n{]mb-
bqWn‰v 4
klmbI{KЕё-ГџЖ’:
1) sI. cmaN{µ≥\mb¿, tIcfh¿ΩkvacW, Xncp-h\
- ВҐ
- ]
- pcw:
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v, 1995.
2) tUm. tPm¿÷v Ccpºbw, aebmft\mh¬ ]s�mºXmw
\q‰m≠n¬, tIm´bw: F≥._n.Fkv., 1984.
3) s{]m^. ]∑\ cma-N-{µ≥\m-b¿ (FUn-‰¿), kºq¿Æ-a-ebmf kmlnXyNcn{Xw, Xncp-h-¥-]pcw: ]n. sI. ]ctaizc≥\mb¿ kvamc-I-{KŸm-h-en, tIm´bw: Id‚ v _pIvkv, 2008.
4) D≈q¿ Fkv. ]c-ta-iz-c-ø¿, tIcfkmlnXyNcn{Xw,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcfk¿∆Iemimem {]kn≤oIcWhn`mKw. ({KŸ-Imcs‚ hn`-P\
- {- Iaw G-gp-hm-ey-Гџfm-bn-ВґmWv.
5 ]pkvX-I-ßfm-bn-´mWv 1953 ¬ Xncp-hn-XmwIq¿ k¿∆I-emimem {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-hn-`mKw A®-Sn-®-Xv. tIcf k ¿ ∆ - I em-ime Bb-Xn-\p-ti-jhpw B {Iaw Xs∂ XpS¿∂p.)
5) "t\mh¬∏ga' kocokn¬ Nn¥ ]ªntjgvkv {]kn≤oIcn®
19˛mw \q‰m≠nse t\mhepIfpsS BapJ]T\߃.
B[p\nIaebmf�ns‚ BtcmlWw
B[p\nIKZykmlnXyhnImkw Л›
hnhВїГ�\hpw kmlnXyt]mjWhpw Л›
BZyImet\mhepIЖ’, sNdpIYIЖ’,
BJym\amXrIIЖ’ Л›
^p¬tam\nbpw tImcpWbpw, kpIpamcn, AIv_¿,
am¿�mWvUh¿Ω, CµpteJ, hmk\mhnIrXn F∂o
cN\Isfbpw F. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿ΩbpsS "kmlnXykmly'�nse ]q¿∆`mK�v sImSp�n´p≈ {]tbmKamXrIIsfbpw ]cn- t im- [ n®v KZykmlnXyhnImks� a\ nem°Ww. ]m›mXykmlnXyamXrIIfpsS t{]cWIsfbpw kzm[o-\-ßsfbpw BibkwL¿jßsfbpw IW°nseSp°Ww.
kmlnXyw F∂ ]T\hkvXp ˛
hnZym`ymkw ˛ ]mT]pkvXI\n¿ΩmWw ˛
Kp≠¿´v ˛ tIcfh¿Ω.
Л›\ncq]Ww, kmlnXyNcn{Xw, KthjWw,
`mjmЛ›kmlnXyt]mjWbXv\ГџЖ’Л›
kmlnXys� Imt\m\oIcn°p∂ {]{Inb˛
(]T\hpw kmlnXyhna¿i\hpw Ncn{X\n¿ΩmWhpw
\n¿∆ln°p∂ It\m\oIcWw hna¿i\mflIambn
a\В nemВ°Ww.)
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
21
20
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
߃˛ am\IoIcW�ns‚ kmwKXyw, sX‰n√m� aebmfw, sXfnaebmfw ˛ Imepjyw/Zp¿{KlX/ ssieo`wK߃ ˛ hyXykvXho£W߃ ˛ KZyssien°p≠mbncnt°≠KpW߃˛ hnhn[ ho£W߃ ˛
]T\˛KthjWßsf ap≥\ndp-�n-bp≈ ]cymtem
N\IЖ’Л›
klmbI{KЕё-ГџЖ’:
1) G. B¿. cmPcmPh¿Ω, kmlnXykmlyw, tIm´- b w:
Fkv]n-F-kv, 1989 (1911).
2) Sn. _n. thWptKm]me∏Wn°¿, `mjmtemIw, tIm´bw :
Un.kn _pIvkv, 1996.
3) IpВґnIrjvWamcmcv, aebmfssien, tImgn-tВ°mSv: amXr`q-an, 1957.
4) Fw. F≥. Imc-t»-cn, Xmbvsam-gn, tIm´bw: Un. kn. _pIvkv,
2012.
5) Fw. F≥. Imct»cn, ae-bm-f-hm°v, tIm´bw: Un. kn.
_pIvkv, 2012.
6) Fgpa‰q¿ cmPcmPh¿Ω, `mjbpw `cW`mjbpw, Xncp-h\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq-´v, 2011 (2008).
7) `cWi_vZm-hen, Xncp-h-\-¥-c-]pcw: tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v, 1999.
8) A£chn\ymkw aebmf�n¬, tUm. Fw. ]n. ]ctaizc≥ & F≥. F≥. kp{_“Wy≥, ]{X`mj, sIm®n: tIcf
{]kv AВ°mZan, 1983.
߃ KZyhnImk�n¬ sNep�nb kzm[o\w ˛ ssS]v
ssd‰nwKv L´w, en]n, en]n]cnjv°cWw ˛ iqc\m´v
Ip™≥ ]n≈bpsSbpw F≥. hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b-cpsSbpw ]cn-jv°-cWw ˛ UnPn‰¬ L´w ˛ Iºyq´dpw
A®Snbpw˛ C‚¿s\‰v aebmfw, ssS∏nMv tkm^v‰vshbdpIƒ en]y¥cWcoXn ˛CkvIn L´w ˛ sF.Fkv.Fw., cN\, X\Xpen]n, bq\nt°mUv L´w ˛
bq\nt°mUv en]nk©bw (A£c߃, A°ßƒ
˛ a‰p Nn”߃, AIew Dƒs∏sS) ˛ Fgp�v/A®Sn/
C‚¿s\‰v aebmf am\IoIcWkm≤yXIfpw
kmwKXyhpw.
klmbI{KЕёГџЖ’:
1) sI. Fw. tKmhn, BZnap{ZWw˛`mcX�nepw
aebmf�nepw (A®SnbpsS Ncn{Xw), Xriq¿: tIcfkmlnXy A°mZan, 1998.
2) Xºm≥ Fw. B¿. (I¨ho\¿), aebmfw A®Snbpw
Fgp�pw Hcp ssì ]pkvXIw (aebmf�\nabv°pth≠n) Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v, 1999.
3) awKew Fkv. sP., {]mNo\`mcXnb en]nimkv{Xhpw
aebmfen]nbpsS hnImkhpw, Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v, 1997.
4) kmw F≥., tIcf�nse {]mNo\en]namXrIIƒ
tIcfkВїВ°mВї: kwГїm\]pcmtcJm hIpв€Џv, 2006.
5) CfwIpfw Ip™≥]n≈, tIcf`mjbpsS hnImk]cn
WmaГџЖ’, tImВґbw: Fkv]n-kn-Fkv, 1957 (1953).
6) Sn. _n. thWp-tKm-]m-e∏-Wn-°¿, NnX-dn-t∏mb knwl-\mZhpw Nne `mjmhnNm-c-ßfpw, Xriq¿: tIcf kmlnXy
AВ°m-Zan , 2006.
7) tUm. sI.Fkv. {]Imiv & tUm. Fkv.F. jm\hmkv
(FUn.), aebmf`mjbpw BtKmfhev°cWhpw, Xncp-h\-¥-]pcw: tIcfk¿∆Iemime.
bqWn‰v 5
kmt¶XnIhnZybpw `mjm]cnWmahpw ˛ Fgp�phnZy,
A£csagp�pcoXn ˛ kmt¶XnIhnZybpsS hnImkw
Л› inemimk\ГџЖ’, XmfntbmeIЖ’, ISemkpw Fgp
Г�pw, ISemkpw AВ®Snbpw Л› en]nhnImkwЛ› hsВґgp
�v, tImsegp�v ˛ {KŸen]n, {_m“n]mcºcyw ˛
A®Snen]n, s_©an≥ s_bnen.
kmlnXyP\pВ pIfpsS BhnВї`mhw Л› B\pImenI-
22
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
8) sI. ]n. hnP-b≥, KZy-in-ev]n, tImgn-t°mSv: ]q¿W
]_vfn-t°-j≥kv, 1993 (1987).
9) kp\oX, Sn. hn., ssk_Вї aebmfw, Xncp-h\
- ВҐ
- ]
- pcw: tIcf
`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 2012.
10. kp\oX, Sn. hn., C. aebmfw, Xncp-h-\-ВҐ-]pcw: tIcf `mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 2012.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Code: MAL1CO2
23
Fw.F. ae-bmfw Л› `m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
BZy-Im-e-a-e-bm-fIhnX
(Early Malayalam Poetry)
aebmfkmlnXy�ns‚ kº∂[mcbmb ImhykmlnXy�ns‚ Dev]�nhnImks�bpw ]mcºcys�bpw hkvXp\njvTambn a\ nem°pIbmWv Cu tImgvkp-sIm≠v Dt±in°p∂Xv. hnhn[ ImeL´ßfnep≠mb ]ZyamXrIIsf kq£vaXtbmsS ]cnNbs∏Sm\pw hniIe\w sNbvXpa\ nem°m\pw
`mjmkq{XW]camb hnjbßfn¬ sXfn™ ImgvN∏mtSmsS
CSs]Sm\pw Cu ]T\w klmbIamIWw.
bqWn‰v 1
]Zyhpw KZyhpwЛ›]Zyhpw (hmsamgn) Km\]mcВєcyhpwЛ›
hmsamgn Km\]mcºcyw ˛ \mS≥]m´pIƒ, tXm‰ßƒ˛
]Zyw ˛ Oµ v , hr�w, {]mkw, Ae¶mcw ˛
{ZmhnUhr�߃, kwkvIrXhr�߃ ˛
AВЈcImew, KWhyhГї, am{XmcoXn, CiepIЖ’ Л›
]qame°mhnse ]qchnf°v (tIm¬°fn∏m´v)
]pentbmcp IÆ≥tXm‰w (tIm¬°fn∏m´v)
1) ]ø∂q¿∏m´v
2) s]m∂nd�mƒ°Y
3) hS°≥]m´v˛ HtX\\pw HmW∏pShbpw
]mВґpsIВґpapd, AвЃ„mXIВїXrXzw, ]mTt`ZГџfpsS
24
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
25
bqWn‰v 3
(am-[h
- в€Џ
- W
- n-В°c
- psS `K-hZ- vKo-X/ cma-в€ЏW
- n-В°c
- psS inh-cm{Xnamlmflyw)
F≥. hn. IrjvWhm-cn-b¿ (hn-h¿�-\w), AIw Ihn-XI
- Ж’,
XriqВї: tIcf kmlnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 1981.
hnZzm≥ hn. IrjvW≥\ºq-Xncn, {io \ncWwIhn-Iƒ,
Xncpcph-\ВҐ-]pcw: Fkv. _n. {]В v, 1956.
tUmIvSВї sI. Fw. tPmВїГ·v, kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw {]Гїm-\Гџ-fn-eqsS, tImВґbw: Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 1973 (1958).
Sn. Pn. am[-h≥Ip-´n, alm-Im-hy-{]-ÿm-\w, Xncp-h\
- ВҐ
- ]
- pcw:
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v, 1990 (1982).
ae-b�v A∏p-Æn, Xangv kwL-Ime Ihn-X-Iƒ, tImgnt°mSv: amXr-`q-an, 2007.
bqWn‰v 2
aWn{]hmfkmlnXywЛ› aWn{]hmf{]Гїm\w Л›
eoemXneI\n¿∆N\w ˛ h¿§oIcWw ˛ Imhykuµcy
imkv{XNnВҐIЖ’ Л› ]nevВ°meaebmf`mjbpsS cq]o
IcW�n¬ aWn{]hmfw sNep-�nb {]m`hw ˛ {]m
No\Nºp°fpw a[yImeNºp°fpw XΩnep≈ kmZr
iysshkmZr-iy-ГџЖ’ Л› BВґВ°Y cwK{]tbmKIe
bpsS kmlnXyw ˛ Ahbv°v Nºp°fpambp≈ Nm¿®
Л› BВґ-В°-Ybpw \mSIhpw Л›
(hni-Z-]-T-\w)
1) DÆnb®oNcnXw (KZyw 11 hsc)
2) DÆp\oeoktµiw (]q¿∆`mKw)
3) Nt{µm’hw (A©mw `mKw BZys� 15 t«mIw)
4) ]p\w \ВєqXncn -Л› cmambWw NВєp (DZym\{]thiw)
5) agawKew Л› `mjmss\j[w NВєp
(]q¿∆`mKw BZys� 10 t«mIw)
6) DÆmbnhmcy¿ ˛ \fNcnXw B´°Y (H∂mw Znhkw)
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) Cfw-Ipfw Ip™≥]n≈, kwkvIr-X-an-{i-im-J, kmln-XyNcn{Xw {]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eq-sS, (P-\-d¬ FUn-‰¿) tUmIvS¿
[mcmfn�w XpSßnb t^mIv khntijXIƒ˛
Otµm_≤amb ]ZycN\Ifpw hmsamgnKm\ßfpw
XΩn-ep≈ kmPmXysshPmXy߃ ˛
klm-bI-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) Nnd°¬ Sn. _meIrjvW≥ \mb¿, tIcf`mjmKm\߃,
XriqВї: tIcf kmlnXy AВ°mZan, 1983.
2) iqc-\m´p Ip™≥]n-≈ (kam-l¿�m), ae-bm-f-Im-hy-cXv\m-I-cw, \yqU¬ln: kmlnXy A°m-Z-an, 1962.
3) Cfw-Ipfw Ip™-≥]n-≈, `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw \q‰m-≠pI-fn¬, tIm´bw: Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 1962 (1956).
4) s{]m^. hn. B\-µ-°p´≥, tIc-f-`m-jm-Km-\-߃, Xriq¿:
tIc-f-km-lnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 1995 (1980).
]m´pkmlnXyw H∂mw L´w˛ aebmf�nse ]m´v
F∂ ]ZykmlnXyP\p v ˛ eoemXneI�nse \n¿∆
N\w Л› kwLImeImhyГџЖ’, hmsamgnKm\]mcВєcyw
˛ aWn{]hmfIhnX ˛ Ch XΩn-ep≈ kmPmXysshPmXy߃ ˛ `mjm]camb khntijXIƒ ˛ Ncn{X]camb {]k‡n ˛
(hni-Z-]-T-\w)
1) kwLImes� ImhyamXrIIƒ˛
(AIw Ihn-X-IЖ’ Л› Ipdn-В©n-Г�n-W-bnse
BZys� 10 ]m´p-Iƒ)
2) ]m´p{]ÿm\w ˛ cmaNcnXw (BZys� 3 ]Sew)
3) Xncp\ng¬ame ˛ Bd∑pfkvXpXn hsc
4) IÆ»cmambWw˛ InjvIn�mImWvUw (BZys� 20 ]m´v)
5) `mjm`KhXvKoX ˛ (BZys� 10 ]m´v)
6) cmaIY∏m´v ˛ _meImWvUw (H∂mw hncp�w)
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) D≈q¿ Fkv. ]c-ta-iz-c-ø¿, a≤y-Im-e-a-e-bmf amXr-I-Iƒ
(c≠mw `mKw), Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: _n.hn. _p°v Unt∏m, 1915.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
27
26
sI. F≥. Fgp-�-—≥, Infn-∏m´v (]pdw 355-˛435), (P\-d¬
FUn-‰¿) sI.-Fw. tPm¿Pv, kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw {]ÿm-\-ßfn-eqsS, tIm´bw: Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 1973.
2) kmln-Xy-]-©m-\-\≥ ]n. sI. \mcm-b-a-]n≈, ]©m-\\s‚
hnaВїi{X-bw, XriqВї; tIc-f k
- m-lnXy AВ°m-Za
- n, 1996 (1980).
3) tUm. ]n. Dj, ]q¥m-\-�ns‚ `‡nbpw XXz-Nn-¥bpw,
ipI-]pcw: h≈-t�mƒ hnZym]o-Tw, 2012.
4) Sn. a≥kq-d-en (FUn-‰¿), Ad_nae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-]-T-\߃, tImgn-t°m-Sv, eoUv _pIvkv, 2014.
bqWn‰v 5
]cnh¿�\L´w ˛ ]s�mºXmw \q‰m≠ns‚ Ah
km\t�msS aebmfIhnXmcwK�p≠mb ]co£W
ГџЖ’ Л› B[p\nIKZykmlnXyP\pВ pIЖ’ BhnВї`hn
°p∂Xn\p kam¥cambn ]Zy�nep≠mb BhnjvIm
cГџЖ’ Л› AhbpsS sshhn[yhpw khntijXIfpw Л›
(hni-Z-]-T-\w)
1) Ip™n°p´≥ Xºpcm≥ ˛ alm`mcXw˛ (I¿Æ]¿∆w ˛
I¿Æm¿÷p\bp≤hpw I¿Æh[hpw)
2) tIcfh¿Ω henb tImbn�ºpcm≥˛
abqcktµiw (]q¿∆`mKw)
3) ioshm≈n, Hcp IY ˛ (sh◊Wn{]ÿm\w)
4) sI. kn. tIih∏n≈ ˛ tIihobw (kya¥Iw) ˛
(ZznXobmВЈc{]mk\ncmkw)
5) Ip≠q¿ \mcmbWtat\m≥ ˛ tIma∏≥
(]В®aebmf{]Гїm\w)
6) hn. kn. _meIrjvW∏Wn°¿ ˛ Hcp hnem]w
(hnem]Imhy{]Гїm\w)
7) G. B¿. cmPcmPh¿Ω ˛ aebhnemkw
(BflKoXn{]ÿm\w)
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) D≈q¿ Fkv. ]c-ta-iz-c-ø¿, tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
sI. -Fw. tPmВїPv, tImВґbw: Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 1973.
2) Cfw-Ipfw Ip™≥]n-≈, (hym-Jym-\w), DÆp-\oenktµ-iw,
tImВґbw; Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 1989 (1954).
3) sI.Sn. cma-h¿Ω, Ima-]q-P, tImgn-t°mSv: ¢mknIv _p°v
{SГѓv, 1985.
bqWn‰v 4
]m´pkmlnXyw c≠mw L´w ˛ ]m´ns‚bpw aWn{]hmf
�ns‚bpw [mcIsf ka\zbn∏n°p∂ ]nev°me]m´p
kmlnXyw ˛ aebmf`mjbpsSbpw kmlnXy�ns‚
bpw X\nabm¿∂ L´w ˛ {]mNo\]m´pkmlnXyhp
ambpw ]nev°meNºp°fpambpw tN¿∂v tIcfob`m
h\sbbpw `mhpIXzs�bpw CXnlmk ]mcºcy
�nte°p IÆntN¿°p∂ {]{Inb ˛ `‡n{]ÿm
\�ns‚ A¿∞am\߃ ˛ tZiobamb ]m´p]mc
ºcyw `mcXobamb am\-�n-te°p IS°p∂Xn\p
]n∂mse sshtZinIamb `mhpIXz�ns‚ IS-∂p-hchv ˛ A¿tÆmkp ]mXncnbpsSbpw tambn≥Ip´n
sshZycpsSbpw kw`m-h-\-IЖ’ Л›
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
1) sNdpt»cn ˛ IrjvWKmY (cp‹nWokzbwhcw)
2) Fgp�—≥ ˛ A≤ymflcmabWw Infn∏m´v
(kpµcImWvUw˛ e¶mZl\w)
3) Fgp�—≥ ˛ {ioalm`mcXw Infn∏m´v
(I¿Æ]¿∆w ˛ ]m¿∞kmcYoh¿Æ\w)
4) ]qВҐm\w Л› вЃ„m\в€Џm\
5) Ip©≥ \ºym¿ ˛ IeymWkuK�nIw
6) cma]pc�phmcy¿ ˛ IptNehr�w h©n∏m´v
7) A¿tÆmkv ]mXncn ˛ NXpc¥yw, \cIh¿Æ\
8) tambn≥Ip´n sshZy¿ ˛ _Zdp¬ ap\odp¬ lpkv\p¬ Pam¬
(]qaImfmsW lpk\p¬ Pam¬ F∂ Ci¬)
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) s{]m^-k¿ Un. ]fl-\m-`≥ DÆn, KmY (]pdw 301-˛354);
28
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
2) Nm�-\m�v ANyp-X-\pÆn, Fw. -B¿. cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿
(hym-Jym-\w), tImI-kt- µiw, ipI]pcw: h≈-t�mƒ hnZym]oTw, 2007.
3) F≥. IrjvW-]n≈, ssIc-fn-bpsS IY, tIm´bw: Fkv]nkn-F-kv, 1992 (1958)
4) Fw. eoem-hXn, ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw, XriqВї:
tIcf kmlnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 1996 (1980).
5) tUm. ]n. -sI. \mcm-b-W-]n≈, ]Zy-cXv\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
tIcf k¿h-I-em-ime {]kn-≤o-I-cWw, 1949 (2007).
6) sI. ]n. Fkv. tat\m≥, IY-I-fn-cw-Kw, tImgn-t°mSv:
amXr-`q-an, 1957.
7) hS°pw-Iq¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-{Nn{Xw ˛ Ncn{Xhpw ]qc-Whpw, tIm´bw: Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, H∂mw `mKw
1967; c≠mw `mKw 1968.
8) Nm�-\m�v ANyp-X-\p-Æn, Fw.-B¿. cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿ (hymJym-\w), B-ap-Jw, aWn-{]-hm-f-e-Lp-Im-hy-߃, ipI-]pcw: h≈-t�mƒ hnZym-]oTw, 2004.
9) tUm. F≥. tKm]n-\m-Y≥ \mb¿, DÆn-b®oNcnXw, Imen°‰v k¿h-I-em-ime: {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-hn-`m-Kw, 2005.
10) Xp©≥ {]_�߃, Xriq¿: tIcfkmlnXyA°mZan,
1976.
11) Dr. K. Ramachandran Nair, Early Manipravalam - A Study,
Trivandum: 1971.
12) Puthussery Ramachandran, Language of Middle Malayalam,
Trivandrum: DLA, 1973.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Code: MAL1CO3
29
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л› `m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
B[p-\n-I-I-hnX
(Modern Poetry)
Imev]-\n-I-X-bn-te-°p≈ ae-bmf Ihn-X-bpsS am‰-�ns‚
BZy-am-Xr-II
- ƒ F¥v F∂v BZy-Im-eI
- h
- nX F∂ tImgvkns‚
`mK-ambn ]Tn-®n-´p-≠v. ]m›m-Xy-I-hn-X-bp-am-bp≈ ]cn-N-bw-hgnbpw tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-�ns‚ ]›m-�-e-�n¬ DW¿∂p-h∂
Bfl-t_m-[-�ns‚ ^e-ambpw Imev]-\n-IX ae-bm-f-�n¬
{]_e-am-Ip-∂Xv B[p-\nIIhn-{X-b-�ns‚ cN-\-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv. ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bpsSXs∂ Zni am‰nb Imev]-\n-IX hf¿∂v
Imev]\
- n-Ih
- ncp≤X-bn-te°pw B[p-\n-IX
- m-hm-Z�
- n-te°pw ]cnW-an-°p-∂-Xns‚ Ihn-Xm-h-gn-I-fmWv Cu tImgvkn¬ hnZym¿∞nIƒ ]Tn-t°-≠X
- v. At\Iw {]-hW
- X
- I
- fpw {]ÿm-\ßfpw IhnXm-cw-K�v {]Xy-£-am-bn-´p-≠v. A�cw {]h-W-X-I-sfbpw
{]Гїm-\Гџ
- s
- fbpw ]T-\h
- n-t[-ba
- m-°pI; Imhy-ßfpsS kq£vaamb ]mT]T\-ß-fn-eqsS ]pXnb Bkzm-Z\-ta-J-e-Iƒ Is≠�p-I; -hn-a¿i-\�ns‚ ]pXnb-am¿§-ßfneqsS aqey\n¿Æ-b�n-\p {]m]vXc
- m-hpI Л› Ch-bmWv B[p-\nIae-bm-fI
- h
- n-Xb
- psS
]T-\-�n-eqsS e£y-am°p∂-Xv.
bqW-n‰v 1
kmln-Xy-�nse {]ÿm-\-߃ ˛ ¢m n-kn-kw, sdmam‚n-kn-kw, dob-en-kw, FIvk-{]-j\n-kw, Cw{]-j-\nkw, tamtU- W n- k w, t]mÃv tamtU- W nkw ˛
30
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
thUvkvh¿�v, kmtY˛ sj√n, Io‰vkv, _b-d¨-˛-kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
1) \fn\n ˛ Ipam-c-\m-im≥
2) aKvZ-e-\-a-dnbw ˛ h≈-t�mƒ
3) ]nwKf ˛ D≈q¿
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
tPmk^v ap≠t»cn, B-im≥IhnX: Hcp ]T-\w, Xriq¿:
Id‚ v _pIvkv, 1988 (H∂mw ]Xn∏v 1973).
sI. cma-N-{µ≥\m-b¿, ]n. hn. them-bp-[≥]n≈ (k-ºm-ZI¿), alm-Ihn D≈qcpw ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-hpw, Xncp-h-\¥-]pcw: tIc-f-k¿∆-I-em-im-e, 1978.
sI.Fw.tPm¿Pv (P-\-d¬ FUn-‰¿), B[p-\n-I-a-e-bmf
kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw {]Гїm-\-Гџ-fn-eq-sS, tImВґbw: Un.-kn.
_pIvkv, 1998.
tUm.Fw.-eo-em-h-Xn, alm-Ihn h≈-t�mƒ, tIm´bw:
F≥_nF-kv, 1998.
\nXy-sN-X\ybXn, \fn\n F∂ Imhy-in-ev]w, tImgn-t°mSv:
en]n ]_vfn-t°-j≥kv, 2002 (1975).
Fw. sI. -km\p, arXyp-RvPbw Imhy-Po-hn-Xw, tImВґbw:
\mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ, 1996.
H.-F≥-.hn. Ipdp-∏v, Ihn-X-bnse hgn-�n-cn-hp-Iƒ,
tImgn-tВ°mSv: amXr-`q-an, 2005.
]n. sI. _me-IrjvW≥, ImhyIe Ipam-c-\m-im-\n-eqsS,
tIm´bw: \mj-W¬ _p°vÃmƒ, 1979 (1970).
sI.Fw. Um\n-b¬, \h-N-{Ihmfw \fn-\n-bnepw a‰pw,
tImВґbw: Fkv-]n-kn-F-kv, 1973.
-
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
bqW-n‰v 2
31
Imev]-\n-I-Xm-{]-ÿm-\-�ns‚ hnImkw
(hni-Z-]-T-\-w)
1) IÆp-\o¿�p≈n ˛ \mem-∏m´v \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m≥
2) \nanjw ˛ Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp∏v
3) a\-kzn\n ˛ Nß-ºpg IrjvW-]n≈
4) aWn-\mZw ˛ CS-∏≈n cmL-h≥]n≈
5) Ifn-b-—≥ ˛ ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
sI.- F-kv. \mcm-b-W-]n≈, Nß-ºpg˛Hcp ]T-\w, tIm´bw:
Un. kn. _pIvkv, 1980.
Fw. sI. km\p, \ВЈ-{X-Гџ-fpsS kvt\l-`m-P-\w, tImВґbw:
Fkv]nkn-F-kv., 1998.
Nß-ºpg IrjvW-]n-≈, XpSn-°p∂ Xmfp-Iƒ, tIm´bw:
Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 1987.
sI.-Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cn-bВї, Ihn-X-bnse `mj, tImВґbw:
\mj-W¬ _pIvÃmƒ, 1976.
C. sI. ]pcp-tjm-�-a≥, Nß-ºp-g-°-hn-Xn-bnse Imev]\n-I-X, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v, 1993
(1984).
Nß-ºpg {]`mI-c≥, CS-∏≈n cmL-h≥]n≈-bpsS PohnXI-Y, tIm´bw: Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 1983.
Fkv. Kp]vX≥\mb¿, Imhy-kz-cq-]w. tImgn-t°mSv: en]n
]_vfn-t°-j≥kv, 2004 (1973).
kpIp-am¿ Ago-t°m-Sv, i¶-c-°p-dp∏v hna¿in-°-s∏-Sp∂p,
tImgn-t°mSv: \h-tI-cf tIm˛-Hm-∏t- d-‰ohv ]ªn-jnwKv luk,
1963.
bqWn‰v 3
bmYm-X-YyXtbmSv ASp� Imev]-\n-I-X ˛ ip≤-Imev]-\n-I-X-tbmSv AI¬® ˛ PohnXw IqSpX¬ Bg-
32
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Г�nepw ]c-в€Џnepw Л› Imev]-\nIbmYm-X-YyX ]pXnb
]cn-t{]-£y-t�msS˛
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
1) agp-hns‚ IY (H-∂mw-`mKw am{Xw)
˛ _mem-a-Wn-bΩ
2) ]qX-в€ЏmВґv
˛ CS-t»cn tKmhn-µ≥\mb¿
3) klys‚ aI≥ ˛ sshtem-∏n≈n {io[-c\
- t- a-t\m≥
4) sIm®p-sXm-Ω≥ ˛ F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿
5) \tß-a-°p´n (\memw Jfiw am{Xw)
˛ Hf-∏-aÆ kp{_-“-Wy≥ \ºq-Xncn
6) Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ CXnlmkw
(\cIw F∂ c≠mw Jfiw am{Xw)
˛ A°n�w ANypX≥ \ºq-Xncn
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) tUm. Fw.eoem-h-Xn, ae-bmfIhn-Xm-km-lnXyNcn-{Xw,
XriqВї: tIcf kmlnXy AВ°m-Zan, 1996 (1980).
2) sI.]n. ic-®-{µ≥, CS-t»-cn-bpsS Imhy-tem-Iw, tIm´bw:
Fkv]nknF-kv, 1988.
3) sshtem-∏n-≈n, Imhy-tem-I-kva-c-W-Iƒ,
tIm´bw: \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ, 1988.
4) ]n. Fw. \mcm-bW
- ≥, A°n-��
- ns‚ Imhy-Z¿i-\w, h≈t�mƒ hnZym-]o-Tw, tIm´bw: \mjW¬ _p°v Ãmƒ, 2014.
5) F≥. F≥. I°m-Sv, Ihn-Xbpw ]mcºcyhpw, ipI-]pcw:
h≈-t�mƒ hnZym-]o-Tw, 1984.
6) s{]m^. Fw.]n. ]Wn-°¿, ae-bm-f-Jfi-Imhy-߃ ˛ Hcp
]T-\w, Xncp-h\
- ВҐ
- ]
- pcw: tIc-f`
- mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 1990 (1985).
7) Jeffrey Wainwright, Poetry the Basics, London: Routledge, 2011.
8) C. Day Lewis, The Poetic Image, London: Jonathan Cape, 1965.
9)
Irving Howe (Ed.), Literary Modernism, New York:
A Fawcett Premier Book, 1967.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
bqWn‰v 4
Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS XpSВїВ®-IЖ’Л›
(hni-Z-]-T-\-w)
1) Hm¿°pI h√-t∏mgpw ˛ ]n. `mkvI-c≥
2) k¿§kw-KoXw ˛ hb-em¿ cma-h¿Ω
3) `qan-s°mcp Nc-a-KoXw ˛ H. F≥. hn. Ip-dp∏v
4) ]mhw am\-h-lr-Zbw Л› kpK-X-Ip-amcn
5) F{X bmZr-—nIw ˛ Pn. Ipam-c-]n≈
6) Dj v ˛ Fw.-F≥. ]meqcv
7) t]c-В°n-Smhv Л› bqk-^en tItВ®cn
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
33
Fw. eoem-h-Xn, hВїГ†-cm-Pn, tImВґbw: Fkv-]n-kn-F-kv,
1989 (1977).
F≥. IrjvW-]n≈, ssIc-fn-bpsS IY, tIm´bw:
Fkv-]n-kn-Fkv, 1992 (1958).
s{]m^. ]n.- Sn. NmtВ°m, Ihn-X-bpsS kmcw, tImВґbw:
Un. kn. _pIvkv, 1986.
tUm. Fw. eoem-h-Xn, BZn-cq-]-ß-ƒ kmln-Xy-�n¬ ˛
Hcp ]T-\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 1993.
tUm. tZi-aw-Kew cma-Ir-jvW≥, Imhy-`m-j-bnse {]iv\߃, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥kv‰n-‰yq´v, 1993
(1986).
Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿, A¥- -∂n-th-iw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 2000.
im¥m cma-N-{µ≥, BZn-cq-]-ß-fpsS ]Z-hn-\ymkw ˛ B[p\n-I-a-e-bm-f- I-hn-Xbn¬, Imen-°-‰v k¿∆-I-em-im-e, {]kn≤o-I-c-W-hn-`m-Kw, 2007.
8) T. S. Eliot, Selected Prose, (Edited by) John Hayward, Great
Briton: Penguin Books, 1963.
34
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
9) Paul Goodman, The Structure of Literature, London: The University of Chicago Press, 1954.
10) Tom Furniss & Michael Bath, Reading Poetry- An Introdution,
Great Britain: Longman, 2007 (1996).
bqWn‰v 5
sshNn{Xyw \nd™ Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-߃˛ hn`n-∂-amb
hmKva-b-߃ ˛ hyXy-kvXamb Bhn-jvIm-c-߃ ˛ amdn-h-cp∂
`mjbpw ssienbpw Л›
(hniZ-]-T-\w)
1) ]m¿°n¬ ˛ F≥.-F≥. I°mSv
2) arXyp-]qP ˛ Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿
3) ]\n ˛ k®n-Zm-\-µ≥
4) am∏p-km£n ˛ _me-N-{µ≥ Np≈n-°mSv
5) sIm®n-bnse hr£-߃ ˛ sI.-Pn. i¶-c-∏n≈
6) A¿°w ˛ B‰q¿ chn-h¿Ω
7) AP¥ ˛ B¿. cma-N-{µ≥
8) ho´n-te-°p≈ hgn ˛ Un. hn\-b-N-{µ≥
9) ag-X≥ at‰tXm apJw ˛ hnP-b-e£van
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) Ipcp-tВЈ-{Xw 2000 (I-hn-Xbpw ]T-\-Гџ-fpw),
tImВґbw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv, 2000.
2) tUm. B¿. hniz-\m-Y≥, A\zbw,
tImgn-t°mSv: ]q¿W ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, 1990.
3) tUm. Fw. eoem-h-Xn, ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw,
XriqВї: tIcf kmlnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 1996 (1980).
4) I°m-Sns‚ Ihn-X-Iƒ (I-hn-X-Ifpw Ah-Xm-cn-I-I-fpw),
tImgn-tВ°mSv: amXr-`q-an, 2011.
5) {]k-∂-cm-P≥, tIc-f-I-hn-X-bnse Ienbpw Nncnbpw,
tIm´bw: F≥_n-F-kv., 1992.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
35
sI.-kn. \mcm-b-W≥, klys\-°mƒ Xe-s∏m°w;
Fw. KwKm-[-c≥, Bg-�ns‚ Xmfw, B‰q¿ chn-h¿Ω-bpsS
Ihn-X-IЖ’, tImВґbw: Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, 1999 (1995).
kВ®n-Zm-\Вµ
- ≥, Ihn-Xb
- psS _lp-kz-cX
- Л›- _
- m-eN
- {- µs‚ temI߃, _me-N-{µ≥ Np≈n-°m-Sns‚ Ihn-X-Iƒ, tIm´bw:
Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, 2000.
tUm. ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥, shfn-hns‚ kq£va-{ipXn,
sI.-Pn. i¶-c-∏n-≈-bpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ, tIm´bw: Un.-kn.
_pIvkv, 1997.
Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿, hnj-�n¬\n∂v Ihn-X, k®n-Zm-\-µs‚
Ihn-X-IЖ’, Be-в€Џpg: KuXa ]ВЄn-tj-gvkv, 1988.
kВ®n-Zm-\Вµ
- ≥ (k-am-lc
- Ww/]T-\w), ae-bm-fI
- h
- nX, XriqВї:
Id‚ v _pIvkv, 1989.
36
Code: MAL1E1/4
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Fw. F. ae-bmfwЛ›`m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
A Xmc-X-ay-km-lnXyw
(Comparative Literature)
]e cmPy-߃, ]e P\-X-Iƒ, hyXykvX-`m-j-Iƒ, hnhn[kwkv°m-c-߃, sshhn-≤y-am¿∂ kmln-Xy-߃ ˛ F¶nepw
a\p-jy¿ kam-\-ambn Nn¥n-°p-∂p, kam-\-ambn {]h¿�n-°p∂p. DSp-∏nepw \S-∏nepw `£-W�
- nepw hyXym-kГџ
- Ж’ ImWmw.
]t£, a\p-jys‚ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb hnIm-c-߃°pw Nn¥Iƒ°pw GtXm kam-\-X-Iƒ ImWp-∂p. temI-km-ln-Xy-s�°p-dn®p ]d™t∏mƒ tKmbvtY AXmWv e£y-am-°n-b-Xv.
hnhn[-km-ln-XyIrXn-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ kmPmXysshPm-Xy߃ Is≠�n hni-I-e\-hn-t[-b-am-°p∂ ]T-\-hn-`m-K-amWv
Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xyw.
hyXy-kX
v `- m-jI
- f
- nse hyXy-kX
v I
- r-Xn-IЖ’ Xmc-Xa
- y-s∏Sp-�nbmte Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xy-am-hp-I-bp≈p Fs∂mcp Nn¥m-K-Xn-bp≠v. Htc`mj-bnse IrXn-Isf XΩn¬ Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-�n-bmepw
Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xy-�n¬ s]Spw F∂p hmZn-°p-∂-h-cp-ap-≠v.
kmlnXyw auen-I-ambpw am\p-jn-I-[¿Ω-ß-fn¬ Dd-®-XmsW∂pw a\p-jys‚ PohnXw temI-s�-hn-sSbpw kam-\-XIfp≈-Xm-sW∂pw temI-kmlnXyw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. kmlnXyw
`mj-If
- m¬ th¿Xn-cn-°s
- ∏-´n-cn-°p∂p F¶nepw kmlnXy�ns‚
auen-Ik� Fhn-sSbpw H∂p X-s∂-bm-sW∂pw AXn-s‚
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
37
e£yw am\-kn-I-kw-kv°-ca-- m-sW∂pw Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xy-]T-\�n-eqsS t_m≤y-s∏Sp∂p. XmcXay-km-ln-Xy-�n¬ hnh¿�\-�n\v Imcy-amb ]¶p-≠v. hnhn-[-`m-j-Iƒ XΩn-epw hnhn-[-P\- X - I ƒ XΩnepw ]mew \n¿Ωn- ° m≥ hnh¿�- \ - � n\p
km[n°p-∂p. hnh¿�-\-�n-eqsS Adn-bm� temI-߃
XΩn¬ tbmPn-°p-∂p; A⁄m-Xc
- mb a\p-jy¿ XΩn¬ _�s∏Sp-∂p; a\p-jy¿¿ Fhn-sSbpw H∂mWv F∂p ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. AXpX-s∂-bmWv Xmc-fly-km-ln-Xy-�ns‚ e£yw.
bqWn‰v 1
Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xy-�ns‚ {]k-‡n ˛ Xmc-Xay-km-lnXy-�ns‚ Ncn-{Xw ˛ hniz-km-lnXyw ˛ tKmbvtY-bpsS
k¶ev]w kmlnXyw, hniz-km-lnXyw ˛ SmtKm-dns‚
k¶ev]w ˛ cmPy-߃ ]e-Xv, `mj-Iƒ ]eXv ˛ hnizkm-lnXyw H∂v ˛ `mc-Xo-bk
- m-lnXyw Л› `mj-IЖ’
- ]eXv,
kmlnXyw H∂v ˛ ]m›m-Xy-]u-ck
- vXy-km-lnXy kn≤m¥-ß-fpsS ]mckv]cyw ˛ Xmc-X-ay-]-T\w kmln-Xy�n¬ am{Xw HXp-ßp∂n√ ˛ kwKo-Xw, Nn{X-I-e,
hmkvXp-in-ev]w, cwK-Ie-Iƒ, kn\na ˛ Ch XΩn-ep≈
_mlym-`y-¥c_�߃ ˛
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
tPmk^v ap≠-t»cn, Imhy-]o-TnI, Xriq¿: awK-tfm-Z-bw,
1945.
tUm. kn. cmtP-{µ≥, Xmc-X-ay-Im-hy-im-kv{Xw, Xncp-h-\¥-]pcw: tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 2000.
Iw]m-c-‰ohv en‰-td-®¿ skmssk-‰n (kºm-Z-I¿), Xmc-X-aykm-ln-Xy -]-T-\w, tIm´bw: Fkv]nkn-F-kv, 1986.
tUm. sI. Fw. tPm¿Pv kvamc-I-`m-jm-]-T-\-tK-th-j-W-tI{µw (k-ºm-Z-\w), Xmc-X-ay-km-lnXyw ]pXnb Imgv∏m-Sn¬,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 2005.
tPmk^v ap≠-t»-cn, ]m›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-k-ao£, Xriq¿:
awK-tfm-Z-bw, 1967.
38
bqWn‰v 2
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
kzm[o-\-Xm-]-T\w ˛ kzm[o-\-Xm-]-T-\-�ns‚
{]m[m\yw Л›
{]Xy-ВЈ-kzm-[o\w Л› ]tcm-ВЈ-kzm-[o\w Л›
{]ta-b-]-T\w Л› cq]-]-T\w Л›
{]ta-b-߃ IrXn-I-fn¬ kam-\-ambn -hcpw ˛ ImcWw,
{]ta-b-߃ kmln-Xy-�n¬ ]cnan-X-am-Wv ˛
hmIy-L-S-\-Iƒ, cq]-L-S-I-߃ kam-\-ambn h∂m¬
AXv IrXn-bpsS auen-I-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ kwi-b߃°v Imc-W-amhpw ˛
(hni-Z-]T\w:)
_m-ey-Im-e-kJn
˛ ssh°w apl-Ω-Zv_jo¿
hnIvtSm-dnb
˛ \´-vlw-k≥
(hnhВїГ�-\w)
˛ tUm. -Fkv. them-bp-[≥
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) s{]m^-kВї ]pcp-tjm-Г�a
- ≥, Xmc-Xa
- y-km-lnXyw Л› XXzhpw
{]k-‡nbpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v,
1999 (1988).
2) Iºm-c-‰ohv en‰-td-®¿ skmssk-‰n (k-ºm-Z-I¿), Xmc-flykm-ln-Xy-]o-Tn-I (k-ºm-ZI
- Вї), Xncp-h\
- ВҐ
- ]
- pcw: tIcf `mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 2000.
3) K. Ayyappa Panicker & Bernard Fenn (ed.), Studies in
Comparative Literature, Bombay: Blackie & Son Publishers,
1985.
bqWn‰v 3
{]ta-bw, CXn-hr�w, IYm-]m{X-߃, kw`-h-߃,
ho£-Ww, ]›m-�-ew, BJym-\-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ˛
kmPm-Xy-ssh-Pm-Xy-ГџЖ’ Л›
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
c≠n-S-ßgn
Л› XIgn
tNmas‚ XpSn (I-∂-S)˛ inh-cm-a-Im-c¥v
(hn-h-¿�\w: sI.-hn. Ipam-c≥)
klm-b-I{KЕё-ГџЖ’:
39
1) K. Ayyapap Paniker, Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai, Trivandrum:
University of Kerala, 1988.
2) K. M. George (Director & Chief Editor), Comparative Indian
Literature (Volume 1), Kerala Sahitya Akademi, Madras:
Macmillan, 1984.
3) s{]m^-k¿ Pn. _me-N-{µ≥, XI-gn-bpsS k¿§-]-Y-߃,
XriqВї: tIcf kmlnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 2013.
4) inh-cm-a-Im-c-µv, tNmas‚ XpSn (hn-h¿�\w: sI.-hn. Ipamc≥), Xriq¿: tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an, 1978.
bqWn‰v 4
alm-`m-cXs� A[nI-cn®v ae-bm-f-�n¬ Ht´sd
t\mh-epIƒ D≠mbn-´p-≠v. Fgp-�p-Im¿ aqe-I-Y-bnemWv {][m-\-ambpw am‰-߃ sIm≠phcp-∂-Xv. aqeI-Y-bnse au\-߃, t\mhen-Ãns‚ hymJym-\-߃,
BJym-\-t`-Z-ГџЖ’ Л›
alm-`m-c-Xs� B[m-c-am°n Fgp-Xnb Hcp aem-b-ft\m-h-ens‚ IYm-k-µ¿`-߃ ]cn-tim-[n®dn-bpI.
(hni-Z-]-T-\-w)
c≠m-aqgw
˛ Fw. Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) IpВґn-Ir-jvW-am-cm-cv, `mc-X-]-cy-S-\w, tImgn-tВ°mSv: amcm-Вї
kmln-Xy-{]-Imiw, 1995 (1950).
2) Iravati Karve, Yuganta – The End of an Epoch, Hydeabad: Orient
Longman, 2007.
3) Chadurvedi Badarinath, The Mahabharata- An Inquiry in the
Human Condition, Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 2007 (2006).
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
41
40
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
4) Chadurvedi Badrinath, The Women of the Mahabharata,
Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 2008
5) Sukanta Chaudhuri, Translation & Understanding, New Delhi:
Oxford University Press, 1999.
6) Sujit Mukherjee, Translation as Discovery and other essays,
New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 1981.
7) K. Karunakaran / M. Jayakumar (Ed), Translation as
Synthesis: A Search for a New Gestalt, New Delhi: Bahari
Publictions, 1988.
4) tUmIvS¿ hn. B¿. {]t_m-[-N-{µ≥, hnh¿�-\-�ns‚
`mjm- i mkv { X`qanI, Xncp-h-\-ВҐ-c-]pcw: tIcf `mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 1974.
bqWn‰v 5
Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xy-�n¬ hnh¿�-\-�ns‚
{]k‡nbpw {]m[m\yhpw˛
Imcy-am-{X-]-cn-`mj (Pragmatic translation),
kuµ-cym-fl-I-]-cn-`mj (Aesthetic-poetic traslation),
hwio-b-]-cn-`mj (Ethnographic translation),
`mjm-tI-{µn-X-]-cn-`mj (Linguistic translation) k¿§m-fl-I-hn-h¿-�\w (Transcreation)
hnhВїГ�-\-{]-Inb Л› ]mTw, ]mThni-I-e\w: ]Zw,
hmIyw, hmIy-L-S-\, ssien, Be-В¶mcn-I-{]-tbm-Kw,
_nw_w, {]Xo-Iw, {]m‡-\-{]-Xo-Iw, an�v, Bibw
˛ aqe-]m-T�
- ns‚ hymI-cWw, e£y-]m-T�
- ns‚ hymIc-Ww, aqe-]m-T-�n¬\n∂v e£y-]m-T-�n-te-°p≈
hnhВїГ�\ kaaq-eyX (Translation equivalency),
]mThpw kwkvВ°m-chpw Л›
cq]-Xp-ey-Xm-]-cn-`mj (Formal equivalent translation),
Ne- \ m- fl - I - X p- e yXm]cn- ` mj (Dynamic equivalent
translation)-
imkv{X-IrXn-I-fpsS ]cn-`mj Л›
kmt¶-Xn-I-]-Z-ßfpsS ]cn-`mj˛
kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS ]cn-`mj Л› Ihn-Xm-]-cn-`m-j,
\mS-I-]-cn-`m-j, IYm]cn-`mj, {]_-�-]-cn-`mj ˛
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) tUm. F≥. C. hniz-\mYø¿, hnh¿�-\-hn-Nm-cw,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰q´v, 1996.
2) Hcp kwLw teJ-IВї, hnhВїГ�-\w, Xncp-h-\-ВҐ-]pcw:
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 1990 (1977).
3) kn. hn. hmkp-tZ-h-`-´-Xn-cn, X¿Pp-a-bpsS Xmt°m¬,
amth-en-В°c: kvssI _pIv ]_vfn-tjgvkv, 2004.
42
Code: MAL1E1/4
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Fw.- F. ae-bmfw Л› `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
B -BJym-\imkv{Xw
(Narratology)
hmbvsam-gn-bmbpw hc-sam-gn-bmbpw At\Iw IY-\k{ºZmb-߃ Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ temIw apgp-h≥ {]N-cn®psIm-≠n-cn°p-∂p. Ip´n-°-hn-X-Ifpw Ipdp-¶-hnXIfpw apX¬ ]pcm-tW-Xnlm-k߃ -hsc F¥pw BJym-\-�n¬s∏Spw. IYmJym\w,
ItY-Xcm-Jym\w F∂n-ßs\ BJym-\ß
- sf c≠mbn Xncn-°mw.
BJym-\-�n¬ IYm-I-Y-\-hp-ambn _�-s∏´ Nne LS-I-߃
D≠mhpw. - I tY- X cw F∂p hyh- l - c n- ° p∂ \n_- � - ß fn¬t∏mepw IY-\-�n‚ LS-I-߃ Hfn-™p-In-S-∏p-≠m-hpw.
km-ln-Xy-]-T-\-ß-fnepw kmwkv°m-cnI]T-\-ß-fnepw ASp�-Im-e-�mbn BJym-\]T\-�n\v henb {]m[m\yw e`n-°p∂p-≠v. BJym-\-kz-`m-h-ap≈ cN-\-Iƒ°v A\p-`-h-ßfpw Bib-ßfpw thK-�n¬ kwthZ\w sNøm≥ km[n-°p-∂p. \mw
h√tt∏m-gpw am{Xta BJym-\-kz-`m-h-ap≈ hmbv�mcn ˛ hcsamgn hg-°-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Nn¥n°m-dp-≈p. F∂m¬, \ΩpsS
PohnXw BJym-\-ß-fn¬ apßn-°n-S-°p-I-bm-Wv. F¥mWv
BJym\w, Ahbv°v ad-dp≈ cN\-I-fn¬\n-∂p≈ hyXymkw
F¥v? F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Ah \sΩ IqSpX¬ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂Xv?
\ΩpsS Pohn-X�n¬ BJym-\-߃°p≈ {]m-[m\yw F¥v?
BJym-\-߃ {]h¿�n-°p-∂Xv Fßs\? -˛ C�cw tNmZy߃°v adp-]Sn Is≠-�m-\p≈ {ia-�n¬, BJym-\-�ns‚
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
43
A\-¥-km-≤y-X-Iƒ I≠dn™ Nne ]fin-X-¿ BJym-\s�
Hcp hn⁄m-\-imJ-bmbn hf¿�n-sb-Sp-°pIbp≠mbn.
F√m-�-c-�n-ep≈ k¿-§m-fl-I-km-ln-Xyhpw (hmsam-gnbmbmepw hc-sam-gn-bm-bm-epw) BJy-m\-�n¬s∏Spw. a\p-jy≥
ssiihw apX¬ BJym-\-hp-ambn _�s∏-Sp-∂p. AΩ sXm´nen´p ]mSn Dd-°p-∂ Xmcm´p-t]mepw BJym\w Dƒs°m-≈p∂
sNdp-\n-_-�-am-Wv. AXn¬ Hcm-i-btam Hcp-I-Ytbm D≠m-hpw.
km¶ev]nI-I-Y-Iƒ, kml-kn-I-I-Y-Iƒ, Poh-Ncn{X-߃, Ip‰mt\z-j-W-I-Y-Iƒ, imkv{XI-Y-Iƒ ˛ F√mw BJym-\-�n¬s∏Spw.
a\p-jy-cp-sStbm P¥p-°-fp-sStbm Pohn-I-fp-sStbm \S-∂tXm \S-°m-\n-S-bp-≈tXm Bb IYtbm sI´p-I-Ytbm BWv
BJym\w. IYbvВ°v ka-b_
- �
- n-Xa
- mb kw`-hГџ
- f
- psS ]mckv]cyw thWw. AXv Ipdp-В¶-hn-X-bn-teXpt]mse {lkzamhmw,
CXnlm-k-�n-te-Xp-t]m-se hfsc k¶o¿W-hpam-hmw.
C∂v sSen-hn-j≥ G‰hpw henb BJy-m\-am-[y-a-ambn amdnbn-cn-°p-∂p. hm¿�-Iƒ t]mepw Hcp-Xcw BJym-\-ambncn°p∂p. Hcp tImanIv kv{Sn]v BJym-\-am-hmw. F∂m¬, Hcp
Im¿´q¨ H‰-\n-an-js
- � am{Xw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂Xpw {Inb-m_�w
]pe¿�m�Xp-am-bXn-\m¬ BJym-\-�n¬ s]Sp∂n√.
bqWn-‰v 1
BJym\w F∂m¬ F¥v?
BJym-\hpw BJym-t\-X-chpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw
BJym\-c-N-\-Iƒ {it≤-b-am-Ip-∂Xv F¥p-sIm≠v?˛
BJym-\-ßfn¬ hmb-\-°m-cs‚ {]m[m\yw ˛
am[y-a-ß-fn¬ BJym-\-߃°p≈ ÿm\w ˛
klm-bI{KЕё-ГџЖ’:
1) Un. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, BJym-\h
- n-вЃ„m-\w, Xncp-h-\-ВҐ-]pcw:
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰q-´v, 2000.
2) (Ed.) Amiya Dev, Narrative – A Seminar, New Delhi: 1994.
3) Leon Edel, Stuff of Sleep and Dreams, London: Chatto & Windus,
1962.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
45
44
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
4) Paul Cobley, Narrative, London: Routledge, 2013.
5) A Group of Writers, Ramayan Mahabharata and Bhagavata
Writers, New Delhi: Publication Division, Government of
India,1990. .
bqWn-‰v 2
BJym-\-c-N-\-I-fpsS Xm�zn-I-{]m-[m\yw ˛
Xm�zn-I-∑m¿ ˛ BJy-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Acn-tÃm-´n¬˛
hvfUn-a¿ t]m∏ns‚ \mtSm-Sn°YIfpsS
cq]-hnвЃ„m\obw Л›
aoIv_mens‚ IY / ]mTw / sI´p-IY ˛
knaq¿ Nm‰vams‚ IYbpw kwhm-Zhpw ˛
{In-Ã-^¿ _p°-dpsS ASnÿm-\-]-c-amb Ggv CXn-hr�-߃˛ kwkvIr-�nse \h-c-k-kn≤m-¥hpw {]tab-]-cn-an-Xnbpw ˛
bqWn-‰v 4
BJym-\-ГџЖ’ Л› hmbvsa-mgn-bnepw ha-sam-gn-bnepw Л›
b£n˛-K-�¿∆-I-Y-Iƒ, an�p-Iƒ, sI´p-I-Y-Iƒ ˛
Bbn-c-s�m∂p cmhp-Iƒ ˛ Bbn-c-s�m∂p ]I¬°Y-Iƒ ˛ Aao¿lw-k-°-Y-Iƒ ˛ Cu IY-IfpsS am\kn-Im-]-{K-Y\kao-]\w ˛ tIman-°p-Iƒ ˛ lmky-I-YIƒ ˛ lmky-I-Y-I-fpsS BJym-\-L-S-\˛ Nn{X-I-YIfpsS BJym-\-L-S\ ˛ P\-{]n-b-t\m-h¬ ˛ cq]w,
`mhw, LS\ ˛ tdUntbm BJy-\-߃ ˛ sSen-hn-j≥
kocn-b-ep-IЖ’ Л› Ne-В®n-{XmJym\-ГџЖ’ Л› kn\na Hcp
am≤yaw F∂ \nebn¬ ˛ BJym-\-ßfpw {]Xn-Zn-\Po-hnXhpw ˛
4) Wayane C. Booth, The Rhetoric of Fiction, London:
The University of Chicago Press, 1983 (1961).
5) Chatman, S., Story and Discourse: Nararative Structure in
Fiction and Film, London: Cornel University Press, 1978.
BJym-\Г�
- n-\m-hi
- y-amb LS-IГџ
- Ж’ Л› hnh-cW
- w, IYm]m{X-ßfpsS Nn¥-Iƒ, kw`m-j-Ww, kw`hkw{K-ß߃, IYm-]m{XNn-{Xo-I-c-Ww, Hfn-™p-tIƒ°p∂
kw`m-j-W-߃, I�p-Iƒ, ]{XteJ-\-߃, Ip‰-kΩ-X-߃ ˛ {]ta-bw, CXn-hr-�w, ]›m-�-ew, kzchy-Xn-bm-\w, `mj, ssien ˛ {Inb, A\y-m]-tZ-iw, aq¿≤\ym-h-ÿ, \mS-Iob hymtPm-‡n, IYm-`m-Kw, kw`-hw,
N´-°q-Sv, IY, D]-I-YIƒ ˛ ho£-W-tIm-Ww, {]Xn-cq]m-fl-I-X, ]mTw, Imew, i_vZw ˛
klm-bI{KЕё-ГџЖ’:
1) s{]m^-k¿ ]n. i¶c≥\-ºym¿, {]ÿm-\-{Xbw,
tImgn-tВ°mSv: amXr-`q-an, 1942.
2) Fw. ]n. t]mЖ’, t\mh-В¬kmln-Xyw, tImВґbw:
Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 1990 (1930).
3) sI. Fw. Um\n-b¬, Iem-Z¿i-\w, tIm´bw;
Fkv]n-kn-Fkv, 1969.
klm-bI{KЕё-ГџЖ’:
1) T. S. Dorsch (Traslated with An Introdution) Classical Literary
Criticism, England: Penguin Books, 1969 (1965).
(Aristotle: On the Art of Poetry; Horace: On the Art of Poetry;
Longinus: On the Sublime)
2) Arthur Asa Berger, Narrative in Popular Culture, Media, and
Everyday Life, New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1997.
3) Christopher Booker, The Seven Basic Plots - Why we tell
stories, London: Continum, 2004.
4) Gorky / Mayakovsky / Alexei Tolstoy / Fedin, On The Art and
Craft of Writing, Mosco: Progress Publishers, 1972.
5) thZ-_-�p, ck-`m-c-Xn, Xriq¿: tIcf kmlnXy
AВ°m-Z-an, 1985.
bqWn-‰v 3
BJym\-�ns‚ k¿§m-fl-I-{]-{In-b ˛ KoXw, KoX-Iw,
kzK-Xm-Jym\w ˛ `mh-Ko-Xn, Jfi-Im-hyw, ]pcm-Ww,
CXn-lm-kw ˛ BJy-m\-�ns‚ khn-ti-jX-Iƒ ˛
46
klm-bI{KЕё-ГџЖ’:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Pierre Maranda (Ed.), Mythology, Great Britain: Penguin
Education, 1972.
David Bianculli, Teleliteracy - Taking Television Seriously,
New York: Syracuse University Press, 2000.
Nossrat Peseschkian M.D., Oriental Stories as Tools in
Psychotherapy, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1985.
A.D. Pusalker, Studies in the Epics and Puranas, Bombay:
Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1963 (1955).
Ghalib Lakhnavi and Abdullah Bilgrami, (Tr.) Musharraf Ali
Farooqi, The Adventures of Amir Hamza, New York:
The Modern Library, 2007.
Satyajit Ray, Our Films Their Films, Bombay: Orient Longman,
1976.
Sevanti Ninan, Through the Magic Window – Television and
Change in India, New Delhi: Penguin Books, 1995.
D. Bordwell, Narration in the Fiction Film, London: Methuen,
1985.
9) Hm¿lm≥ ]map-Iv, (hnh¿�\w) B¿. at\mPv h¿Ω,
t\mh-en-Ãns‚ Ie, tIm´bw: Un kn _pIvkv, 2013.
(Original title: The Naive and the Sentimental Novelist)
10) ]n. sI. _me-Ir-jvW≥, t\mh¬˛ kn-≤nbpw km[-\bpw,
tImВґbw: Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 1989 (1965).
bqWn-‰v 5
BJym-\-ГџЖ’ Л› `mc-Xo-b-]m-c-Вєcyw Л›
]m›m-Xy-]m-cºcyw ˛ Nn{X-Ie, kwKo-Xw, \mS-Iw,
kn\na Л› kmln-Xyhpw CX-c-I-e-Ifpw Л› Ch-bnse
BJym\-ß-fpsS sImSp-°¬ hmß-ep-Iƒ ˛ F√m-°e-Ifpw kwKo-X�n-te°v ˛
klm-bI{KЕё-ГџЖ’:
1) Walter Pater, The Renaissance - Studies in Art and Poetry,
Great Britain: The Fontana Library, 1967 ( Macmillan First
Published 1873).
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
47
2) A Group of Writers, Aestheticians, New Delhi: Publication
Division, Government of India, 1990 (1983).
3) A Group of Writers, Aspects of Indian Music, New Delhi:
Publication Division, Government of India, 2006.
4) V. K. Narayana Menon, Language of Music, New Delhi:
Publicaiton Division, Govt. of India, 1994.
5) Robert Phillips (Ed.), Aspects of Alice, Great Britain: Penguin
Books, 1974 (1971).
48
Code: MAL1E1/4
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л› `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
C -IYm-km-lnXyw
(Fiction)
]m›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-�ns‚ {]tNm-Z-\hpw kzm-[o-\hpw Dƒs°m- ≠v hnImkw {]m]n® ae- b mfsNdp- I Y hfcp- I bpw
]m›mXykmln-Xy�n\p kam-\a
- mb \ne ssIh-cn-В°p-Ip-Ibpw
sNbvXp. ]m›m-Xy-cmPyß-fn¬ {]tXy-In®v, CwKvf≠v, Atacn° ˛ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ t\mh¬ {]mapJyw t\Sp-Ibpw sN-dpIY ]n¥≈s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-tºmgpw ae-bm-f-�n¬ sNdp-IYm-{]-ÿm\w ]q¿∆m-[nIw ivIXn-{]m]n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.
ae-bm-f-�nse B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fpsS A`q-X-]q¿∆-amb
hf¿® sNdp-I-Y-bpsS hf¿-®bv°pw hnIm-k-�n\pw Imc-W-ambn. Cc-]Xmw \q‰-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-t�msS At\Iw B\p-Im-enI-߃ {]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-bn. sNdp-I-Y-bv°p-th≠n am{Xw Nne
{]knkn-≤o-Ic
- W
- Гџ
- f
- p≠m-bn. t\mh-ens‚ AXni‡-amb X≈n°-b‰hpw kzm[o-\hpw kw`-hn-®n´pw ae-bm-f-sN-dp-I-Ybv°v
Xf¿® kw`-hn®n√. amm{X-a-√, IqSpX¬ i‡-ntbmsS {]N-cn°p-Ibpw ]pXnb Fgp-�p-Im¿ sNdp-I-Y-bn¬ kz¥w cq]-߃
Is≠�n ]co-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. a‰p {]ÿm-\-ßsf
At]-£n®v ae-bm-f-�n¬ sNdp-IY {]m[m\yw t\Sn hf-cm≥
]e Imc-W-ß-fp-ap-≠v. BZy-Imew apX¬Xs∂ CwKvfojv Adnbp∂ Fgp-�p-Im¿ ]m›m-Xy-km-lnXy�nse sNdp-I-Y-Ifpw
lnµn Adn-bp-∂-h¿ `mc-Xob kmln-Xy-�nse sNdp-I-Y-Ifpw
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
49
]cn-`m-j-I-fn-eqsS ae-bm-fn-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-�p-∂-Xn¬ _≤{i≤cm-bn-cp-∂p. sNdp-I-Y-bpsS temI-\n-e-hm-c-s�-°p-dn®pw
`mcXo-b\
- n-eh
- m-cs
- Г�--В°p-dnВ®w ae-bmfhm-b\
- В°
- m¿°pw Fgp-�pIm¿°pw kmam-\y-amb Adnhp e`n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. temI-sNdp-IYIfpw `mc-Xo-b-sN-dp-I-Y-Ifpw aem-b-f-�n¬ hmbn°mw
F∂ Ahÿ ]cn-`m-j-I-fn-eqsS C∂p kw`-hn®ncn-°p-∂p.
aebmf-sN-dp-I-Y-bpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃ \ncq-]-W-_p≤n-tbmsS A-dn-bp-I; sNdp-IY
- b
- n¬ kw`-hn® ]cn-Wm-aß
- s
- fbpw
]co-ВЈW
- Гџ
- s
- fbpw IY-IfneqsS t\cnВґv a\-В n-em-В°p-I; ]pXnb
Fgp-�p-Im-sc-t∏mepw BI¿jn®p \ndp-�p∂ IY-bpsS amkvacn-I LS-I-ßsf°p-dn®v \nco-£-W-t_m-[t�msS Is≠-�pI; ]pXnb At\z-jW
- Гџ
- f
- n-teВ°pw Kth-jW
- Гџ
- fn-te°pw Xncnbm≥ {]m]vX-cm-hpI ˛ CsXm-s°-bm-Wv IYm-]-T\w sIm≠v
e£y-am-°p-∂X
-- v.
bqW-n‰v 1
]m›m-Xy-sN-dp-I-Y-bpsS kzm-[o\w ˛
B\p-Im-en-I-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fpsS {]Nm-cWw ˛
sNdp-IY: {]ta-bw, CXn-hr-�w, IYm-]m-{Xw, ImgvN∏m-Sv, ]›m-�-ew, A¥-co-£w, `mj, ssien, kzcw˛
BZy-Im-e-I-Y-I-fpsS s]mXp-kz-`mhw Л›
]s�m-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-Z-i-Ihpw Ccp-]Xmw
\q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-Z-i-I-ßfpw ˛
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
IY-sbm-∂p-a√ ˛ thßbn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥\mb-\m¿
tPy-jvT-�n -AΩ-bpsS B`-c-W-߃
˛ aq¿t°m�v Ipam-c≥
Hcp \ofw-Ip-d™ I�v˛ kn. Fkv. tKm]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿
Iq\n-bpsS NnIn’ ˛ sI. kpIp-am-c≥
kq{]-≠ns‚ ssI°qen ˛ C. hn. IrjvW-]n≈
50
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
s{]m^. Fw. F≥. hnP-b≥ (P-\-d¬ FUn-‰¿),
IY-bpsS \q‰m≠v (H∂pw c≠pw hmfy߃), tIm´bw:
Fkv.]n.-kn.-F-kv., 2000.
Fw. ]n. t]mЖ’, sNdp-I-Ym-{]-Гїm-\w, tImВґbw:
F≥-_n-F-kv, 1932.
Fw. ANyp-X≥, sNdp-IY C∂se C∂v, tIm´bw:
Fkv-]n-kn-F-kv, 1973.
F≥. {]`m-I-c≥, IY tXSp∂ IY, tImgn-t°mSv: aƒ_-dn,
1991.
hn.- cm-P-Ir-jvW≥, sNdp-I-Y-bpsS Oµ v, tIm´bw: Un.
kn. _pIvkv, 1997.
6) Wayane C. Booth, The Rhetoric of Fiction, London: The University of Chicago Press, 1983 (1961).
bqW-n‰v 2
ae-bm-f-sN-dp-I-Y-bpsS kph¿Æ-Zi ˛ IY bmYmXYy�ns‚ apJ-ap-{Z-Iƒ ˛ kXy-ßsf Xpd∂p ImWn-°phm\pw hna¿in-°p-hm\pap≈ IYm-Ir-�p-°-fpsS [ocamb kao-]\w ˛ kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb
A¥¿≤m-c-Iƒ ˛ ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-Nn-¥-Iƒ ˛
Ph¬km-ln-Xy-kw-LS- \
- Л› ]ptcm-Ka
- \
- k
- m-ln-Xy-kw-LS-\ ˛ Ie Ie-bv°p-th≠n ˛ Ie Pohn-�n-\p th≠n
˛ Fgp-�p-Im-cs‚ ho£Ww km¿∆-eu-In-I-am-IWw˛
(hni-Z-]-T-\-w)
_В p-bm{X
Л› tIi-h-tZhv
sh-fp-Г�-Ipв„ўv
˛ XIgn inh-i-¶-c-∏n≈
HВґIw
˛ Fkv. sI. s]m‰-°m´v
tamXncw
˛ Imcq¿ \oe-I-WvT-∏n≈
a\p-jy-]p{Xn
Л› efn-Xmw-_nI AВҐВїГ·\w
\nem-hp-Im-Wp-tºmƒ ˛ ssh°w apl-Ω-Zv_-jo¿
i_vZn-°p-∂ Ie∏
˛ s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°n
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
shfp-Г�-IpВґn
Л› Ddq_v
tNme-a-c-߃ ˛ ]m¬°p-f-ßc sI. kckzXnbΩ
Kpcp-Z-ВЈnW Л› sI. Fkv. aWn
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
51
1) Pn.- F≥. ]Wn-°¿, sNdp-IY (`mKw H∂v), B[p-\nIaebm-fk
- m-ln-Xy-Nc
- n{Xw Л› {]Гїm-\Гџ
- f
- n-eqsS, (P\-d¬ FUn‰¿) tUm. sI. Fw. tPm¿Pv, tIm´bw: Un. kn. _pIvkv,
1998.
2) tUm. Fw. Fw. _joВї, ae-bm-fs
- N-dp-IY
- m-km-ln-XyN-cn{Xw
(1950 hsc), XriqВї: tIcf kmln-Xy- A-В°-Zan, 2002.
3) Fw. Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿, ImYn-Is‚ ]Wn-∏p-c, Xriq¿:
Id‚ v _pIvkv, 1963.
4) Fw. Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿, ImYnIs‚ Ie, tIm´bw:
Un. kn.- _p-Ivkv, 1984.
5) kao-£, Imcq-cns‚ IY-tem-Iw, tIm´bw: F≥_n-F-kv,
1968.
6) sI. ]n. iin-[-c≥, tIi-h-tZ-hv, \yqU¬ln: kmlnXy
AВ°m-Z-an, 1995.
7) Fkv. ]n. cta-iv, Imcq¿ \oe-I-WvT-∏n-≈, \yqU¬ln:
kmlnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 2009.
8) ]n. sI. tKm]m-eI
- r-jvW≥, ]ptcm-Ka
- \
- k
- m-ln-Xy-{]-Гїm\w
Л› \ngepw shfn-В®-hpw, XriqВї: tIcf kmlnXy AВ°m-Z-an,
1987.
9) C. Fw. Fkv. \Вєq-Xn-c-в€Џm-Sv, \thm-в€ћm-\hpw ae-bm-f-kmln-Xy-hpw, Xncp-h\
- ВҐ
- ]
- pcw: tZim-`n-am\n _pВ°v lukv, 1990.
10) Paul Cobley, Narrative, London: Routledge, 2013.
bqW-n‰v 3
Aº-Xp-I-fpsS Bcw-`-t�msS ˛ sshIm-cnI IY-Iƒ˛
sNdp-IY `mh-KoXw t]mse ˛ IYbv°v ssIh∂ `mhkm-{µX ˛ a\ pw a\- ns‚ Xo{h-kw-L-´-\-]co£Wßfpw ˛ kaq-l-�n¬\n∂v kz¥w a\- ns‚
52
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
D≈-d-I-fn-te-°v˛ `mj-bnepw ssien-bnepw h∂ am‰ßƒ ˛ BJym-\ß
- f
- n¬ h∂ am‰w ˛ t_m-[[
- mcmk{ВєZmbw Л›
(hni-Z-]-T-\-w)
aJ≥knßns‚ acWw ˛ Sn. ]fl-\m-`≥
Ccp-´ns‚ Bflmhv
˛ Fw. Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥\mb¿
kvt\l-�ns‚ {im≤w -˛ H. hn. hnP-b≥
Ihn-bpsS acWw
˛ hn. sI. -F≥.
IeymWn
Л› am[-hn-В°pВґn
Bfl-lXy
Л› cmP-eВЈvan
\ns‚ IY (Fs‚bpw) ˛ F≥. taml-\≥
hmkv-Xp-lmc
˛ kn. hn. {iocm-a≥
Gbv©¬
˛ KuX-a≥
aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ
˛ ap≠q¿ IrjvW≥Ip´n
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) sI. ]n. A∏≥, IY ˛ BJym-\hpw A\p`-h-k-�bpw,
tImВґbw: Un. kn. _pIvkv, 1999.
2) tUm. Fw. Fw. _joВї, ae-bmf sNdp-I-Ym-km-ln-Xy
N-cn-{Xw (1950-Л›2007), XriqВї: tIcf kmlnXy AВ°m-Z-an,
2008.
3) (Hcp Iq´w Fgp-�p-Im¿) cmP-e£van F∂
Fgp-Г�p-Im-cn, Fd-Wm-Ipfw: kn-sF-kn-kn, 1966.
4) Fw.-F≥. hnP-b≥, acp-`q-an-Iƒ ]q°p-tºmƒ, Imk¿tKmUv:
Iem-tВЈ-{Xw, 1993.
5) KuX-a≥, KuX-as‚ {]i-kvX-I-Y-Iƒ, Xr»n-h-t]-cq¿:
{]km-[-\ ]_vfn-t°-j≥kv, 2014.
6) Fw. tXmakv amXyp, Bflm-hn-s‚ apdn-hp-Iƒ, Xriq¿: A¶Ww, 1998.
7) If¿tImSv hmkp-tZ-h≥\mb¿, Xcn-ip-\n-e-�ns‚ IY-Iƒ,
tIm´bw: F≥_n-F-kv, 1974.
8) chn-i-¶¿, Fkv.\mb¿, lm-ky-�ns‚ ck-X{¥w ˛
hn.-sI.-F∂
- ns‚ lmky-km-ln-Xyw, Xncp-h\
- ВҐ
- ]
- pcw: tIcf
`mjm C≥kv‰n-‰yq´v, 2011.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
53
9) Percy Lubbock, The Craft of Fiction, Bombay: B I Publishers,
1979 (1954).
McGraw-Hill, 1998.
10) Margaret Lucke, Writing Great Short Stories, New York:
bqW-n‰v 4
\ho-\-X (tam-tU-Wn-kw) ˛ \ho-\X h∂-h-gn-Iƒ ˛
tamtUm-Wnk�ns‚ ]cn-t{]£yw ˛ \ho-\-IY ˛
Fgp-�p-Im¿ hmb-\-°-sc-°p-dn®v hymIp-e-s∏-Sp-∂n√˛
hy‡-K-X-a-√m�, cq]-]-c-amb k¶-ev]-߃˛
Ass]Xr-Ihpw hntam-N-\-]-c-hp-amb am‰w ˛
ITn-\hpw ]cp-В°\p-amb `mj Л›
cq]-L-S-\-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ inev]-hn-Imkw ˛
cq]hpw `mhhpw XΩn¬ _�-an-√ ˛
hkvXp-X-I-fpsS ka-\z-bw,
_nw_m-h-en-I-fpsS kwtbm-P\w Л› IrXn-IЖ’ ssPhcq-]-ГџЖ’ Л› aqeyNnВҐ-bn-epw Iem-]-c-amb cq]-inev]Г�nepw kwLВїjw Л› IY Л› Hcp kwhmZw Л›
(hni-Z-]-T-\-w)
{ioN{Iw
˛ Im°-\m-S≥
cm[ cm[ am{Xw
˛ Fw. apIp-µ≥
Hcn-S�v
Л› kВ°-dnb
I≈≥
˛ Fw. ]n. \mcm-b-W-]n≈
acn-®n-´n√m�-h-cpsS kvamc-I-߃
˛ Fw. kpIp-am-c≥
Xncp�v
˛ F≥. Fkv. am[-h≥
apSn-s�øw Dd-bp∂p ˛ kmdm tPmk^v
tKmh¿[-\≥
Л› B\Вµv
kwKoXw Hcp ka-b-I-e-bmWv
˛ taXn¬ cm[m-Ir-jvW≥
tNe-В°-c-bpsS AXo-X-kz-]v\-ГџЖ’
˛ sI. ]n. \n¿Ω¬Ip-am¿
54
klmbI-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
1) tUm. Un. _-©-an≥, sNdp-IY (`mKw c≠v), B[p-\nI
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw ˛ {]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eqsS, (P\-d¬
FUn-‰¿) tUm. sI. Fw. tPm¿Pv, tIm´bw: Un. kn. _pIvkv,
1998.
2) tUm. Fw. Fw. _joВї, ae-bm-fs
- N-dp-IY
- m-km-ln-Xy-Nc
- n{Xw
(1950 Л› 2007), XriqВї: tIcf kmln-Xy- A-В°-Zan, 2008.
3) Fw. apIp-µ≥, F¥mWv B[p-\n-IX?, tImgn-t°mSv:
]q¿W ]_vfn-t°j≥kv, 2006 (1976).
4) tUm. h’-e≥ hmXp-t»-cn, IYbpw ^m‚-knbpw, tIm´bw:
Id≥dv _pIvkv, 2004.
5) tUm. B¿. hn. Fw. Znhm-I-c≥, IYbpw Xnc-°-Ybpw,
tImgn-tВ°mSv: Heo-hv, 2005.
6) sI. Fkv. chn-Ip-amВї, IYbpw `mhp-I-Xz-]-cn-Wm-a-hpw,
tIm´bw: Id‚ v _pIvkv, 2001.
7) ]n. sI. cmP-im-J-c≥, IYm-¥-c-߃, tImgn-t°mSv:
amXr-`q-an, 2007.
8) tUm. tkma≥ s\√nhnf, ÿew Imew sNdp-I-Y, tIm´bw:
Id‚ v _pIvkv, 2013.
9) Theodore Goodman, The Writing of Fiction, New York:
Collier Books, 1961.
10) Frank A. Dickson and Sandra Smythe (Ed.), Handbook of Short
Story Writing, Cincinati: Writers Digest Books, 1970.
bqW-n‰v 5
amdnb Imew, amdnb tZiw ˛ `mhp-I-Xz-]-c-amb am‰w ˛
iI-eo-Ir-X-amb `mhp-IXzw˛ `mh-\-bnse Imew, `mh\-bnse tZiw ˛ `qX-Im-es� ad-bv°m≥ B{K-ln°p-∂-h¿ ˛ Imev]-\n-I-Xsb Dt]-£n-°m-\pw ]cn-lkn-°m-\p-ap≈ Xmev]cyw˛ `mj {]ta-b-ambpw {]tab-�ns‚ am[y-a-ambpw amdp∂p ˛
(hnti-j-]-T-\w)
sImame
Л› ktВҐmjv FВ®n-В°m\w
Hm¿Ω-bpsS Rcºv
Л› sI.- BВї. aoc
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
D≈n-�o-bepw Hº-Xns‚ ]´n-Ibpw
Л› {]nb F. Fkv.
˛ kp`mjvN{µ≥
Л› _n. apcfn
˛ Atim-I≥ Ncp-hn¬
˛ ]n. kptc-{µ≥
˛ h’-e≥ hmXp-t»cn
˛ Cµp-ta-t\m≥
˛ DÆn B¿.
t\mh¬kw{Klw
DВєВїtВґm FtВ°m
NXp-cw-Khpw kv{Xo-Ifpw
\oe-В°p-Xn-c-bpsS a\В v
FkvtВ°m-_mВї
sN‰
tXmSn-\-в€Џpdw ]d-Вє-\n-в€Џpdw
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
55
1) Fw. apIp-µ≥, B[p-\n-IX Cs∂-hnsS? tImgn-t°mSv:
Hen-hv, 2010.
2) Sn. BВї., Nn{X-I-ebpw sNdp-I-Y-bpw, tImВґbw:
Un. kn. _pIvkv, 1985.
3) Pn. a[p-kq-Z\≥, IYbpw ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw, Xriq¿:
Id‚ v _pIvkv, 2000.
4) tUm. Fw. Fw. _joВї, sNdp-IY Fgp-Xp-tВєmЖ’, XriqВї:
kmlnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 2014.
5) Fw. sI. lcn-Ip-amВї, IY Л› B[p-\n-I-X-bvВ°p-ti-jw, Xncph-\-ВҐ-]pcw: {]`m-Xv, 2000.
6) tUm. an\n {]km-Zv, ae-bm-f-�ns‚ A\-iz-c-I-Y-Iƒ
]T-\-ГџЖ’, tImgn-tВ°mSv: amXr-`q-an, 2012.
7) Robert Taubman (ed.), The Penguin Book of Modern
European Short Stories, Great Britain: Penguin Books, 1969.
8) Irving Howe (ed.), Leterary Modernism, New York: A Fawcett
Premier Book, 1967.
9) W. Somerset Maugham, The Summingup, Great Britain: Penguin Books, 1969 (1938).
10) Sylvan Barnet and William E. Cain, A Short Guide to Writing
about Literature, New Delhi: Pearson Education, 2006.
56
Code: MAL1E1/4
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л› `m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
D kv{XoЛ›ZfnXvЛ›]cn-ГїnXn kmlnXyw
(Feminist-Dalit-Eco Literature)
]cn-ÿn-Xn, kv{Xo, ZfnXv ˛ka-ImenIkmlnXy�n¬ Gsd
N¿®-sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ {]ÿm-\-ß-fmWv. C¥y-bpsS Nn¥m-cq-]-ßfpsS ASn-�d ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bp-ambn CWßn hnImkw {]m]n-®XmWv. `mc-Xo-b-Z¿i-\-ßfpw ]n¬°m-e�v cq]-s∏´ph∂
kmaqlnIZ¿i-\-ßfpw ]cn-ÿn-Xn°v {]m[m\yw \¬In-s°m≠mWv hf¿® t\Sn-b-Xv. kwkvIr-X-˛-]m-en, Xangv kmln-Xyßfn¬ AXn\v DZm-lc
- W
- Гџ
- ƒ Gsdbp≠v. \K-cß
- f
- n-te-°p≈
am‰w, \K-cPohn-X-{]-tem-`-\-߃ ˛ Ch {Kma-ß-fn¬\n∂v hn´p\n-ev°m≥ km[m-c-W-°m¿°v klm-b-Ic-am-bn. F¶nepw, ImhpIfpw Im¿jnIkwkvIr-Xnbpw ]cn-ÿn-Xnsb kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw
\ne-\n¿�p-Ibpw sNbvXp. B[p-\n-I-Im-e-L-´-�n-emWv a\pjy-cpsS D]-t`m-K-Xm¬∏-cy-߃°v thKX IqSn-b-Xv. AtXmsS
{]Ir-Xnbpw ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw Nqj-W-�n-\p≈ D]-I-c-Wß-fmbn
amdp-Ibpw ka-Im-enI Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ AXv IqSp-X¬ cq£-am-hpIbpw `mhn°v `oj-Wn-bm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu kml-N-cy-�nemWv ]cn-ÿnXnsb ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-�n-bp≈ kmln-Xy-c-N\-If
- psS {]m[m-\yhpw {]k‡nbpw IqSp-X¬ t_m≤y-am-Ip-∂Xv.
Ncn{X]c- a m- b n- � s∂ ]n≥\n- c - b n¬ Xfv f - s ∏- ´ - h - c mWv
kv{XoIfpw Zfn-X-cpw. NmXp¿h¿Wy�ns‚ Bi-b-ßfpw Z¿i\-ßf
- p-am-Wv Zfn-Xs
- cbpw Iogm-fs
- cbpw krjvSn-В°p-Ibpw Ahsc
kaq-l-�ns‚ apJy-[m-c-bn¬\n∂v am‰n-\p-dp-�p-Ibpw sNbvX-
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
57
Xv. kmº-�n-I-amb Ah-ÿbpw A[n-Im-c-_-�-ßfpw Ahsc
c≠mw-Xcw ]uc-∑m-cm-°n-�o¿�p. C¥y-bn¬ \thm-∞m-\{]h¿�-\ß
- fpw P\m-[n-]X
- y-{i-aГџ
- f
- p-amWv Zfn-X¿°pw kv{XoIƒ°pw th≠n \ne-s°m-≠X
-- v. \nc-h[n kmln-Xy-{]-Гїm-\-ГџЖ’,
kmaq-ly-]-cn-h¿�\{]ÿm-\-߃, k¿§m-fl-I-kr-jvSn-I-ƒ
F∂n-h-bpsS kzo[o-\-^-e-am-bn-´mWv kv{XoI-fpsSbpw Zfn-X-cpsSbpw {]iv\ß
- ƒ N¿®-sNøm≥ XpS-ßn- b
- X
- v. ]cn-Гїn-Xn, kv{Xo,
ZenXv ˛ Ch-sb ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-�n kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf ]Tn°p-Ibpw Ah-bpsS ka-Im-en-I{]k-‡nsb a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw
sNtø≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
`mj, BJym-\w, kuµ-cy-k-¶-ev]w, cmjv{So-bX�z-߃,
Bi-b-a-WvU-e-߃ XpS-ßn-b F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw ]cn-ÿnXn, kv{Xo, ZenXv ˛ -Chbv°v Bi-b-]-c-ambpw `mhp-I-Xz-]-cambpw henb kzm[o\w sNep-�m≥ km[n-®n-´p-≠v. Ahsb
ssk≤m-¥n-IXe-�n¬ Adn-bp-Ibpw ]pXnb Is≠�-ep-I-fnte°p \bn-°p-b-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-XmWv Cu ]T-\-�ns‚
DtВ±-iy-e-ВЈ-yГџЖ’.
bqWn‰v 1
]cn-Гїn-Xn, kv{Xo, Zfn-Xv -kmln-Xyw: Hcm-ap-Jw
]cn-ГїnXn, kv{Xokm-ln-Xyw, ZfnXvkmlnXyw Л›
\n¿h-N-\w ˛-tKm{Xkw-kvIrXn, Im¿jnIkwkvIr-Xn, {]Ir-Xn-tbmsSm-∏-ap≈ Pohn-Xw, kmln-Xy-hpw {]IrXnbpw ˛
tKm{XkwkvВ°mcw, ssP\-kw-kvIm-cw,
_u≤-kw-kvImcw ˛ imkv{X-�ns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ˛
hymh-km-bnIhfВїВ®, ItВєm-f-kwkvВ°mcw Л›
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) sI.- sI. -sIm®v, _p≤-\n-te-°p≈ Zqcw, tIm´bw:
Un. kn. -_p-Ivkv, 2011.
2) tUm. F. A-®pX≥, ]-cn-ÿn-Xn ]T-\-�n-\v H-cm-apJw,
tIm-gn-tВ°mSv: tI-c-f im-kv-{X-km-ln-Xy ]-cn-j-Г�v, 2013.
3)
58
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
15)
13)
14)
12)
11)
10)
9)
9)
8)
7)
6)
5)
4)
tUm. sP. tZ-hn-I, kv{XohmZw, tIm-Вґbw: Un.kn. _p-Iv-kv,
2009.
tUm. H-.sI. k-tВҐmjv, Xn-c-kv-Ir-X-cp-sS c-N-\m-`q-]Sw,
Xn-cp-h-\-ВҐ-]pcw: ssa{Xn _p-Iv-kv, 2010.
Fw.- F≥.- ]n-tb-gvk¨, Ct°m s^an-\nkw Ct°m-Sq-dnkw
am¿Ivknkw, tIm´bw: Id‚ v _pIvkv, 2011.
tUm. -kn. -B¿. -{]-km-Zv, lcnXZ¿i\w B[p-\n-Im-¥-cI-hn-X-bn¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: skUv sse{_-dn, 2006.
Pn. a
- [
- p-kq-Z\
- ≥, lcnX\ncq-]Ww ae-bm-f�
- n¬, tIm´bw:
Id‚ v _pIvkv, 2010.
Pn. a[p-kq-Z-\≥, IYbpw ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw, Xriq¿:
Id‚ v _pIvkv, 2000.
t- Um. Sn.- ]n. k
- p-Ip-am-c≥, ]cn-ÿnXn kuµ-cy-imkv{X�n\v
Hcp apJ-hp-c,- tImgn-tВ°mSv: t_m[n- ]-ВЄn-jnwKv lukv, 1992.
]n.- ]n. -c-ho-{µ≥, B[p-\n-Im-\-¥-cw, tIm´bw:
Id‚ v _pIvkv, 1999.
]n.- sI. -cm-P-ti-J-c≥, GIm¥\K-c-߃, tIm´bw:
Un. -kn. _pIvkv, 2006.
C. -hn. -cm-a-Ir-jvW≥, hm°nse kaq-lw, tIm´bw:
Un. -kn. _pIvkv, 1997.
k®n-Zm\-µ≥, ae-bm-f-I-hnXm]T-\-߃, tImgn-t°mSv:
amXr-`qan _pIvkv, 2009.
t]mЖ’kВЁ Xmw, kky-sв€Џ-cp-a, tImgn-tВ°mSv: amXr-`q-an, 2010.
tUm. ]n. hn. ]fl-Ip-am¿, ssP\-[¿Ωw tIc-f-�n¬,
hnX-c-Ww: tImgn-tВ°mSv: amXr-`p-an, 2006.
Awt_-Zv°¿ , Zen-Xv_-�p, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: {]`mXv _p°v
lukv, 2013.
bqWn‰v 2
]cn-ÿnXn kmln-Xyw ˛ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-tbmSv CW-ßnbp≈ Im¿jn-I-Po-hn-X-w ˛ ]cnÿnXnsb°p-dn-®p≈
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
59
Adn-hp-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X Л› kmln-Xyhpw ]cn-ГїnXn-bpw Л› ]cn-ГїnXn kwcw-ВЈ-W-{]-hВїГ�-I-cpsS A\p`-h-ГџЖ’ Л›
hni-Z-]-T\w:
(Ihn-X)
1) \msS-hnsS a°tf ˛ Aø-∏-∏Wn-°¿
2) Imen-t^m¿Wn-b-bnse ImSp-I-fn¬ ˛ kpK-X-Ip-amcn
3) Ce-Iƒ s]mgn-bp-∂p˛ Un. -hn-\-b-N-{µ≥
(IY)
1) `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-Iƒ˛ ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo¿
2) lXn-X-hn-Zym-ebw ˛ ]n. -kp-tc-{µ≥
(t\mh¬)
3) BXn Л› kmdm tPmk^v
Greg Garrard, Ecocriticism, London: Routledge, 2003.
It√≥ s]m-°p-S≥, Nq´m-®n (ao-\-dn-hp-Iƒ), tIm´bw :
Un.kn. _p-Iv-kv, 2011.
tPymXn-_bn ]cn-bmS�v, abn-eΩ Hcp Pohn-Xw,
tIm-gn-tВ°mSv: am-Xr-`q-an, 2010.
tUm.- Fw. sI. l-cn-\m-cm-b-W≥, tImƒ\ne-t�-°p≈
tXmSp-IЖ’ Л› Hcp {]mtZinI ]mcn-ГїnXnI ]T\w, IWnaw-Kew: \m-Вґ-dn-hv ]T-\-kw-Lw, 2008. (]p-dwЛ›123 Л› 129).
tUm.- F.- A-®yp-X≥, ]cnÿnXn]T-\-�n\v Hcm-ap-Jw,
tIm-gn-t°mSv: tIc-f-im-kv{X-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j�v, 2013.
Um¨ Iu≠n, Hcp {]IrXn]©mw- K w, tIm- g n- t °mSv :
imkv{Xkm-ln-Xy-]-cn-j-Г�v, 2011.
hn`q-Xn-`q-j¨ _tµym-]m≤ymb, Bc-WyIv, Xriq¿ :
{Ko≥ _p-Iv-kv, 2011.
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7
60
bqWn‰v 3
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
kv{Xokm-lnXyw
BZy-Ime kv{Xo Fgp-Г�p-ImВї, kv{XohmZ-]c
- a
- mb Bib-ß-fpsS hnIm-kw, s]sÆ-gp-�ns‚ kPo-h-km-∂n≤y-߃ ˛
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
(Ihn-X)
1) hnfn˛ _mem-a-Wn-bΩ
2) arK-in-£I≥ ˛ hn-P-b-e£van
3) kmdm-Ω- ˛ -B-im-eX
4) Dcepw aВ±-f-hpw -Л› -I-Wn-tamЖ’
(IY)
1) ssht{km-bn-bpsS kµ¿i-\w -˛ -sI.- k-c-kz-Xn-bΩ
2) ]ВЈn-bpsS aWw Л› am[-hn-В°pВґn
3) t]ºn˛ ]n.- h-’e
4) PmK-cq-IЛ› {]nb F.Fkv.
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
sP. tZhn-I, kv{Xohm-Zw, tImВґbw: Un. kn _pIvkv, 2000.
tUm. -Fw. -Fw. -_-joВї, BZy-Imekv{XoI-Y-IЖ’,
tImgn-t°mSv: en]n ]_v-fn-t°-j≥kv, 2010 (2004).
-k-®n-Zm-\-µ≥, apSns�-ø-߃- (]T\w), ]m]-�d,
kmd tPmk-^v, Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv, 1996 (]pdw 47 ˛ 50).
sI.- BВї. kPnX, ]pXp-c-N-\-bnse s]ВЁhВїГ�-am-\-ГџЖ’,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: ]-cn-[n ]-ªn-t°-j≥-kv, 2012, (]p-dw 48-˛56).
Pn. -D-jm-Ip-amcn, ]pXp-a-jn-tX-Sp∂ s]¨I-hnX,
DS¬ H-cp s\-bv-�v˛ kw-kv-Im-c-�n-s‚ kv-{Xo-hm-b\,
tIm-´bw: F≥-_n-F-kv, 2014 (]p-dw, 75˛85).
sI. imc-Zm-a-Wn, kv{Xo kv{Xohm-Zw kv{Xohn-tam-N-\w,
tImВґbw: Un. kn. _pIvkv, 1999.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
61
hnВїPn-\nb hpЖ’^v, kzВҐ-am-sbmcp apdn, (hnhВїГ�\w)
_n. -Fw. kpld, tImВґbw: Un. kn. _pIvkv, 2013.
hВµ\minh, BtKm-f-h-XvВ°-cWw kv{Xo{]-Ir-Xn,
amth-en°c: t^_n-b≥ _pIvkv, 2000.
Fkv.-im-c-Z-В°pВґn, s]Г†p-sIm-Г�n-b-hm-В°p-IЖ’, tIm-Вґ-bw:
Un.-kn. _pIvkv, 2010.
F. s
- I. c
- m-aI
- r-jvW≥ & sI. F
- w. t- h-Wp-tKm-]m¬, kv{XohntamN-\w, Ncn-{Xw, kn≤m¥w, kao-]-\w, IÆq¿: \b\
_pIvkv, 1989.
-tUm.- ayqkv tacn tPm¿Pv (FUn-‰¿), kv{Xo]£ am[y-a-]T-\-߃, tIm´bw: Id‚ v _pIvkv, 2002.
12) Kroeber Karal, Ecologically literary Criticism Romantic
Imaging and the Biology of Mind, Columbia University Press,
2003.
13) Cheryll, Glofelty, Harold fromm (ed.), The Eco Criticism Reader,
2005.
14) Fill, Alwin & Peter Muhlhausler (ed), The Eco-linguistics reader,
London: Continunm, 2004.
15) Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought, New York:
Routledge, First India Reprint 2012 (2000).
bqWn‰v 4
ZfnXv kmlnXyw
BZy-Ime ae-bmf ZfnXvIrXn-IЖ’- Л›
tKm{X-Km-\-߃, \mS≥]m-´p-Iƒ ˛
\thm-в€ћm-\-c-N-\-IЖ’, ZfnXv Fgp-Г�v Л›
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
(hm-bv-samgn)
1)
ASn-b-cm-ambWw (hb-\m-S≥ cmam-bWw F∂
Ir-Xn-bn-se `mKw)
62
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
(Ihn-X)
1) A∂w sNdp-In-fn˛ \mS≥]m´v
2) Fs‚ hwi-s�-∏-‰n- ˛ s]mbvI-bn¬ A∏-®≥
(ISp-�p-cp�n: k-a-\z-bw _p-Iv-kv, 1999.)
3) {]W-b-]q¿∆w˛ Pn. -i-in -a-[p-c-then
4) AΩ Hcp Imev]-\nI Ihn-X-b-√˛ hnPne Nnd-∏mSv
5) HmВї-a]
- m-Вґv N-cn-{X-tc-JIЖ’, k-am-lc
- Ww: hn.hn. kzman,
C.hn. A-\n¬-Ip-am¿, Xn-cph√: B-Zn-b¿-Zo-]w
]-ªn-t°-j≥-kv, 2010 (]p-dw 158˛159).
(IY-IЖ’)
1) t{]X-`m-jWw ˛ kn.- A-ø-∏≥
2) tX≥h-cn-° ˛ \mcm-b≥
3) Idp-�-Ip-cn-iv ˛ ]n. -F.- D-�-a≥
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’
1) Ako-kv X-cph-W, h-b-\m-S≥ c-m-am-bWw, tIm-gn-t°mSv:
am-Xr-`q-an, 2011.
2) {]Zo-]≥ ]mºn-cn-°p-∂v, ZfnXv kuµ-cy-im-kv{Xw,
tImВґbw: Un. -kn. _pIvkv, 2011.
3) sI. sI. _m-_p-cm-Pv, as‰mcp PohnXw km≤y-am-Wv,
k_vPIvSv & emwtKzPv {]В v, 2008.
4) sI.- sI. -sIm-®v, _p≤-\n-te-°p≈ Zqcw, tIm´bw:
Un. -kn. _pIvkv, 2011.
5) sI.- Fw. -k-eow-Ip-am¿, s\{Kn-‰yq-Uv, tIm´bw:
Un. -kn. _pIvkv, 2011.
6) sI.- hn. -i-in, AXn-{I-a-߃ kn≤m-¥w hna¿i-\w
kn\n-a, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: ]cn[n ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, 2012.
7) Awt_-Zv°¿, Hcp {]_p≤ C¥y-°mbn sKbv¬
Hmw sh�v, at\m-c-a-˛-s]≥Kzn≥, 2010.
8) sKbv¬ Hmw sh�v, ZfnXv Nn¥-Iƒ, tImgn-t°mSv:
amXr-`qan _pIvkv, 2010.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
63
sI.- kn. -]p-cp-tjm-�-a≥, ZfnXv kmln-Xy-{]-ÿm-\w,
tIc-f -km-lnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 2008.
tUm.- Ip-am-c≥ sshte-cn, Zfn-Xs‚ t\mhpw \n\hpw
\mS≥]m-´p-I-fn¬, tImgn-t°mSv: ]m∏n-tbm¨, 2003.
ktВҐm-jv, H. -sI., Xnc-kvIr-X-cpsS cN\m`q]-Sw,
ssa{Xn _pIvkv, 2010.
Fw.- A-`n-em-jv, ZfnXv kzXzw cmjv{Sobw ae-bmf
Ihn-X-bn¬, enJnXw _pIvkv, 2012.
Un.- B¿. -\m-K-cm-Pv/ ]n. -F-kv. -a-t\m-PvIp-am¿, Pzen-°p∂
]mZ-߃, amth-en-°c: t^_n-b≥ _pIvkv, 2008.
Ip∂p-Ipgn Fkv.- a-Wn / ]n. -F-kv. -A-\n-cp-≤≥,
almflm Aø≥Im-fn, tIm´bw: Un. kn. _pIvkv, 2013.
tUm. -Fw. -_n. -a-t\m-Pv (FUn-‰¿), BJym-\w, km∂n-≤yw,
kuµ-cyw, tImgn-t°mSv: hnZym¿∞n ]ªn-t°-j≥, 2013.
]n.- ]n. -c-ho-{µ≥, CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, tIm´bw: Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv,
1997.
17) K. Satya Narayana and Susie Tharu (Edited and Introduced),
The Exercise of Freedom - An Inroduction To Dalit writing,
Navayana, 2013.
18) Malayalam Literary Survey, Dalit literature in Malayalam, Kerala
Sahitya Akadem, 2009, July-December.
19) K. M. Sherrif, Ekalavyas with Thumbs, Pushpam Publications,
1999.
20) M. B. Manoj, George K. Alex (Ed.), Writing In the Dark A collection of Malayalam Dalit Poetry, VAK, 2008.
21) Dr. Susi Tharu, Dr.Satya Narayana (ed.), No Alphabets in sightAn Anthology in Malayalam Dalit Writing, Penguin India, 2010.
22) Dr. M. Dasan / Dr. Prathibha / Dr. C. S. Chandrika /
Dr. Pradeepan Pambirikkunnu, (Ed.), An Anthology of
Malayalam Dalit Writing, Oxford India, 2011.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
65
64
10) hna≥ _nsl≥Uv aqho-Iym-a-d ˛ KoY
(IqSp-X¬ ImgvN°:v)
1) ]n (-tjm¿´v^n-enw) -˛-A-ap-X≥
2) Nmen-bmВї Z ss^\В¬ {ГѓKnЖ’Л›
kn.i-c-XvN-{µ≥, ]n.-_m-_p-cmPv
3) tUm≠v _n Hu¿ ^mZ¿˛ cqt]jv Ipam¿
4) jo s]bn-t‚¿kv˛ kwhn-[m-\w: {ioan�v
5) _nssl‚ v Z anÃv˛ kwhn-[m-\w: _m_p Im{a�v
6) Pbv`ow tIm{aUv, kwhn-[m-\w: B\µv ]-Sv-h¿≤≥
7) {XoUn ImГѓv Гѓocn-tbm,
kwhn-[m\w: F.-Fkv. APn-Г�vIp-amВї
8) C¥ym A¨S-®-_nƒ˛ kwhn-[m-\w: Ãmen≥
9) t]-c-dn-bm-Г�hВї (kn-\n-a) kw-hn-[m-\w : tUm. _nPp
klm-bI{KЕё-ГџЖ’:
1) ^nen∏v sa°v ssa°nƒ, temI�n\v `£Ww: Irjn, hnIk-\w, ]cn-ÿn-Xn, ]mcn-ÿn-XnI ]cn-t{]£yw \h-sImtf-Wn-b¬ bpK�n¬, (FUn-‰¿am¿: entbm ]m\n-‰n-jv,
tImfn≥ tebvkv), Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: Nn¥ -]-ªn-t°-j≥kv,
2012.
2) cW-Pn�v Kpl, N{µm-bpsS acWw, Iogm-f-]-T-\-߃,
(FUn-‰¿am¿ : kqkn Xmcp, Fkv.-k-RvPohv), tIm´-bw:
Un.kn. _p-Iv-kv, 2009, (]p-dw, 145-Л›177)
3) C.- hn.- cm-aI
- r-jvW≥, kvss{XWm-\p-`hhpw ]pcp-jZ- r-jvSnbpw
kmln-Xy-�n¬, hm°nse kaq-lw, Un.kn. _p-Iv-kv, 1999
(]pdw 34-Л›40).
4) tUm.- F w._n.a- t \mPv , ]nв„ўnВ°odn ]d- n в„ў- h - c p- t Sbpw
tX™p-c™pNfp-ßn-b-h-cp-tSbpw Imhy-ku-µcy]≤Xn,
tZiw tZin am¿Kw: kmln-Xy-sa∂ D]m-Zm\kma-{Kn,
tImВґbw: ]m-в€Џnd-kv _p-Iv-kv, 2011 (]pdw 142-Л›174).
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
bqWn‰v 5
AВ®-Sn, ZriyЛ›{ihyam[yaГџ-fnse ]cn-ГїnXn, kv{Xo,
ZfnXv AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-�epIƒ ˛ Assk≥sa‚p-Iƒ,
skan-\m-dp-Iƒ, tjm¿´v^n-enw, tUmIyp-sa‚-dn, t^mt´mIƒ, A`n-apJw XpS-ßn-bh ˛ ]T-\m-\-¥-c-{]-h¿�-\ß-fmbn A≤ym-]-I-cpsS ta¬t\m-´-�n¬ \S-t�-≠Xm-Wv.
]{X-ß-fnepw B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fnepw ]cn-ÿn-Xn{]-iv\-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂
t^mt´m-Iƒ, sNdp-kn-\n-a-Iƒ, tUmIyp-sa‚-dnIƒ,
tªmKp-Iƒ XpS-ßnb hnhn-[ -am-[y-a-ß-fn¬ N¿®-sNbvXn-´p≈ ]cn-ÿn-Xn, kv{Xo, ZfnXv hnj-b-ßsf
]cn-N-b-sв€Џ-Sp--I Л›
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
1) F≥tUm-kƒ^m≥ hnj-bs� ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp�n
a[p-cmPv XГёm-dm-В°nb t^mtВґm-IЖ’ (am-Xr-`qan BgvN]-Xn-в€Џv, 2010 Unkw-_Вї 26)
2) ae-ap-g-°n˛ ]n. -F.- \-ko-dns‚ \n›-e-Nn-{X-ßfpw
hnh-c-WГџfpw (am-Xr-`qan BgvN-]-Xn-в€Џv, 2010 Pq-embv 8)
3) ]®n-e-°q-Sv (tjm¿´v^n-enw) ˛ kwhn-[m-\w: kmP≥
kn�p
4) Ac-Po-hn-X-ß-fpsS kz¿Kw- (-tUm-Iyp-sa‚dn)
kw-hn-[m-\w-: Fw. -F. -d-lvam≥
5) Xuk‚ v sUbvkv B‚ v F {Uow
kn. -i-c-XvN-{µ≥, ]n. -_m-_p-cmPv
6) skcp-∏v (tjm¿´v^nenw) - kwhn-[m-\w˛ Aap-X≥
7) kcn-X-bpsS Hcp Znhkw (tjmВїВґv^nenw)Л›
kwhn-[m-\wЛ›cqt]-jvIp-amВї
8) ^n√nwKv Zn ªm¶vkv (tUmIyp-sa‚-dn) ˛
kwhn-[m\w˛{io-an�v
9) do Uns^-\nwKv ]okv˛ (tUm-Iyp-sa‚dn) ˛
sI. -]n. -iin
5)
66
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
9)
8)
7)
cmtI-jv, BВї., ZfnXvhmZw, \h-km-ln-Xy-ZВїi\ГџЖ’Л›
kn≤m-¥hpw {]tbm-Kh
- pw, Xncp-h\
- ВҐ
- ]
- pcw: hmg-hВґw kmlnXy-Iq-Вґmbva, 2009.
Fkv. -im-c-Z-В°p-Вґn, s]ВЁhn-\n-a-b-ГџЖ’, tImВґbw:
Un. -kn. _pIvkv, 2009.
sI. -sI. -_m-_p-cm-Pv, Ccp-´nse IÆm-Sn, tIm´bw:
Un. -kn. _pIvkv, 2011.
tUm.-Fw.-_n.-a-t\m-Pv, BZ¿iw AZ¿iw F-gp�v
Ah-ГїЛ› ZfnXv kmlnXy]T-\-ГџЖ’, sImВ®n :
{]WX _pIvkv, 2009.
(B\p-Im-en-I-ГџЖ’)
1) tUm. kn. -B¿.- cm-P-tKm-]m-e≥, Idp-�-a-Wn-I-fpsS
sImbv�v, amXr-`qan BgvN-]-Xn-∏v, 2013 Unkw-_¿ 1,
]pdw 28-Л›43.
2) ]n.- Sn.- ap-l-ΩZv kmZn-Jv, NmWIwsIms≠mcp
Pohm-ar-Xw, amXr-`qan BgvN-]-Xn-в€Џv, 2013 P\p-hcn 27,
]pdw 11Л›21.
3) {]ko-X ]n., ]mcn-ÿn-XnI kv{Xohm-Z-�ns‚
cmjv{So-bw, hn⁄m-\-ssI-c-fn, sk]v‰w-_¿ 2009,
]pdw 10Л›22,
4) jmen, F-kv.-Fkv., ]cn-Гїn-Xnbpw BtKm-f-a-en-\o-I-cWhpw, hnвЃ„m-\-ssI-c-fn, BKГѓv 2008, ]pdw 63-Л›64.
6) kv{Xo{]iv\w: cmjv{So-b-am-\w -˛ -B¿. -]m¿∆XntZhn;
kzX-{ВҐkv{Xo `mc-Xobhnj-bwЛ› sI.-\nВїae; kv{Xobpw
]pcm-hr-Г�-hpw Л› Pm\In; kmln-Xy-tem-Iw, 96 P\p-hcn-Л›- s^-{_p-hcn. ]pdw 37-Л›56.
6) Fkv.- im-¥n, td®¬ Igvk-Wns‚ 50 h¿j-߃,
amXr-`qan BgvN-]-Xnв€Џv 2012 HIvtSm-_Вї, ]pdw 14-Л›20.
7) tUm.- F≥. -F. -Icow, ZfnXv `mhp-I-Xz-�n‚ {]mtZinI `mjm{]Im-i-\-߃, kmln-Xy-temIw 2010 am¿®v˛-G-{]n¬, ]pdw 133˛141.
c≠mw skaÿ
MAL2CO5
MAL2CO6
MAL2CO7
MAL2E2/8
tImUv
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
tImgvkv
5 tImВї
6 tImВї
7 tImВї
8 sF—nIw
t]cv
B[p-\n-I-ae-bmfKZyw
ae-bm-fhymI-cWw
`mjmimkv{Xw
`mc-Xo-b-km-lnXyw
Xan-gvkm-lnXyw
A\p-I-ev]\w
\ho-\-I-hnX
A
B
C
D
67
s{IUn‰v
5
5
5
5
68
Code: MAL2CO5
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л› `m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
B[p-\nIae-bm-fKZyw
(Modern Prose)
aebmfKZy�ns‚ BZyImecq]ßfpw B[p\nIoIcWhpw {]Xn]mZn°p∂ t]∏dns‚ XpS¿®sb∂ \nebnemWv
Cu tImgvkv Nn´s∏Sp�nbncn°p∂Xv. `mjmkmlnXy�ns‚
BZyImeapt∂‰w {][m\ambpw ]Zy�neqsS Bbncps∂¶n¬
]nev ° meapt∂‰�n¬ ap≥Xq°w KZy�n\mWv F∂p
ImWmw. KZykmlnXy�ns‚ hnImkw ZriyamIp∂ kmlnXy�n‚ A\h[n P\p pIfpsS amXrIIsfbpw AXns‚
hf¿®mL´ßsfbpw ASp�dnbpIbmWv Cu tImgvkns‚
e£yw. IhnX, sNdpIY, \mSIw, \ncq]Ww XpSßn AXns‚
Hmtcm ssIhgnsbbpw ASp�dnbmhp∂ Xc�n¬ Nn´s∏Sp�nb sF—nIamsbSpt°≠tImgvkpIfpsS aps∂mcp°ambn
\nev°m≥ ]mI�nemWv ]mTy-]-≤Xn Nn´s∏Sp�nbncn°p∂Xv.
bqWn‰v 1
(\mSIw)
1. ASp°fbn¬\n∂v Acßt�°v (\mSIw) ˛
hn. Sn. `ВґXncnв€ЏmSv
2. ]m´_m°n ˛ sI. ZmtamZc≥
3. 1128 В¬ ss{Iw 27 Л› kn.sP.tXmakv.
4. _em_ew ˛ F≥. IrjvW]n≈
e¶me£van ˛ kn.F≥. {ioIWvT≥ \mb¿
Idp� ssZhs� tXSn ˛Pn. i¶c∏n≈
IpSpВ° Л› ]n.Fw. XmPv
Hmtcmtcm Ime�nepw ˛ {ioP,sI.hn.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
5.
6.
7.
8.
klmbI{KЕёГџЖ’
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
69
ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw : Pn. i¶-c-∏n≈
Db-cp∂ bh-\nI : kn. -sP. tXmakv
\mS-I-ZВїi\w : F.- ]n.- ]n. \Вєq-Xncn
F≥. IrjvW-]n-≈-bpsS kmln-Xy-Po-hnXw
\h-\m-´-c-ßn\v Hcm-´-{]-Imcw ˛ tUm. F¬. tXma-kvIp´n
kq{X-[m-cm, CXnte CXnte ˛ hb-em hmkp-tZ-h≥]n≈
Pn. i¶-c-∏n-≈-bpsS teJ-\-߃ ˛
tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-A-В°m-Zan
\mSIw thtWm \mSIw ˛ F≥.-F≥.]n≈
Acßv ˛ {]km-[\ en‰n¬ Xntb-‰¿kv
]co-£-W-{]-h-W-X-Iƒ ae-bm-f-\mSI�n¬ ˛
tUm.-F¬ tXma-kvIp´n
11. The Living Art - An Introduction to Theatre and DramaPhilip G. Hill
bqWn‰v 2
sNdpIY
1. {]XnвЃ„Л› ]n. tIihtZhv
2. i_vZn°p∂ Ie∏ ˛ s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°n
3. Hcp Pbn¬∏p≈nbpsS Nn{Xw ˛
ssh°w aplΩZv _jo¿
4. ac∏mhIƒ ˛ Imcqcv \oeIWvT∏n≈
5. Ipt´yS�n ˛ Fw. Sn. hmkptZh≥ \mb¿
6. aJ≥knßns‚ acWw ˛ Sn. ]fl\m`≥
70
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
7. tNmeac߃ ˛ sI. kckzXn AΩ
8. ]ВЈnbpsS aWw Л› am[hnВ°pВґn
9. A«oew hcp�nsh® hn\˛ Hcp Zpc¥kw`hw
(t]mwhgnklnXw) Л› kВ°dnb
10. U¬ln 81 ˛ Fw apIpµ≥
11. acn®n´n√m�hcpsS kvamcI߃ ˛
Fw. kpIpamc≥
12. h∑c߃ hogptºmƒ ˛ F≥.Fkv. am[h≥
13. \mbI∑m¿ iht]SIßfn¬˛
taXn¬ cm[mIrjvW≥
14. a™pImew ˛ inlm_p±o≥ s]mbv�pwIShv
sNdp-IY C∂-se, C∂v -˛ Fw. ANyq-X≥
sNdp-I-Ym-{]-Гїm\w Л› Fw.-]n. t]mЖ’
ae-bm-fs
- N-dp-IY
- m-km-ln-Xy-Nc
- n{Xw Л› tUm. Fw.- Fw. _joВї
ImYn-Is‚ Ie ˛ Fw.-Sn.
IY Imew t]mse ˛ F≥. iin-[-c≥
kz]v\hpw Ncn-{Xhpw ˛ C.-]n. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥
ImYn-Is‚ ]Wn-∏pc ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿
Nn{X-I-ebpw sNdp-I-Ybpw Л› Sn.-BВї.
ImcqВї IYm-]-T\w Л› (F-Un.) Fw.-Fw. _joВї
s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°n-bpsS IY-Iƒ ˛ ctaiv N{µ≥
IY ˛ BJym-\hpw A\p-`-h-k-�bpw ˛ sI.-]n. A∏≥
sNdp-I-Y-bpsS Oµ v ˛ hn. cmP-Ir-jvW≥
Fw.-Sn. Л› IYbpw s]mcpfpw Л› (F-Un.) tUm. Fw.- Fw. _joВї
\ho-\-IY Л› (F-Un.) Fw.-Fw. _joВї
GXnebpw a[pcn°p∂ ImSv˛ Iev]‰ \mcmbW≥
Ccpfn¬ DdßmXncn°p∂ Hcmƒ ˛ hnPbIrjvW≥
klmbI{KЕёГџЖ’
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16.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Л›
Л›
Л›
Л›
Л›
Л›
XIgn
Ddq_v
tImhne≥
H.hn.hnPb≥
hn.sI.F≥
B\Вµv
71
17. Short story (Critical Idiom Series)
18. The Lonely Voice : A Study of the Short Story - Frank O’Connor
bqWn‰v 3
(t\mh¬)
1. c≠nSßgn
2. kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw
3. tXm‰ßƒ
4. Jkm°ns‚ CXnlmkw
5. ]nXmal≥
6. tKmh¿≤\s‚ bm{XIƒ
t\mh¬kmlnXyw : Fw.-]n. t]mƒ
BZy-Im-e-a-e-bm-f-t\m-h¬ : tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw
N¥p-ta-t\m≥ -˛ Hcp ]T\w : ]n.sI. _me-Ir-jvW≥
t\mh¬ kn≤nbpw km[-\bpw : ]n.-sI. _me-Ir-jvW≥
t\mh¬kzcq]w : sI. kptc-{µ≥
lmkyw t\mh¬ inev]-�n¬ : Fkv. hn. thWp-tKm-]≥
\mbВї
ae-bm-f-t\m-h¬kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw : sI.-Fw. Xc-I≥
amdp∂ ae-bm-f- t\m-h¬ ˛ sI.-]n. A∏≥
t\mh-en-te-bvs°mcp Infn-hm-Xn¬ ˛ hnem-kn\n
t\mh¬: t_m[hpw {]Xn-t_m-[hpw ˛
]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥/BkmZv
CXnlmk-�ns‚ CXn-lmkw ˛ H.-hn. hnP-b≥
t\mh¬ ]T-\-߃ ˛ ae-bm-fn-¢-∫v, aZn-cmin
H. -hn. hnP-bs‚ Iebpw Z¿i-\hpw ˛ ]n.- sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥
t\mh¬ hmb\ A\p`hw ˛F≥. Fw. kÆn (FUn.)
{]Xn]m{Xw `mjWt`Zw˛ F≥ IrjvW]n≈
JkmВ°v ]T-\-ГџЖ’ Л›
(FUn.) sI.-Pn. Im¿�n-tI-b≥, Fw. IrjvW≥ \ºq-Xncn
klmbI{KЕёГџЖ’
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72
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
17. The Novel Today - (Ed.) Malcolm Bradbury
18. The Rhetoric of Fiction - Wayan Booth
bqWn‰v 4
(\ncq]Ww)
1. \fn-\n-bpsS Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ F.- B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω
2. Ip©≥\ºym¿˛
kmlnXy]©m\≥ ]n.sI. \mcmbW]n≈
3. Nncnbpw Nn¥bpw ˛ C. hn. IrjvW]n≈
4. kpµ-c-Ie ˛ ]m›m-Xyhpw ]uc-kvXyhpw
˛ G._me-Ir-jvW-]n≈ (\-h-tem-Iw)
5. Bims‚ eoe
Л› IpВґn-В°r-jvW-am-cmВї (Z-ВҐ-tKm-]p-cw)
6. ktµiw AsXm-t∂-bp≈q ˛ap≠-t»cn (am-\Z- fi
w)
7. Nn{X-I-ebpw Imhy-I-ebpw
Л› Fw.]n. t]mЖ’ (Im-hy-ZВїi-\w)
8. klys‚ aI≥ ˛ Fw. -F≥. -hn-P-b≥
9. \ncm-\-µ-�ns‚ Nncn ˛ sI.-]n. A∏≥
(sI.-]n. A∏s‚ sXc-s™-Sp� IrXnIƒ ˛
hmeyw c≠v)
10. taL-cq-]≥ ˛ B¿. hniz-\m-Y≥ (ssi-eo-hn-⁄m\w
ka-Im-e-]-T-\-߃ ˛ Id‚ v _pIvkv, tIm´-bw)
klmbI{KЕёГџЖ’
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-hnaВїiw Л› kpIp-amВї Ago-tВ°mSv
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-hn-a¿i\w ˛ ]n.hn. them-bp-[≥]n≈
tIk-cn-bpsS hna¿iw ˛ Fkv. Kp]vX≥\m-b¿
amcmcpw ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyhpw Л› (Hcp kwLw teJ-IВї)
amcm¿ ˛ hna¿i-\-�nse i‡n-tKm-]pcw ˛ Fw.-Sn. kpteJ
ap≠-t»-cnbpw ae-bm-f-\n-cq-]-Whpw ˛ sI.-Fw. tXmakv
A¥-∏m-bn-bp-sSbpw ap≠-t»-cn-bp-sSbpw
kmln-Xy-]-£-]m-X-߃ ˛ sI. i¶-c-\pÆn
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
73
8. Fw. -]n. t]mfns‚ kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i\w ˛ Fw. apc-fo-[-c≥
9. hna¿i\w ˛ kn≤m-¥hpw {]tbm-Khpw
˛ sI.-Fw. Um\n-b¬
10. \ncq-]Ww ]pXnb apJw ˛ (F-Un.) B¿.cma-N-{µ≥,
tPm¿÷v Ccp-º-bw, Fw. KwKm-[-c≥
11. ka-Im-e-\n-cq-]-W-�ns‚ hyXykvX apJ-߃
˛ (kºm.) ]n.-sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥\m-b¿ kvamcI {SÃv
12. kn.-]n. ANyp-X-ta-t\ms‚ kmln-Xy-hna¿i\w
˛ (kºm.) Sn.-]n. kpIp-am-c≥
13. {KŸ-hn-lmcw ˛ h≈-t�mƒ
14. ae-bm-f-\n-cq-]Ww C∂se ˛
˛ (kºm.) Fkv. Kp]vX≥ \mb¿
bqWn‰v 5
(CXcKZyP\pВ pIЖ’)
1. hymgh´kvacWIƒ ˛ _n. ImeymWn AΩ
2. cp{Zm£amlmflyw ˛ kRvPb≥
3. IhnbpsS Imev]mSpIƒ (BflIY)
˛ ]n. Ip™ncma≥ \mb¿
4. lnahms‚ aSn�´n¬ (bm{XmhnhcWw)
˛ cmP≥ Im°\mS≥
5. kRvPb≥(PohNcn{Xw) ˛ kn.cmtP{µ≥
6. {]`m-j-W-�ns‚ Nnd-Ip-I-fn¬
˛ kpIp-am¿ Ago-t°mSv (hmb\bpsS kz¿§�n¬)
7. Iotbm Iotbm (_mekmlnXyw)
˛ s{]m^. Fkv. inhZmkv (Id‚ v _pIvkv Xpiq¿)
8. ]©X{¥w (an{Xt`Zw F∂ H∂mw `mKw)
Л› ]p\cmJym\w: kpawKe
9. hmgvhv F∂ s]cphgn ˛ F≥. tKm]meIrjvW≥
74
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
1. ssIcfnbpsS IY ˛ F≥ IrjvW]n≈
2. ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw ˛ ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥\m-b¿
3. Poh-N-cn-{X-km-lnXyw ae-bm-f-�n¬
˛ \Sp-h´w tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥
4. A�\mb ssZhw ˛ ]n. sI. cmPtiJc≥
5. D]-\ym-k-km-lnXyw Л› Fw. -hn. hnjvWp-\-Вєq-Xncn
6. \K-c-�n¬ ]d™ kphn-ti-j-߃ ˛ sI. -hn. tXmakv
7. adp-Xn-c-Im-�p-\n-∂-t∏mƒ : hn. cmP-Ir-jvW≥
8. `mc-Xo-b-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw: (F-Un.) sI.-Fw. tPmВїГ·v
9. cmP-e£van F∂ Fgp-�p-Imcn ˛ (]e¿)
10. tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw (hmeyw 1) ˛ D≈q¿
11. ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-{]-Гїm\w : \ngepw shfn-В®hpw
˛ ]n.-sI. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥
12. tIc-f-�nse ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-{]-ÿm-\-�ns‚ Ncn{Xw
˛ Fw.-B¿. N{µ-i-J-c≥
13. Xcn-ip-\n-e-�ns‚ IY-Iƒ ˛ If¿tImSv hmkp-tZ-h≥\m-b¿
14. Bflm-hns‚ apdn-hp-Iƒ ˛ Fw. tXmakv amXyp
15. acp-`q-an-Iƒ ]q°p-tºmƒ ˛ Fw.- F≥. hnP-b≥
16. IYbpw ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw ˛ Pn. a[p-kq-Z-\≥
17. F¥mWv B[p-\n-IX ˛ Fw. apIp-µ≥
18. IYbpw ^m‚-knbpw ˛ h’-e≥ hmXp-t»cn
19. IYm-¥-c-߃ ˛ ]n.- sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥
20. GIm-¥-\-K-c-߃ ˛ ]n. -sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥
21. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS a[ym”w ˛ B¿. \tc-{µ-{]-kmZv
22. D�-cm-[p-\n-IX ˛ h¿�-am-\hpw hwim-h-enbpw
˛ sI.-]n. A∏≥
23. \ncq-]Ww ]pXnb apJw ˛ (FUn.) B¿.cma-N-{µ≥
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
24.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
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35.
75
B[p-\n-Im-\-ВҐ-c-km-ln-Xy-k-ao-]-\-ГџЖ’
Л› FUn. kn.-sP. tPmВїГ·v
Imƒ am¿Ivkns‚ Iem-Z¿i\w ˛ k®n-Zm-\-µ≥ (aƒ_-dn)
amВїIvkn-khpw Iebpw
˛ sI.- F-kv. \mcm-b-W-]n≈ (aƒ_-dn)
D�-cm-[p-\n-IX ˛ kn.- _n. kp[m-I-c≥
B[p-\n-tIm-Г�-c-X: hni-I-e-\hpw hnaВїi-\hpw
˛ hn.-kn. {ioP≥
]mThpw s]mcpfpw ˛ kn. cmtP-{µ≥
B[p-\n-Im-\-¥-c-hn-Nm-cw, hmb\ ˛ ]n.- ]n. cho-{µ≥
sI.-]n. A∏s‚ sXc-s™-Sp� IrXn-Iƒ (hmfyw c≠v).
Ie PohnXw Xs∂ ˛ Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cmcv
kmt¶-Xn-I-\n-cq-]-W-߃ ˛ F. _me-Ir-jvW-]n≈
Ipsd-°qSn kmt¶-Xn-I-\n-cq-]-W-߃
˛ F. _me-Ir-jvW-]n≈
36. Perspectives of Fiction - (Ed.) James L. Colderwood
37. Modernism/Post modernism (B) Peter Brooks
38. The Art of Fiction - James Henry
39. Narrative - A Seminar - (Ed.) Amiya Dev.
76
Code: MAL2CO6
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л› `m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
aebmfhymIcWw
(Malayalam Grammar)
aebmf`mjmhymIcWw "tIcf]mWn\ob's� ASnÿm\am°n _ncpZXe�n¬ hniZambn ]Tn®pIgn™n´p≠v .
hymIcWImcy߃ Db¿∂ Xe�n¬, hnimeamb ]cnt{]£y�n¬ a\ nem°m≥ klmbn°pIbmWv ae-bm-f-hymI-c-W-]-T\w sIm≠v Dt±in°p∂Xv. ]cºcmKXamb `mjm]{KY\k{ºZmbw F∂ \nebn¬ hymIcW�ns‚ kz`mhhpw
coXnbpw a\ nem°pI; ]m›mXyhymIcW]mcºcys�bpw
`mcXobhymIcW]mcºcys�bpw kmam\yambn Adn-bpI;
aebmf�nse hymIcWIrXnIsf ]cnNbs∏SpI; aebmfhymIcWIrXnIfpw Ahbv°p≠mbn´p≈ hna¿i\ßfpw
tN¿�v tIcf]mWn\obs� tI{µam°n krjvSn® hymIcWkwhmZs� A`napJoIcn°pI; aebmf`mjbpsS hnhn[Xeßsf kw_�n®p≠mbn´p≈ \nco£Wßsf hna¿i\mflIambn ]Tn-°pI ˛ F∂o e£yßtfmsSbmWv ]mTy]≤Xn
cq]s∏Sp�nbn´p≈Xv.
bqWn‰v 1
hymIcWwЛ›`mjbpsS A]{KY\w Л› GIImenIamb
kao]\w Л› hniIe\coXn: hmIywЛ› ]ZwЛ›{]XybwЛ›
hymIcW�n¬ {]Xyb]T\�n\p≈ {]mapJyw ˛
BKanIhymIcWw, A`yqlnIhymIcWw,
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
77
hnhcWmflIhymIcWw, \n¿t±imflIhymIcWw
XpSГџnb kwвЃ„IfpsS hnhВЈIЖ’ Л› hymIcW]mcВєcyГџЖ’ Л› `mcXobhymIcW]mcВєcyw Л›
]mWn\obw, ]mWn\obw Л› kz`mhhpw kzcq]hpw Л›
a‰p `mjm]{KY\߃ ˛ in£, \ncp‡w ˛ (kmam\y]cnNbw) bqtdm]y≥ hymIcWNn¥Iƒ ˛ (kmam\y]cnNbw.)
Xangv ˛ sXm¬°m∏nbw, \∂q¬, hoctNmgnbw ˛
(kmam\y]cnNbw) (]mWn\obw aebmf�n¬ ˛
]mWn\ob{]tZymXw Л› eLp-]m-Wn-\o-bw Л› kmam\y
]cnNbw.) aebmf`mjmhymIcWГџЖ’Л› eoemXneIw,
{Ua≠v, t{^m¨ sab¿, Kp≠¿´v, tPm¿÷v am�≥,
]m®paq�Xv, tImhpÆn s\SpßmSn, F. B¿. cmPcmPh¿Ω, tijKncn{]`p, kpIpamc∏n≈, C.hn.F≥
\ВєqXncn, kn.hn.
hmkptZh `ВґXncn XpSГџnbhcpsS bXv\ГџЖ’ Л› ({KЕёkzcq]w Л› kmam\y]cnNbw).
bqWn‰v 2
aebmf�nse h¿Æßfpw A£cßfpw ˛ A£came ˛ XmcXayw˛ Kp≠¿´v, tPm¿÷v am�≥, F. B¿.
cmPcmPh¿Ω˛ \nco£W߃ ˛ "aebmf`mjm]T\߃' (FUn.) tUm. sI. Fw. {]`mIchmcnb¿
& tUm. ]n.F≥. cho{µ≥ F∂ ]pkvXI�n¬ ˛ hn.
kpIpamc≥ FgpXnb "aebmf�nse kz\naßfpw
A£cßfpw' F∂ {]_�hpambn XmcXayw
sNøpI. k�n ˛ \n¿∆N\߃, kwlnXbpw k�nbpw ˛ `mjmk�nIƒ ˛ kwkv I rXk�nIƒ ˛
BtZik�nbpw kh¿Æ\hpw i_vZhpw ]Zhpw ˛
i_vtZm¬∏�n ˛ (tIcf]mWn\obw) GIm£c{]IrXn, i_vZcq]oIcWw ˛ hnh¿�\{]{Inb ˛ ]Z\n¿∆N\w, hmIy�n¬ {]tbmKn∏m≥ k÷amb
i_vZw ˛ \njv]mZ\) {]Xybw tN¿∂ i_vZw (tIcf]mWn\n) ˛ i_vZhn`mKw˛ ]eXcw i_vZhn`P\߃
Л› BKaw {]amWnВ®v Л› B`yВҐcw, _mlyw Л› kzВҐw,
78
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
km[mcWw, tZiyw Л› (tIcf]mWn\obw i_vtZmev]Г�n) Л› `mjmВҐckaw, `mjmВҐc`hw (eoemXneIw)
Л› AВїв€ћ{]Imi\Г�nse hyXymkw Л› hmNIw,
tZymXIw (tIcf]mWn\obw, i_v Z hn`mKw) Л›
hmNIhn`mKw ˛\maw, {Inb, t`ZIw˛ \n¿∆N\߃
(tIcf]mWn\obw) Л› [mXp, {]IrXn, {]mXn]ZnIw
F∂o k¶ev]\ßfpsS hnh£Iƒ ˛ \mam[nImcw,
[mXz[nImcw, BImwВЈm[nImcw, t`ZIm[nImcw
F∂ tIcf]mWn\ob�nse hn`P\�ns‚ bp‡n
˛ (hmIys� ASnÿm\ambn kzoIcn®v AXns‚
\n¿ΩmWLSIßsf {]Xybßsf ap≥\n¿�n
hnhcn°pIbmWv hymIcWImc≥ {][m\ambn sNøp∂sX∂ t_m[yap≠m°Ww.) ˛ tZymXIhn`mKw ˛
\n]mXw, Ahybw ˛ hmIy�nse [¿Ωa\pkcn®v ˛
KXn, LSIw, hymtВЈ]Iw Л› (Cu hn`P\ГџfpsS
ASnÿm\w {i≤n®v hniZoIcn°m≥ IgnbWw. c≠p
kao]\߃ Htc hn`mKs� c≠pXc�n¬ ImWm≥
ImcWamIp∂Xpw {i≤n°Ww: \n]mXw, LSIw˛)
bqWn‰v 3
\maЛ›{InbmЛ›t`ZIhn`mKГџЖ’
\mahn`mK߃: tIcf]mWn\ob�nse hn`P\w ˛
"hymIcWan{X'Г�nse hn`P\hpw hniZoIcWhpw
IqSn IW°nseSp�p≈ ]T\w ˛
s_bven kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≈ Kp≠¿´ns‚ Ip˛hI \p˛hI
F∂ hn`P\w˛ (Cu h¿§o-I-c-Ws� tIc-f-]m-Wn\obw Xnc-kv°-cn-°p-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v F∂v hy‡-am°-Ww-.)
{Inbmhn`mK߃: tIcf]mWn\ob�nse hn`P\w.
hymIcWan{X�nse hn`P\hpw hniZoIcWßfpw
IqSn IW°nseSp�p≈ ]T\w.
]qВїГ†{Inb, A]qВїГ†{Inb (hn\sbВ®w) Л›
hn\sb®�ns‚ hn`mK߃, t]sc®w, {]tbmPIw˛
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
79
(tIcf]mWn\nbpsS {]tbmPINВїВ®
I¿ΩtbmKkn≤m¥apƒs∏sS N¿® sNøWw) ˛--t`ZIhn`mK߃: tIcf]mWn\ob�nse hn`P\w ˛
kn. F¬. B‚WnbpsSbpw a‰pw hna¿i\߃ ˛
bqWn‰v 4
[mXz[nImcw ˛ Imew ˛ {]Imcw ˛ A\p{]tbmKw\mam[nImcw ˛ enwKhN\hn`‡n{]Xyb߃ ˛
eoemXneI�nse hnhcWw ˛ tIcf]mWn\ob�nse enwKhN\hn`‡nN¿®Iƒ ˛ AXns‚ BKanIcoXnbnep≈ At\zjW߃ ˛ hypev]∂i_vZm[nImcw ˛ IrXnIr�v˛ (hypev]mZ\w), \ma[mXp ˛
bqWn‰v 5
hmIyhnNmcw ˛ hymIcW�nse hmIyhnNmccoXn,
{]Xyb\njvTambn hmIy\n¿ΩmWhnhcWw ˛
hmIy\n¿∆N\߃, hmIyhn`mK]cn{iaw ˛ hn[nhmIyhpw \ntj[hmIyhpw ˛ hmIyLS\˛ BJybpw
BJymXhpw ˛ BJymX�n\p≈ {]m[m\yw ˛
AwKhmIyw, AwKnhmIyw, s]mcp�w ˛ k¶o¿ÆhmIyw, kwbp‡hmIyw, almhmIyw, kam\m[nIcWw ˛ tbmKyX, BImw£, Bk‡n (tijKncn)˛ hmIykm[pX D�ahmIy�n\v D≠mbncn°Wsa∂v tijKncn{]`p \n¿t±in® khntijXIƒ
(]pdw˛300˛302) hmIyt`Zsa∂ tZmjw, sFIyw,
{]m[m\yw, kwt«jw F∂ok¶ev]\߃ ˛ inYne_�w, KmV_�w (tijKncn{]`p) ˛ BImw£mhnNmcw (tIcf]mWn\obw) BImw£bpw A\zbhpw
˛ BJybpw BJymXhpw ˛ ImcI_�w˛ {Inbbv°p
\mat�mSp≈ _�w˛ kap®bhnIev]߃ (]ZXe�nepw hmIyXe�nepw) ˛ kamkw ˛ \n¿∆N\߃, ˛ hyXykvX hymIcWImc∑mcpsS \nco£W߃ ˛ hnhn[kamk߃, GI]ZXzw˛ Fgp�nepw D®mcW�nepw˛ hn{Kln°¬, hn{Klm¿∞w
80
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
˛ aebmfhymIcWkwhmZw ˛ eoemXneIw, Im¬Uzens‚ {ZmhnU`mjmhymIcWw, Kp≠¿´ns‚ aebmfhymI-cWw ˛ F∂nh tIcf]mWn\ob cN\bn¬
sNep�nb t{]cWIƒ ˛ tIcf]mWn\ob hna¿i\߃˛ ImXymb\ ˛ ]XRvPeokwhmZw ˛ tijKncn{]`phns‚ hna¿i\߃ ˛ tIcf]mWn\ob�ns‚
H∂mw]Xn∏pw c≠mw]Xn∏pw XmcXayw ˛ kn.F¬.
B‚Wn, sI. Fw. {]`mIchmcnb¿ XpSßnbhcpsS
hna¿i\߃ ˛ Fkv. hn. j◊pJ�ns‚ tIcf]mWn\ob]oTnIm]T\w, thWptKm]me∏Wn°cpsS hna¿i\߃˛ skan\m¿/Assk≥sa‚ v/
t{]mPIv‰v Nne hnj-b-߃:
tIcf]mWn\obw H∂mw ]Xn∏n\v tIcfh¿Ω henb
tImbn�ºpcm≥ FgpXnb AhXmcnI ˛ hnh¿�\w
sNГёpI.
klmbI{KЕёГџЖ’:
1) ]pXpt»cn cmaN{µ≥ (kºmZ\hpw ]T\hpw),
tIcf]mWn\obhnaВїiw, Xncp-h-\ВҐ-]pcw: tIcf`mjm
C≥Ãn‰yq´v, 1996.
2) Pn. IaeΩ, aebmf`mjbpsS ASnthcpIƒ, tIm´bw:
Id‚ v _pIvkv, 1998.
3) kmlnXy]©m\≥ ]n. sI. \mcmbW]n≈, {]tbmKZo]nI, Xriq¿: tIcfkmlnXy A°mZan, 1996 (1935).
4) Fw. tijKncn{]`p, hymIcWan{Xw, XriqВї: tIcfkmlnXy AВ°mZan, 1989.
5) tUm. _m_p sNdnbm≥, s_©an≥ s_bven, tIm´bw:
Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 2009.
6) F. B¿. cmPcmPh¿Ω, (kºmZ\hpw ]T\hpw) ]pXpt»cn
cmaN{µ≥ tIcf]mWn\obw (BZy]Xn∏v), Xriq¿: tIcf
kmlnXy AВ°mZan, 1996.
7) F. B¿. cmPcmPh¿Ω, tIcf]mWn\obw (iXm_vZn∏Xn∏v), tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv, 1997.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
81
("aebmfhymIcW�nse cmPcmPam¿§w'
(BapJteJ\w) -Л› kvIdnb kВ°dnb)
hn. BВї. tkmfn/ tUm. sI. tPmbvt]mЖ’, `mjmimkv{Xw
kn≤m¥hpw {]tbmKhpw, aebmf]T\KthjWtI{µw,
2011.
kn. F¬. B‚Wn, tIcf]mWn\ob`mjyw, tIm´bw:
Un.kn. _pIvkv, 1994.
tUm. ]n.hn. thembp[≥]n≈, a[yImeaebmfw ˛ Xriq¿:
Id‚ v _pIvkv, 2004.
tUm. sI. {ioIpamcn, aebmf�nse \mah¿Kw˛ Xriq¿:
Id‚ v _pIvkv, 2003.
tUm. sI. Fw. {]`mIchmcnb¿, aebmfw am‰hpw
hf¿®bpw, ipI]pcw: h≈t�mƒ hnZym]oTw, 2007.
tdm_¿´v {Ua≠v, {Kma¿ Hm^v Z ae_m¿ emwtKzP,v
Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v, 2002.
kn. F¬. B‚Wn, `mjm]T\߃, Xriq¿: tIcf
kmlnXy AВ°mZan 1989.
tUm. sI. Fw. {]`mIchmcnb¿ & tUm. ]n. F≥. cho{µ≥
(kВєm.) aebmf`mjm]T\ГџЖ’, Xncph\ВҐ]pcw:
tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v, 1990.
tUm. sI. Ip©pÆncmP, `mjmZ¿i\hpw Ncn{Xhpw,
Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v, 2000.
tUm. sI. Fw. {]`mIchmcnbВї, `mj kmlnXyw
hna¿i\w, Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv, 2007.
Fkv. hn. j◊pJw, (hnh¿�\w) Sn. _n. thWptKm]me∏Wn°¿, tIcf]mWn\ob]oTnIm]T\w `mjmimkv{Xho£W�n¬, Imen°‰v k¿∆Iemime: {]kn≤oIcWhn`mKw, 2012.
s{]m^. hn. sF. kp{_“Wyw, `mjbpw ]T\hpw, Xriq¿:
Id‚ v _pIvkv, 2007.
82
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
20) IpВґnIrjvWamcmВї, `mjm]cnNbw, tImgntВ°mSv:
]n.sI. {_tZВїkv, 1997.
21) s{]m^. kpВµcw [\p-h-В®-]p-cw, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-bw, Л› hymJym-\hpw hn-Nn-ВҐ\
- hpw Xncp-h\
- ВҐ
- ]
- pcw: {]nbZ¿in\n ]ªnt°-j≥kv, 2013.
22) s{]m^. sI. hn. cmaN{Вµ ss], hymIcW]T\ГџЖ’,
NГџ\mtВ»cn: enв€љn ]ВЄnjnwMv lukv, 2009.
23) tPm¿÷vam�≥, ae-bm-gva-bpsS hymI-cWw
24) Kp≠¿´v, ae-bm-f-`m-jm-hym-I-cWw, tIm´bw:
Un.kn. _pIvkv, 1991.
25) tUm. F≥.- F≥. aq Xv, hymI-c-W-hn-thIw ˛
26) sI. -Fw. {]`m-I-c-hmcnbВї, hymI-c-W-k-aoВЈ Л› tImВґ-bw:
I-d‚ v _pIvkv.
27) sI.- Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cn-bВї, `mj-bpw a\-В»m-kv{Xhpw,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 1999 (1978).
28) sI. IpВ©p-Г†n-cmPm, `mjm-K-th-jWw Л›
29) hnZzm≥ tPm¨ Ip∂-∏-≈n, i_vZ-ku-`-Kw, Beph: s]m¥n^n-°¬ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v ]_vfn-t°-j≥kv, 1976.
30) L.V. Ramaswamy Iyer, Notes on Kerala Paniniyam
31) K. M. Prabhakara Variar, Studies in Malayalam Grammar
Madras: University of Madras 1979
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Code: MAL2CO7
83
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л› `m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
`mjm-imkv{Xw
(Linguistics)
hyXykvXamb D≈S°hpw {]tbmK]≤XnIfpw Bhiyamb `mjm]T\w, kmlnXy]T\w F∂o c≠v taJeIƒ
ASßp∂XmWv Cu tImgvkv. `mjsbbpw `mjbneqsSbp≈
k¿KmflImhnjvImcßsfbpw hniIe\]cambn ImWm\pw
k¿Kkr„nItfmSp≈ kz¥w {]XnIcWw `mjmLS\bpsS
ASnÿm\�n¬ hniZoIcn°m\pap≈ Ignhv hnZym¿YnIfn¬
hf¿�nsbSp°pI F∂Xv `mjm˛kmlnXy]T\�ns‚
{][m\e£yamWv. `mjmimkv{Xkn≤m¥ßƒ, k¶¬]\߃, {]tbmK]≤XnIƒ F∂nhbpsS ASn�dbn¬ \n∂psIm≠pam{Xta khntijamb C�cw hniIe\tijnIƒ
hf¿�nsbSp°m≥ IgnbpI- b p≈q. `mjmimkv { Xw F∂
tImgv k v kwhn[m\w sNbv X ncn°p∂Xv CXn\mhiyamb
ssk≤m¥nIamb ASn�dbpw {]mtbmKnItijnIfpw
{]Zm\w sNøm\mWv. `mjmhniIe\tijn°p]pdta, kmlnXy˛ kmwkvImcnI]T\w, `mjm˛kmlnXyKthjWw F∂nhbpambn _�s∏´ncn°p∂ `mjmimkv{XtaJeIfpsS {]mYanI]T\hpw CXn¬ Dƒs∏Sp�nbncn°p∂p. aebmf`mjmimkv { X�ntem `mjbpambn _�s∏´ kmlnXy]T\taJeIfntem D]cn]T\w \S�m\mhiyamb `mjmimkv{X]cn⁄m\w CXneqsS ssIhcn°m≥ IgnbWw.
84
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Cu tImgvkns‚ D≈S°�neqsS hnZym¿YnIƒ t\SnsbSpt°≠ss\]pWnIƒ ChbmWv:
В· `mjbpsS LS\bpw hnhn[XeГџfnse LSIГџfpw
XncnВ®dnbpI.
· `mjbpsS hyXykvXcq]ßfpw hyXykvX kµ¿`ß
fnse {]tbmKhpw a\В nemВ°pIbpw AXneqsS kzВҐw
`mjbpsS km[yXIfpw khntijXIfpw XncnВ®dnbp
Ibpw sNГёpI.
· `mjmimkv{X�ns‚ k¶¬]\ßfpw coXn]≤XnIfpw
D]tbmKn®v `mjmhyhlmcßsf hniIe\w sNøm≥
IgnbpI.
В· kmlnXy]mTГџfpsS ]T\Г�n\pw hniIe\Г�n\pw
`mjmimkv{X k¶¬]\߃ D]tbmKn°m≥ IgnbpI.
`mjmimkv{Xw Hcp {]mtbmKnIimkv{XambXn\m¬ Hmtcm
bqWn‰nepw AhXcn∏n°p∂ ssk≤m¥nIho£Wßfpw
Bibßfpw hniIe\ßfneqsSbpw {]tbmK�neqsSbpw
a\ nem°m≥ Ahkcsamcp°p∂ Assk≥sa‚pIfpw
{]mtbmKnI{]hВїГ�\Гџfpw Bkq{XWw sNtГёв‰ XmWv.
bqWn‰v 1
`mjmimkv{XwЛ›
ASnÿm\k¶¬]\ßfpw coXn]≤XnIfpw `mjmimkv{X�ns‚ imkv{Xobkao]\s�bpw `mjmimkv{Xw ssIImcyw sNøp∂ {][m\taJeIsfbpw
Ipdn®v kmam\y[mcW Cu bqWn‰n¬ \n∂v e`n°pw.
`mj F¥v F∂Xns\°pdn®p≈ `mjmimkv { Xho£WamWv , `mjmLS\sbbpw `mjmimkv { X�nse {]tbmK]≤XnIsfbpwIp-dn®v XpS¿∂p hcp∂ bqWn‰pIfnse D≈S°�ns‚ ASnÿm\w. `mjsb°pdn®p≈ hnime[mcWIfpsS ASn�dbn¬,
`mjmIpSpw_w, `mcXob`mjmIpSpw_߃, {ZmhnU`mjmIpSpw_w, aebmfw F∂ {Ia�nep≈ BibhnImkw Cu hnjb�n\v A\ptbmPyamWv .
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
85
a‰pbqWn‰pIfnepw {]k‡amb F√m kµ¿`ßfnepw Cu {Iaw Xs∂ ]n¥pScmhp∂XmWv.
`mjЛ› a\pjy`mjbpsS khntijXIЖ’Л› `mjbpsS
i–˛enJnX am[ya߃; Ah XΩnep≈ hyXymk߃ ˛ `mjm[¿a߃ (language functions) ˛-kaqlw, kwkvImcw, kµ¿`w F∂nhbpambn `mjbpsS _�w ˛ `mjmt`Z߃˛kmaqlnIw, {]mtZinIw, kmµ¿`nIw˛ am\I`mj, k¶c`mj, sh¶e`mj, Poh¬`mj, arX`mj, `mjm\miw ˛ XpSßnb
k¶ev]\߃.
`mj F∂ Nn”hyhÿ˛ Nn”w˛ kqNIw, kqNnXw
˛ `mjsb Nn”hyhÿbmbn (LS\mhmZ]cambn)
\n¿∆Nn°¬˛
`mjmkamВїP\hpw `mjm]T\hpw Л› inip`mj Л›
Bibhn\nabhr�n amXrIbpw `mjbpw ˛
amXr`mj, ¢m n°¬ `mj, arX`mj, Poh¬`mj ˛
temI`mjIЖ’, CВҐybnse `mjIЖ’ Л›
`mjmIpSpw_ГџЖ’ Л›
bqWn‰v 2
`mjmimkv{Xw F∂ ]T\imJ
`mjmimkv { Xw F∂ ]T\imJbpsS khntijXIfpw hyXncn‡Xbpw hy‡ambn a\ nem°m≥
klmbIamb hn[�nemWv Cu bqWn‰v kwhn[m\w
sNbvXncn°p∂Xv.
`mjmimkv{Xhpw hymIcWhpw˛ `mjmimkv{X�ns‚ hnImk�nse \mgnI°√pIƒ˛ `mjmimkv{X�nse hniIe\]≤XnIƒ˛ GIImenIw, _lpImenIw˛ XmcXaymflIw, hyXntcImflIw ˛
`mjm]cnWmaw˛ A- K Ãv jv e ojdpsS IpSpw_hr£amXrI (family tree model), tPml∂kv jvan-‰ns‚
XcwKkn≤m¥w (wave theory) - ˛ `mjmtKm{X߃ F∂
86
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
k¶¬]w˛ C¥ybnse `mjmIpSpw_߃ (tKm{X߃), ˛ `mjmt£{Xw F∂ ]cnIev]\- ˛ C¥y F∂
`mjmt£{Xw ˛ {ZmhnU`mjmIpSpw_w, {ZmhnUIpSpw_�n¬ aebmf�ns‚ ÿm\w ˛ {]mKv`m-jm-N-cn-{X\n¿Ωm-Ww˛ \n¿Æ-b-co-Xn-Iƒ, B-¥-c-]p-\:-kr-jvSn-˛_m-ly-]p-\-:kr-jvSn ˛ \h\n¿ΩnXn (innovations) ˛
Ncn{XmflIhpw XmcXaymflIhpamb `mjmimkv{Xhpw B[p\nI`mjmimkv{Xhpw XΩnep≈ t`Zw ˛
LS\mhmZhpw B[p\nI`mjmimkv{Xhpw ˛ B[p\nI`mjmimkv{X�nse {][m\[mcIƒ ˛ skmkyqdnb≥ `mjmimkv{Xw˛bmt°m_vk¨˛ {]mKv kvIqƒ˛
bqtdm]y≥ ˛Atacn°≥ ssIhgnIƒ˛ ªqw ^o¬Uv
˛ kvIn∂dpsS hmNnIhr�nhmZw˛
`mjmimkv{X�n\v a‰v hnjbßfpambp≈ _�w
(X�zNn¥, \chwiimkv { Xw, a\ximkv { Xw,
kaqlimkv{Xw, kmlnXy]T\w)Л›
`mjmimkv{X�ns‚ hnhn[taJeIƒ˛ ssk≤m¥nI`mjmimkv{Xhpw {]bp‡`mjmimkv{Xhpw ˛ kaImenI{]hWXIƒ˛
bqWn‰v 3
`mjmLS\bpw LSIГџfpw
`mjbpsS i–Xew apX¬ hyhlmcXew hscbp≈
LSI߃ H∂ptN¿∂v Hcp Bibhn\nabhyhÿbmbn `mj {]h¿�n°p∂sXßs\ F∂v Xncn®dnbm≥ ]TnXmhns\ klmbn°p∂ D≈S°amWv Cu
bqWn‰nep≈Xv . hnhn[Xcw `mjm]mTßsf ]e
Xe�nse LSIßfmbn th¿Xncn°m\pw LSI߃
XΩnep≈ _�߃ hniZoIcn°m\pw ]TnXmhn\v
IgnbWw. {]tbmKtijnIƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬Ins°m≠mbncn°Ww Cu bqWn‰ns‚ D≈S°w hn\nabw
sNtГёв‰ Xv.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
87
kz\hn⁄m\w˛ aq∂v Dƒ∏ncnhpIƒ˛ {ihWmkv]Zw
(auditory), kz\`uXnIw (accoustic), Ahbhmkv]Zw
(articulatory) Л›
i–�ns‚ `uXnIkz`mh߃˛ `mjmi–ßfpsS
{]tXyIXIƒ˛ `mjWmhbh߃˛ `mjtWm¬]mZ\w˛`mjWi–ßfpsS h¿KoIcWw˛ kzchpw
hyRvP\hpw˛ AhbpsS Dƒ∏ncnhpIƒ˛ AXnJfikhntijXIƒ (suprasegmentals); A\pXm\w, `mcw
(intonation, stress) kz\w, kz\naw, D]kz\w, hyXybhpw
]qcIXzhpw, aebmf�nse kz\na߃˛ A£cLS\ (syllabic structure) ˛
cq]hn⁄m\w˛ cq]Xe�nse LSIßfpw LS\bpw˛ _≤cq]߃, kzX{¥cq]na߃˛ cq]nahpw
D]cq]naßfpw˛kz\nam[njvTnXhpw cq]nam[njvTnXhpamb D]m[nh¬°cWw˛ (phonological and
morphological conditioning) Л›FВҐmWv ]Zw?Л› ]ZLS\:
[mXp, {]IrXn, {]Xybw˛ ap≥{]Xybw, ]n≥{]Xybw,
Dƒ{]Xybw˛cq]Xe�nse cq]kn≤nbpw \njv]mZ\hpw (inflection and derivation)˛ efnX]Zßfpw kakvX]Zßfpw˛ kamkw˛ aebmf�ns‚ ]Z\njv]mZ\
{]{InbIЖ’Л› cq]kz\hnвЃ„m\w (morphophonology) Л›
k�n ˛
hmIyLS\˛hnhcWmflIhymIcW�nse k¶¬]
\ГџЖ’ Л› ]Zhn`mKГџЖ’ (word categories) ]Zkw
lnX, D]hmIyw, hmIyw Л› (phrase, clause, sentence)Л›
hmIy�n\p≈nse LSI߃ XΩnep≈ ]ckv]c
_�߃; I¿�mhv, I¿aw˛ hn`‡nbpw ImcI
ГџfpwЛ› hnhn[Xcw hmIyГџЖ’Л› {]Imchpw {]kvXm
chpw (mood and aspect) ˛ k∂nlnXLSIhniIe\w
(immediate constituent analysis) `mjsbbpw hymIc
Ws�bpw Ipdn®p≈ tNmwkvInbpsS kn≤m¥ßfpw
{]P\IhymIcWhpw.
88
bqWn‰v 4
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
`mj˛kaqlhpw kµ¿`hpw
\nXyPohnXkµ¿`ßfnepw khntijkmlNcyßfnepw `mj Fßs\ D]tbmKn°p∂p F∂pw D]tbmK�neqsS `mjbnep≠mIp∂ hyXnbm\߃ F¥v
F∂pw \nco£n°m\pw AXneqsS `mjm{]tbmKs�°pdn®p≈ ka{Kamb [mcW cq]s∏Sp�m\pw
Bhiyamb D≈S°amWv Cu bqWn‰nep≈Xv. Xt‚Xn¬ \n∂p hyXykvXamb `mjmcq]ßsfbpw hyhlmcßsfbpw Ipdn®v Xpd∂ kao]\߃ hnZym¿YnIƒ°v D≠mbncn°Ww. `mjm{]tbmK�ns‚
hnhn[taJeIƒ ]cnNbs∏Sp∂XneqsS CXn\p
hgnsbmcpßp∂p. hyXykvX Bhiy߃°pw kµ¿`߃°pw A\pkrXamb hg°w `mjbn¬ D≠mIp∂sXßs\ F∂v Xncn®dnbm\pw Cu bqWn‰ns‚
D≈S°w klmbIamWv.
`mjmhyXnbm\w (language variation) `mjI¿°v A\pkcn®pw `mjWkµ¿`w A\pkcn®pap≈ hyXnbm\w˛
`qanimkv{X]camb `mjmt`Z߃ (dialects) ˛ kmaqlnIamb `mjmt`Z߃ (sociolects) ˛ am\I`mj F∂
k¶¬]w˛ sXmgn¬`mjIƒ˛ `mjmt`Z]T\�ns‚
coXnIƒ˛ aebmf�ns‚ `mjmt`Z߃ ˛ `mjmkº¿°w ˛ a‰p `mjIfpsS kzm[o\w aebmf�n¬˛
BZm\w Л› `mjm]cnWmaw Л› ]cnWmatlXpВ°Ж’Л›
kz\w, hymIcWw, A¿Yw F∂o Xeßfnse
]cnWmaw.
kmaqlnI`mjmimkv{XwЛ› BNmc`mjЛ› `mjIcpsS
enwKa\pkcn®p≈ `mjmhyXymkw˛ Hu]NmcnI
`mjbpw A\u]NmcnI`mjbpwЛ›enJnX`mjbpw
kwkmc`mjbpw Л› {]IcWhnвЃ„m\obw (Pragmatics)
Л› `mjbpw {]Xybimkv{Xhpw Л›
`mjbpw A¿Yhpw˛ A¿∞s�°pdn®p≈ `mjmim
kv{X k¶¬]\߃˛ A¿∞�ns‚ hnhn[Xc߃˛
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
89
]Z߃ XΩnep≈ A¿∞_�߃˛ A¿∞]cn
WmawЛ›cq]IГџfpw emВЈWnI`mjbpw (metaphor and
metaphoric language)˛Ahsb°pdn®p≈ kn≤m¥ßƒ˛
]eXcw `mjmhyhlmcГџЖ’ (discourses)Л› hnhcWm
flI]mTw (descriptive text), hn⁄m\m[njvTnX]mTw
(informative text), kwhmZmflI]mTw (argumentative text),
t{]cWm[njvTnX]mTw (persuasive text) XpSГџnb ]mT
C\ГџЖ’ (text types) Л› enJnX`mjbpw kwkmc
`mjbpw˛ imkv{Xkmt¶XnI`mj ˛
bqWn‰v 5
`mjmimkv{X�ns‚ {]tbmKtaJeIƒ
`mjmimkv{XhniIe\hpw `mjmimkv{X BibßfpsS {]tbmKhpw Bhiyamb \nch[n {]bp‡taJeIfp≠v. Ahbn¬ {][m\s∏´hbpw kmlnXy
]T\�n\v {]k‡hpamb Nne taJeIfmWv Cu
bqWn‰n¬ Dƒs∏Sp�nbncn°p∂Xv. `mjmimkv{X�ns‚ {]tbmKkm[yXIƒ Xncn®dnbm\pw `mjmimkv{Xs� Hcp {]mtbmKnI hnjbambn kzmwioIcn°m\pw klmbn°p∂XmWv Cu bqWn‰ns‚
D≈S°w.
`mjmimkv{Xhpw kmlnXy]T\hpw˛ ssieohn⁄m\�ns‚ ASnÿm\ Bibßfpw {]tbmK]≤XnIfpw ˛ BJym\hn⁄m\w, hymJym\imkv{Xw ˛
Imhy`mjbpsS hniIe\w Л›
`mjmimkv{Xhpw `mjm[ym]\hpwЛ› LS\m[njvTnX
kao]\hpw hn\nabm[njvTnXkao]\hpw (Structural
and communicative approaches) `mjm]T\�n¬ ˛ H∂mw
(amXr)`mjm]T\hpw c≠mw`mjm]T\hpw˛ `mjm]T
\�ns‚ ASnÿm\X�zßfpw ]≤XnIfpw ˛
\nL≠p\n¿amWw (Lexicography) F¥mWv \nL≠p?
\nL≠phpw hymIcWhpw ˛ hnhn[Xcw \nL≠p
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
91
90
10) tUm. ]n. tkmatiJc≥\mb¿, \nL≠phn⁄m\w,
Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰q-´v.
11) tUm. hn. B¿. {]t_m[N{µ≥ \mb¿, ssieo`wKnIƒ.
12) tUm. tKmhnµcp / ]n.Fkv _nPp, aebmfw Iw]yq´dn¬,
Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰q´v.
13) C˛aebmfw, Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰q´v.
14) Djm\ВєqXncnв€ЏmSv, kmaqlnI`mjmimkv{Xw,
Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥kv‰n‰yq´v.
15) ]n. hn. Hma\, aebmf�nse \nL≠p°ƒ.
16) Xncp-\-√q¿ Icp-Wm-I-c≥, ae-bm-f-`m-jm-]-cn-Wm-aw-˛-kn-≤m¥-ßfpw hkvXp-X-Ifpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: {]m`mXv _p°v
lukv, 1965.
17) hn. kn. _me- I r- j v W ≥, `mjm- h n- ⁄ m- \ w, tIm´bw:
F≥_n-F-kv, 1962.
18) sdm\mƒUv C. Bj¿, (FUn-‰¿) tUm. Fkv. them-bp[≥ ae-bm-f-`m-jm-]-T-\-߃, tIm´bw: Un. kn. _pIvkv,
1989.
19) tUm. sI. kpK-X≥, samgn-b-dn-hv, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr-`q-an,
1999.
20) tUm. tKmZ-h¿Ω-bpsS {]_-�-߃, (kºm-Z-\hpw ]T-\hpw) s{]m^. Fkv. Kp]vX≥\m-b¿, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf
`mjm C≥kvv‰n-‰yq´v, 1990.
21) tUm. F≥. tKm]n-\m-Y≥\m-b¿ (F-Un-‰¿), ae-bm-f-`m-jmN-cn{Xw ˛ F-gp-�-—≥ hsc, {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-hn-`mKw: Imen°‰v k¿∆-I-em-im-e, 2006.
22) IpВ©p-Г†n-cm-P, `mjm-K-th-j-Ww.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
°ƒ˛ hm°pw A¿Yhpw \nL≠phn⁄m\�n¬˛
\nL≠phns‚ LS\˛ aebmf\nL≠p°ƒ ˛
aebmfhpw Iºyq´dpw˛ Iºyq´dnepw C‚¿s\‰nepw
aebmfw D]tbmKn°p∂Xns‚ ]cnanXnIfpw km[y
XIfpw˛ ISM, ASCII, WEB t^m≠pIƒ, bqWnt°mUv,
bqWnt°mUns‚ hntijXIƒ ˛ aebmfw C‚¿
s\‰n¬ ˛ km[yXIƒ˛ aebmfw Iºyq´nMv SqfpIƒ˛
en]y¥cWw, samgnam‰w ˛ H.kn.B¿˛ F¥mWv Iw]yq
t´jW¬ `mjmimkv{Xw?˛ tIm¿]kpIfpw KthjW
�n¬ Ahbv°p≈ {][m\yhpw˛ `mjmKthjWw,
hniIe\w F∂nhbn¬ Iºyq´dpIfqsS D]tbmKw˛
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’
1) tUm C. hn. F≥ \ºqXncn, `mjmimkv{X{]thinI,
Xncph-\-ВҐ-]pcw: tIcfkВїhIemime {]km[\hn`mKw.
2) tUm. sI. Fw {]`mIchmcnb¿ / im¥m AKÃn≥,
B[p\nI `mjmimkv{Xw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰q´v.
3) tZiawKew cmaIrjvW≥ / lpamw djoZv, `mjmimkv{Xw,
Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰q´v, Xncph\¥]pcw.
4) tUm. hn. B¿. {]t_m[N{µ≥\mb¿, `mjmimkv { X
Zr„nbneqsS, Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰q´v.
5) tUm. hn. B¿. {]t_m[N{µ≥\mb¿, `mjmimkv { X
\nL≠p, Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰q´v.
6) tUm. hn B¿. {]t_m[N{µ≥\mb¿, kz\hn⁄m\w,
Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰q´v.
7) tUm. Sn. _n. thWptKm]me∏Wn°¿, kz\afiew,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
8) tUm. C. hn. F≥ \ºqXncn, hmIyLS\, Xncph\¥]pcw:
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰q´v, 1997 (1977).
9) tUm. ]n. tkmatiJc≥ \mb¿, `mjmt`Zhn⁄m\obw,
Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq-´v.
92
Code: MAL2E2/8
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л› `m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
A `mc-Xob-km-lnXyw
(Indian Literature)
`mc-X-�n¬ At\Iw `mj-Ifpw At\Iw `mjm-km-ln-Xyß-fp-ap-≠v. ]t£, Htc-sbmcp kmln-Xy-ta-bp≈p F∂pw AXv
`mc- X o- b - c psS ss]Xr- I - a m- W v F∂pw ]d- b m- d p- ≠v . "`mcXobkmln-Xy-߃' F∂v _lp-h-N-\-ambpw "`mc-Xo-b-km-lnXyw' F∂v GI-h-N-\-ambpw {]tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v. tI{µ-km-lnXy
AВ°m-Zan 22 `mj-IЖ’ kmln-Xy-kВє
- ∂-ambn AwKo-Ic
- n-®n-´p≠v.
`mc-X-�nse F√m `mj-I-fn-sebpw F√m kmln-Xy-k-º�p-I-sfbpw H∂mbnt®¿�v Hcp kmwkv°m-cn-I-k-º�mbn
Icp-Xp-tºm-gmWv `mc-Xo-b-ss]Xr-I-am-bn-�o-cp-∂-Xv. `mc-Xo-b`m-j-Isf hyXykvX-ß-fmbpw Ah-bnse kmln-Xy-ßsf
H∂mbpw ImWWw. F¶n¬ am{Xta, "]e `mj-I-fn¬ Fgp-Xs∏-Sp-∂psh-¶nepw `mc-XobkmlnXyw H∂m-Ip∂p' F∂ ap{Zmhm-Iy-�n\v A¿∞-ap-≈p.
`mj-bmWv kmln-Xy-�ns‚ ssPh-L-S-Iw. AXn-\m¬
Hmtcm `mj-bn-sebpw kmlnXyw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cnВ°pw; F{X
`mj-bpt≠m A{Xbpw kmln-Xy-hp-ap-≠v. ]e `mj-I-fnse Fgp�p-Im¿ Htc t{kmX- n¬\n∂v {]tNm-Z\w t\Sp-Ibpw sshImcn-Ihpw ss[j-Wn-I-hp-amb Htc-Xcw A\p-`q-XnIƒ°v hnt[-bcm-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. A-Xn-\m¬ Ah-cpsS e£y-ßf
- nepw Bhnjv°m-c-ß-fnepw Ht´sd kmayw ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. `mc-Xo-b-
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
93
km-ln-Xyßsf H∂mbn ImWWw F∂pw AXv Hcp kwkv°mc-amWv F∂pw ]d-bp∂ ]fin-X-∑m¿ D≠v.
`mjIЖ’ At\- I w, `mjmkmlnXyГџЖ’ At\- I w.
]t£, `mc-XobkmlnXyw H∂v. At∏mƒ F¥mWv `mc-Xo-bkm-lnXw? BcmWv `mc-Xo-b-km-ln-Xy-Im-c≥? GXm\pw `mjmkmln-Xy-ß-fpsS ]T-\-�n-eqsS Cu tNmZy-߃°v D�cw
At\z-jn-°m-hp∂Xm-Wv. a
- ‰p-`m-jI
- f
- nse IrXn-Iƒ t\cn´p hmbn°m≥ km[n-°p-∂-h¿ s]mXpth Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°pw. a‰p `mjIfnse Nne t\mh-ep-Itfm sNdp-I-Y-Itfm BflI-Y-Itfm
Hcmƒ ]cn-`m-j-bn-eqsS hmbn-®n-´p-≠m-hmw. CwKvfojv Adn-bp∂h¿ ]cn-`m-jI
- f
- n-eqsS temIkmlnXyw hmbn-°p-∂X
- p-t]mse
lnµn Adnbp-∂-h¿ lnµn ]cn-`m-j-bn-eqsS `mc-Xo-b-km-ln-Xy߃ hmbn-°p-∂p≠v. lnµn Adn-bm-�h
- ВїВ°v kzВҐw `mj-bnse
]cn-`m-j-Iƒ am{X-amWv B{i-bw. F√m `mjm-km-ln-Xy-ßfn¬\n∂pw G‰hpw anI® IrXn-Iƒ am{Xw sXc-s™-Sp�v `mcX-�nse F√m `mj-I-fnepw ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp�n F√m-`m-j-I-fntebpw hmb-\°
- msc `mc-Xo-bk
- m-ln-Xy-�ns‚ alXzw t_m≤ys∏-Sp-�m≥ tI{µ-km-lnXy A°m-Zan Ign™ Iptd°me-ambn
{ian-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p--∂p.
Fв€љm `mc-Xo-b-`mjmkm-ln-Xy-ГџfpsS Ncn-{X-Гџ-sf--В°p-dnВ®pw
hnhn[ kmlnXy{]ÿm-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw ]Tn-°pI A{X Ffp∏tam {]mtbm-Kn-Itam A√. AXn-\m¬, `mc-X-�nse {][m\
`mj-Isf \mep {Kq∏p-I-fmbn Xncn®v B `mj-I-fn¬ \n∂v hnh¿�-\-ambn aebm-f-�n¬ h∂n-´p≈ {]m[-\-s∏´ Nne IrXIn-fpsS k-lm-b-t�msS ]mTy-]-≤Xn \n¿±-in-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. {]mXn-\n[ykz`mh-`m-h-ap≈ IrXn-I-fpsS ]T-\�neqsS hSt° C≥Uy≥ `mj-I-fn-sebpw sXt° C-Uy≥
`mj-I-fn-sebpw kmln-Xy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-ambn a\- nem-°p-hm≥ Hc-hk
- cap≠m-°p-Ib
- mWv `mc-Xo-bk
- m-lnXyw F∂
Cu tImgn-kn-eqsS e£y-am-°p-∂X
- v. GsXв€љmw `mj-If
- n-¬ \n∂v
GsXmsВ° IrXn-If
- mWv ]cn-`m-jI
- f
- mbn h
- ∂
- n-´p-≈s
- X∂v At\zjn®v Is≠-�pI; hni-Z]
- T
- \
- Г�
- n\p \evIn-bn-´p≈ IrXn-If
- psS
]T-\-�n-eqsS `mc-Xo-b-km-ln-Xy-�ns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ a\ n-em-°p-I.
94
bqWn‰v 1
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
`mc-Xo-b`- m-jI
- ƒ ˛ hSt° C≥Uy≥ `mj-Iƒ, sXt°
C≥Uy≥ `mj-Iƒ ˛ C≥tUm Bcy≥ tKm{Xw ˛ {ZmhnUtKm{Xw ˛ Ah-bpsS khn-ti-i-X-Iƒ ˛
C≥Uy≥ `mj-I-fnse \mtSmSnkmln-Xyw ˛ ]q¿∆-Ime-Ih
- n-X, B[p-\n-II
- h
- n-X, \mS-Iw, t\mh¬, sNdp-IY,
KZy-km-lnXyw, Poh-N-cn-{X-km-lnXyw, kmln-Xy-\n-cq]-Ww, _me-km-lnXyw ˛ Ch-sb-°p-dn®p≈ kmam\y-hn-hcw.
bqWn‰v 2
Ak-anb / _wKmfn / Hdnb
Akw F∂ ]Z-�n¬\n∂v cq]w-sIm≠CwKvfojv
]Z-amWv Ak-ao-kv. kwÿm-\-�n\p Akw F∂pw
`mjbv°v Ak-aokv F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. B[p-\nI
C≥tUm˛Bcy≥ `mj-I-fn¬ {]mtZ-in-I-ambn Ingt°
A‰-�p≈XmWv Ak-an-b. Acp-Wm-N¬ {]tZ-i�v
Ht´sd `mjIƒ kwkm- c n- ° p- ∂ - h - c psS CS- b nse
s]mXp-`m-j-bmWv Ak-anb.
_wKm-fn-sebpw AXn-\p- Np-‰p-ap≈ {]tZi--ß-fnsebpw
`mj-bmWv _wKm-fn. D�-tc-¥ybn¬ hym]n-®p-In-S°p∂ C≥tUm Bcy≥ `mjm-tKm-{X-�n¬ (Ak-anb
HgnsI) G‰hpw Ingt° A‰- � p≈ `mj- b mWv
_wKmfn.
Hdo-k-bnse HutZym-KnI`mj-bmWv Hdn-b (H-Un-b).
C≥tUm bqtdm-]y≥ tKm{X-�nse C≥-tUm˛ Bcy≥
D]tKm{X-�nse Ing°≥ imJ-bn¬s∏´ `mj. Hdnb,
_wKm-fn, Ak-anb F∂o `mj-Iƒ tN¿∂ C≥tUm˛
Bcy≥ D]-tKm-{X-�ns‚ Ing-°≥ imJ-bn¬ \n∂v
Hdnb thdn-´p-t]m∂ tij-amWv Ak-an-bnbpw _wKmfnbpw ]ncn-™Xv F∂mWv `mjm-]fi
n-X∑
- mcpsS A`n{]m-bw.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
95
(hni-Z-]-T-\w/ Ak-anb / t\mh¬)
ar-Xyp-RvPbwЛ› hotc-{Вµ-Ip-amВї `Вґm-Nmcy (A-k-anb)
(hn-h¿�\w: ]n. am[-h≥]n≈, Un. kn. _pIvkv, 1982.)
(hni-Z-]-T\w / _wKmfn IhnX)
KoXm-RvPen Л› SmtKmВї
(hnh¿�\w: Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp∏v, Fd-Wm-Ipfw: XneIw, 1959.)
BZys� 10 KoX߃
Izmkn \kp-dp¬ C…mw
1) hn]v-f-h-Imcn 2) ka-Xz-hmZn
3) Bfl-i‡n 4) bpKm-¥-c-KoXw 5) sImSp-¶m‰v
(Izmkn \kvdp¬ C…m-ans‚ Xnc-s™-Sp�
Ihn-X-Iƒ, hnh¿�\w: \neo-\m- F-{_-lmw, k®n-Zm\-µ≥, Xriq¿: tIcf kmlnXy B°m-Z-an, 1976.)
Po_-\m-\-Вµ-Zmkv
1) _\-e-Xm-sk≥ 2) Fhn-sS-t∏mbn?
3) hnNn-{X-amb Hc-�-Imcw 4) kptN-X\
5) Im‰p≈ cm{Xn
(Po-_-\m-\µZmkns‚ Ihn-X-Iƒ, hnh¿�\w:
Aø∏∏-Wn-°¿, Xriq¿: Un. kn. _pIvkv, 2000.)
(hni-Z-]-T\w / _wKmfn / sNdp-IY)
t]mГѓp-am-ГѓВї Л› c_o-{Вµ-\mY SmKqВї
(SmKqdns‚ IY-Iƒ, hnh¿�\w: cmP≥ Xp∆-c,
]q¿W ]_vfn-t°-j≥kv, 2003.)
shdpw IY-b√˛ hn`q-Xn-`q-j¨ aptJm-]m-≤ymb
(Iptd _wKmfn IY-IЖ’, hnhВїГ�\w:
sI. chn-h¿Ω, amXr-`q-an, 2005.)
km[≥ _m_p-hns‚ kwibw ˛ kXy-PnXv dmbv
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
97
96
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
(Plmw-Ko-dns‚ kz¿Æ-\m-W-bw, hnh¿�\w:
cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Abn-cq¿, Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv, 2000.)
t]m´¿ kmhn{Xn _me ˛ _≥^q¬
kvt\l-�n\v Hc-h-Xm-cnI ˛ hna¬I¿
(C-∂s� _wKmfn IY-Iƒ, kam-l-cWw: Acp¨Ipam¿ aptJm-]m-≤ym-b, \yqU¬ln: \mj-W¬ _p°v
{SГѓv, 2000.)
cpZmen Л› alm-iz-Xm-tZhn
(hnh¿�\w: eoem- k ¿°m¿, ]q¿Æ ]_v f n- t °j≥kv, 1995.)
(hni-Z-]-T\w / _wKmfn t\mh¬)
Btcm-Ky-\n-tIX\w˛ Xmcm-¶¿ _m\¿Pn
(hnhВїГ�\w: \neo\m F{_lmw, tImВґbw:
Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 1961.)
(hni-Z-]-T\w / Hdnb IhnX)
{iocm[ Л› cam-IВҐv cYv
(Bdmw Jfiw am{Xw)
(hnh¿�\w: F≥. tKm]m-e-Ir-j v W ≥, ]n. F≥.
\mcm-b-W≥, tImgn-t°mSv: ]q¿Æ ]_vfn-t°-j≥kv,
2006.)
(hni-Z-]-T\w / Hdnb t\mh¬)
inem-]flw ˛ {]Xn-`m-tdmbv
(hnh¿�\w: ]n. am[-h≥]n≈, \yqU¬ln: tI{µ km-lnXy A°m-Z-an, 1960.)
bqWn‰v 3
KpP-dm-�n P\-X-bv°pw `mjbv°pw KpP-dm�n F∂p ]dbpw. B[p-\nI C≥tUm Bcy≥ `mj-I-fn¬ H∂v. Ht´sd tZit`-Z-ß-fp-≠v.
C≥Uybnepw ]mIn- ÿ m- \ nepw kwkm- c n- ° p∂
`mjbmWv ]©m-_n. C≥tUm Bcy≥ `mj-bmb ]©m-_n°v
lnµn-tbmSpw Ddp-Zp-hn-t\mSpw ASp� _�ap≠v.
(hni-Z-]-T\w/ admTn t\mh¬)
lnВµp Л› icВЁIp-amВї enw_msf
(lnµp, ]cn-`mj: Imfn-b�v tZmtam-Z-c≥,
tImВґbw: Un. kn._pIvkv, 2005.)
(hni-Z-]-T\w / admTn \mS-Iw)
kJmdmw _b‚¿ ˛ hnPbv sX≠p¬°¿
(hnh¿�\w: sI. hn. I¿�, tIm´bw: \mj-W¬
_pВ°v ГѓmЖ’, 1990.)
(hniZ]T\w / KpP-dm�n t\mh¬)
shbnepw XWepw ˛ Np\n-em¬ aUnb
(hnh¿�\w: ]n. F≥. `´-Xn-cn, \yqU¬ln:
\mjW¬ _p°v {SÃv, 1993.)
(hni-Z-]-T\w ]©m_n Bfl-I-Y)
h\yqГѓmВєv Л› Aar-Xm-{]oXw
(Aar-Xm-{]oXw, d-h-\yp-ГѓmВєv, hnhВїГ�\w:
sI. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, tIm´bw: Un. kn. _pIvkv, 1984.)
(hni-Z-]-T\w / ]В©m_n sNdpIY)
1) NoВґp-Ifn ioew Л› \m\Iv knwKv
2) AlXzw ˛ I¿�m¬ knwKv Zpc-£¬
3) s\Sp-hoВїв€Џv Л› AarXm-{]oXw
4) I≈n-ap-≈ns‚ DW-ß-nb inJcw ˛ Kp¿Z-bm¬ knwKv
5) Iqe-�n¬ sImSp� \nanjw ˛ APoXv Iu¿
(]©m_n IY-Iƒ ˛ FUn-‰¿ tUm. l¿`-P≥ knwKv
(hnh¿�-I≥: ]n.- sI. aWn, U¬ln: \mj-W¬ _p°v
{SГѓv, 1970.)
admTn / KpP-dm�n / ]©m_n
alm-cmjv{S-bnse `mj. C≥tUm Bcy≥ `mj-If
- n¬ G‰hpw
sXt° A‰-�p≈Xv. a¿lmSn F∂-XmWv ]gb t]cv. P\-ßfpsS t]cmb alm-dm´m / alm-dmTm F∂ ]Z-�n¬ \n∂p-≠bXv.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
99
98
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
(hni-Z-]-T\w / KpP-dm�n sNdp-I-Y-)
1) ]pI-®p-cp-fp-Iƒ ˛ Kpem_vZmkv t{]m°¿ ˛
2) XcnipPohn-X-߃ ˛ ]pjIv¿ N¥-h¿°¿
3) apS-¥\pw IpSn-b\pw ˛ ]∂-em¬ ]t´¬
4) Ccp-´p-ho-gp∂p ˛ Pb¥n Zem¬
5) ]mºm´n ˛ Np\n-em¬ amUnb
(Xcn-ip-Po-hn-X-߃, hnh¿�\w: Zbm-\-µ≥,
Fd-W-m-Ipfw: kmln-Xy- ]-cn-jXv kl-I-c-W-kw-Lw,
1964.)
bqWn‰v 4
hmZn-°p-∂p. tZiy-t`-Z-ß-fn¬ lnµpImivao-cnbpw ap…nwImivaocnbpw {][m-\-am-Wv. Cu t`Z-߃ H∂v kwkvIr-Xo-Ir-Xhpw
at‰Xv t]¿jy-\o-Ir-X-hp-am-Wv. PmXn-t∏-cp-Iƒ tN¿∂n-´p-s≠¶nepw F√m-hn-`m-K-°mcpw c≠ptZiy-t`-Z-ßfpw Dt]m-tbm-Kn°m≥ t]m∂-h-cm-Wv.
(hni-Z-]-T\w/ lnВµn Ihn-X-)
1) I_o-dns‚ tZml-Iƒ ˛ I_o¿Zmkv
(KoXw 1 apX¬ 15 hsc) ˛ I-_o-dns‚ KoX-߃,
]cn-`mj: Iq�m-´p-Ipfw tacn-tPm¨, tIm´bw:
\mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ, 1966.
2) Imam-b\n ˛ Pb-i¶¿ {]kmZv
(Nn�w F∂ `mKw am{Xw)
(hnh¿�\w: hn.-sI. lcn-l-c-\p-Æn-�m-≥, tIm´bw:
Un. kn. _pIvkv, 1995).
3) hoSp-IЖ’ Л› AtвЃ„bv (k-В®n-Zm-\Вµv locm-\Вµv
hm’ym-b≥)
4) XoВ°-Г†mSn Л› tIZmВї\mYv AKВїhmЖ’
5) sIm√m-\m-hn√ ˛ {Xntem-N≥
6) t\Xm-В°tf ВЈanВ°q! Л› cLp-hoВї klmbv
(ka-Im-eo-\ -lnµn IhnX, ]cn-`mj: k®n- Z m- \ - µ ≥,
tImgn-t°mSv: ae-bmfw ]_vfn-t°-j≥kv, 1989.)
(hni-Z-]-T\w / lnВµn sNdp-IY)
Ahƒ ]d-™ncp∂p ˛ N{µ-[¿Ω Kptecn
ih-tВ°mSn Л› t{]wNВµv
]mZ-kcw Л› ssPt\-{Вµ-Ip-amВї
]c-a-kpJw ˛ biv]m¬
s]mXn-t®mdv ˛ taml≥ cmtIjv
hnem-]-bm{X ˛ {ioIm-¥v -h¿Ω
(lnµn IY-Iƒ, kºm-Z-I≥: tUm.\mwh¿ knwKv,
hnh¿�\w: kXy≥, tIm´bw: \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ,
1971.)
lnВµn / DdpZp / Imivaocn
lnµn C≥tUm-˛-bq-tdm-]y≥ tKm{Xw. _olm¿, lcn-bm\,
lnam-N¬ {]tZ-iv, a≤y-{]-tZ-iv, cmP-ÿm≥, D�¿{]-tZiv F∂nhn-S-ß-fn¬ {][m-\-`m-j. U¬ln, ]©m-_v, U°m¨ ˛ F∂nhn-S-ß-fn¬ Nnte-S�v kwkm-c-`mj. C≥-Uy-bn¬ 30 iX-am-\t�mfw BfpI-fpIƒ kwkm-cn-°p-∂p. Ht´sd tZiy-t`-Z-߃
D≠v.
ssk\yw, Iq´w Fs∂ms° A¿∞-ap≈ CwKvfo-jnse Horde
F∂ ]Z-�ns‚ aqe-amb H¿Zp F∂ Xp¿°n ]Z-�n¬ \n∂mWv
D¿Zp D≠mb-Xv. ]e kwkv°m-cß-fpsS kwtbm-P-\-�m¬ `mcX-�n¬�s∂ cq]-s∏´ph∂ `mj-bmWv Ddp-Zp. C≥tUm
Bcy≥ tKm{Xw. F∂m¬, ]Z-tImiw, ssien, kmln-Xy-]m-cº-cyw F∂n-h-bpsS Dd-hnSw at≤yjy, Xp¿°n, t]¿jy F∂nhn- S - ß - f n- e mWv . ap…nw B{I- a - W - � n\ptijw t]¿jy≥
kwkvIm-chpw kwkvIr-X]
- m-cВє
- c
- yhpw IqSn-t®¿∂p≠m-bX
- mWv
Ddp-Zp.
Imivaocn `mjsb \m´p-Im¿ Imip¿ Ft∂m Imin¿
k_m≥ Ft∂m hnfn-°p-∂p. lnµn-bn¬ Imivaocn F∂p ]dbp-∂p. PΩp˛ Imivao¿ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse HutZym-Kn-I-`m-j-bmWv. Imivaocn Zm¿ZnIv h¿§-�n¬s∏´XmWv F∂v Hcp-Ip´cpw
C≥tUm˛ Bcy≥ h¿§-�n¬s∏-´-XmWv F∂v as‰mcp Iq´cpw
100
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
(hni-Z-]-T\w / lnµn t\mh¬ )
cmPy-t{Zmln ˛ bivv]m¬
(hnh¿�\w: ]n. F. hmcn-b¿, Xriq¿: {Ko≥_p-Ivkv,
2005.)
(hni-Z-]-T\w / DdpZp Ihn-X)
1) _mt¶-Zdm, AΩ-bpsS kz]v\w, acn-®-h-tcmSv,
Fs‚ B{K-lw, hmSnb ]q, ˛ CJv_m¬
(AВ©pIhn-X-IЖ’ am{Xw)
(C-Jv_m¬, _mt¶-Z-dm, hnh¿�\w: ]n. Sn.A_vZp-dlvam≥/tUm. ]n. F. Icow, tImgn-t°mSv: C…m-anIv
]_vfn-jnwKv lukv, 2002.)
2) \htemIta A`n-hm-Z-\w Л› Aen kВїZmВї Pm^cn
(cwKw H∂v am{Xw)
(hnh¿�\w: hn. F. tIi-h≥ \ºq-Xncn, \yqU¬ln:
\mj-W¬ _p°v {SÃv, 1989.)
(hni-Z-]-T\w / DdpZp sNdp-I-Y-)
Ih-e-bnse InW¿ ˛ Inj≥ Nµ¿
\nГџ-fpsS ZpxJw F\nВ°p Xcq Л› cmtP-{Вµ-knKv t_Zn
Hcp \nkm-c-kw-KXn Л› CkvaXv NpXvKmbn
(DdpZp sNdp-IYIƒ, \yqU¬ln: \mj-W¬ _p°v
{SГѓv, 1976.)
(hni-Z-]-T\w / DdpZp t\mh-В¬)
A·n-\Zn ˛ Ip¿ AXp¬sF≥ sslZ¿
(hnh¿�\w: Fw. {io[-c-tam-t\m≥, \yqU¬ln:
\mjW¬ _p°v {SÃv, 1971.)
(hni-Z-]-T\w / Imivaocn sNdp-IY)
1) Zo]Iv Iuƒ, cm[m-Ir-jvWs‚ ]q®, (hn-h¿�\w:
hn.Un. IrjvW≥ \ºym¿), amXr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn∏v,
]pkvXIw 52 eВ°w 45 (26 P-\p-hcn 1975).
2) Dtaiv IuЖ’, `mKy-tZmjn (hn-hВїГ�\w s{]m^. BВї.
sN√-∏≥ \mb¿), amXr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, ]pkvXIw
53, eВ°w 45 (25 P\p-hcn 1976).
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
101
3) Ah-Xm¿ IrjvWv dlv_¿, kΩm\w (hn-h¿�\w:
Sn.-F≥. hniz≥), amXr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn∏v ]pkvXIw 54
eВ°w 46 (30 P\p-hcn 1977).
4) lcn-IrjvW Iuƒ, ASp� Znhkw (hn-h¿�\w:
hn.Un. IrjvW≥ \ºym¿), amXr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v,
]pkvXIw 55 eВ°w 46 (29 P\p-hcn 1978).
5) kq^n Kpemw apl-ΩZv, Ij≠n (hn-h¿�\w: tUm.
hniz-\mY AГёВї), amXr-`qan BgvN-в€Џ-Xn-в€Џv, ]pkvXIw
56 eВ°w 45 (28 P\p-hcn 1979).
bqWn‰v 5
Xangv / sXepKp / I∂S
{ZmhnUtKm{X-Г�nse {][m-\-`m-jbmWv Xan-gv.
tXt° C≥Uy, {ioe-¶, kn¶-∏q¿, ate-jy, C≥tUmt\jy ˛ XpS-ß-nb ÿe-ß-fn¬ Xangv {]Nm-c-�n-ep≠v. BZn-{Zm-hn-U-`m-j-bn¬\n∂v kzX-{¥-ambn cq]m¥c-s∏´ `mj-If
- mWv Xan-gv, sXep-Kp, I∂-U, aem-bmfw,
Xpfp XpS-ß-nb sXt° C≥Uy≥`mj-Iƒ. {Zmhn-UtKm-{X-�nse as‰mcp `mj-bmWv sXep-Kp. B{�-Im¿
F∂pIqSn t]cp≈ sXep- ¶ - s c- ° p- d n®v BZy- a mb
kqN\ sFX-tc-b-{_m-“-W-�n-em-Wp-≈-Xv. {ZmhnU`mj-I-fn¬ {it≤b-amb `mj-bmWv I∂U. I¿Wm-SI-kw-ÿm-\s� HutZym-Kn-I-`m-j. Np‰p-ap≈ tIc-fw,
Xan-gv\m-Sv, B{�-{]-tZiv, alm-cmjv{S ˛ F∂n-hn-S-ßfn¬ hen-sbm-cp-hn-`mKw P\-߃ I∂U kwkm-cn°p∂p.
(hni-Z-]-T\w / Xangv IhnX)
1) Xe-ap-Sn-bpsS hmk\ Л› Cssd-b-\mВї
2) A\p-cmKw Л› tZh-Ip-e-Г�mВї
3) FsВҐв€љmw XS-В -ГџЖ’! - Л› ]c-WВї
4) sNΩ-Ænse s]bv�p-sh≈w ˛ sNºp-es
- ∏-b¬ \ocm¿
5) Rß-fpsS {Kmaw ˛ Ip´p-h≥ IÆ≥
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
103
102
(sX-ep-Kp-I-Y-Iƒ, kºm-Z-I¿: ]pcmWw kp{_-“Wyi¿Ω, hmImSn ]fip-cw-K-dmhp, hnh¿�\w: s{]m^k¿ sI. kn. kpIp-am-c≥\m-b¿, \yqU¬ln: \mjW¬ _p°v {SÃv, 1991.)
(hni-Z-]-T\w / sXepKp t\mh¬)
tXmev∏n-°-s∏´ a\p-jy≥ ˛ _en-hmU Im¥-dmhp
(hnh¿�\w: sI. F≥. Zmtam-Z-c≥\mb¿, \yqU¬ln:
\mj-W¬ _p°v {SÃv, 1977.)
(hni-Z-]-T\w / I∂U IhnX)
1) lw]n-bnse ]md-IЖ’ Л› N{Вµ-ti-JcI-ВєВї
2) bp≤w ˛ cma-N-{µ-i¿Ω
3) tXm¬k©n ˛ kn≤-enwK ]´-W-sj´n
4) taL-amВїВ§w Л› FВ®v. Fkv. inh-{]-Imiv
5) FВҐ-Xn-i-b-anXv Л› _n. BВї. eВЈvaВЁ dmhp
(I-∂-S-°-hn-X-Iƒ, ]cn-`mj: ]e¿, Xriq¿: tIcf
kmlnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 1996.)
(hni-Z-]-T\w / I∂U sNdp-IY)
1) AÆ-øs‚ am\-h-imkv{Xw ˛ F. sI. cmam-\p-P≥
2) Dam-]-Xn-bpsS kvtImf¿jn-∏pbm{X ˛ ]n. et¶jv
3) A¶w ˛ s_mfp-hm¿ apl-Ω-Zp-Ip™n
4) Aamk Л› Zh-\qd alm-tZh
(Ccp-]Xp I∂U sNdp-IY
- I
- Ж’, kВєm-ZI
- ¿: Pn. sh¶nS
kp∫-ø, _n. kn. cma-N-{µ-i¿Ω, \yqU¬ln: tI{µkmlnXy A°m-Z-an, 1993.)
(hni-Z-]-T\w / I∂U \mSIw)
lb-h-Z\ Л› Kncojv IВїWmUv
(hnhВїГ�\w: tPmВїPv tPmВЁ, tImВґbw:
Un.kn. _pIvkv, 2000.)
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
(AIw Ihn-X-Iƒ, hnh¿�\w: F≥. hn. IrjvW-hmcnb¿, Xriq¿: tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an, 1981.)
6) hmbp Л› kp{_-^va-Wy-`m-cXn
7) kam-¥-c-tem-I-߃ ˛ ⁄m-\-°q-�≥
8) In\m-hp-Iƒ ˛ hn{I-am-Zn-Xy≥
9) Ah-K-W\ ˛ k¬a
10) AВ·n-{]-thiw Л› I\n-samgn Icp-Wm-\n[n
(]pXp-\m-\qdv, samgn-am‰w: B‰q¿ chn-h¿Ω, Xriq¿:
Id‚ v _pIvkv, 2003.)
(Xan-gnse AIw ]pdw Ihn-X-IЖ’ Л›
XnssW k¶ev]w ˛ Ipdn-©n, ap√, ]me, acp-Xw,
s\bvX¬ ˛ Ch-bpsS s]mcpƒ kmam-\y-ambn a\- nem-°Ww.)
(hni-Z-]-T\w / Xangv t\mh¬)
tP. tP. Nne-Ip-dn-в€Џp-IЖ’ Л› kpВµc-cm-a-kzman
(hnh¿�\w: B‰q¿ chn-h¿Ω, tIm´bw: Un. kn.
_pIvkv, 1998.)
(hni-Z-]-T\w / sXepKp IhnX)
t^mt´m, t`m∏m¬, Iim∏p-Im-c≥, Ihn, AXn¿�n
(5 Ihn-X-IЖ’ am{Xw)
(hc-hc
- d
- m-hp `-hn-jyXv Nn-{X-]S- w, ]cn-`mj: tZi-aw-Kew
cma-Ir-jvW≥, tUm. F≥. `‡-h-’-e-sd-Õn,
tImgn-t°mSv; P\-Io-b -{]-kn-≤o-I-c-WtI-{µw, 1990.)
(hni-Z-]-T\w / sXepKp sNdp-IY)
1) aaXm_�w ˛ {Xn]p-c-t\m\n tKm]o-Nµv
2) hВ©n-bm{X Л› ]me-KpUn ]Zva-cmPp
3) kpJ-ap≈ Im‰v ˛ a[pcm-¥Iw cmPmdmw
4) Xm¶vkv t^m¿Zn ]n.- Fw. ˛ _o\m-tZhn
5) Nmcp-I-tkc Л› {io]Xn
104
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
(hni-Z-]-T\w / I∂U t\mh¬)
kwkvВ°mcw Л› bp. BВї A\-ВҐ-aqВїГ�n
(hnh¿�\w: sI. ]n. i¶-c≥, Un. kn. _pIvkv, 1997
/ 1979).
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’
1) tUm. sI. Fw. tUm¿Pv (U-b-dIvSv¿ & No^v FUn-‰¿),
`mc-Xo-b-km-lnXyNcn{Xw (hmeyw H∂v), Xriq¿:
tIcf kmlnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 1982.
2) tUm. sI. Fw. tPm¿Pv (U-b-dIvSv¿ & No^v FUn-‰¿),
`mc-Xo-b-km-lnXyNcn{Xw (hmeyw c≠v), Xriq¿:
tIcf kmlnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 1983.
3) CS-bm-d-∑pf sI. Fw. hdp-Ko-kv (hn-h¿�-\w),
ka-Im-eo\`mc-Xo-b-km-ln-Xyw, \yqU¬ln: kmlnXy
AВ°m-Z-an, 1964.
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
Masterpieces of Indian Literature (Volume I), Chief Editor:
DR. K.M. George, New Delhi: National Book Trust, 1997.
Masterpieces of Indian Literature (Volume II), Chief Editor:
DR. K.M. George, New Delhi: National Book Trust, 1997.
Masterpieces of Indian Literature (Volume III), Chief Editor:
DR. K.M. George, New Delhi: National Book Trust, 1997.
K. Santhanam (ed.), An Anthology of Indian Literature,
Bombay: Bharatiya Vidyabhavan, 1969.
Sunitikumar Chatterji, Languages and Literature of Modern
India, Calcutta: Bengal Pubishers, 1963.
Prabhakar Machwe, Modernity and Contemporary Indian
Literature, New Delhi: Chetan Publications, 1978.
T. W. Clark (ed.), The Novel in India: Its Birth and Development, London: Allen and Unwin, 1970.
Ram Darasa Misra, Hindi Fiction, Delhi: Bansal, 1983.
Jnaneswar Mishra, Voice Against the Storm: A Brief Survey of
Oriya Fiction, Culcutta: Agradita, 1981.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
105
13) Harbans Singh, Aspects of Punjabi Literature, Frozpur: Bawa
Publishing House, 1961.
14) P. Sundaram Pillai, Some Milestones in Tamil Literature,
Madras: Pioneer Book Service, 1985.
15) T. Rajagopala Rao, A Historical Sketch of Telugu Literature,
New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1984.
106
Code: MAL2E2/8
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л› `mjbpw kmlnXyhpw
B Xan-gvkm-ln-Xyw
(Tamil Literature)
aebmf`m-j-tbmSv G‰hpw ASp� `mj-bmWv Xan-gv. Xangn¬ AXn-{]m-No-\a
- mb kmlnXykº-�p-≠v. Hcp Ime�v tIcf-�n¬ ]e `mK�pw Xangp]cn-⁄m\w ]mWvUn-Xy-�ns‚
Af-hp-tIm-em-bn-cp-∂p.
ae- b m- f - ` m- j - b n¬ X\- X p- k m- l n- X y- ] m- c - º cyw D≠m- b n�o¿∂-tXmsS A\p-{I-a-ambn \ap°v Xan-gpkm-ln-Xy-]-cn-Nbw
A\y-am-bn. F∂m¬, ]e-Im-e-ß-fn-embn ae-bm-f-`m-j-bn¬ XangpIr-Xn-I-fpsS hnh¿�\w D≠m-bn. Xncp-°p-d-fn∂v BZy-ambn
samgn-am‰w D≠m-bXv ae-bm-f-�n-emWv ˛ sF°-c-am-t°m-X-∏Wn-°¿ 1595 ¬ cNn® Xncp-°p-dƒ `mj. XpS¿∂v At\Iw ]cn`mj-Iƒ°v AXv Imc-W-am-bn. Cu \ne-bn¬, ae-bm-f-`mj hgn°p-Xs∂ Xan-gpkm-ln-Xy-�ns‚ Hcp kmam\y]cnNbw t\Smhp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Cu ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂Xv aqe`mj-bn-te°pw
kmln-Xy-�n-te°pw {]th-in-°m-\p≈ tkm]m-\-am-bn-´m-Wv.
bqWn‰v 1
Xan-gns‚ kmam-\ye£-Whpw Xan-gnse e£-W-hn-hc-W-ßfpw ae-bm-f-hp-am-bp≈ kmay-hy-Xymk-߃ ˛
Xan-gns‚ kmam-\y-e-£-W-߃ ˛ ae-bm-f-hp-am-bp≈
kmPm-Xy-ssh-Pm-Xy-ГџЖ’ Л› Xan-gpen]n ]cn-N-bw.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
107
Xan-gns‚ L´-߃ ˛ ]g-¥-an-gv, CS-�-an-gv,
]pXp-Г�-angv.
Xangv \nL-≠p-°ƒ ˛ Xangvt∏cI-cmXn apX¬
XdvIm-e-Г�-an-gI-cmXnhsc. hymI-c-W-Ir-Xn-IЖ’ Л›
sXm¬Im-∏n-bw, \∂q¬, hoc-tNm-gn-bw.
(hniZ]T-\w)
sXm¬Im-∏n-b-�nse "]nd-∏n-b¬' (F-gp-�-Xn-Im-cw)
\∂q¬ "Fgp-�n-b-en'se kq{Xw 72 apX¬ 101 hsc.
hoc-tNm-gnbw "k¥n-∏-S-e'-�nse ImcnI 1 apX¬ 28
hsc Л›
klm-b-{K-Её-ГџЖ’
1) sI. Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿, Xangpw ae-bm-fhpw, ]q¿∆-tI-cf-`mj JWvUw 2. 9, a{Zmkv: aZn-cmin k¿∆-I-em-im-e, 1982.
2) Cfb-s]-cp-amƒ, sXm¬Im-∏nbw (a-e-bmf hymJym-\w),
tIm´bw: \mj-W¬ _p°vkv‰mƒ, 1961.
3) Cf-bs]cp-amƒ, \∂q¬ (1967) ˛ (kz¥w {]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww)
4) Cf-b-s]-cp-amЖ’, ho-c-tNm-gnbw, Xncp-h-\ВҐ-]pcw: kzman
_p°v sk‚¿, 1977.
5) Introduction, Xan-gvtв€Џ-c-I-cmXn hmfyw 1 (1924, 1982) (Tamil
Lexican 1Л›6, 1924-Л›1939)
6) sI. Fw. tPmВїPv, Xan-gvkm-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw, XriqВї: tIc-f km-lnXy AВ°m-Zan, 1977.
7) AI-cm-Xn-]-b≥]-Sp-�pD-Xhpw Ipdn∏pIƒ˛ XdvIm-e-X-angv
AI-cmXn, {InЛ›A, a{Zm-kv, 1992.
8) S. V. Shanmugam, �Malayalam in Dravidian’, History of
Malayalam Language, (ed.) K. M. Prabhakaravarar, Madras:
University of Madras, 1985.
108
bqWn‰v 2
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
]g-ВҐ-an-gvkm-lnXyw:
1. ]Xn‰p-∏�v ˛ Ca-b-h-c-º≥ s\SpwtNc-emXs\-∏-‰nbp≈ c≠mw ]�v.
(]cn-`mj: Pn. ssh-Zy-\m-Y-ГёВї, XriqВї: tIc-f km-lnXyAВ°m-Z-an, 1961.)
2. AIw IhnXIƒ (]cn-`mj: F≥. hn. IrjvW-hm-cnb¿, Xriq¿: tIc-f- km-lnXy A°m-Z-an, 1961.
(hni-Z-]-T-\-w)
(1) sNΩ-Ænse s]bv�p-sh≈w
(2) A]-hmZw
(3) sImSp-Гџ-в€љq-cnse {]-Xna
(4) ImВ°-bvВ°p-_en
(5) hВїjm-cw`w
3. Ipdp-sВҐmI
(]cn-`mj: sI. F≥. Fgp-�-—≥, Xr-i¿: tIc-f-kmlnXyA°m-Z-an, 1999.)
(hni-Z]T\w)
(1) sN¶m¥ƒ
(2) h≠n-t\mSv
(3) {Kmaw kpJnВ°sВґ
(5) `mKy-h-Xn-IЖ’
(5) ]Tn-®-I-≈�n
4. ]pd\m-∂qdv
(]cn-`mj: hn. B¿. ]cta-iz-c≥]n≈, Xriq¿: tIc-fkm-lnXy A°m-Z-an, 1969.)
(hni-Z-]-T-\w)
(1) s]-cn-t©m-‰p-Xn-b≥ tNc-em-X-s\-∏‰n (]p. 2-˛3)
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
109
(2) ]msse ]mSnb s]cpw-I-Spw-tIm-hn-s\-∏‰n
(]p. 15Л›16)
(3) ]В¬bm-IN
- msse apXp-°p-Sp-an-s∏cp hgp-Xn-sb-∏‰n
(]p. 17)
(4) tIms∏cp\¿In≈n Icp-hq-cnSw
sN¬hm-ss\-°≠p (]p. 18)
(5) s\SpwsNgn-b-s\-∏‰n (]p. 29-˛29)
5. ]Г�p-в€ЏmВґv
(]cn-`mj: ta-e-ß-�p-\m-cm-b-W≥ Ip´n, Xriq¿:
tIc-f-km-lnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 2000.)
(hni-Z]-T-\w)
"Xncp-ap-cp-Im-‰p-∏S' (19-˛53)
6. Xncp-В°p-dЖ’
(]cn-`mj: F-kv. cta-i≥\m-b¿, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
{SГѓv ]-ВЄn-tj-gvkv, 1998.)
Adw-]m¬ A[n-Im-c-߃:
(1) IS-hpƒ hmgv�p
(2) hm≥Nn-d∏v
(3) \o�m¿s]-cpssa
(BsI 30 Ipd-fp-IЖ’)
klm-b-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) Cfw-Ipfw Ip™≥]n-≈-, Xnc-s™-Sp-�-Ir-Xn-Iƒ,
Xncp-h-\-ВҐ-]]pcw: tIc-f-kВїh-I-em-im-e, 2005.
(Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ teJ-\-߃:)
(1) tIcfw kwL-Im-e�v (]p. 9-˛18)
(2) Xan-gv®¶w (]p. 33-˛37)
(3) kwL-km-lnXyw (]p. 38-Л›45)
(4)kwL-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS Imew (]p. 46-Л›57)
110
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
(5)Ifhpw IВїв€Џw (]p. 63-Л›99)
(6)BZn-tN-c-∑m¿ (]p. 135-˛159)
2) L. V. Ramaswami Aiyar, �Pictures of Ancient Kerala Life’,
Bulletin of RVRI Vol. 57, Trichur: 1949.
3) Xncp-°p-dƒ, (c-ta-i≥ \mb-cpsS hymJym\-�n¬ tN¿�
Bap-Jw Л› hn. hn\m-b-I-s]-cp-amЖ’)
4) Xncp-°p-dƒ ae-bm-f-�n¬, (c-ta-i≥ \mb-cpsS hymJym-\�n¬ tN¿�Xv 1998) ˛ h´-∏-d-ºn¬ tKm]n-\m-Y-]n≈.
5) {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns‚ Xncp-°p-dƒ`mj, io-\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp-hns‚ kºq¿Æ-Ir-Xn-Iƒ ˛ (kam-l-c-Ww, hymJym\w:
Sn. `mkvI-c≥), tImgn-t°mSv: amXr-`q-an- _pIvkv, 1894.
6) BapJw˛ Xncp-°p-dƒ, hnh¿�\w: shÆn-°p-fw- , tIm´bw:
\mj-W¬ _p-IvÃmƒ, 1957.
7) cmL-h≥ Xncp-ap¬∏m-Sv, Xncp-°p-d¬ `mhw, Xr∏q-Wn-�p-d:
{]-Im-inI "{]nb", 2003.
8) sI. Pn. N{Вµ-ti-Jc
- ≥\m-b¿, Xncp-°p-dƒ (k-ºq¿Æ`m-jyw),
Un.- kn. -_pВ°vkv, 2002.
bqWn‰v 3
CS-Г�-an-gvkm-lnXyw
1. "th´p-h-cpsS Iq�v"˛ h©n-Im-JWvUw
Nne-∏-Xn-Imcw ˛ ]Zy-]-cn-`mj, Fkv. cta-i≥\mb¿,
Xriq¿: tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan, 1992 (H∂mw ]Xn∏v
1978), ]p. 345-Л›353.
2. "tZh-In-bpsS ZpxJw, Ggmw-Xn-cp-samgnЛ›
s]cp-amƒsamgn ˛ ]cn-`mj: ]pXp-t»cn cma-N-{µ≥,
XriqВї: Un.-kn. _pIvkv, 2001, ]p. 57-Л›62.
3. `‡n-Imhyw, hnh¿�\w. B‰q¿ chn-h¿Ω, U¬ln:
tI{Вµkm-lnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 2004.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
111
Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Ihn-X-Iƒ:
(1) Xncp-h-В©n-В°pfw (]p. 117-Л›120)
(2) ]√m-≠p-hm-gv�¬ (]p. 233-˛235)
(3) shÆ-Ir-jvW≥ (]p. 244-˛247)
(4) Xncp-hn-Г�-tВ°mSv (]p. 274Л›276)
(5) Xncp-h-в€љ-hmgv (]p. 326-Л›327)
(6) Xncp-h≥h-≠q¿ (]p. 353-˛354)
(7) Xncphmd≥apf (]p. 360-˛361)
(8) Xncp-s®-ß-∂q¿ (]p. 363-˛364)
(9) XrВ°m-В°c (]p. 371-Л›372)
(10) Xncpaq-gn-В°pfw (]p. 373-Л›374)
(11) Xncp-\m-hmb (]p. 375-Л›376)
(12) Xncp-h\ВҐ-]pcw (]p. 377-Л›378)
4. Xncp-∏mssh, {io B≠mƒ IrXn-Iƒ ˛ hnh¿�\w:
D≈q¿ ]c-ta-iz-c≥, tIm´bw: I-d‚ v _pIvkv, 2006.
(B-Zys� ]�p ]mkpcw)
5. Nm]`RvP\w, I-Вє-cm-am-b-Ww, ]cn-`mj: Fkv. sI.
\mb¿ tIm´bw F≥_n-F-kv, 1971.
klm-bI-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1. Cf-t¶m-h-Sn-Iƒ Nne-∏-Xn-Imcw, ]p-\-cm-Jym-\w: ]m¿hXn
AΩmƒ tIm´bw: Un. kn. _pIvkv, 2007 (1996).
2. Fw. hc-Z-cm-P≥, Cf-t¶m-h-Sn-Iƒ, U¬ln: tI{µkm-lnXy
AВ°m-Z-an, 1973.
3. "ap∂pc" ˛ A. A. aW-hm-f≥ (B-‰q-cns‚ `‡n-Imhyw
hnh¿�-\-�ns‚ Bap-Jw)
4. Ah-Xm-cnI, F≥.- hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿, Xncp-∏mssh,
hn-h¿�-\-hpw hymJym-\hpw: D-≈q¿ ]-c-ta-iz-c≥, 1986.
5. th-Wp-tKm-]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿, Xncp-∏m-sshbpw ]g-b-a-e-bm-fhpw,
`m-jm-temIw, tImВґbw: Un. kn.-_p-Ivkv, 2006.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
113
112
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
6 Pn. h≥ao-In-\m-Y≥, amWn°hmN-I¿, hnh¿�\w:
F≥. hn. IrjvWh
- m-cn-b¿, U¬ln: kmln-Xy-A°
- m-Za
- n, 1979.
7 "`mjm-I-Вє-cm-am-b-W-Г�n-s\m-cm-apJw', (F-kv. sI. \mbВї
cNn® Nm]-`wKw, I-º-cm-am-b-Ww), tIm´bw: F≥. _n.
Fkv, 1971.
bq-Wn‰v 4
]pXp�angv KZyw
1. ]Xn-aq∂p Xan-gv I-Y-Iƒ, hnh¿�\w. Sn. t{]am-\-µIp-am¿, tIm´bw: Un. kn. _pIvkv.
bqWn‰v 5
6) Ravikumar & R. Azhagarasan (ed.), The Oxford India Anthology of Tamil Dalit Writing, New Delhi: University Press, 2012.
(7) Cfw-\-c ˛ Ime kp{_-“-Wy≥
(8) \n≥ ho´n¬ ˛ Pb-tam-l≥
(9) Fs‚ hoSv ˛ I\n-samgn
(10) ssaem©n ˛ F®v. kn. dkq¬
(11) {^m¶v-^¿´v \K-c-�nse cm{Xn ˛
hn.sF.Fkv. Pb-]m-e≥
(12) Fs‚ \mSv ˛ tNc≥
(13) C∂se sshIp-t∂cw
R߃ ChnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂p ˛ Fw. F. \p“m≥
(14) XS-hp-Imcn Л› Kucn
(15) CS-bn¬ Hcp \mƒ ˛ D¿hin
klm-b-I{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) cmP-am¿�m-WvU≥, Xan-gnse ]pXp-°-hnX ˛ Hcp B-ap-J]-cn-Nbw B-‰q¿; ]pXp\m\qdv hnh¿�-\w: B‰q¿ (2004).
2) Xan-gvkm-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw, hnhВїГ�\w: arZp-e, hmk-ВҐn,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tI-c-f- `m-jm- C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 1974.
3) ap. hc-Z-cm-P≥, Xan-gvkm-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw, hnh¿�\w:
ta-e-ß�v \mcm-b-W≥Ip-´n, U¬ln: tI{µ-km-lnXy
AВ°m-Z-an, 2000.
4) Fkv. ]n. tkXp-∏n≈, `mc-Xn-bm-cpsS Km\-am-[pcyw
(Bap-J -]-T-\w), `mc-Xn-bpsS Ihn-X-IЖ’, ]cn-`mj:
shÆn-°pfw, 1962.
5) Xan-gI
- sв€ЏВЁI-hn-XI
- Ж’, hnhВїГ�\w: kaoc, tImgn-tВ°mSv:
am-Xr-`q-an -_p-Ivkv, 2005.
]pXp-Г�-angv Л› IhnX:
1. `mc-Xo-bm-cpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ ]cn-`mj: shÆn-°pfw
tKm]m-e°pdp∏v, tIm´bw; \m-j-W¬ _p°v-Ãmƒ,
1962.
Xmsg-∏d-bp∂ Ihn-X-Iƒ:
(1) htВµ-am-Xcw (]p. 33-Л›34)
(2) sNВҐ-an-gv\mSv (]p. 48-Л›50)
(3) tamN\w (]p. 64-Л›65)
(4) alm-flm-Km-�n-]-©Iw (]p. 87-˛88)
(5) ]pXnb djy (]p. 91-Л›92)
(6) \µ-_m-e≥ (]p. 208)
(7) t]-Sn-bnв€љ (]p. 123-Л›124)
(8) inip-Km\w (]p. 137-Л›140)
(9) IÆ-Ω-˛-F≥ Ip´n (]p. 174-˛175)
(10) IÆ≥ ˛Fs‚ Ifn-∏n≈ (]p. 176)
2. ]pXp-\m-∂qdv, hnh¿�\w: B‰q¿ chn-h¿Ω, Xriq¿:
I-d‚ v _pIvkv, 2003.
Xmsg-∏d-bp∂ Ihn-X-Iƒ:
(1) Im‰p]´w ˛ \. ]n®aq¿�n
(2) Nne¿ ˛ \Ip-e≥
(3) A_-≤-am-bn ˛ kpµ-c-cm-a-kzman
(4) AΩ-bpsS \pW-Iƒ ˛ ⁄m\-°q-�≥
(5) _p≤s\ ad∂ C-Sw ˛ ]g-ae
(6) t]-cn-se¥v? ˛ \oe-]-Zva-\m-`≥
114
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
2. Pb-Im-¥≥, Nne-t\-c-ß-fn¬ Nne-a-\p-jy¿, U¬ln:
\m-j-W¬ _pIv {SÃv, 1976.
3. tXm∏n¬ apl-Ω-Zvao-cm≥, Iq\≥tXm∏v, sNß-∂q¿:
sd-bv≥t_m -_pIv ]ªnt°-j≥kv 2003.
4. "kaqlw' F∂ JWvUw. (5 sNdnb teJ-\-߃),
`mc-Xo-bm-cpsS KZy-Ir-Xn-IЖ’, hnhВїГ�\w: Fkv. sI.
\mb¿, U¬ln: \mjW-¬ _pIv {S-Ãv, 1975, ]p. 75˛84.
5) sshВ°w ka-c-N-cn{Xw, s]cn-bmВї C. hn. cma-kzm-anbpsS Xnsc-sв„ў-Sp-Г�-Ir-Xn-IЖ’-Л›1, hnhВїГ�\w:
Pn. Pb≥, U¬ln: C-¥y≥ CukvsX-‰nIv
]ВЄn-tj-gvkv, 1994, ]p. 86-Л›109.
klm-bI-{K-Её-ГџЖ’
1) tUm. sI.-Fw. tPm¿Pv (Ub-dIvSv¿ & No^v FUn-‰dv), `mcXo- b - k m- l n- X y- N - c n{Xw (hmeyw H∂v ) , Xriq¿: tIcf
kmlnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 1982. (]pdw 25-Л›28, 89Л›96, 216-Л›232, 386Л›397, 540-Л›546, 684-Л›693 t\mВ°p-I.)
2) tUm. sI.-Fw. tPm¿Pv (Ub-dIvSv¿ & No^v FUn-‰dv), `mcXo- b - k m- l n- X y- N - c n{Xw (hmeyw c≠v ) , Xriq¿: tIcf
kmlnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 1983. (]pdw 64-Л›75, 188-Л›197, 307-Л›314, 404Л›410, 502, 573-Л›578 t\mВ°p-I.)
(B\p-Im-en-Iw)
thWp-tKm]me-∏-Wn-°¿, ka-Im-en-I-X-an-gvkm-lnXyw,
kmln-Xy-temIw, ]pkvXIw 22 eВ°w 6; ]pkvXIw 23 eВ°w
1 / (1997, 1998), XriqВї: tIc-f-km-lnXy AВ°m-Z-an.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Code: MAL2E2/8
115
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л› `m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
C A\p-I-ev]\w
(Adaptation)
hnh¿�\]T\ßfpsS hnImkamWv A\pIev]\w F∂
imJsb {]XnjvTn°p∂Xv. tdma≥ bmt°m_vk¨ Nn”m¥chnh¿�\w F∂v hnfn® Cu imJ Hmtcm Iemcq]�ns‚bpw
X\XpNn”ßfnte°v as‰mcpNn”hyhÿbnep≈ Bib߃ ssIamdp∂Xns\°pdn®mWv {]Xn]mZn°p∂Xv. IqSnbm´w,
IYIfn XpSßnbhbpsS cwKmhXcW�n\p≈ \n¿t±i߃
tIcf�ns‚ A\pIev]\ ]mcºcy�ns‚ sXfnhpIfmWv.
IYb√ B´amWv Imcysa∂ IYIfnbpsS Z¿i\w CXns\
]n¥pWbv°p∂p. `mjbpsSbpw IemkmlnXyßfpsSbpw
X\Xpkzcq]ßsf°pdn®v Bg�nep≈ [mcWIƒ ]Icm≥
Cu tImgvkv klmbIamIpw.
bqWn‰v 1
hnhВїГ�\w
hnh¿�\w ]p\¿krjvSn ˛ hnh¿�\w kwkv°mcßfpsS ssIam‰w ˛ hnh¿�\�n\v tdma≥ bmt°m_vk¨ \evInb hn`P\w ˛ C≥{SmenwKz¬, C‚¿enwKz¬, C‚¿koantbm´nIv ˛ Htc`mjbn¬�s∂bp≈ hnh¿�\w ˛ hyXykvX`mj-Iƒ X-Ωn-ep≈
hnh¿�\w ˛ Nn”m¥chnh¿�\w ˛ A\pIev]\w
Л› hymJym\w, ]p\krjvSn, kwKrloX]p\cmJym\w,
116
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
A\pIcWw. kmlnXyw, ZriyIe, {ihyIe Л›IhnXmem]\w, IYIfn, kn\na, Snhn, tdUntbm \mSIw,
Nn{XoIcWw Л›
BВґ{]Imchpw {IaZo]nIbpw (kmam\y]cnNbw)
bqWn‰v 2
Xp≈¬, B´°Y, ]mTIw, Iq�v ˛cwKmhXcW߃
A\pIev]\sa∂ \nebn¬ ˛- \fNcnXw Hm´≥Xp≈¬
˛ Ip©≥ \ºym¿ -˛ \fNcnXw B´°Y (H∂mw Znhkw) ˛ DÆmbnhmcnb¿, alm`mcX�nse \tfm]mJym\hpambn LS\m]camb XmcXayw. kmlnXycq]�n¬ {]Xn^en°p∂ cwK{]tbmK]camb khntijXIƒ. (B´{]Imc\n¿t±ißfpambn _�n∏n®v
]TnВ°Ww.)
bqWn‰v 3
\mSIhpw t\mhepw ˛ imIp¥fw˛ Xncps\√q¿ IcpWmIc≥. ˛ imIp¥tfm]mJym\hpambp≈ XmcXayw.
e¶me£van ˛ kn.F≥. {ioIWvT≥ \mb¿.
cmambWIYbpambp≈ XmcXayw.
C∂es� ag˛ F≥. taml\≥ ˛ sFXnlyhpambp≈
BJym\]camb hyXymkw.
C\n Rm\pdßs´ ˛ ]n.sI. _meIrjvW≥ ˛
alm`mcXIYbpambp≈ BJym\]camb
hyXymkw.
bqWn‰v 4
IhnXbpw kwKrloX]p\cmJym\hpw -Л›
s]cp¥®≥ ˛ Pn. i¶c°pdp∏v (sFXnlyhpambn
LS\m]cambpw BJym\]cambpw h¿Æ\m]cambpap≈ hyXymkßfpw addp IhnXIfpambp≈ XmcXayhpw ˛ Xnc°Ybpambpw XmcXayw BhiyamWv.)
X®s‚ aI≥˛ sshtem∏n≈n
X®s‚ aIƒ ˛ hnPbe£van
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
117
]qXв€ЏmВґvЛ› CStВ»cn
Ip‰hpw in£bpw˛ (ZkvXtbmhvkvIn) s{]m^. Un.
X¶∏≥ \mb¿, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvvkv 2000.
amen `mcXw Л› amen
`mcX]cyS\w Л› IpВґnIrjvWamcmВї
bqWn‰v 5
XncВ°Ybpw kn\nabpw -Л›
s]cp¥®≥˛ Fw.Sn.
A]c≥˛ ]flcmP≥
ImВ°IЖ’ (t{Imkv)
Ipdtkmhm ({Uowkv) Л›
hm≥tKmKv Nn{Xßfpw Nn{XßfpsS kn\nam
{]tbmKhpw ˛Nn”imkv{X]camb hniIe\w ˛
klmbI{KЕёГџЖ’:
1) Bluestone, George, Novels into Film, Baltimore: The Johns
Hopkins Press, 1957.
2) Boyum, Joy Gould, Double Exposure : Fiction Into Film.
Calcutta: Seagull Books, 1989.
3) Metz, Christian, (Tr.) Michael Taylor, Film Language: A
Semiotics of Cinema. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.
4) Richardson, Robert, Literature and Film, London: Indiana University Press 1969.
5) Sinyard, Neil, Filming Literature : The Art of Screen
Adaptation. London and Sidney: Groom Helm, 1986.
6) Iravati Karve, Yuganta – The End of An Epoch, Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 2007 (1969).
6) Abva\w IrjvW-ssВ°-aЖ’, BВґ-В°-Ym-km-lnXyw,
Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v.
7) F. Bdns‚ \f-N-cn-X-]-T-\w, Im¥m-c-Xm-cIw˛ hymJym-\�ns‚ BapJw
118
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
ASq¿ tKm]meIrjvW≥, kn\nabpsS temIw.
Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v, 1988.
Fw. tXmakv amXyp, CXn-lm-k-]-T-\-ГџЖ’-Л›-`m-c-X-]-cy-S-\w,
amcmcv-˛ emh-Wym-\p-`-h-�ns‚ bp‡n-in-ev]w,
tIc-f-km-lnXy AВ°m-Zan, 2006, ]pdw 114Л›139.
BВї.hn.Fw. Znhm-Ic
- ≥, IYbpw Xnc-°Y
- b
- pw, tImgn-tВ°mS:v
Hen-hv, 2005.
a[p Cdh¶c, aebmf kn\nabpw kmlnXyhpw, tIm´bw:
Un. kn. _pIvkv, 1999.
Fw. Sn. hmkptZh≥ \mb¿, FwSnbpsS Xnc°YIƒ
(Bdp hmey-ГџЖ’), tImВґbw: Un. kn. _pIvkv, 2011.
Fw. ]n. i¶p-Æn-\m-b¿, \mSy-a-WvU-]w, tImgn-t°mSv:
amXr-`qan, 1987.
kp[mhmcnb¿, A\pIev]\�ns‚ B´{]Imcw. tIm´bw:
Id‚ v _pIvkv, 2001.
tUm. aocm am¿t°mkv, cLphwiw a≤yImehymJym\
]T\ГџЖ’ (Dt]mZvLmXw), 2005.
Pn. ]n. cma-N-{µ≥, temI-kn-\nambm-{X-Iƒ, tImgn-t°mSv:
eoUv _pIvkv, 2012.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Code: MAL2E2/8
119
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л› `m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
D \ho-\-I-hnX
(New Poetry)
1960˛Itfm-Sp-IqSn ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy�n¬ s]mXpth {]Xy£-amb {]h-W-X-bmWv \ho-\-X. Ihn-X-bn¬ am{X-a-√, F√m
kmln-Xy-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fnepw \ho-\X {]-I-S-am-bn. ]mc-ºcys�
]q¿Æ-ambpw X≈n-°-f-bmsX AXns‚ Du¿÷w kzoI-cn-®psIm≠v Hcp am‰w Ihn-Iƒ B{K-ln-®p. ]m›m-Xy-I-hn-X-bn¬
kw`-hn® ]co-£-W-ßfpw am‰-ßfpw ae-bm-f-I-hn-Isf {]tNmZn-∏n-°p-Itbm kzm[o-\n-°p-Itbm sNbvXp.
"Ipcp-t£{Xw' {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-�p-∂-Xn\papºp Xs∂ ae-bmf-I-hn-X-bn¬ \ho-\-X-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ {]Xy£-am-bn-�pS-ß-n-bn-cp-∂p. Imev]-\n-I-X-tbm-sSm∏w IS∂ph∂ Imev]-\n-Ibm-Ym-XYyXbpw k-Xym-t\z-jW
- hpw ae-bm-fI
- h
- n-Xsb khn-tij-amb Hcp am\-�n-te°p \bn-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-am-bn-cp-∂p.
]m›m-Xy-Ih
- n-Xb
- p--ambn \nc-¥cw _-�s∏-´ ae-bmfIhn-If
- psS
NnВҐ-bnepw cN-\m-amВїВ§-Гџf
- nepw Hcp IpX-d¬ kw`-hn-®p. ]m›mXy-I-hn-X-sb A\p-I-cn-°pIb√, ]m›m-Xy-I-hn-X-bpsS A¥ � Dƒs°m-≈pIbpw ae-bm-f-�ns‚ kmlNcy�n¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v am‰-�n\pth≠n {]h¿�n-°pI-bp-amWv sNbvXXv.
]gb Ae-В¶-cГџfpw {]tbm-KГџfpw Imhy-co-Xn-Ifpw ]mtS amdn;
_nw_-ßfpw {]Xo-Ißfpw B¿°n-ssS-∏p-Ifpw an�p-Ifpw IhnX-sb IqSpX¬ kzm[o-\n-°m≥ XpS-ßn. IhnXbpsS `mj-bnepw
ssien-bnepw Akm-[m-c-W-amb am‰-amWv kw`-hn-®-Xv. aqey-Nyp-
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
121
120
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Xn-tbm-Sp≈ {]XnI-c-Ww, hy‡n-]-c-tXmbpSp≈ B`n-ap-Jyw,
_nw_-ßfpw {]Xo-I-ßfpw sNep-�nb kzo[o\w ˛ CsXms°-bmWv \ho-\-I-hn-X-bpsS ]T-\s� Bg-�n-te°p \bn°p-∂-Xv.
IhnX aq¿�-Po-hn-Xm-hnjv°mcw km[n-°msX ]n¥n-cn-∏\pw ipjv°hpw hmssKz-Nn-{Xy-hn-e-kn-Xhpw Bbn amdn-bn--cn-°p∂p F∂p Nne \ncq-]-I¿ ]cm-Xn-s∏--´p. CtX kµ¿`-�n¬�s∂ ]pXnb `mh-afi
e
- Гџ
- s
- fbpw Bhn-jvВ°m-ccq-]Гџ
- s
- fbpw
hni-I-e\w sNøp-Ibpw hne-bn-cp-�p-Ibpw sNøp∂ At\zjW-]-T-\-ßfpw \S-°p∂p≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xbn¬ kw`-hn® am‰ßsfbpw ]co-£-W-ßsfbpw Ncn-{X-ho-£-W-t�msS a\- n-em-°p-I; Kuc-h-]q¿Æamb ]mcm-b-W-�n-te°pw ]T-\-ß-fn-te°pw At\z-j-W-ß-fnte°pw Xncn-bpI; ]pXnb kwth-Z-\-£-a-X, ]pXnb Xmf-e-b߃, ]pXnb `mjm-ssi-en-Iƒ, Xmfm-fl-Ihpw `mh{]-Im-i-Ihp-amb hmIy-c-N-\m-co-Xn-Iƒ ˛ Chsbms° hna¿i-\-_p-≤ntbmsS a\- n-em-°pI F∂-XmWv \ho-\I-hn-X-bpsS ]T-\wsIm-≠v e£y-am°p∂-Xv.
bqWn‰v 1
hntВЈm-`I
- c
- a
- mb `mh-߃ ˛ H∂nepw hniz-mk
- a
- n-в€љmbva,
]e-X-c-�n-ep≈ `oXn, s]m≈-bmb hmKvZm-\ßtfm-
bqWn‰v 2 / bqWn‰v 3
9) James Reeves, Understanding Poetry, London: Pan Books, 1965.
10) Irving Howe, Literary Modernism, New York: A Fawcett
Premier Book, 1967.
Fen-Iƒ ˛ F≥. hn. IrjvW-hm-cnb¿
]mXm-f-�ns‚ apg°w ˛ F≥. F≥. I°mSv
Incm-X-hr�w˛ IS-Ω-\n´
`kvam-kp-c≥ ˛ sNdn-bm≥ sI. sNdn-bm≥
klmbI{KЕёГџЖ’:
1) Fw.-hn. tZh≥, tZh-kv]-µ\w, tIm´bw: Un. kn. _pIvkv,
1999.
2) I°m-Sns‚ Ihn-X-Iƒ (I-hn-X-Ifpw Ah-Xm-cn-Ifpw),
tImgn-tВ°mSv: amXr-`qan, 2011.
3) I°m-Sv, "Poh-N-cn-{X-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ' F∂ kam-lm-c-�n\v
I°mSv Fgp-Xnb apJ-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ (A-\p-_�w ˛H-∂v), Aø∏-�ns‚ Ihn-X-Iƒ, ipI-]pcw: h≈-t�mƒ hnZym-]o-Tw,
2010.
4) {]k-∂-cm-P≥, tIc-f-I-hn-X-bnse Ienbpw Nncnbpw,
tIm´bw: \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ, 1992.
5) F≥. F≥. I°m-Sv, Ihn-Xbpw ]mc-º-cy-hpw, ipI-]pcw:
h≈-t�mƒ hnZym-]o-Tw, 1984.
(6) Fw. apIp-µ≥, F¥mWv B[p-\n-I-X, tImgn-t°mSv: ]q¿W
]ªn-t°-j≥kv, 2006 (1976).
7) Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿, Ipcp-t£{Xw 2000, tIm´bw: Un. kn.
_pIvkv, 2000.
(Ip-cp-t£{Xw F∂ Ihn-X, AXn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-߃,
CwKvfo-jv, lnВµn, Xan-gv, {^В©v, kv]m\njv hnhВїГ�-\Гџ
- Ж’Л›)
8) tUm. Fw. eoem-h-Xn, ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw,
XriqВї: tIcf kmln-Xy AВ°m-Z-an, 1996 (1980).
aem-b-f-Г�nse \ho-\-{]-h-W-X-I-fpsS thcp-IЖ’ Л›
]m›mXyIhn-X-bnse \ho-\-{]-h-W-X-I-fpsS kzm[o
\w ˛ IhnX ]pXnb `mh-X-e-�n-te°v ˛ hy‡-amb
eВЈy-t_m-[w, hni-Z-amb Pohn-X-ho-ВЈ-Ww, kuВµ-cymc
- m-[\
- , `qX-Im-et- �m-Sp≈ BZ-chv˛]pXnb IhnX ]mcº-cys� \ntj-[n-°p-∂n√ ˛ F∂m¬, ]mc-º-cys�
apt∂m´p \bn-°m-\\
- p-hZ- n-°m� bmYm-ÿn-IXzt�mSp≈ FXn¿∏v ˛ Xocp-am-\n-®p-d® {]tab-ßtfm hnjb-ßtfm A√, X߃°p Xs∂ Ahy-‡hpw k¶o-¿Æ-hp-am- b `mh-{K-Ÿn-Isf Is≠-�p-∂p ˛ Hmtcm IhnXbpw hyXy-kvXw ˛
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
Ipcp-t£{Xw ˛ Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿
aWn-b-d-bn-te°v ˛ am[-h≥ Aø∏�v
122
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Sp≈ cq£-{]Xn-Ic
- Ww, bm{ВҐn-I]
- c
- n-jI
v- m-cßtfm-Sp≈
FXn¿∏v ˛ Krlm-Xp-c-X ˛ Xs∂-�s∂ At\z-jn®p
Is≠-�m-\p≈ {iaw, GtXm A⁄m-X-i-‡n-bpsS
km∂n≤yw ˛
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
taL-cq-]≥ ˛ B‰q¿ chn-h¿Ω
hoSp-am‰w ˛ k®n-Zm-\-µ≥
{]`m-X-h-Вµ\w
˛ Fw. F≥. ]meqcv
Znhy-Zpx-J-�ns‚ \ng-en¬˛ B¿. ca-N-{µ≥
aÆns‚ ZpxJw ˛ Imhmew \mcm-b-W∏Wn°¿
Kk¬ ˛ _me-N{µ≥ Np≈-n°mSv
_wKmƒ ˛ sI. Pn. i¶-c-∏n≈
cm{Xn ˛ Un. hn\-b-N-{µ≥
t_m[n ˛ ]g-hnf cta-i≥
Assl-Вµhw
Л› bqkp-^en tItВ®cn
klmbI-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) sI. kn.- \m-cm-b-W≥, "kly-s\-°mƒ Xe-s∏m-°w';
Fw. KwKm-[c-- ≥, "Bg-�ns‚ Xmfw', B‰q¿ chn-h¿Ω-bpsS
Ihn-X-IЖ’, tImВґbw: Un. kn.- _p-Ivkv, 1999 (1995).
2) k®n-Zm-\-µ≥, "Ihn-X-bpsS _lp-kz-c-X-˛-_m-e-N-{µs‚
temI-߃', _me-N-{µ≥ Np≈n-°m-Sns‚ Ihn-X-Iƒ,
tImВґbw: Un. kn.- _pIvkv, 2000.
3) tUm. ]n. sI. cmP-tiJ-c≥, shfn-hns‚ kq£va-{ip-Xn,
sI. Pn. i¶c-∏n-≈-bpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ, tIm´bw: Un. kn.
_pIvkv, 1997.
4) sI. Fkv. \mcm-bW]n-≈˛"A©p-kq-cys‚ Ah-Xm-cn-I';
\tc-{µ-{]-kmZv˛"hN-\-�ns‚ knc'; tUm.-Fw. eoem-h-Xn,
"cq]m-¥-c-{]m-]vXn k®n-Zm-\-µs‚ Ihn-X-I-fn¬'; ]n. F≥.
ZmkvЛ›"t_m[n-hr-ВЈГ�
- ns‚ Ce-Iƒ'; Aø-∏∏
- W
- n-°¿˛"hnj�n¬\n∂v Ihn-X' ˛ k®n-Zm-\-µs‚ Ihn-X-Iƒ, Be-∏pg:
KuXa ]_vfn-tj¿kv B‚ v Unkv{Sn-_q-t´¿kv, 1988.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
123
5) k®n-Zm-\-µ≥ (k-am-l-cWw, ]T-\w), ae-bm-f-I-hn-X,
Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv, 1989.
6) tUm. B¿. hniz-\m-Y≥, A\z-bw, tImgn-t°mSv: ]q¿W
]_vfn-t°-j≥kv, 1990.
7) ]g-hnf cta-i≥, Rms\s‚ ImSp-I-fn-te-bv°v, tIm´bw:
\mj-W¬ _pIv Ãmƒ, 2010.
8) John Peck & Martin Coyle, Practical Criticism – How to write
a Critical Appreciation, London: Palgrave, 1995 (1965).
bqWn‰v 4
`mj-bnepw ssien-bnepw Ah-X-cW-Г�nepw kw`hnВ®
sshhn-≤y߃ ˛ Imhy{]ta-b-ß-fn¬ IS-∂p-h∂
]cn-lm-khpw X�z-Nn¥bpw
(hni-Z-]-T-\w)
£am-]Ww ˛ Ip™pÆn
hm≥tKm-°ns‚ sNhn ˛ taXn¬ cm[m-Ir-jvW-≥
_en-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ ˛ F. Aø-∏≥
Cu® ˛ sI. F. Pb-io-e≥
c≠mw-P∑w ˛ tZi-aw-Kew cma-Ir-jvW≥
a™n-t\mSp shbn-se-∂-t]m-sebpw ˛ {]`m-h¿Ω
\Nn-tI-XВ v Л› ]n. chn-Ip-amВї
("\-Nn-tI-X- n-t\mSv ba≥ ]d-™Xv:' F∂p XpSßn
"Im¬I-fn¬ ÿew thZ-\-bmbv hnßp∂p' F∂p-hscbp≈ `mKw.)
klm-b-I-{KЕё-ГџЖ’:
1) tUm. sI. cmL-h≥]n-≈, Imhy-`m-j-bpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ, tZiaw-Kew cma-Ir-jvW≥, hn´p-t]mb hm°p-Iƒ, tIm´bw:
\mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ, 1987.
2) taXn¬ cm[m-Ir-j-W≥, `qan-tbbpw ac-W-t�bpw
Ipdn-®v, tImgn-t°mSv: aƒ_dn ]_vfn-t°-j≥kv, 1994.
124
3)
4)
5)
6)
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
G‰p-am-\q¿ tkma-Zm-k≥, Ihn-X-bpsS A\-\z-b-ku-µ-cyw;
kn. Atim-I≥, \h-`m-hpIXz-�ns‚ Imhy-hn-\n-a-bw,
{]`m-h¿Ω, a™n-t\mSp shbn¬ F∂-t]m-sebpw,
tImВґbw: Fkv]nknFkv, 2010.
chn-i¶¿ Fkv. \mb¿, intcm-en-Jn-X-�ns‚ Im¿_¨
]Xn-в€Џp-IЖ’, Xncp-h-\-ВҐ-]pcw: NnВҐ ]_vfn-tjВїkv, 2012.
s{]m^-k¿ Pn. _me-IrjvW≥\mb¿, cl-ky-hm-Z-Im-hyw;
A°n-�w, _rl-Zm-c-Wy-I-�n¬\n∂v Bfl-hn-em-k-�nte°v, ]n. chn-Ip-am¿, \Nn-tI-X v, tIm´bw: Un. kn.
_pIvkv, 2009.
sI. ]n. i¶-c≥, Ip™p-Æn-bpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ ˛ Ip™p-ÆnbpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ, tIm´bw: \mj-W¬ _p°vÃmƒ, 1969.
7) Terry Eagleton, The Illusion of Postmodernism, USA: Blackwell,
1997.
bqWn‰v 5
Ihn-X-bpsS hВїГ�-am\w Л› IhnX amdp-I-bmWv Л› {]tab-Г�nepw Bhn-jvIm-c-co-Xn-I-fnepw Л› BtKmfЛ›A-[n\n-th-i-{]-iv\-ГџЖ’ Л› Iogm-f-Л›kv-{Xo-Л›-]m-cn-Гїn-Xn-I-{]iv\Гџ
- ƒ˛ `mj-bnepw ssien-bnepw kw`-hn® am‰-߃
Л› kzIm-cy-X-I-fpsS \jvS-sв€Џ-S-ep-IЖ’
(hni-Z-]-T-\-w)
amº-g-°mew ˛ ]n. ]n. cma-N-{µ≥
{Kma-hr-£-�nse h∆m¬ ˛ d^oIv Al-ΩZv
hmb-\m-hn-IrXn Л› F. kn. {iolcn
ap‰-a-Sn-°p-tºmƒ ˛ A\nX Xºn
kn.hn. hnPbw ˛ F¬. tXmakvIp´n
Idp� I√v ˛ Fkv. tPmk^v
I¬hoSv ˛ hn. Fw. KncnP
IqВґm-ВҐX
- b
- psS Fgp-]XphВїj-ГџЖ’ Л› Fw. _n. at\mPv
kzmX-{¥y-�ns‚ NndIp-Iƒ˛ ]n. sI. tKm]n
Ah≥ Rm≥Xs∂-bm-Ip∂p ˛
\oew-t]-cq¿ a[p-kq-Z-\≥\m-b¿
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
125
klm-b-I-{KЕё-ГџЖ’:
1) tUm. sI. Fw. thWp-tKm-]m¬ (F-Un-‰¿),
bph-I-hn-X-В°q-Вґw, tImВґbw: Un. kn. _pIvkv, 1999.
2) sI. Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿, Otµm-ap‡ Imhy-cq-]-inev]w,
AГёв€Џ-в€ЏW
- n-В°c
- psS teJ-\Гџ
- Ж’ 1950-Л›80, tImВґbw: Un. kn._pIvkv, 1982.
3) Sylvan Barner / William E. Cain, A Short Guide to Writing
About Literature, New Delhi: Pearson, 2006.
4) Walter Pater, The Renaissance – Studies in Art & Poetry,
London: The Fontana Library, 1967.
5) Chrstopher Russell Reaske, How to Analyze Poetry,
New York: Monarch Press, 1966.
6) J. A. Cuddon, The Penguin Literary Terms and Literary
Theory, London: Penguin Books, 1999 (1977).
7) Jeffrey Wainwright, Poetry the Basics, London: Routledge, 2011
(2004).
126
tImgvkv
9 tImВї
tImUv
5
5
5
5
s{IUn‰v
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
aq∂mw ska-ÿ
MAL3CO9
MAL3CO10
10 tImВї
11 tImВї
MAL3CO11
12 sF—nIw MAL3E3/12
t]cv
kmln-Xy-kn-≤m¥w
({]mNo\w)
tIc-f-kw-kvВ°mcw
kwkv-IrXw (1)
ae-bm-f-\m-SIw
P\-{]n-b-km-lnXyw
am[ya]-T\w
`mjm-im-kv{Xhpw
kmln-Xy-]T\hpw
A
B
C
D
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Code: MAL3CO9
127
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л›`m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
kmln-Xy-kn-≤m¥w ({]mNo\w)
(Literary Theory/Early Phase)
`mc-Xo-bhpw ]m›m-Xy-hpamb kmln-Xy-hn-Nm-c-ß-fpsS
i‡amb A¥¿≤m-c-I-fm¬ kº-∂-amb aebm-f-km-ln-Xy�ns‚ Kl-\-Xe-ß-fn-te°v Cd-ß-ns®-√m≥ th≠ssk≤m¥n-I-am-b -A-Sn-�d krjvSn-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv e£yw. kmlnXy-Ir-Xn-If
- psS cq]-Xe
- hpw `mh-Xe
- hpw hni-Ie
- \w sNøm-\p≈
Adnhpw Icp�pw t\mSpI; kmln-Xy-Nn-¥-bpsS Zm¿i-\n-I-]›m-�e
- hpw ssk≤m-¥nIhnh-£I
- fpw coXn-im-kv{Xhpw At\zj-Wh
- n-t[-ba
- m-°p-I; hn`n∂kao-]\
- Гџ
- s
- f hna¿i-\m-flI
- a
- mbn
t\m°n°m-Wp-I - ˛ Ch Dt±-iy-e-£y-ß-fn¬s∏-Spw.
ckw, Ae-¶m-cw, ht{Im-‡n, coXn, [z\n, HuNnXyw ˛ ChbmWv kmln-Xy-�nse {]apJkn≤m-¥-߃. ]uckvXy-km-lnXy-kn-≤m-¥-ß-fn¬ ]g-°-ta-dn-bXpw {]mam-Wn-I-hp-amWv ckkn≤mm-¥w. \mSy-im-kvX-amWv ck-kn-≤m-¥-�n-s‚ {]amWn-I{K-Ÿw. Imhy-�n¬ ck-an-√msX bmsXm-∂p-an√ F∂p ]d-bp∂- `c-X≥ ck-�ns‚ {]m-[m\yw hy‡-am-°p-∂p. ck-`m-h-ZnIƒ Nn-�-hr-�n-I-fm-Wv. AXn\m¬ lrZ-b-�n¬\n∂v lrZ-b�-te°p ]I-cm≥ km-≤y-a-√. kam\-`mhw kjvSn-°m≥ klrZ-bs\ klm-bn-°p∂ _mly-inev]w cq]-s∏-Sp-�pI F∂XmWv Ihn°p sNøm≥ Ign-bp∂ Imcyw.
128
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Imhym-flm-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ At\z-jW
- Г�
- n¬ `mc-Xo-bs
- sk≤m-¥n-I∑
- m¿ coXn-kn-≤m-¥�
- ns‚ Z¿i-\ß
- f
- n-te°pw kvt^mShm-Z-�n¬\n∂v [z\n-kn-≤m-¥-�n-te°pw IS-°p-Ibp≠m-bn.
B[p-\n-I-km-ln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-�n¬ [z\nZ¿i-\-�n\v Akm-[mc-W-amb kzm[o\w sN-ep-�m≥ km[n-®n-´p-≠v. B[p-\n-I-amb
Ck-ß-ƒ ]eXpw Imhy-`m-j-bpsS [z\-\i‡nbn-emWv Du∂n\n-e-v°p-∂-Xv. `mcX-obImhy-\n-cq-]-W-�n¬ ssieo-hn-⁄m-\�ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-X�z-߃ Dff-Sßnbn-´p-≈-Xmbn ImWmw.
`ma-ls‚ Imhy-cq-]-hn-a¿i-\w, hma-\s‚ coXn-˛ Kp-Whn-th-Iw,
B\-Вµh
- ¿≤-\s‚ hywKy-hyRvPI
- h
- n-a¿i-\w, Ip¥-Is‚ ht{Im‡n, t£ta-{µs‚ HuNn-Xy-hn-Nmcw ˛ XpS-ß-nb hna¿i-\-X�zß-fn¬ B[p-\n-I-]m-›m-Xy-hpamb km-ln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-�nse
ssieo-X�z-߃ D≈-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
`mc-Xo-b-km-ln-Xy-NnВҐ-bpsS ASn-Гїm-\-]-cn-I-ev]-\-IЖ’,
hyXy-kvXk
- a
- o-]\
- Гџ
- f
- mb ck-X�
- z-NnВҐ, Ae-В¶m-c]
- ≤
- X
- n, coXnZ¿i-\w, [z\n]≤-Xn, HuNn-Xy-hn-Nmcw, ht{Im-‡n-Z¿i-\w Imhyc-N\mX{¥ßƒ, {Zmhn-U-km-ln-Xy-X�z-Nn-¥, bh-\-˛-tdm-a≥
kuµ-cy-Z¿i-\-߃ ˛ Ch ]T-\-]-cn-[n-bmbn kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠v
]uc-kvXyhpw ]m›mXyhpamb ¢m nIv kmln-Xy-]≤-Xn-I-sf°p-dn®v Bg-�n¬ a\- n-emt°≠-Xm-Wv.
bqWn-‰v 1
`mc-Xo-bk
- m-ln-Xn-bpsS ASn-Гїm-\k
- В¶
- e
- ]
v Гџ
- Ж’ Л› Ihn,
Imhyw, klr-Z-b≥, kmln-Xyw F∂o kw⁄-I-fpsS
\n¿∆-N-\hpw A¿∞-hn-h-£-Ifpw ˛ Imhy-tl-Xp-°ƒ,
Imhy-{]-tbm-P-\w, Imhy-hn-`m-K-ГџЖ’, Zi-cq-]-ГџЖ’ Л›
klm-bI{KЕё-ГџЖ’:
1) thZ-_�
- p, `mc-Xo-bI
- m-hy-im-kv{X-km-cw, tImВґbw: Fkv]nkn-F-kv, 1976.
2) sI. ]n. \mcm-b-W-в€Џn-jm-tcm-Sn, `c-X-ap-\n-bpsS \mSyimkv{Xw, XriqВї: tIcf kmln-Xy -A-В°m-Zan, 1997 (1987).
4) IrjvW-ssN-X-\y, kwkv-Ir-X-Г�nse kmln-Xy-X-Xz-Nn-ВҐ,
\mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ, 1973.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
129
5) tUm. F≥. hn. ]n. DWn-�n-cn, kwkv-Ir-X-km-ln-Xy-hn-a¿i\w, tIc-f -`m-jm- C≥kv‰n‰yq´v, 1990.
6) S. K. Dey, Sanskrit Poetics as A Study of Aesthetics, Bombay:
Oxford University Press, 1963.
7) A. K. Warder, Indian Kavya Literature.
8) T. N. Srikantaiyya, Indian Poetics.
9) G. N. Devy, Indian Literary Criticism, Hyderabad: Orient
BlackSwan, 2010.
bqWn-‰v 2
kwkvIr-X-km-ln-Xy-kn-≤m¥w Ae-¶m-c-]-≤-Xn, coXn˛-Kp-W-Z¿i\w, ck-X-�z-Nn¥, c-k-kq-{Xhym-Jym-\߃, [z\n-Z¿i-\w, A\p-am-\Z- ¿i-\w, HuNn-Xy-hn-Nmcw,
ht{Im-‡nZ¿i-\w ˛
klm-bI{KЕё-ГџЖ’:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
6)
7)
C. hn.- Zm-tam-Z-c≥ (hn-h¿�-\hpw hymJym-\-hpw), [z\ymtem-Iw, tIm´bw: F≥_n-F-kv, 1973.
kn. hn. hmkp-tZ-h-`-Вґ-Xncn, [z\ym-temIw, Xncp-h-\-ВҐ-]pcw:
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 1996.
Nm�-\m�v ANyp-X-\p-Æn, coXn-Z¿i\w, ipI-]pcw: h≈t�mƒ hnZym-]o-Tw, 1983.
thZ-_-�p, A`n-\-h-Kp-]vXs‚ ck-kn-≤m-¥w, Xncp-h-\-¥]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 1989.
t£ta-{µ≥, HuNn-Xy-hn-Nm-c-N¿®, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf
k¿∆-I-em-ime, 1977.
Fw. ]n. i¶p-Æn-\m-b¿, \mS-Io-bm-\p-`hw F∂ ckw,
tIm-Вґbw: Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 1989.
Fkv. \mcm-b-W≥ (hn-h¿�-\w˛hymJym-\w), Ae-¶m-c-kwt£]w, ipI-]pcw: h≈-t�mƒ hnZym-]o-Tw, 1985.
cmPm-\IIp¥-I≥, ht{Im-‡n-Po-hn-Xw, (hnh¿�\w:
Nm�-\m�v ANyp-X-\p-Æn), ipI-]pcw: h≈-t�mƒ hnZym]o-Tw, 2009.
130
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
8) cmPm-\-I-a-ln-a-`-´≥, hy‡nhn-thIw, ]cn-`m-jbpw hymJym\hpw: sI. kpIp-am-c-]n≈, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 2006 (1988).
9) tUm. ]n. sI. \mcm-b-aW]n≈, ssIc-fo-[z-\n, tIm´bw:
Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 1983.
10) tUm. ]qP-∏pc Irjva≥\mb¿, ck-Iu-ap-Zn, Xncp-h\
- ВҐ
- ]
- pcw:
amcpXn {]Im-i≥, 1996.
bqWn-‰v 3
eoem-Xn-e-I-�n-se Ggpw F´pw inev]-߃ ˛ `mjm`q-j-W-�nse Ae-¶m-c-N¿®bpw hr�-a-RvP-cn-bnse
hr-�-hn-Nm-chpw ˛ D]-a, D¬t{]£, cq]-I-w, kvarXnam≥, {`m¥n-am≥, kk-tµlw, ZrjvSm-¥w, kz`m-thm‡n, ktlm-‡n, Zo]-Iw, {]Xn-h-kvXq-]-a, A{]-kvXpX-{]-iw-k, cq]-Im-Xn-i-tbm-‡n, Dt√-Jw, Akw-K-Xn,
hntcm-[m-`m-kw, Bt£-]w, A¿∞m-]-�n, A¿∞m¥-c-\ym-kw, hymP-kvXp-Xn, hnj-aw, t«jw, kam-tkm‡n ˛ Ch-bpsS e£-W-]-T-\w, Xmc-X-ay-hn-th-N-\w ˛
`mjm-hr-�-߃°pw kwkv-Ir-X-hr-�-߃°pw XΩnep≈ A¥cw ˛ Kpcp-eLp\n¿Æb\w ˛ amen-\n, {]l¿jn-Wn, aµm{Im¥, im¿±q-e-hn-{Io-UnXw ctYm-≤-X,
{kKv≤-c, D]-Pm-Xn, A\p-jvSp∏v, hk-¥-Xn-e-Iw, ]©Nm-a-cw, Ipkp-a-a-RvP-cn, hntbm-Kn-\n, tII, ImI-fn,
aRvPc
- n, Xcw-Kn-Wn, \tXm-∂X
- , ]m\, A∂-\S ˛ F∂nh-bpsS \njvIr-jvS-]-T\w ˛
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) eoem-Xn-eIw
2) F. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω ˛ `mjm-`q-jWw
3) F. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω ˛ hr�-a-RvPcn
4) tUm. Sn. hn. amXyp, hr�-im-kv{Xw, tIm´bw: \mj-W-¬
_pВ°v ГѓmЖ’, 1984.
5) sI. sI. -hm-≤ym¿, hr-�-hn-Nmcw, tIm´bw: \mj-W¬
_pВ°v ГѓmЖ’, 1971 (1967).
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
131
6) Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm-cv, hr�-inev]w, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr-`qan,
1958 (1952).
7) kmap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏-≈n, Pcm¿Zns‚ Ae-¶m-c-imkv{Xw˛Hcp
]T-\w, Be-в€Џpg: {]Imiw _pIvГѓmЖ’, 1969.
bqWn-‰v 4
{Zmhn-U-ku-Вµ-cy-imkv{Xw Л› AIw ]pdw s]mcpЖ’ Л›
XnW-k¶ev]w ˛ Ipdn-©n, ap√, ]me, acp-Xw, s\bvX¬
˛ {]k-‡nbpw km≤y-X-Ifpw ˛
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) s]mcp-f-Xn-Im-cw, sXm¬°m-∏nbw, (hnh¿�\w ˛ Cf-bs]-cp-amƒ / kp{_-“-Wy-]n-ss≈), tIm´bw: \mj-W¬
_pВ°v ГѓmЖ’, ?.
2) George Hart, Poems of Ancient Tamil, University of California
Press, 1975.
3) T.P. Meenakshi Sundaram, A History of Tamil Literature,
Annamalai Nagar: Annamalai University, 1965.
4) A.K. Ramanujan, The Interior Landscape (Tr. Classical Tamil
Poems), Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1967.
bqWn-‰v 5
bh-\-km-ln-Xy-X-Г�z-NnВҐ Л› kwВЈn-]vX-N-cn-{Xw Л›
tπt‰m-bpsS Iem-kn-≤m¥w ˛ AcntÃm´nens‚ Imhyao-amwk ˛ A\p-I-c-W-hmZw, IYm¿knkv, Zpc-¥-\m-SI-�ns‚ LS\ ˛ tlmd-kns‚ Imhy-IemX�zw ˛
temwKn-\- ns‚ DZm-�-Xm-kn-≤m¥w ˛ `mc-Xo-b-Nn-¥bp-am-bp≈ kmPmXyhpw sshPm-Xyhpw ˛
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) thZ-_�p (k-ºm-Z-I≥), bh-\-Im-hy-X-�z߃, Xncp-h\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 1974.
2) thZ-_�
- p (]-cn-`m-j), Imhy-Ie
- s
- b-∏‰
- n, sImВґm-cВ°
- c: Bcy{]-Im-iw, 1967.
132
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
3) thZ-_�p, Imhy-inev]w , sIm´m-c-°c: Bcy-{]-Im-iw,
1968.
4) thZ-_-�p (hn-h¿�-\w), temwKn-\-kns‚ DZm-�Xm
kao-ВЈ, sIm-Вґmc-В°c: Bcy-{]-Im-iw, 1977.
5) T. S. Dorsch, Classical Literary Criticism, Great Britain:
Penguin Books, 1965.
(Translation- Aristotle: On the Art of Poetry / Horace: On the Art
of Poetry / Longinus: On the Sublime)
6) William K. Wimsatt and Clenth Brooks, Literary Criticism – A
Short History, New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., 1957.
7) Fw. ]n. i¶p-Æn-\m-b¿, \mSy-a-fi-]w, tImgn-t°mSv:
amXr-`q-an, 1987.
8) Fw. ANyp-X≥, ]m›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-Z¿i\w, tIm´bw:
kmln-Xy-{]-hВїГ�-I-kl-I-cW kw-Lw, 1991 (1962).
9) kn. cmtP{µ≥, kuµ-cy-im-kv{Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf
`mjm- C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 2002.
10) Nm�-\m�v ANyp-X-\p-Æn, kmln-Xy-ao-amwk ˛ Xmc-X-ay]-cn-t{]£yw, tIm´bw: kmln-Xy-{]-h¿�I kl-I-c-Wkw-Lw, 2013.
11) Fw.]n. t]m-fn-s‚ k-ºq¿-Æ-Ir-XnIƒ (hmeyw H-∂v/hmeyw
c≠v) F-Un.: tUm. sI.hn. tXm-akv, tIm-gn-t°mSv: aoUn-b
lu-kv, 2012.
12) tUm.sI.Fw.X-cI≥, ]m-›m-Xykm-ln-Xy X-�z-im-kv-{Xw,
tImВґ-bw : F-kv-]n-kn-F-kv, 1990 (1983).
13. tUm. s\√n-°¬ ap-c-fo-[c≥, hn-iz-km-ln-Xy-Z¿-i-\߃,
tImВґ-bw : Un.kn. _p-Iv-kv, 1997.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Code: MAL3CO10
133
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л›`m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
tI-c-f-kw-kvВ°mcw
(Kerala Culture)
tIcf�n\v AXn{]mNo\amb Hcp Ncn{Xw D≠v. BZnIme
tKm{XP\XtbmSpw AhcpsS {]tXyIamb kwkv°mct�mSpw
BcyhВїВ§w CSIecpIbpw Hcp ]pXpkwkvВ°mcw cq]sв€ЏSpIbpw sNbvXp. AXv khntijamb Hcp kwkvВ°mcw ChnsS
hfcm≥ ImcWambn. tIcfobcpsS ho£W�nepw {]XnIcW�nepw Cu t_m[w hcp�nb ]cnjv°cW߃ a\ nemt°≠Xp≠v . I®hS�n\mbn ChnsS F�nbhcpw
A[nImcw ]nSn- s ®- S p�v Dd∏n®hcpamb hntZinIƒ°pw
tIcfkkv°mccq]oIcW�n¬ Imcyambn ]¶p-h-ln-°m≥
Ign™p. C�cw kmlNcy߃ hniIe\w sNbv X v
A¥¿[mcIƒ a\ nem°pIbpw hnebncp�pIbpamWv Cu
tImgvkns‚ e£yw.
bqWn‰v 1
`qanimkv{Xhpw hwi]›m�ehpw. ]›naL´hpw
Ad_nВ°Sepw Л› \ZnIfpw \ZoXSГџfpw Л› `qanimkv{X
hn`mK߃ ˛ kmwkv°mcnI_�߃ ˛ IpSntb‰hpw
A[nhmkamXrIIfpw Л› ]pcmhkvXp sXfnhpIfpw
Ncn{XmXoXImehpw Л› alminemkwkv В° mcw Л›
\chwiimkv{X]camb sXfnhpIЖ’ Л›
hmkГїeГџЖ’ Л› hnhn[hwiГџЖ’ Л› BZyIme
hntZi_�߃ ˛ Ad_nIƒ ˛ ^n\ojy∑m¿ ˛
134
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
{Ko°pIm¿ ˛ tdma°m¿ ˛ ssN\°m¿ ˛ tIcf�ns‚
\mhnI]mcВєcyw Л› ]gb XpdapJГџЖ’ Л›
klmbI{KЕёГџЖ’:
1) ]n. sI. tKm]meIrjvW≥, tIcf�ns‚ kmwkv°mcnI
Ncn{Xw, Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v, 1991.
2) CfwIpfw Ip™≥ ]n≈, tIcfNcn{X�nse CcpfS™
GSpIЖ’, tImВґbw: Fkv]nknFkv, 1970.
3) CfwIpfw Ip™≥]n≈, tIcfw A©pw Bdpw
\q‰m≠pIfn¬, tIm´bw: Fkv]nknFkv 1988.
4) sI. F≥. KtWi≥, tIcf�ns‚ C∂seIƒ.
5) ImWn-∏-øq¿ i¶c≥ \ºqXncn∏mSv, Bcy∑mcpsS
IpSntb‰w, Ip∂wIpfw: ]©mwKw ]pkvXIime, 1965.
6) Fkv. i¶pAø¿, tIcfNcn{X�nse Nne A⁄mX
`mK߃, tIm´bw: F≥_nFkv, 1963.
7) F. {io[ctat\m≥, tIcfNcn{Xw, tI´bw:
Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 1967.
8) F. {io[ctat\m≥, tIcfkwkv°mcw, tI´bw:
Fkv]n-kn-F-kv.
9) L. A. Krishna Iyar, Kerala Megaliths and their Builders,
Madras: University of Madras, 1967.
10) K.V. Krishna Aiyar, A History of Kerala, Coimbatore, 1965.
11) K.K.N. Kurup, Aspects of Kerala History and Culture,
Trivandrum, 1977.
12) M.G.S. Narayanan, Aspects of Aryanisation in Kerala,
Trivandrum: Kerala Historical Sciety, 1973.
bqWn‰v 2
kwLImew Л› kwLkmlnXyw Л› Ncn{X]camb
{]m[m\yw ˛ XnW k¶ev]w ˛ Im¿jnIhr�nbpsS
hym]\w Л› ]p\ВїhnXcWhpw IВ®hShpw Л› kaqly
LS\bpw h¿Æk¶ev]hpw ˛ hocbpKhpw
Bcm[\bpw ˛ BZntNccmPm°∑m¿˛ Ggnae ˛ Bbn
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
135
cmPm°∑m¿ ˛ `cW{Iaw˛ssP\˛_p≤˛{_m“W
aXhnizmk߃ ˛{InkvXpaXw ˛ blqZaXw ˛ C…mw
aXw Л› aXkulmВїВ±hpw ka\zbhpw -Л›
klmbI{KЕёГџЖ’:
1) ]n. sI. tKm]meIrjvW≥, tIcf�ns‚ kmwkv°mcnI
Ncn{Xw, Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 1991.
2) tNem´v ANypXtat\m≥, tIcf�nse Imfntkh, a{Zmkv:
a{Zmkv bqWnthgvkn‰n, 1943.
3) CfwIpfw Ip™≥]n≈, kwkv ° mc�ns‚ \mgnI
В°в€љpIЖ’, tImВґbw: Fkv]nknFkv, 1988.
4) Sn. sI. KwKm[c≥, tIcfNcn{Xw, Imen°‰v bqWnthgvkn‰n
tImHm∏td‰ohv tÃm¿.
5) tUm. sI.- kp-KX
- ≥, _p≤-aX
- hpw PmXn-hyh--Гїbpw, tImgntВ°mSv: t{]m{Kkv ]_vfn-tjВїkv, 2011.
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
T. V. Mahalingam, South Indian Polity, Madras: University of
Madras, 1967.
B. Padmakumari Amma, Jain And Buddhdist Centres in Kerala,
Kuppam: Dravidian University, 2008.
T. M. Krishnamachari, The Early History of Kerala,
Trivandrum: University of Travancore, 1941.
M. G. S. Narayanan, Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala, Trivandrum:
Kerala Historical Society, 1972.
Fergusson James., Tree and Serpent Worship, New Delhi:
Indological Book House, 1971.
bqWn‰v 3
atlmZb]pcs� IpetiJc∑m¿ ˛ tNctNmf
_�ßfpw inYneoIcWhpw ˛ IpetiJcImes�
`cWcoXnbpw kapZmbhpw Л› tВЈ{XГџfpw IeIfpw
˛Iq�v, IqSnbm´w˛ imeIfpw hnZym`ymk]ptcmKXnbpw ˛ `‡n{]ÿm\hpw kmlnXyhpw ˛ amam¶w ˛
tchXn]´�m\w ˛ Zm¿i\nI∑m¿ ˛ ssh⁄m\nIkmlnXyw ˛ \mSphmgnIfpw `cW{Iahpw ˛ tIme�p-
136
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
\mSv Л› tImgntВ°mSv kmaqXncn Л› sImВ®n Л› thWmSv
˛ ]pXnb I®hStI{µßƒ ˛ \Kccq]oIcWhpw
hnIk\hpw ˛ P∑nk{ºZmbw ˛ a[yh¿�nhn`mK�ns‚ Db¿® ˛ PmXnIfpw D]PmXnIfpw ˛ acpa°�mbw ˛ aWn{]hmfkmlnXyw ˛ A\pjvTm\IeIfpw A\pjvTmt\XcIeIfpw ˛ \mtSmSnkmlnXyw.
klmbI{KЕёГџЖ’:
1) ]n.- sI. tKm]meIrjvW≥, tIcf�ns‚ kmwkv°mcnI
Ncn{Xw, Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 1991.
2) CfwIpfw Ip™≥]n≈, tNckm{amPyw HºXpw ]�pw
\q‰m≠pIfn¬, tIm´bw: Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 1970.
3) Cfw-Ipfw Ip™≥]n≈, Nne tIcfNcn{X{]iv\߃,
tImВґbw: Fkv]nknFkv, 1963.
4) Fw.Pn.Fkv.\mcmbW≥, tIcfNcn{X�ns‚ ASnÿm\ineIƒ, tImgnt°mSv: \htIcf, 1971.
5) F. {io[ctat\m≥, tIcfkwkv°mcw, tI´bw: Fkv]nkn-F-kv.
6) ssiJv ssk\p±o≥ aJvZqw, Xplv^�p¬ apPmln±o≥,
tImgnt°mSv: A¬lpZ _p°vkv Ãmƒ, 1995.
7) P. C. Alexander, Buddhism in Kerala, Madras: Annamalai
University, 1949.
8) Rajan Gurukkal, The Kerala Temple and The Early Medieval
Agraroam System, Sukapuram: Vallathol Vidyapeedham, 1992.
9) K. V. Krishna Aiyar, A History of Kerala, Coimbatore, 1965.
10) K. V. Krishna Aiyar, The Zamourins of Calicut, University of
Calicut, 1999.
11) T. M. Krishnamachari, The Early History of Kerala,
Trivandrum: University of Travancore,1941.
12) M. G. S.Narayanan, Perumals of Kerala, Thrisoor: Cosmo
Publications, 2013.
13) P. K. S. Raja, Medieval Kerala, Calicut, 1966.
14) C. V. Cheriyan, A History of Christianity in Kerala, Kerala
Historical Society, 1973.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
bqWn‰v 4
137
t]mВїВ®pKokv ImeLВґw Л› sPkyqВґv {]hВїГ�\ГџЖ’
Л› t]mВїВ®pKokv ]cmPbhpw UВ®pImcpsS DbВїВ®bpw
˛ Cw•ojpImcpw {^©pImcpw ˛anjWnamcpsS tkh\߃˛Cw•ojv hnZym`ymkhpw B[p\nI ho£Whpw
˛ am¿�h¿Ωbpw XncphnXmwIqdpw ˛ sIm®nbpw
i‡≥Xºpcm\pw ˛ ssakq¿ B{IaW߃ ˛ kmaqlnIkmº�nIam‰ßƒ ˛ A®Sn tIcf�n¬ ˛ BZyImeap{ZWmeb߃ ˛ ]{X{]h¿�\w ˛ {_n´ojv
`cWhpw {]Xntj[hpw ˛ ]g»nkac߃ ˛ IpdnNyIem]w ˛ ]menb�®≥ ˛ thep�ºn ˛ `cWcwKs� am‰ßƒ ˛ kmaqlnI ]cnjv°cW {]ÿm\߃ ˛ {io\mcmbWKpcp ˛ Aø¶mfn ˛ hmKv`Sm\µ≥
Л› NВґВєnkzmanIЖ’ Л› hВ°w auehn Л› kztZim`nam\n
cmaIrjvW]n≈ ˛ a‰p ]cnjv°¿�m°ƒ ˛ ssh°w
kXym{Klw ˛ Kpcphmbq¿ kXym{Klw ˛ C¥y≥
\mjW¬ tIm¨{Kkns‚ D¤hpw hf¿®bpw ˛Izn‰v
CВҐymkacw Л› Jnem^Г�pw \nВ lIcWhpw Л›
ae_mВї Iem]w Л› P\IobkacГџЖ’, -CSXp]ВЈ
{]ÿm\߃ ˛ D�chmZ`cW{]t£m`Ww ˛
]p∂{]-˛hbem¿ kacw.
klmbI{KЕёГџЖ’:
1) sI. am[h≥\mb¿, ae_m¿ Iem]w, at©cn:
sI. IeymWn AΩ, 1971.
2) tamgn-Ip-∂�v {_“Z-�≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv, Jnem-^�v kvacW-Iƒ, tImgn-t°mSv: \h-tI-cf, 1965.
3) ]n. sI. tKm]meIrjvW≥, tIcf�ns‚ kmwkv°mcnI
Ncn{Xw, Xncph\¥]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v, 1991.
4) sI. sI. F≥. Ipdp∏v, ]g»n kac߃, Xncph\¥]pcw:
tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v, 1988.
5) Fw. BВї. cmLhhmcyВї, tIcfobX Ncn{Xam\ГџЖ’,
FS∏mƒ: h≈t�mƒ hnZym]oTw, 1992.
138
3) ]n. tKmhn-µ-∏n≈, tIc-f-\-thm-∞m-\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
Nn¥m -]-_vfn-t°-j≥kv, 2011.
4) Sn. FВ®v. ]n. sNВҐm-c-tВ»-cn, tIc-f-N-cn-{X-Г�nse Ah-K-WnВ°-sв€ЏВґ GSp-IЖ’, ssa{Xn _pIvkv, 2011.
5) s{]m-^. Fw-.]n.Fkv. ta-t\m≥, a-e-_m¿ k-acw, A-ßm-Sn∏pdw, Fw.]n.Fkv. ta-t\m≥ kv-am-c-Iw, 1992.
6) F. {io-[c
- ta-t\m≥, A-ta-cn-°≥ tam-U¬ A-d_
- n-В°S- e
- n¬,
tIm-Вґbw: Un.kn. _p-Iv-kv, 2000.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
139
6) cmP≥ Kpcp°ƒ Fw. B¿. cmLhhmcy¿, tIcfNcn{Xw,
ipI-]pcw: h≈t�mƒ hnZym]oTw, 1991.
7) F. {io[ctat\m≥, tIcfNcn{Xw, tIm´bw: Fkv]n-kn-Fkv, 1967.
8) F. {io[ctat\m≥, tIcfkwkv°mcw, tI´bw:
Fkv]n-kn-F-kv.
9) F. {io[ctat\m≥, tIcfNcn{Xinev]nIƒ, tI´bw: Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 1988.
7) M. P. Sreekumaran Nair, Reappraisals, Trivandrum: Kerala
Historical Society, 1972.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
10) Gopala Panikkar, Malabar and Its Folk, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1983.
11) K. K. N. Kurup, Aspects of Kerala History and Culture,
Trivandrum: 1977.
bqWn‰v 5
kzmX{ВҐym\ВҐctIcfw Л› sFIytIcf{]Гїm\w Л›
XncphnXmwIqВї sImВ®n kwtbmP\w Л› tIcf
kwÿm\cq]oIcWw ˛ tIcf�nse kmaqlnI
kmВєГ�nI ]cnjvВ°cWw Л›`q]cnjvВ°cW\nbaw Л›
hnZym`ymk{]h¿�\ßfnse kzImcy]¶mfn�w ˛
{]hmknIfpw kmaqlnI]cnhВїГ�\Гџfpw Л›
kv{XohnZym`ymkw C∂v ˛ kmaqlnIkmwkv°mcn
IcwKßfn¬ kv { XoIfpsS ]¶mfn�w ˛ ZfnXv
apt∂‰w ˛ hmWnPyhnfIfpw IrjnbpsS Xf¿®bpw
Л› atXXcXzhpw an{ihnhmlhpw Л› sFSn kwkvВ°mcw
Л› Zriyam[yaГџfpw IemhoВЈWhpw Л› ^mГѓv ^pUv
kwkvВ°mchpw BtcmKy{]iv\Гџfpw Л›-klmbI{KЕёГџЖ’:
1) C. Fw. Fkv. \ºqXncn∏mSv, IΩyqWnÃv ]m¿´n tIcf
�n¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: Nn¥m ]ªntjgvkv, 1987.
2) tUm. B¿. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, tIc-f-�nse \thm-∞m-\
-k-a-c-߃, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: amfp-_≥ ]_vfn-t°-j≥kv,
2012 (2010).
140
Code: MAL3CO11
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л› `m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
kwkvIrXw (t]-в€ЏВї 1)
(Sanskrit Paper 1)
SKT.4E12 BASIC SANSKRIT I
(For Non- Sanskrit Main Courses only)
Unit-1
Raguvamsa – XIV (60 verses onlty)
Unit-II
Grammar (Based on the text)
a) Declension of the Sabdas: Vrksa, Lata, Kavi, Rajan Asmad &
Yusmad
b) Conjugation of the Dhatus: Bhu and Vand in five lakaras (lat, lit
lrt, lan, lot)
c) Sandhi: Svara, Vyanjana and Visarga
d) Samasa: Avyayibhava, Tatpurusha, Dvandva and Bahuvruhi
Pattern of Question Paper:
I Explain fully (any five out of eight) 5x4 = 20 Marks
II Annotate (any five out of eight)
5x4 = 20 Marks
III Essay (one out of two)
1x20 = 20 Marks
IV Textual grammar
1. Sandi
2. Samasa
3. Decline (any one out of two)
4. Conjugation (any one out of two)
5 Marks
5 Marks
5 Marks
5 Marks
80 Marks
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Reference:
Sidhantakaumudi of Bhattojidikshita
Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa
Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa – Translation by Kuttikrishnamarar
Laghusidhantakaumudi – Balahitaisini Vyakhyanam
141
142
Code: MAL3E3/12
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л› `m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
A ae-bm-f-\m-SIw
(Malayalam Drama)
aebmf\m-S-I-km-ln-Xy-�n-s‚bpw \mS-I-th-Zn-bp-sSbpw
Ncn{Xw Zo¿Lhpw AXnhn]p-ehpamWv. \mSIw cNn-°p-∂Xv
hmbn-®p-c-kn-°m≥ th≠n-h-am-{X-a-√, A`n-\-bn®p ImWn-Isf
ckn- ∏ n- ° m≥ th≠n°q- S n- b m- W v . F∂m¬, ae- b m- f - � n¬
FgpXnbp≠m-°p∂ \mS-Iß
- f
- n¬ Gsdbpw cwK-thZn ImWmsX
s]men-bp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. \mS-I-km-ln-Xy-s�-°p-dn®p ]Tn°p-tºmƒ, \mS-I-th-Zn-sb°p-dn®p IqSn a\- n-em-t°≠-Xp-≠v.
cwK-thZn IqSmsX \mSIw ]q¿Æ-am-Ip-∂n√ F∂ Nn¥ \mS-I]-Tn-Xm-hn-\p-≠m-I-Ww.
ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-�n¬ Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ]e {]ÿm-\-ßfpw
IS∂p h∂n-´p-≠v. kwKo-X-\m-S-I-߃ apX¬ X\-Xp-\m-S-I-߃
hsc k
- w`-hnВ® hnIm-k]
- c
- n-Wm-aN
- c
- n-{X-Г�nse {][m-\]
- c
- n-h¿�\-ßfpw am‰-ßfpw {]m[m\yt�msS a\- n-em-t°≠-Xp-≠v.
kwkvIr-X]
- m-cВє
- cy--ambpw ]m›mXykzm[o\ambp-w ]e {]ÿm\-ßfpw Bhnjvv°mccoXn-Ifpw IS-∂p-h-∂n-´p-≠v. F√mw aebm-f\m-SI�ns‚ kmw-kv°m-cn-It- {im-X - ns‚ CuSp-sh-bv∏mbn
Cgp-In-t®¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. F√m {]ÿm-\-߃°pw F√m coXn-acym-Z-Iƒ°pw ChnsS CS-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
sNdp- ∏ - ° msc \mS- I - k m- l n- X y- � n- t e°pw \mS- I - c w- K t�°pw sIm≠p-h-cm-\p≈ {iaw th≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \mS-I-hm-
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
143
b-\-bn-eqsS \mS-Im-h-t_m[w krjvS-n-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww. \mSIw
]Tn-°p-I, \mSIw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pI, \mSI-°q-´-߃ kwLSn∏n°pI ˛ AXn-\p≈ t{]c-Wbpw {]tNm--Z-\hpw \¬Im≥ Cu
tImgvkp-sIm≠v km[n-°-Ww.
bqWn‰v 1
aebmf-\m-S-I-km-ln-Xy-w Л› ae-bmf\mS-I-th-Zn Л› Ncn{X-mh-tem-I\w Л› Xangp\mS-Im-\p-I-c-W-amb kwKo-X\m- S - I - Гџ Ж’ Л› kwkv I r- X \m- S - I - ] - c n- ` m- j - I Ж’ Л›
tjIvkv]o-bВї \mS-I-]-cn-`m-j-IЖ’ Л› {]l-k-\w Л› tjIvkv]o-bВї kzm[o\w Л› imIp-ВҐfw ]cn-`mj
ae-bm-f-�n¬ ˛
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
A`n-вЃ„m-\-im-Ip-ВҐfw Л›
(hnh¿�-\w) Xncp-\-√q¿ Icp-Wm-I-c≥
klm-bI-{K-Её-Гџ-Ж’
1) kn. sP. tXmakv, Db-cp∂ bh-\n-I, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
amfp-_≥ ]_vfn-t°-j≥kv, 2010 (1950).
2) Pn.-i-¶c-∏n≈, ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw, Xriq¿:
tIcf kmlnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 1980.
3) tUm.- sI. {ioIp-amВї, ae-bm-f- kw-Ko-X\m-SINcn-{Xw,
Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv, 2002.
4) F≥. F≥. ]n≈, \mS-I-Z¿∏Ww, tIm´bw:
Fkv]n-kn--F-kv, 1981.
5) ]∑\ cma-N-{µ≥\m-b¿, \h-bp-K-in-ev]n, tIm´bw: Id‚ v
_pIvkv, 2003.
6) kn. F¬. tPmkv, \mS-I-c-N\ F¥v Fßs\?, tIm´bw:
Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv., 2012.
7) Lajos Egri, The Art of Dramatic Writing, New York: Simon
and Schuster, 1960 (First edition 1946).
144
bqW-n‰v 2
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
\mSIw kmaq-ln-I]
- c
- n-hВїГ�-\Г�
- ns‚ am≤y-aw- ˛ kapZm-b]
- c
- n-hВїГ�-\b
- X
- v\߃ ˛ kaq-l�
- nse kmº-�nIm-k-a-Xz-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ thh-em-Xn-Iƒ ˛ \mS-IobXsb \jvS-s∏-Sp-�m� cmjv{Sob\mSIw ˛
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
ASp-°-f-bn¬ \n∂pw Ac-ß-t�°v
Л› hn. Sn. `Вґ-Xn-cn-в€ЏmSv
]mВґ-_mВ°n
˛ sI. Zmtam-Z-c≥
kl-mb-I-{K-Её-Гџ-Ж’:
1) Im´p-amSw \mcm-b-W≥, ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-{]-ÿm-\w, Xriq¿:
tIcf- km-lnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 1990.
2) aS-hqВї `mkn, ae-bm-f\
- m-SI
- t- h-Zn-bpsS IY, tIm´bw: Id‚ v
_pIvkv, 1996.
3) kn.- sP. kvamc-Ik
- a
- n-Xn (k-Вєm-ZI
- Вї), \mSIw Л› Hcp ]T-\w,
Xncp-h-\¥--]pcw: amfp-_≥ ]_vfn-t°-j≥kv, 2010 (1962).
4) tUm. Sn. ]hn-{X≥, \mS-I-i-_vZ-tIm-iw, IÆq¿: kabw
]_vfnt°-j≥kv, 2008.
bqWn‰v 3
kmaq-ln-Ia
- mb am‰-߃ ˛ hy‡n--Po-hn-Xß
- f
- n¬ kw`-hn®
]cn-h¿�-\-߃ ˛ temI-\m-S-Im-Nmcy∑mcpsS
kzm[o-\-ГџЖ’ Л›
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
ka-Xz-hmZn ˛ ]pfn-am\ ]c-ta-iz-c≥]n≈
1128 В¬ ss{Iw 27 Л› kn. tP. tXmakv
kl-mb-I-{K-Её-Гџ-Ж’:
1) F≥. IrjvW-]n-≈, ssIc-fn-bpsS IY, tIm´bw:
Fkv-]n-kn-Fkvv, 1992 (H-∂mw-]-Xn∏v 1958).
2) tUm. F¬. tXma-kvIp-´n, Idp�Nncn-bpsS Acßv, Xriq¿:
\m\w tam\w, 1998.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
145
3) F≥. F≥. ]n≈, I¿´≥, tIm´bw: Un. kn. _pIvkv, 1996.
4) Konstantin Stanislavsky, Selected Works, Moscow: Raduga
Publishers, 1984.
bqWn‰v 4
\mSIw kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjv{So-bhpamb Xncn-®-dn-hpIƒ°v ˛ A�-hnizmk-߃s°-Xnsc ˛ ]pcm-W-߃
a\p-jy-`m-K-t[-b-Гџ-fpsS ]pXp-hymJym\-ГџЖ’ Л›
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
krjvSn ˛ sI. Sn. apl-ΩZv
e¶m-e£vvan˛ kn. F≥. {ioI-WvT≥\mb¿
kl-mb-I-{K-Её-Гџ-Ж’ :
1) Pn. i¶-c-∏n-≈, _¿t´mƒ´v s{_lv‰v, tImgn-t°mSv: t_m[n
{]km-[-\w, 1990.
2) Rymond Williams, Drama from Ibsen to Brecht, Penguin Books,
1968.
3) Erie Bentley, What is Theatre? Boston: Beacon Press, 1956.
bqWn‰v 5
tIc-fo-b-amb kzXzs�°pdn-®p≈ At\zjW-߃
Л› X\-Xp-\m-S-Ik-В¶ev]w Л› ]pXnb hgn-IЖ’ Л› ]pXnb
cq]--in-ev]߃ ˛ Akw-_-�-\m-SIw ˛ kmap-h¬
s_°-‰v, B¿Xv¿ AU-tam-hv,bqPn¬ sF\-kvtIm,
jo≥ sjs\˛ Akw-_-�-�ns‚ ]mc-ºcyw ˛ Akw_-��
- ns‚ {]m[m\yw ˛ Akw-_�
- \
- m-SI
- t- h-Zn-bpsS
]›m-�-ehpw Ncn-{Xhpw ˛ hniz-\m-S-I-߃ ]cn-`m-jI-fn-eqsS ˛
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
Xncp-hm-gn-�m≥ ˛ Imhmew \mcm-b-W-∏-Wn-°¿
sKmtZm-sb-°m�v ˛ kmap-h¬ s_°‰v
-˛ hn-h¿�\w: IS-Ω-\n´ cma-Ir-jvW≥
146
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
kl-mb-I-{K-Её-Гџ-Ж’
1) tUm. sI. Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿, \mS-Iw, B[p-\n-I-a-e-bm-f-kmln-XyN-cn{Xw (F-Un-‰¿ ˛ tUm. sI. Fw. tPm¿Pv), tIm´bw:
Un. kn. _pIvkv, 1998.
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Martin Esslin (ed.), The Theatre of the Absurd, Penguin Books,
1961.
Konstantin Stanislavsky, Selected Works, (Compiled by:
Oksana Korneva), Moscow: Raduga Publishers, 1984.
Konstantin Stanislavsky, My Life in Art, (Translated from
Russian by G. Ivanov Mumjiev), Moscow: Forein Languages
Publishing House,
John Russel Taylor, Anger And After, Great Britain: Penguin
Books, 1963.
John Russell Taylor, The Penguin Dictionary of the Theatre,
England: Penguin Books, 1966.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Code: MAL3E3/12
147
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л›`m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
B P\-{]n-b-km-lnXyw
(Popular Literature)
B\pIm--enI{]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fpsS {]Nm-c-Ww, {KŸ-im-emkw-L-�ns‚ {]¿�-\-߃, Atßmf-antßmfw Db¿∂ph∂
{KmaoW-hm-b-\-im-e-Iƒ ˛ Ch tIcf-k-aq-l-�n¬ F√m hn`mK-�n¬s∏´ P\-ß-fnepw hmb-\m-io-ew hf¿�n. Hm^o-kp-Ifn¬ t]mIp∂ kv{XoI-fn¬ am{X-a-√, ]mS�p ]Wnsb-Sp-°p∂-h-cnepw ho´-Ω-am-cnepw ho´p-tPm-en-°-mcnepw hmb\ Hgn-®pIq-Sm-\m-hm� H∂mbn amdn. ae-bm-f-�nse Nne {]kn-≤o-I-cW-߃ hnZym`ymkw Ipd™ hmb-\-°m¿°p hmbn®pckn°m≥ -t]m∂ khn-ti-j-X-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb kmlnXy-hn-`-h-߃
[mcm-f-ambn \n¿Ωn-®p. G‰hpw IqSpX¬ Bƒ°msc G‰hpw
Ipd-™-k-abw sIm≠v Blvf-mZn-∏n-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p
A�cw P\-{]n-b-km-ln-Xy-�n‚ s]mXpkz`m-hw. Iogmf-Pn-hnXm-h-ÿ-Isf Nn{Xo-I-cn®v A\p-Iº DW¿�p-I, taml-ßfpw
taml-`w-K-Гџfpw t{]a-ss\-cm-iy-Гџfpw Ah-X-cn-в€ЏnВ®v hmb-\-В°mcpsS Pohn-Xm-h-Гї-I-fpsS {]-Xn-^-e\w krjvSn-В°pI Л› ChbmWv eВЈyamВ°nb-Xv.
F√m Ie-I-fnepw efnXhpw Kuc-hhp-amb -`n∂[mc-Iƒ
ImWmw. H∂v P-\-{]nbIebpw as‰m∂v _p≤n-Po-hn-IebpWmWv. Zriy-I-e-I-fnepw {ihy-I-e-I-fnepw Cu hyXymkw ImWmw.
kmln-Xyw, \mS-Iw, kn\n-a, kwKoXw ˛ XpS-ßnb F√m Ie-Ifnepw c≠p coXn-Ifpw ImWm-hp-∂XmWv.
148
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
P\-{]-nb-km-lnXyw ae-bm-f-�n¬ Gsd {]I-S-ambn I≠Xv
IYm-km-ln-Xy-�nepw \mS-I-�n-ep-am-Wv. "XpS¿°-Y-Iƒ' F∂
t]cn¬ 1950˛70 Ifn¬ ae-bm-f-�-n¬ {]N-cn® \o≠-I-Y-Ifpw
UnIv‰IvSohv t\mh-ep-Ifpw hym]-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n® \mS-Ißfpw P\{]n-b-km-ln-Xy-�ns‚ kz`mhw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-bncp-∂p. F√m-°m-e�pw P\-{]n-b-km-ln-Xy-�ns‚ amXr-I-Iƒ
FSp-Г�p-Im-Вґm-\p-в‰ m-hpw.
aembm-f-�n¬ {]am-Wn-amcpw \ncq-]-I-∑mcpw Ah-K-Wn-°pItbm \n m-co-I-cn-°p-Itbm sNbvX P\{]nb-km-ln-Xy-s�°p-dn®v Kuc-h-t�msS a\- n-em-°p-I, GXm\pw amXr-I-I-fneqsS Ah-bpsS khn-tijXIƒ ]Tn-°pI, Ah kaq-l-�n-\v
GsX-¶nepw Xc-�n-¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-´n-´pt≠m F∂p ]cn-tim[n-°pI-˛ AsXm-s°-bmWv Cu tImgvkp-sIm≠v e£y-am-°p∂-Xv.
bqWn‰v 1
P\-{]n-b-kw-kv°m-cw, P\-{]n-b-km-lnXyw ˛{]W-b�ns‚ Imev]-\-I-tem-Iw˛ km[m-c-W-°-cpsS Dbn¿s�-gp-t∂¬∏v, -hmb-\m-io-ew ˛ IhnX km[m-c-W-°mc-\n-te-°v˛ P\-{]n-b-I-hnX ˛
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
ca-W≥ ˛ Nß-ºpg
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’
1) Fw. sI. km\p, \ВЈ-{X-Гџ-fpsS t{]a-`m-P\w, tImВґbw:
Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 2002.
2) ]nc-∏≥tImSv apcfn (FUn-‰¿), Nß-ºpg P∑-i-Xm_vZn
kvamc-I{- K-Еёw, Xncp-h-\-ВҐ-]pcw: tIcf {KЕё-im-em-k-lI-c-W-kwLw, 2010.
3) tUm. Fw. eoem-h-Xn, aebmf-I-hnXmkmln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw,
XriqВї: tIcf kmlnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 1996 (1980).
4) sI. Fkv. \mcm-b-W-]n≈, Nß-ºpg Hcp ]T-\w, tIm´bw:
Un. kn. _pIvkv, 1980.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
149
5) lrZ-b-Ip-amcn, Imev]-\n-I-X, tImgn-tВ°mSv: amXr`qan, 2013.
6) Fw. Z£n-Wm-aq¿�n, CwK-fojv Imev]-\n-I-X, Xncp-h-\¥-]pcw: tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 1983.
7) Fkv. Kp]vX≥\m-b¿, Aÿn-bpsS ]q-°ƒ, tIm´bw:
Un.kn _pIvkv, 1998.
8) Albert Mordell, The Erotic Motive in Literature, New York:
Collier Books, 1962.
bqWn‰v 2
B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fpsS hf¿® ˛ P\-{]n-b-t\mh¬ ˛
ss]¶nfn t\m-h¬ ˛{]tabw ˛ CXn-hr-�w ˛ BJym\w ˛ `mj ˛ kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-Xw ˛ {]Wbw ˛ BZ¿ih-Xv°-cWw ˛ IpSpw-_-_-�-߃ ˛ aqey-NypXn ˛
kmln-Xy-�ns‚ P\m-[n-]Xy-h-Xv°-cWw ˛ F¥psIm≠v P\-{]n-b-ambn ˛ F¥p-sIm≠v hmb\-°m¿°v
Xnc-kv°-cnt°≠n-h-cp∂p ˛ ae-bm-f-�n¬ P\-{]n-bkm- l n- X y- � ns‚ D]- ⁄ m- X mhv ˛tIc- f - � nse
{InkvXo-b-Pn-hnXw Л›
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
]mSm�ss]¶nfn (t\m-h¬ ) ˛ ap´�ph¿°n
a\pjym \o aÆm-Ip∂p (t\m-h¬) ˛ Aø-t\�v
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) tUm.- sI. -Fw. -X-c-I≥, ae-bm-f-t\m-h¬ kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw,
XriqВї: tIc-f-km-lnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 2005 (1978).
2) apВґ-Г�p-hВїВ°n ]Xn-в€Џv, kmln-Xy-tem-Iw, XriqВї: tIcf
kmlnXy AВ°m-Zan, ]pkvXIw 41 eВ°w 6 (\-hw-_Вї Л›
Unkw-_Вї 2013).
3) R.T.Terry, Victorian Popular Fiction 1860 – 80, London:
Macmillan Press.
4) Pramod K. Nayar, States of Sentiment – Exploring the
Cultures of Emotion, Hyderabad: Orient BlackSwan, 2011.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
151
150
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
5) David Glover, The Cambridge Companion to Popular Fiction,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
bqWn‰v 3
P\-{]-nb-Ie F∂ \ne-bn¬ \mS-Iw -˛ kmln-Xy-I-ebp-sSbpw Zriy-I-e-bp-sSbpw taf-\-w ˛ \mSIw i‡amb P\-{]n-b-am-≤y-a-w ˛s]mXp-kz-`m-h-߃ ˛ dnb-enk-�ns‚ kao-]-\w, kmaq-ln-I-{]-iv\-ßfpsS Ah-Xc-Whpw tNmZyw-sN-øepw, cq£]cn-lm-kw, kw`m-jW-�nse Zz-bm¿∞w, I®-hS- k
- m-≤y-XI
- Ж’В°n-WГџ
- p∂
tNcp-h-IЖ’ Л› cmjv{Sob-amb Ah-t_m-[hpw DЖ’В°mgvNbpw \evInb P\-{]n-b-\m-S-I-ГџЖ’ Л› P\{]n-b-t\m-
bpWn‰v 5
2) Arlie Russell Hochschild, The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling, Berkely: University of California
Press, 1983.
3) Danief Miller, Material Culture and Mass Consumption, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987.
4) Ranjan Tripathy, Reiterpreting Erotic Literature, New Delhi:
Swastik Publication,2012.
5) Pramod K. Nayar, Packaging Life: Cultures of the Everyday,
New Delhi: Sage, 2009.
NneXv Ip‰m-t\-hj
- W
- - kz-`m-ha
- p-≈h
- b
- mWv. F¥p-sImt≠m B imJ ae-bm-f-�n¬ th≠{X thcp-]n-Sn°msX t]mbn. C°m-e�pw Ip‰m-t\z-j-Wt\m-h-epIƒ hnh¿�-\-ß-fmbpw kzX-{¥-ß-fmbpw ]pd-�ph-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn°p-∂p. Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ß-fpsS temIw ˛
t{]X-I-Y-I-Y-I-fnse AXn-`u-Xn-I-tem-IwЛ›
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
sUhnƒ (Ip-‰m-t\z-j-W-t\m-h¬)
Л› tImВґbw ]pjv]-\mYv
A⁄m-X-lkvXw (Ip-‰m-t\z-j-W-t\m-h¬)
˛ \oe-I-WvT≥ ]c-amc
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’
1) sI. Fw. \tc-{µ≥, ss]¶nfn kmln-Xyw, {i≤, ipI-]pcw:
h≈-t�mƒ hnZym-]o-Tw, 2006.
Iogmf-Po-hnXw (low-class life) Л› `q{]-Ir-Xn, kw`m-jW-ssi-en, Pohn-Xc
- oXn, kwkvВ°mcw Л›P\-{]oXn t\Snb
t\mh- e p- I - f psS s]mXpkz`mhw Л›t\mh- e p- I - f psS
P\{]n-bX Ne-В®n-{Xmhn-jvВ°m-c-Г�n-teВ°v Л›
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
I≈-ns®-√Ω (t\mh¬) ˛ Pn.- hn-th-Im-\µ≥
DΩ (t\m-h¬) ˛ sambvXp ]Sn-b�v
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) F≥. - I rjv W - ] n≈, ssIc- f n- b psS IY, tIm´bw:
Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 1992 (H∂mw ]Xn∏v 1958).
2) tUm. -tPm¿Pv HmW-°q¿, t\mh¬, B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-kmln-XyNcn-{Xw {]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eqsS, (FUn‰¿) tUm. sI.
Fw. tPmВїPv, tImВґbw: Un. kn. _pIvkv, 1998.
4) tUm. tPm¿Pv Ccp-º-bw, ae-bm-f-t\m-h¬ ]s�m-ºXmw
\q‰m-≠n¬, tIm´bw: Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 1984.
5) Pam¬ sIm®-ßm-Sn, ap…nw kmaqlyPohnXw ae-bm-f-t\mh-en¬, Xriq¿: tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an, 1998.
6) Satyajit Ray, Our Films Their Films, Hyderabad: Orient
Longman, 1976.
7) John W. Hood, Beyond the World of Apu – The Films of Satyajit
Ray, Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 2008.
8) Janice A. Radway, Reading the Romance: Women Patriarchy
and Popular Literature, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolin
Publication, 1984.
bqWn‰v 4
ae-bm-f-�n¬ 1950˛70 Ifn¬ hym]-I-ambn {]N-cn-°p-Ibpw XpS-°-°m-cmb hmb-\-°msc h√msX {]tNmZn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX kmlnXyhn`m-Ka
- m-Wv Ip‰m-t\zjW-t\m-h¬. aebm-f�nse BZy-Imet\m-h-ep-I-fn¬
152
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
h-ep-I-fpsS s]mXp-kzm-`m-h-�n¬\n∂v NneL-S-I-ßfn¬ hyXy-kvXw ˛ Nne P\-{]n-b-kn-\naIƒ ˛ P\-{]nb-kn-\na Hcp {]tXy-I-hn-`m-Kw ˛ tIc-f-�-n¬ AºXpI-fnepw Adp-]-Xp-I-fn-epw P\s� Gsd BI¿jn®
Iebmb IYm-{]-kw-Kw Л› \mS-IЛ›kn\n-am-Km-\-ГџЖ’
Ihn-X-tbm-Sp≈ _lp-P-\-�ns‚ B`n-ap-Jy-�ns‚
{]Xn-^-e-\w ˛ ka-Im-enI tIc-fo-b-P-\-k-aq-l-�n-s‚
P\-{]nbam≤y-a-w sSen-hn-j≥ ˛
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
1) \nß-sfs∂ Iayq-Wn-Ãm°n (\m-S-Iw)
˛ tXm∏n¬ `mkn
2) Pohn-X-\uI (kn-\n-a / knUn e`y-amWv) Л›
3) IYm-{]-kwKw: Bbnj ˛ kmw_-inh≥
(knUn e`y-amWv)
4) \mS-IЛ›kn-\n-am-Km-\-ГџЖ’ Л›
1) _-en-Ip-So-cГџ-tf Л› h-b-emВї
2) am-a-e-IЖ’-В°-в€Џpd-Г�v a-c-X-I-в€Џ-Вґp-Sp-Г�v
˛ ]n. `m-kv-I-c≥
3) \o h-cq Im-hy-tZ-htX! ˛ H.F≥.hn.
4) Im-t‰ \o ho-i-cp-Xn-t∏mƒ ˛ Xn-cp-s\√q¿
5) N-{µn-I-bn-e-en-bp-∂p N-{µ-Im-¥w
˛ {io-Ip-am-c≥ X-ºn
6) kq-cy-In-co-Sw ho-WpS-в„ўp Л› Kn-co-jv ]p-Г�-tВ©-cn
7) kw-KoX-ta A-a-c-kв€љm]-ta Л› bq-k^-en tI-tВ®-cn
8) ]-d-bm≥ a-d-∂ ]-cn-`-h-߃ ˛ d-^o-Iv A-lΩZv
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) tUm. sI. {ioIp-am¿, Hcp apJw ˛ P\-{]n-b-\m-S-I-th-ZnbpsS anSn-∏p-Iƒ, tImgn-t°mSv: en]n ]_vvfn-t°-j≥kv, 2005.
2) David Biaculli, Teliliteracy- Taking Television Seriously, New
York: Syracus University Press, 2000.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
3)
4)
5)
6).
7)
8)
9)
153
ASq¿ K]m-e-IrjvW≥, kn\na kwkv°m-cw, tImgn-t°mSv:
amXr-`qan _pIvkv, 2011.
Pn.]n. cm-a-N-{µ≥, tem-I-kn-\n-am-bm-{XIƒ, tIm-gn-t°mSv:
en-Uv _p-Iv-kv, 2012.
hn. Sn. apc-fn, ]msВґm-cp-В°w, tImВґbw: Un. kn. _pIvkv,
2013.
hn.Sn. ap-cfn, Km-\-c-N-\-bp-sS X-В®p-im-kv-{Xw, tIm-Вґbw:
F-kv]nknF-kv, 2013.
hnXp-c t__n (k-am-l-c-Ww˛]T-\w), tX≥-Ip-Sp-°,
Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]pcw: sa-en≥-U _p-Iv-kv, 2008.
c-ta-iv tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, P-\-{]n-b-kw-KoXw, tIm-´bw:
Un.kn. _p-Iv-kv, 2013.
hn.Sn. kp-\n¬, kw-Ko-X-\n-L-≠p, tIm-´bw: Un.kn. _p-Ivkv, 2013.
154
Code: MAL3E3/12
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л›`m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
C am[y-a-]-T\w
(Media Studies)
C-∂v tem-I-sa-ºmSpw G-‰hpw ]p-tcmK-Xn {]m-]n®-Xv B-i-bhn-\n-a-b-cw-K-amWv. A-®-Sn-am-[y-a-ß-fn¬-\n∂pw {i-hy-am-[y-a-ßfn¬ \n∂pw Zr-iy˛Ce-t{Œm-Wn-Iv am-[y-a-ß-fn-te-°v H-cp Ip-Xn®p-Nm-´-am-Wv kw-`-hn-®Xv. A-Xn-eq-sS a-\p-jy-cm-in-°v e-`n-® t\´-߃ Gsd. tem-Iw ssI-h-≈-bn-se dn-tam-´n¬ h-s∂m-Xpßn;
temI-�v F-hn-sS F-¥p kw-`-hn-®mepw D-S-\p-S≥ A-dn-bm≥ km[n-°p∂p; hn-Zq-c-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \-S-°p-∂ A-Xn-{I-a-ßfpw bp-≤ßfpw A-t∏m-g-t∏mƒ t\-cn¬ Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bp∂p. tem-I-�ns‚ G-Xp tIm-Wn¬ I-gn-bp-∂ hy-‡n-Ifpambpw F-t∏mgpw _�-s∏-Sm≥ A-h-k-c-ap-≠m-Ip∂p. Po-hn-X-�n-s‚ F√m ta-J-eI-fnepw kp-Xm-cyhpw Xp-d- pam-b k-ao-]-\-߃ Zr-iy-am-Ip∂p.
Fв€љm am-[y-a-Гџ-fp-sSbpw {]-hВї-Г�-\-ta-J-e-IЖ’ km-am-\y-am-bn
a-\- n-em-°p-I; A®-Sn am-[y-a-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v Zr-iy-am-[y-a-ß-fn-te°p am-dn-b-t∏mƒ kw-`-hn-® kmw-kv-Imcn-I hy-Xn-bm-\߃, kmwkv-Im-cn-I-tem-]-߃˛ F-¥m-sW-∂p Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-I; am-[y-a-{]h¿�-\w sXm-gn-em-bn kzo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ Xm-ev-]-cy-ap-≈h-sc AXn-te-°p t{]-cn-∏n-°p-I˛ C-h-bm-Wv tIm-gv-kn-s‚ ]T-\w sIm-≠v
e-£y-am-°p-∂Xv.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
bqWn‰v 1
155
am[ya]T-\w
1. Bibhn\nabwЛ› ]e-Xcw Bi-bh
- n-\n-at- bm-]m-[n-IЖ’.
`mj Bibhn\nabam[yasa∂ \nebn¬ ˛ `mjI≥
˛ am[yaw ˛ t{imXmhv F∂ hr�w ˛ `mjmam[ya�ns‚ hnImkw ˛ hmsamgn, hcsamgn ˛
2. `mjWhpw amkv IΩyqWnt°j\pw ˛ hm¿�m
hn\nabГџЖ’ Л› hnfw_cГџЖ’, ZqXpIЖ’, imk\ГџЖ’,
tcJIЖ’Л›{]kwKГџЖ’, {]t_m[\ГџЖ’, kw`mj
W߃, IYmIY\߃ ˛ Kk‰pIƒ ˛ ]ckyßfpw
]ВЄnIv dntej\pw Л›
3. hm¿�mhn\nabkt¶X߃ ˛t^mIv aoUn- b ˛
B\pImenI{]kn≤oIcW߃ ˛
4. ]pkv X I{]kn≤oIcW߃, ˛ CeIv t {SmWnIv
kt¶X߃˛ {imhy, Zriy, UnPn‰¬ kt¶X߃˛
\ham[y-a-߃. tkmjy¬ s\‰v h¿°nMv ssk‰p-Iƒ
Л› ]c-kyhpw ]ВЄnIv dnte-j-\pw Л›
5. am[y-aГџfpw kwkvВ°mchpw Л› P\-{]nbkwkvIm-cwЛ›
A`n-{]mbcq]o-I-c-Ww˛ kΩX\n¿an-Xn˛kwkvImc
hyh-km-bwЛ›
{]Xn-\n-[m-\wЛ› D]-t`m-K-]-c-XЛ› am[y-a-Гџ-fpsS {]Xy-b
im-kv{X[Вїaw Л›
6. _lpam[ya߃ ˛ ]mThpw Zriyhpw ˛ ]mT�ns‚
hniZoIcWw F∂ \nebn¬\n∂v Zriy�ns‚
hniZoIcWambn ]mTw amdp∂p ˛ ]mThpw Zriyhpw
i_vZhpw kwKoXhpw tN¿∂ _lpam[ya߃ ˛
bqWn‰v 2
tIc-fob am[y-a-cwKw
1. aebmfsagp�ns‚bpw A®-Sn-hn-Zy-bpsSbpw hnIm-k]cnWma߃ ˛ BZy-Imeap{Z-Wm-e-b-߃ ˛
156
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
2. hmВїГ�-bpsS ASn-Гїm-\X
- Г�
- z-ГџЖ’Л› FВҐmWv hmВїГ�
˛ hnhn-[-Xcw hm¿�-Iƒ˛ tIc-f-�n¬ ]{X-{]-h¿�\-�ns‚ XpS-°w ˛ BZy-Ime]{X-߃, amkn-I-Iƒ
Л› {]Xn-]mZyhnj-b-ГџЖ’, t_m-[-\w, aX- t _m- [ - \ w Л›
am[ya{]hВїГ�\hpw hnhВїГ�\hpw Л›
3. Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv aoUnb Л› tdUn-tbm, Sn.-hn. Л› ChbpsS
hf¿®bpw kzm[o-\-hpw ˛ sSen-hn-j≥ Hcp kmwkvImcn-tIm-]-I-c-Ww ˛ kocn-b-ep-Iƒ, dnbm-en‰ntjm, N¿®Iƒ, kΩ-Xn-cq-]o-Ic
- W
- wЛ›tdUn-tbmbpsS Xncn-В®p-hc
- h
- vЛ›
4. dnt∏m¿´n-Mv, FUn-‰n-Mv coXn-Iƒ ˛ ]{X-hm¿�/tdUntbm-hm¿�/sSen-hnj≥ hm¿� - ˛ hm¿�m-Nm-\-epIƒ, hnt\m-Z-Nm-\-ep-Iƒ ˛
bqWn‰v 3
am[y-a-w, `mj, kmln-Xyw
1. ae-bm-f-Г�nse BZy-Imekmln-Xy-]-{X-{]-hВїГ�-\w Л›
kmln-Xy-cq-]Гџ
- f
- psS hf¿®-bn¬ B\p-Im-en-Iß
- f
- psS
]¶v ˛ k¿Km-flI
- k
- m-ln-Xy-Г�n\p \evInb {]m[m\yw
˛ hna¿i-\-�ns‚ hnImkw ˛ ssh⁄m-\nIkmlnXy-�n\v \evInb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ ˛ ]nev°m-e-{]-kn-≤oI-c-W-ßfpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ kmln-Xyhpw ka-Im-enI
am[y-a-Гџfpw Л› s]mXphmb Ah-tem-I-\wЛ›
2. ]{X-{]-hВїГ�-\hpw ae-bm-f-K-Zy-hn-Im-k-hpw Л› anj-Wdn-am-cpsS kw`m-h-\ Л› ]{X-`mj Л› kmam-\y-hy-h-lm-c`m-jbpw am\-I-`m-j-bp-w Л›
3. C‚¿s\‰pw ae-bm-f-`m-jbpw˛ C.-km-lnXyw/ssk_¿
kmln-Xyw ˛ `mjm-km-t¶-Xn-I-Xbpw ae-bm-f-hpw ˛
bqWn‰v 4
Zriy`mj
1. Zriy-`m-jbpw Nn”hn⁄m-\o-bhpw ˛ Nn”w, tImUv
F∂o ]cn-I-ev]-\-Iƒ ˛ hmNn-I-`m-jbpw Zriy-`m-jbpw ˛ Unt\m-t´-j≥˛ sImsWm-t´-j≥-˛ -an-�v ˛
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
157
t^mt´m tP¿W-en-kw. Zriy-kzm-[o-\w- ]-{X-am-kn-IIfn¬ ˛
2. tUmIyp-sa‚dn kn\naIƒ ˛ kn\n-abpsS `mj: Iymad,
FUn-‰n-Mv, h¿Ww, i_vZ-kn-\n-a, kwKoXw ˛ ae-bm-fkn-\n-a-bpsS hf¿® ˛ \h-kn-\na ˛ kam-¥-c-kn-\na ˛
]pXp-X-e-ap-d-kn-\n-aЛ› apJy-[m-cm-kn-\n-a-bpsS ka-Im-ew
Л› Ne-В®n{X {]Xn-\n-[m-\w Л›
3. kmln-Xyhpw kn\n-abpw: A\pIev]-\-߃˛ t\mh¬,
IY, IhnX F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂v cq]w- sIm≠kn\n- a Iƒ ˛ Xnc-°-YbpsS `mj ˛
4. ]c-ky-Гџ-fpsS Ncn-{Xw Л› hnhn-[-bn\w ]c-ky-ГџЖ’ Л›
A®-Sn, {imhy, Zriy, UnPn-‰¬ am[y-a-ß-fn¬ ˛
]ckyhpw hm¿�-bpw˛ ambp∂ AXn-cp-Iƒ ˛
]c-ky-ß-fpsS Nn”-hn-⁄m-\o-b-]-c-amb hni-I-e-\w˛
bqWn‰v 5
am[y-a-Гџfpw kaq-lhpw
1. kmaq-ln-I-]-cn-jvI-c-W-Гџfpw ]{X-Гџfpw Л› \thm-в€ћm\-Ime k-a-c-Гџ-Ж’. ]ucm-h-Imi t_m[-cq-]o-I-c-Ww,
kmap-Zm-bnI]cn-jvI-c-W-]-{X-ГџЖ’ Л›
kzmX-{ВҐy-k-a-c-hpw ae-bm-f-]-{X-Гџ-fpw.
2. cmjv{So-b-]-{X-ГџЖ’, ]{X-am-[y-a-Гџfpw ka-Ime ka-cГџ-fpw. am[y-a-\n-e-]m-Sp-I-fpsS cmjv{So-bw Л›
3. am[ya[mВїan-I-XЛ› s]bvUv \yqkv, Hfn-Iym-a-d, am[ya
kn‚n-t°-‰v ˛
4. kv{XoIfpw am[y-a-ГџfpwЛ› kn\n-a-bnse kv{Xo, ]c-kyГџ-fnse kv{Xo{]-Xn-\n-[m-\w Л›
5. C‚¿s\‰pw kaq-lh
- pwЛ›Fkv.F
- w.-Fk
- v, Fw.Fw. Fkv,
tªmKp-Iƒ, tkmjy¬ s\‰vh¿°nMv ssk‰p-Ifpw
kmaq-lnI CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw˛ Iºyq-´¿ kmt¶-XnIhnZy
t_m[\cwK-Г�v Л›
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
159
158
16) sP. hn. hnf-\new, B temIw apX¬ C temIw hsc,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥kv‰n-‰yq´v, 2003.
17) Fw.- hn. tXmakv, am[y-a-Гџfpw ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyhpw,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: kmw-kv°m-cnI {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-h-Ip-∏v, 2000.
18) sI.-]n. hnP-b≥, ]{X-߃ hnNn-{X-߃, tIm´bw:
F≥_n-Fkv, 1968.
19) {]В v AВ°m-Zan, ]{X-`mj, sImВ®n: 1983.
20) tPmbv Xncp-aq-e]
- pcw, hmВїГ�, Xncp-h\
- ВҐ
- ]
- pcw: tIcf `mjm
C≥kv‰n-‰yq´v, 1997.
21) Fw.- sI. tat\m≥, kz.te., tIm´bw: Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 1973.
22) kpIp-amВї Ago-tВ°mSv, ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-hn-aВїi\w,
tImВґbw: Un. kn. _pIvkv, 1999.
24) hn. cmP-tKm-]m¬, sSen-hn-j≥ tP¿W-enkw, tIm´bw:
Id‚ v _pIvkv, 2000.
25) a[p Cd-h-В¶c, ae-bm-f-kn-\n-abpw kmln-Xyhpw, tImВґbw:
Un. kn. _pIvkv, 1999.
26) hn.- sI. tPmk^v, kn\n-abpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xhpw,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: kmw-kv°m-cnI {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-h-Ip-∏v, 1997.
27) ASq¿ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, kn\n-a-bpsS temIw,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥kv‰n-‰yq´v, 1983.
28) tImgn-t°m-S≥, Ne-®n-{Xm-kzm-Z\w Fßs\?, tImgn-t°mSv:
ae-bmfw ]_vfn-t°-j≥kv, 1988.
29) hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, Ne-®n-{X-�ns‚ s]mcpƒ, ae-bm-fkn-\na, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥kv‰n-‰yq´v, 1984.
30) kn\nВ°v, ae-bm-f-kn-\na hmeyw 1Л› 1967; hmeyw 2Л› 1968.
31) sF. j¨ap-J-Zmkv, kn\n-a-bpsS hgn-bn¬, Xriq¿: Id‚ v
_pIvkv, 1990.
32) hn. cmP-Ir-jvW≥, ImgvN-bpsS Aim¥n, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
tIcf `mjm C≥kv‰n-‰yq´v, 1987.
33) BВї.-hn.-Fw. Znhm-Ic
- ≥, IYbpw Xnc-°Y
- bpw, tImgn-tВ°mSv:
Heohv, 2005.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) kztZ- i m- ` n- a m- \ n cma- I r- j v W - ] n≈, hr�m- ¥ - ] - { X- { ]h¿�\w, Xriq¿: awK-tfm-Zbw, 1926.
2) tUm. hffn°mhv taml≥Zmkv, ]›nsamZbw, Xncp-h-\-¥]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v, 2011.
3) Fw.PbcmPv , aebmf AВ®Snam[yaw `qXhpw hВїГ�
am\hpw, tImgn-tВ°mSv: amXr`qan, 2013.
4) _m_p sNdnbm≥/ tP°_v sFk°v ImfnaTw, ⁄m\\nt£]w: ]mThpw ]T\hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: {]`mXv
_pВ°v lukv, 2002.
5) tUm. _m_p sNdnbm≥, s_©an≥ s_bven, 2009.
6) tUm. h≈n°mhv taml≥Zmkv, cmPykamNmcw Hcp ]T\w,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: kmwkv°m-cn-I- {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-h-Ip-∏v, 1998.
7) Pn. {]nb-Z¿i≥, ae-bm-f-]-{X-{]-h¿�\w: {]mcw-`-kz-cq]w,
tImВґbw: Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 1982.
8) Pn.-{]n-b-Z¿i≥, amkn-Im-]-T-\-߃, tIm´bw:
Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 1974.
9) ]pXp- ∏ ≈n cmL- h ≥, tIc- f - ] - { X- { ]- h ¿�- \ - N - c n{Xw,
XriqВї: tIcf kmlnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 1998.
10) F≥.- ]n. -cm-tP-{µ≥, t^m¿�v FtÃ-‰ns‚ acWw,
tImgn-tВ°mSv: amXr-`q-an, 2004.
11) hn. B¿. am[-h-ta-t\m≥, amXr-`qan {]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww, amXr`q-an-bpsS Ncn{Xw (`mKw 1/ 1923--˛1935), tImgn-t°mSv: amXr`qan,
12) aq¿t°m�pIp™-∏, ae-bm-f-a-t\m-c-a-bpsS Ncn-{Xw,
tImВґbw: ae-bm-f-a-t\m-c-a, 1973.
13) sI.- Fw. tKmhn, BZn-ap-{ZWw `mc-X�
- nepw ae-bm-f�
- nepw,
XriqВї: tIcf kmlnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 1998.
14) kmap-h¬ h¿§o-kv/ kmaph¬ s\√n-ap-Iƒ, s_©-an≥
s_bven ˛ ae-bmfw A®-Sn-bpsS ]nXm-hv, tIm´bw: Id‚ v
_pIvkv, 1996.
15) tXmakv tP°-_v/ Sn. thWp-tKm-]m¬, \m´p-hn-tijw,
sImВ®n: tIcf {]В v, AВ°m-Z-an, 1989.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
161
160
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
34) ANyp-Xvi-¶¿ Fkv. \mb¿, C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥kv‰n-‰yq´v, 1999 (1997).
35) sI. cho-{µ≥, C‚¿s\‰v Fs¥√mw tkh-\-߃, Fßs\-sb√mw, tIm´bw: Un. kn. _pIvkv, 2005.
36) h¿°n ]´n-a‰w, Iwπo‰v Iºyq--´¿ _p°v, tIm´bw: Un. kn.
_pIvkv, 2003.
Kerala Sahitya Akademi, Malayalam Literary Survey (Vol. 21.
No. 4 Oct. Dec. 1999 & Vol. 22 No. 1 Jan-March 2000)
53) Keval J. Kumar, Mass Communication in India.
54) Pratish K. Mathur, Visual Communication - Beyond Words.
55) Robert Hassan and Julian Thomas, The New Media Theory
Reader, Open University Press.
56) Ron Beasley, Marcel Danesi, Persuasive Signs: The Semiotics
of Advertising, Mouton de Gruyter, 2002.
57) Susan Hayward, Film Studies - Key Concepts,
58) Tapas Ray, Online Journalism.
59) A. Wernick, Promotional Culture, London: Sage, 1991.
60) Raymond Williams, Communications, Harmondsworth: Penguin,
1962.
61) Raymond Williams, Keywords, London: Fontana, 1983.
62) Raymond Williams, Culture, London: Fontana, 1986.
63) Judith Williamson, Decoding advertisements: ideology and
meaning in advertising, Marion Boyars, 1978.
64) J. Wilmshurst, and A. Mackay, The Fundamentals of Advertising, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.
65) R. Wimmer, & J.Dominick, Mass media research: An introduction, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1991.
37) Adalaide Morris and Thomas Swiss. (Ed.) New Media Poetics:
Contexts, Technotexts, and Theories.
38) Adorno, Theodor. The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on
Mass Culture, (Ed.) J. Bernstein, London: Routledge, 1991.
39) Alexis Leon/ Mathews Leon, Internet for Everyone.
40) Roland Barthes, Image, Music, Text. New York: Hill & Wang,
1977.
41) Bill Nichols (Ed.) Movies and Methods - Vol.I, II
42) Boyum, Joy Gould, Double Exposure - Fiction into Film
43) Chandler, Daniel, Semiotics for Beginners
44) Umberto Eco, A Theory of Semiotics, London: Macmillan, 1976.
45) J. Fowles, Advertising and Popular Culture, London: Sage,
1996.
46) Gaston Roberge, The Subject of Cinema.
47) Stuart Hall, Representation: Cultural Representations and
Signifying Practices, London: Sage, 1997.
48) Leonard M. Henny, Semiotics of Advertisements, Edition
Herodot, 1987.
49) James Curran and David Morley (Ed.), Media and Cultural
Theory. Routledge.
50) Jean Aitchison & Diana M. Lewis, (Ed.), New Media Language,
51) Jonathan Bignell, Media Semiotics: An Introduction,
Manchester University Press, 2002.
52) Ken Smith et el. (Ed.), Handbook Of Visual Communication
Theory, Methods, And Media.
162
Code: MAL3E3/12
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л›`m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
D `mjm-imkv{Xhpw kmln-Xy-]-T-\hpw
(Linguistics and Literature Studies)
kmlnXyNn¥bnepw kmlnXy hniIe\�nepw `mjmZ¿i\w {]Zm\w sNbvXn´p≈ Dƒ°mgvNIsf kq£vaambn
a\ nem°pIbmWv Cu tImgvkns‚ e£yw. {]mNo\`mjmNn¥IfpsS {]`mhs� kmam\yambn \ncq]Ww sNøp∂
tXmsSm∏w B[p\nI`mjmNn¥Iƒ kr„n®n´p≈ hnπhIcamb ]cnh¿�\ßsf Bg�nepw ]c∏nepw a\ nemt°≠Xp≠v. Cu taJ-e-bn¬ \S∂n´p≈ hniIe\ßsfbpw kn≤m¥oIcWßsfbpw ]cnNbs∏SpI, {][m\s∏´ ]cnIev]\Iƒ
Fs¥∂p a\ nem°pI F∂o e£yßtfmsSbmWv ]mTy]≤Xn kwhn[m\w sNbvXn´p≈Xv.
bqWn‰v 1
BapJw
kmlnXyhpw `mjbpw, kmlnXyicocw/cq]w,
A¿∞w/D≈S°w˛ kmlnXy�ns‚ D≈S°w˛
cq]]camb {]tXyIXIsf ap≥\n¿�nbp≈
kao]\߃ ˛ i_vZme¶mc]≤Xn, coXn]≤Xn,
ht{Im‡n]≤Xn, sd´dnIv, djy≥ t^m¿aenkw,
ssieohnвЃ„m\obw, BJym\hnвЃ„m\w, \h
hna¿i\w ˛ A¿∞s� ap≥\n¿�nbp≈ kao]\
߃ ˛ ck[z\nZ¿i\w apX¬ bm{¥nIam¿Ivknkw˛
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
bqWn‰v 2
163
LS\mflI`mjmZ¿i\w
tkmkyqdnb≥ `mjmNn¥˛`mj˛`mjWw˛ ka{KXsb
ap≥\n¿�nbp≈ `mjmZ¿i\w, LS\m]camb
Nn”k¶ev]w, kqNIw˛kqNnXw, kmZriymflIw ˛
kwtbmP\mflIw (]mcUn‹m‰nIv ˛ kn‚m‹m‰nIv),
hyXymkw (Un^d≥kv ) ,kz\w, kz\naw, cq]naw
XpSßnb `mjmimkv{Xk¶ev]\߃˛ tNmwkvIn˛
tImw]n‰≥kv˛s]¿t^ma≥kv ˛ s]bgvkns‚ Nn”
Z¿i\w ˛ skantbmknkv ˛ Pwt…hns‚ Nn¥Iƒ ˛
Unt\mt´j≥, sImtWmt´j≥ ˛tdma≥ bmt°m_v
k¨˛ skmkyqdnb≥ Nn”k¶ev]\�ns‚ hna¿i\w ˛ hyXymkNn¥bpsS hna¿i\w ˛ `mcXobi_vZm¿∞Nn¥˛ i_vZhym]mc߃˛ A`n[, e£W, hyRvP\ ˛ [z\nZ¿i\w ˛ At]mlkn≤m¥w˛
At]mlkn≤m¥hpw skmkyqdnb≥ Nn”k¶ev]\�nse hyXymkZ¿i\hpambp≈ XmcXayw˛
(bmt°m_vk¨ hna¿i\�ns‚bpw At]mlkn≤m¥hna¿i\�ns‚bpw shfn®�n¬ skmkyqdns‚ hyXymkk¶ev ] \s� hna¿i\mflIambn
]cntim[n°mhp∂XmWv.)
bqWn‰v 3
djy≥ ˛ {]mKv kmlnXyNn¥mtemIw
jvt¢mhvkvIn ˛ A]-cn-Nn-X-h-ev°-cWw (Un-s^-an-enbssdtk-j≥), ssieohnPvRm\obw ˛ bmt°m_v
k¨ ˛ kmlnXobX (en‰ddns\kv), Imhy[¿Ωw
(t]mb‰nIv ^¶vj≥) ˛ (Bibhn\nabhr�n amXrI
bn¬ A[njvTnXamb hniZoIcWw). apItdmhvkvIn
˛ ]pct£]Ww (s^m¿{Ku≠nMv), Bibhn\nab
hr�n amXrIbn¬ A[njvTnXamb Nn”hn⁄m
\obw ˛ _mJvXn≥ ˛ skmkyq¿ hna¿i\w, D®cnXw,
t^mВїaenГѓv hnaВїi\w, UbtemPnkw, ZkvXtbm
hvkvIn ]T\w Л›
164
bqWn‰v 4
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Nn”imkv{Xhpw LS\mhmZhpw
t{]m∏ns‚ BJym\hniIe\w ˛ sXmamtjmhvkvIn˛
tam´n^v ˛ tdma≥ bmt°m_vk¨ ˛ enwKznÃnIvkv &
t]mb‰nIvkv, sa‰^¿ ˛ sat‰mWnan ˛ sehnkvt{Smkns‚ LS\mhmZhniIe\߃ ˛ \chwiimkv{Xw ˛
an�phniIe\w (]mcUn‹m‰nIv) _m¿�v ˛ Nn”hn⁄m\w ˛ kmwkvImcnIhniIe\߃, an�phniIe\w ˛ BJym\ hniIe\w ˛ antjdnbpsS LS\mhZhna¿i\w, Dev]mZ\kn≤m¥w ˛ Dw_¿t´m Ft°mbpsS LS\mhmZhna¿i\w ˛ sPm\Y≥ If¿ ˛
ssieohn⁄m\obhna¿iw, en‰ddn tImw]o‰≥kv ˛
bqWn‰v 5
LS\mhmZm\ВҐcNnВҐmtemIw
eIm≥ ˛ LS\mhmZa\»mkv{Xw, `mjbpw At_m[hpw ˛ A¬�qk¿ ˛ {]Xybimkv{Xw ˛ A]\n¿ΩmWw ˛ ZdnZbpsS Z¿i\w ˛ skmkyq¿hna¿i\w ˛ Un^dm≥kv ˛ Fgp�v (ssd‰nMv) _m¿�v ˛ ]mTw, ]mcmbWw, Fgp-�p-Imcs‚ acWw ˛ Atacn°≥ A]\n¿ΩmWw ˛ t]mƒ Un am≥, lmtcmƒUv ªqw, lnenkv
anв€љВї XpSГџnbhВї Л› ^qtВ°mbpsS hniIe\ГџЖ’ Л›
s{^UdnIv sPbnwkВЁ Л› cmjv{Sobmht_m[w t]mЖ’
dntВ°mbpsS NnВҐIЖ’.
klmbI{KЕёГџЖ’:
1) tKm]oNµv \mcwKv , (hnh¿�- \ w: ]n. Irjv W ≥),
LS\mhmZhpw D�cLS\mhmZhpw ]uckvXyImhy
imkv{Xhpw, \yqU¬ln: tI{µkmlnXy A°mZan, 2013.
2) kn. cmtP{µ≥, skmkyq¿˛LS\mhmZ�ns‚ BNmcy≥
3) Nm�\m�v ANypX\pÆn, ssieohn⁄m\w,
4) kn.sP.tPmВїГ·v ( FUn.) B[p\nIm\ВҐckmlnXy
kao]\ГџЖ’, _pВ°vthw, 1996.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
165
tUm. ]n. sI. \mcm-b-W-]n≈, ssIcfo[z\n, tIm´bw:
Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 1983.
hn.kn. {ioP≥, IYbpw {]Xybimkv{Xhpw, Xncph\¥]pcw: Nn¥ ]ªntjgvkv, 1993.
hn.kn.{ioP≥, A¿∞m¥c\ymkw.
kn.sP.tPm¿÷v , Nn”imkv { Xhpw LS\mhmZhpw,
tImВґbw: Un. kn. _pВ°vkv, 2001.
tUm. ]n.]n. cho{µ≥, ^qt°m˛ h¿�am\�ns‚ Ncn{Xw,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v, 2002.
Nm�\m�v ANypX\pÆn, ht{Im‡nNn¥Iƒ,
ipI-]pcw: h≈t�mƒ hnZym]oTw.
11) Jonathan Culler, Structuralism, Linguistics andStudy of Literature, London: 1975.
12) Jonathan Culler, Saussure, London: Fontana, 1983.
13) Umberto Eco, A Theory of Semiotics, London:
Indiana University Press, 1976.
14) Roman - Jakobson, The Fundementals of Language, Mouton:
1956.
15) Roman Jakobson, Linguistics and Poetics.
16) Fredric Jameson, The Prison – House of Language: A Critical
Account of Structuralism and Russian Formalism, London:
Princeton University Press, 1972.
17) Edmund Leech, Claude Levi-Strauss, New York: The Viking
Press, 1971.
18) Claude Levi-Strauss, Structural Anthropology, (Vol. 1&2),
London: Penguin, 1994 (1993).
19) Claude Levi-Strauss, The Raw and the Cooked- Introduction
to a Scienceof Mythology, London: Penguin 1986.
20) Claude Levi-Strauss, The Origin of Table Manners- Introduction to a Science of Mythology, New York: Harper Colophone
Books, 1978.
21) Pierre Macherey, (Tr.) Geoffrey Wall, A Theory of Literary
Production, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
167
166
41) Paul De Man, Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of
Contemporary Criticism, Oxford Univeristy Press, 1971.
42) Jacques Derrida, Writing and Difference, University of Chicago
Press, 1978.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
22) Ferdinand de Saussure, A Course in general Linguistics,
London: Fontana, 1960.
23) Jean Piaget, Structuralism, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,
1970.
24) Thomas Sebeok, Style in Language - Cambridge: MTT Press,
1960.
25) John Sturrok, Structuralism, London: Paladin, 1986.
26) Jonathan Culler, Structuralist Poetics, London: Routledge, 1975.
27) Mikhail Bakthin, The Problem of Dostevsky’s Poetics,
Ann Arbor: 1973.
28) Mikhail Bakthin, The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays on
the Novel, Texas Austin: 1981.
29) Paul Garvin, The Prauge School Reader on Esthetics, Literary Structure and Style, Washington D C: 1964.
30) Roman Jakobson, The Frame work of Language, Ann Arbor:
1980.
31) Roman Jakobson, Language in Literature, Cambridge: 1987.
32) Roman Jakobson, Selected Writings (8 Volumes), The Hauge,
1988.
33) Jan Mukaovsky, Aesthetic Functions, Norms and Value as
Social facts- Ann Arbor: 1970.
34) Peter Steiner Austin, The Prauge School Selected Writings,
1982.
35) Tony Bennet, Formalism and Marxism: History-Doctrine,
The Hauge, 1969.
36) Roland Barthes, Mythologies, London: 1972.
37) Roland Barthes, Elements of Semiology, London: 1967.
38) Charles Sanders Pierce , Collected Papers (8 Volumes),
Cambridge: Harvard University Press , 1958.
39) Roland Barthes, Image Music Text, London: 1977.
40) Harold Bloom, The Anxiety of Influence: A Theory of Poetry,
Oxford University Press, 1973.
168
MAL4CO13
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
A
B
C
D
5
2
t]cv
s{IUn‰v
kmln-Xy-kn-≤m¥w
(B-[p-\n-Iw)
5
hnhВїГ�\w:
X�zhpw {]tbm-Khpw
5
kwkv-IrXw (2)
5
hna¿i-\-kn-≤m-¥-߃
5
tIc-fo-b-NnВҐ
hnizkm-lnXyw
t^mIvtemВї
\memw ska-ГѓВї
tImgvkv
13 tImВї
MAL4CO14
tImUv
14 tImВї
15 tImВї
MAL4CO15
16 sF—nIw MAL4E4/16
Unk¿t´-j≥
hmNm-]-coВЈ
87
…….……………………….
BsI s{IUn‰v =
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Code: MAL4CO13
169
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л› `m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
kmln-Xy-kn-≤m¥w (B[p-\nIw)
(Literary Theory / Later Period)
ae-bmfkmln-Xy-�n¬ B[p-\n-I-Zibn¬ ]m›m-Xy-km-lnXyam- X r- I - I fpw kmln- X y- k n- ≤ m- ¥ ßfpw KW- \ o- b - a mb
kzm[o\w sNep-�n-bn-´p-≠v. ]m›m-Xy\ncq-]-Icpw Ihn-Ifpw
cq]-s∏-Sp-�nb kmln-Xy-Nn-¥-IfpsSbpw kn≤m-¥-ßfpsSbpw
ASn-th-cp-Iƒ {]mNo\ X�z-Nn-¥m-]≤
- X
- n-If
- p-ambpw a\»mkv{XNn¥-I-fp-ambpw _�s∏´p InSn-°p-∂p. B[p-\nIImes�
kzm[o-\n® aq∂p {][m\ Nn¥-m]≤-Xn-I-fmWv˛ Um¿hns‚ ]cnWm-a-kn-≤m-¥w, Imd¬ am¿In-kns‚ kmº�n-I-imkv{Xw,
t{^m-bn-Uns‚ a\-»mkv{Xkn≤m¥w ˛ F∂n-h. B[p-\n-I-a-eb-mf-\n-cq]Ww ssh-⁄m-\n-I-tem-Is� F√m Nn¥m]≤XnI-sfbpw kzoIcn-°p-hm≥ -k∂-≤-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
B[p-\n-I-km-ln-Xy-cq-]-Гџ-fpsSbpw {]Гїm-\-Гџ-fp-sSbpw
Bhn¿`mhhpw hf¿®bpw Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn hni-I-e-\-hn-t[-bam°Ww. At\Iw {]ÿm-\-߃, At\Iw Nn¥m-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ
˛ F√mw Imhy-X�
-- zNn-¥-bpsS kXym-t\z-j-W-߃. Ihn-X-sb°p-dn®pw IYm-kmln-Xy-s�-°p-dn®pw \mS-I-s�-°p-dn-®pw -am{X-a-√, F√m- hn-⁄-m\-imJ-Ifpw kmln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-�n‚ `mK-ambn amdn-bn-cn°p-∂p. kmlnXy]T\w kwkv-°m-cnI]T-\ambpw kmkv°m-cn-I-]-T\w Ncn{X-]-T-\-ambpw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn°p-∂p. F√m ssh⁄m-\nI[mc-I-sfbpw kwtbmPn-∏n-®psIm≠v hna¿i-\-�n-eqsS Hcp X\-Xp-Nn¥m-]≤Xn kzmwio-I-
170
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
cn-°pI F∂-Xm-hWw e£yw. AXn\v hn`n-∂]m›m-Xy-km-lnXy-kn-≤m-¥ß
- f
- psSbpw Xm�zn-IN
- n-ВҐI
- f
- p-sSbpw Bg-�n-ep≈
]T-\hpw A]-{K-Y-\hpw Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ am{Xw HXp-ßn-t∏m-ImXncn-°pI; In´m-hp∂n-S-t�mfw hnh-c߃ Is≠�n a\- n-em-°p-I; hn]p-e-amb
ImhytemIX�z߃ Adn-bpI; kn≤m-¥-ßsf {]mtbm-Kn-IX-e-�n¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-�pI ˛ CsXm-s°-bmWv B[p-\nI
kmln-Xy-kn-≤m¥]T\w sIm≠v e£yam°p-∂-Xv.
bqW-n‰v 1
kmln-Xy-cq-]-Гџfpw {]Гїm-\-Гџfpw
F∏n-Iv, \mSIw, t\mh¬, Ndp-I-Y, D]-\ym-kw,
Poh-N-cn-{Xw, Bfl-I-Y˛ ¢m n-kw, tdmam-‚ n-kn-kw,
dnb-en-kw, \mNz-d-en-kw,
kВїdnb-en-kw,
tkmjy-enГѓv dnb-en-kw, FIvkv{]-j-\n-kw,
Cw{]-j\
- nkw, knw_en-kw, Cta-Pn-kw, UmUm-bn-kw,
^yqВ®-dn-kw, kВїdnb-enkw, tamtUm-Wn-kw,
t]mГѓv tamtU-Wnkw Л›
_nw_w, {]Xo-Iw, BZn-cq-]-߃, an�v ˛
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) tUm. sI. Fw. Xc-I≥, ]m›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-X�
- z-im-kv{Xw,
tImВґbw: Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 1990 (1974).
2) Fw. Pn. sI. \mbВї, kmln-Xy-kw-вЃ„m-tIm-iw, tImВґbw:
Un.- kn. -_p-Ivkv, 1996.
3) William Henry Hudson, An Introduction to the Study of
Literature, New Delhi: Quality Publishing Company, 2001.
4) Rene Wellek and Austin Warren, Theory of Literature,
Great Britain: Prnguin Books, 1963 (1949).
5) J. A. Cuddon (Revised by C. E. Preston), Dictionary of Literary
Terms & Literary Theory, Britaain: Prnguin Books,
1999 (1977).
6) Irving Howe (ed.), Literary Modernism, New York:
A Fawcett Premier Book, 1967.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
7) tUm. Fw. eoem-h-Xn, BZn-cq-]-߃ kmln-Xy-�n¬,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 1993.
bqW-n‰v 2
171
\thmв€ћm\hnaВїi\w
Zmt¥-bpsS hna¿i-\k¶ev]w ˛ ssien-, Imhy-hn-jbw˛ ^nen∏v knUv\n ˛ Ihn-bpsS {]hm-N-I-Xzw,
Ihn {kjvSmhv tUm. -tPm¨k≥ ˛ Ihn-bpsS
Pohn-Xhpw IrXn-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈_�w, kmlnXyw
kZm-Nm-c-Г�n\phnt[bw Л›
Imev]-\n-I-hn-aВїi\w Л›
kmaq- l n- I - ] - › m- � ew ˛ F¥mWv Imev ] - \ n- I X,
Imev]-\n-I-hn-a¿i-\-�ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-߃,
{]Xn`bpw `mh-\bpw, k
- u-Вµc
- yk¶-ev]ß
- ƒ: _\-Ut‰m
t{Imt®, dqt m, CΩm- \ p- h ¬ Im‚ v , s{^UdnIv
jnв€љВї Л› hneyw _vtfВ°v Л› DuВїГ·w {][m\w, `mh-\,
Ihn-bmWv {]Pm]Xn Л› thВїUvk-hВїГ�v Л› `mh-\-bpsS
{]m[m-\yw, Imhy-`mj km[m-c-W°m-c-t‚-Xm-h-Ww ˛
tImf-dn-UvPv Л› _nw_-Ie
- v]\
- , Cam-Pn-t\-j\pw ^m≥knbpw, Ihn-{]-Xn` ˛ X�z-Nn-¥, thZ-imkv{Xw ˛ Ch-bpam-bn-´p≈ _�w, hna¿i\w X�z-Nn¥bpsS `mKw
˛ `mh-\-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Imhy-Z¿i\w ˛ amXyp B¿t\mƒUv ˛ Pohn-�ns‚ hna¿i-\amWv IhnX ˛ entbm
tSmƒtÃmbv ˛ Iem-kn-≤m-¥ßƒ ˛ Ie Bµ\µ-�n\p-th≠n, Ie Pohn-�n-\p-th≠n ˛ Ie-bnse Zp¿{Kl- X ˛ Ie- b v ° p- t h- ≠Xv hy‡n- X zw, kv ^ pS- X ,
Bflm¿∞X ˛ sj√n- ˛ Ihn-X-bpsS {]Xn-tcm[w ˛
Io‰vkns‚ kXy-ku-µcyk¶-ev]-߃ ˛
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) Patricia Waugh (ed.) , Literary Theory and Criticism, New
Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006.
2) David Lodge (ed.), Modern Criticism and Theory, London:
Longman, 1988.
172
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
3) kВї ^nen]v knUv\n, Ihn-X-bvsВ°mcp km[q-I-c-Ww,
(]-cn-`m-j) tUm. sI.- F≥. Fgp-�-—≥, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 1999 (1987).
4) lrZ-b-Ip-am-cn, Imev]-\n-I-X, tImgn-tВ°mSv: amXr-`q-an, 2013.
5) Walter Pater, The Renaissance – Studies in Art and Poetry,
Briton: The Fontana Library, 1967.
6) Shelley, A Defence of Poetry, The Selected Poetry and Prose of
Percy Bysshe Shelley, New York: The Modern Library, 1951.
7) entbm tSmЖ’tГѓm-bv, FВҐmWv Ie?, (hnhВїГ�\w:
sISm-Ipfw Icp-Wm-I-c≥), tIm´bw: Fkv]n-kn-F-kv, 1991.
8) AГё-в€Џв€Џ
- W
- n-°¿, A¥- ∂
- n-th-iw, Xncp-h\
- ВҐ
- c
- ]
- pcw: tIcf
`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 2000.
9) Fw. hn. tZh≥, tZh-kv]-µ-\w, tIm´bw: Un. kn. _pIvkv,
1999.
10) kpIp-amВї Ago-tВ°m-Sv, ae-bm-f-km-lnXyhnaВїi\w,
ipI-]pcw: h≈-t�mƒ hnZym-]o-Tw, 1981.
bqW-n‰v 3
\h-\n-cq-]Ww --- Л› ASn-Гїm-\-X-Г�z-ГџЖ’
sF.-F.-dn-®m¿Uvkv ˛ A¿∞-�ns‚ A¿∞w, kmlnXy-\n-cq-]-W-�ns‚ X�z-߃ ˛ {]mtbm-KnI\ncq]Ww ˛ Sn.- F-kv. -F-en-b‰v ˛ ]mc-º-cyhpw hy‡n-K-Xamb P∑-kn-≤nbpw ˛ t]mƒh-tedn ˛ IhnX `mj-bp-sS
Ie, IhnX `mj-bv°p-≈-nse `mj ˛ F^v. B¿.
eohvkv Л› kmwkvВ°m-cn-I\
- n-cq-]Ww ˛ hn¬_¿ kvtIm´v˛
hna¿i-\-�ns‚ ]©-am¿§-߃ ˛
[m¿Ωn-I-k-ao-]-\w, a\-»m-kv{X-k-ao-]-\w, kmaq-ln-Ik-ao-]-\w, cq]-in-ev]k-ao-]-\w, BZn-cq]-k-ao-]\w ˛
t{]mbvUv, bpwГџv Л› a\-В mВ»mkv{X-XzГџfpw kmln-Xyhn-aВїi-\hpw Л› amВїIvknГѓv kuВµ-cy-imkv{Xw: amВїIvkv,
GwK¬kv, {InÃ-^¿ ImUz¬, GWÃv ^nj¿, eqbn
A¬�q-k¿ ˛
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
173
1) David Lodge (ed.), 20th Century Literary Critisism, London:
Longman, 1972.
2) Wilbur S. Scott, Five Approaches of Literary Criticism, New
York: Coollier Books, 1962.
3) I. A. Richards, Principles of Literary Criticism, London:
Routledge & Kegan, 1960 (1924).
4) I. A. Richards, Practical Criticism, London: Routledge & Kegan,
1964 (1929).
5) Marx and Engels, On Literature and Art, Mosco: Progress
Publishers, 1976.
6) Fw. F≥. hnP-b≥, hm°pw a\- pw, tImgn-t°mSv:
Iem-tВЈ-{Xw, 1994.
7) s{]m^-k¿ sI.-Fw. Um\n-b¬, hna¿i\w: kn≤m-¥hpw
{]tbm-Khpw, tIm´bw: F≥_n-F-kv, 1991.
8) Partha Sarathi Misra, Introdution to Stylistics –Theory and
Practice, Hyderabad: BlackSwan, 2009.
9) Fw. tXmakv amXyp, acp-`q-an-bn¬ hnfn®p ]d-bp-∂-hs‚
i_vZw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: amfp-_≥ ]_vfn-t°,≥kv, 2011
(2004).
10) _me-N-{µ≥ hSt°-S�v, hmb-\-bpsS D]-\n-j-�v,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: amfp-_≥ ]_vfn-t°-j≥kv, 2011 (1999).
bqW-n‰v 4
\qX-\-{]-h-W-X-IЖ’:
LS-\m-hmZw (Structuralism), A]-\n¿ΩmWw (Deconstruction), kv{Xo]-£-hmZw (Feminism), ]cn-kvXn-hna¿i\w (Ecocriticism), lntÃm-dn-knkw (Historicism),
Nn”- i mkv { Xw (Semiotics) , hymJym- \ - i mkv { Xw
(Hermanuitics), BJym-\i
- mkv{Xw (Narratology) - hna¿i\hpw `mjm-im-kv{Xhpw ˛ am¿Iv-kn-khpw kmln-Xy\n-cq-]-Whpw ˛ At‚m-Wntbm {Kmwjn ˛ skm-kqq¿ ˛
174
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
1) Peter Barry, Beginning Theory – An Introdution to literary
and cultural theory, New York: Manchester University
Press,1995.
2) Wilfred L. Guerin (ed.), A Handbook of Critical Approaches to
Literature, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
3) C.- Fw. F
- k
- v. \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv, sXc-s™-Sp� {]_-�ß
- Ж’,
XriqВї: tIcf kmlnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 1998 (1990).
4) k®n-Zm-\-µ≥ (F-Un-‰¿), kv{Xo]-T-\-ß-ƒ, tImgn-t°mSv:
t_m[n, 1990.
5) sP. tZhn-I, kv{Xohm-Zw, tImВґbw: Un. kn _pIvkv, 2000.
6) kn.- _n. kp[m-I-c≥, D�-cm-[p-\n-I-X, tIm´bw: Un. kn.
_pIvkv, 2000.
7) sI. imc-Zm-a-Wn, kv{Xo kv{Xohm-Zw kv{Xohn-tam-N-\w,
tImВґbw: Un. kn. _pIvkv, 1999.
8) hnВїPn-\nb hpЖ’^v, kzВҐ-am-sbmcp apdn, hnhВїГ�\w:
_n.-Fw.kpld, tImВґbw: Un. kn. _pIvkv, 2013.
9) hn.- kn. {ioP≥, hna¿i-\m-flIkn≤m-¥w, tIm´bw:
Un. kn. _pIvkv, 1999.
10) kn.- cm-tP-{µ≥, ]mThpw s]mcp-fpw, FS-∏mƒ: h≈-t�mƒ
hnZym-]o-Tw, hnX-cWw: tIm´bw: F≥_n-F-kv, 2014.
11) kn. cmtP-{µ≥, skmkyq¿ ˛ LS-\m-hm-Z�
- ns‚ BNmcy≥,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v, 2002.
12) thWp-tKm-]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿, t\mw tNmwkvIn, Xriq¿:
hniz-Z¿i\ {]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww, 1987.
bqW-n‰v 5
kwkvВ°m-c-]-T\w
eqbn Aƒ�q-k¿, antj¬ ^qt°m, Zdn-Z, eIm≥,
Pqenb {IntÃ-h, sSdn CuKnƒ-´≥, Kmb{Xn kv]nhm°v, FtUz¿Uv skbvZv -˛ t]mÃv sImtfm-Wn-b-enkw
(Postcolonialism)
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
175
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) Sn. hn. a[p, \h-amВїIvknГѓv kmaq-ly-hn-aВїiw, tImВґbw:
Un. kn. _pIvkv, 1999.
2) k®n-Zm-\-µ≥, kwkv°m-c-�ns‚ cmjv{So-bw, tImgn-t°mSv:
eoUv _pIvkv, 2013.
3) kztZ-im-`n-am\n sI. cma-Ir-jvW]
- n-≈, kztZ-im-`n-am-\n-bpsS
{KЕё-\n-cq-]-W-ГџЖ’ kmln-Xy-te-J-\-Ж’, XriqВї: tIcf
kmlnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 1991.
4) kn. ]n. ANyp-X-ta-t\ms‚ \ncq-]-W-߃, (kºm-Z\w,
]T-\w) Sn. Sn. {]`m-I-c≥, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 1994 (1989).
5) s{]m^. Fw. ANyp-X≥, ]m›mXykmlnXyZ¿i-\w,
tImВґbw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv., 1991 (1962).
6) Terry Eagleton, The Illusions of Postmodernism, Britain:
Blackwell Publishers, 1967 (First published 1996).
7) Sheldon Pollock (ed.), Literary Cultures in History – Reconstruction from South Asia, New Delhi: Oxford University Press,
2003.
8) William K. Wimsatt & Cleanth Brooks, Literary Criticism - A
Short History, New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., 1964
(1957).
176
Code: MAL4CO14
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л› `m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
hnh¿�-\w: X�zhpw {]tbm-Khpw
(Translation: Theory and Practice)
kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkv°m-cn-Ihpw cmjv{So-bhpw kmln-Xy]-chpamb A¥m-cm-jvS-_-�-ß-fpsS hyXykvX-am-\-ß-fp≈
Hcp ]me-amWv hnh¿�-\w. hn\n-a-b-cw-K�v kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠ncn-°p-∂ am‰-߃ hy‡-nPohn-X�nepw cmPy߃ XΩn-ep≈
kl-hВїГ�n-Xz-Г�nepw AZv`p-X-I-c-amb ]cn-hВїГ�-\-Гџ-fmWv
krjvSn°p-∂-Xv. hn\n-abw hnh¿�-\-�n-eqsS F∂ Ah-ÿbn¬ F�n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Pohn-X-�ns‚ F√m cwK-ß-fnepw
hnh¿�\w Bh-iy-ambn h∂n-cn-°p-∂p. AXns‚ A`m-h�
- n¬
Bi-b-hn-\n-abw Akm-≤y-am-Wv F∂ AhÿbmWp-≈-Xv.
hnh¿�\w k¶o¿Æamb sh√p-hn-f-Iƒ Db¿�p-∂ Hcp
`mjm-imkv-{X-{]-{In-b-bm-Wv. hnh¿�-\-�ns‚ Xm�-zn-Ihpw
{]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb Ah-ÿ-I-sf-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-ambn a\- nem-°pI; aebmf-�n¬\n∂v CwKvfo-jn-te°pw CwKv-fo-jn¬
\n∂v ae-bm-f-�n-te°pw hnh¿�\w sNøm\p≈ Ign-hv kºmZn-°pI; Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ hnh¿�\w sXmgn-embn kzoI-cn-°phm\p≈ - am¿§-\n¿t±iw \evIpI ˛ F∂n-h-bmWv hnh¿�\w:
X�zhpw {]tbm-Khpw F∂ tImgvkv sIm≠v e£y-am-°p-∂Xv.
hnhВїГ�-\Г�
- ns‚ tZio-bhpw A¥¿t±-io-bh
- p-amb Dt±iye£y-ß-sfbpw hn]p-e-amb sXmgn¬ km≤y-X-Isfbpw Ipdn®v
Nn¥n-°phm\pw IqSpX¬ ]T-\-ß-fnte°pw At\zj-W-ß-fnte°pw Xncnbm-\pw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v {]tNm-Z\w \evIm≥
A≤ym-]-I¿ {i≤n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
bqWn‰v 1
(Intra-lingual translation),
177
F¥mWv hnh¿�\w? -˛ hnh¿�-\-�ns‚ {]k-‡nbpw {]m[m\yhpw
˛ cq]-a-\p-kcn-®p≈ hn`-P\w: GI-`mjmhnh¿�\w
(Inter-lingual translation) -
hyXy-kvX-`m-j-bnse hnhВїГ�\w
Nn”m-¥chnh¿�\w (Inter- semiotic translation)
k¿§m-fl-I-hn-h¿-�\w (Transcreation)
kz`mh-a-\p-kcn-®p≈ hn`-P\w:
Imcy-am-{X-]-cn-`mj (Pragmatic translation)
kuµ-cym-fl-I-]-cn-`mj (Aesthetic-poetic traslation)
hwio-b-]-cn-`mj (Ethnographic transalation)
`mjm-tI-{Вµn-X-]-cn-`mj (Linguistic translation).
hnh¿�- \ - � ns‚ khn- t i- j - X - I ƒ ˛ hnh¿�\w
imkv{Xtam Ietbm ssIhn-cptXm? Л› hnhВїГ�\w
hymJym\w Л› saВ®-sв€ЏВґ hnhВїГ�\w Л› ]п¬Ѓn-X-]-cn-tXmj-hmZw (Scholarly method), \nI-tjm-]e
- h
- mZw (Touchstone
method), ]›m-Xvhnh¿�\w (Back translation) ˛
]cn-`m-jbv°p hg-ßm� ]Z-߃, hmIy-߃,
ssien-IЖ’, {]tbm-K-ГџЖ’ Л› Untranslatability klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) tUm. F≥. C. hniz-\mYø¿, hnh¿�-\-hn-Nm-cw, Xncp-h-\¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰q´v, 1996.
2) Fw. ]n. kZm-in-h≥, `mjbpw ]cn-`m-j-bpw, Xncp-h-\-¥]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰q-´v, 2008.
3) tUm. sI. hn. tXma-kv/ tUm. amXyp apВґ-Г�v, hnhВїГ�-\
h
- n-Nn-ВҐ\
- w, tImgn-tВ°mSv: en]n ]_vf
- n-t°-j≥kv, 2014 (2009).
4) Richard W Brislin (ed.), Translation – Applications and
Research, New York: Gardner Press, 1976.
5) K. Karunakaran and M. Jayakumar (ed.), Translation as
178
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Synthesis: A Search for New Gestalt, New Delhi: Bahri
Publications, 1988.
6) Ravinder Gargesh / Krishna Kumar Goswami (ed.), Translation
and Interpretation, Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 2007.
7) G. Gopinathan / S. Kandasway (ed.), Problems of Translation,
Allahabad: Lokbhasati Prakashan, 1993.
bqWn‰v 2
hnhВїГ�-\-{]-Inb Л› ]mTw, ]mThni-I-e\w: ]Zw,
hmIyw, hmIy-L-S-\, ssien, Be-В¶mcn-I-{]-tbm-Kw,
_nw_w, {]Xo-Iw, {]m‡-\-{]-Xo-Iw, an�v, Bibw
˛ aqe-]m-T-�ns‚ hymI-cWw, e£y-]m-T-�ns‚
hymI-cW
- w, aqe-]m-T�
- n¬\n∂v e£y-]m-T�
- n-te-°p≈
hnhВїГ�\ kaaq-eyX (Translation equivalency), ]mThpw
kwkv В° m- c hpw Л› hnhВїГ�- \ hpw kwkv В° m- c hpw Л›
hnhВїГ�-\hpw Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xyhpw Л›
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) tUm. hn. -B¿. {]t_m-[-N-{µ≥, hnh-¿�-\-�ns‚ `mjmim-kv{X-`q-anI, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥kv‰n-‰yq´v, 1974.
2) kvIdn-b k°-dn-b & Pb kpIp-am-c≥ (F-Un-‰-¿), X¿÷a˛
kn≤m-¥hpw {]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-�n¬, {]km-[-I¿ ˛
Nß-\m-t»cn: Xm]kw, tIm´bw: Id‚ v _pIvkv, 1997.
3)
4)
5)
6)
Eugene A.Nida / Charles R. Taber (ed.), The Theory and Practice of Translation, Leiden: Published for the Bible Societies
By E. J. Brill, 1974.
Sujith Mukherjee, Tranlation as Discovery and Other Essays,
New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 1981.
T. Vinoda / V. Gopal Reddy (ed.), Studies in Translation – Theory
and Practice, New Delhi: Prestige, 2000.
G J V Prasad (ed.), Translation and Culture – Indian Perspectives, New Delhi: Pencraft International. 2010.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
bqWn‰v 3
179
hnhn-[-]mT-ß-fpsS ]cn-`m-jIƒ -˛ {i≤n-t°≠`mjm
L-S-I-ГџЖ’ Л› cq]-Xp-ey-Xm-]-cn-`mj (Formal equivalent
tranlation), Ne-\m-fl-IXp-eyXm]cn-`mj (Dynamic
equivalent translation) Л› imkv{X-IrXn-If
- psS ]cn-`mj Л›
kmt¶-Xn-I]
- Z- Гџ
- fpsS ]cn-`mj Л› kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-If
- psS
]cn-`mj ˛ Ihn-Xm-]-cn-`m-j, \mS-I-]-cn`m-j, IYm]cn`mj, {]_-�-]-cn-`mj ˛ {]tbm-K-ß-fp-sSbpw ssienI-fp-sSbpw ]cn-`m-j ˛ ]c-ky-ß-fpsS ]cn-`mj ˛
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) (HcpkwLw teJ-IВї), hnhВїГ�\w, Xncp-h-\-ВҐ-]pcw:
tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰q´v, 1977.
2) kn. hn. hmkp-tZ-h-`-´-Xncn, X¿Pp-a-bpsS Xmt°m¬,
amth-en-В°c: kvssI _pIv ]_vfn-tj-gvkv, 2004.
3) tUm. sI.-hn. tXma-kv, hnhВїГ�-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-hpw,
tImgn-t°mSv: en]n ]_vfn-t°-j≥kv, 2014 (2009).
4) James Holmes, Jose Lambert & Raymond van Den Break
Literature and Translation, Belgium: Academic Publishing
Company, 1976.
5) E. V. Ramakrishnan, Locating Indian Literature – Texts,
Traditions, Translations, Hydearbad: Orient BlackSwan, 2011.
6) Susan Bassnett, Translation Studies, London: Routledge, 1988.
7) Edith Grossman, Why Translation Matters, Hyderabad: Orient
BlackSwan, 2011.
bqWn‰v 4
Nß-ºp-g-bp-sSbpw tIkcn F.- _m-e-Ir-jvW-]n-≈bpsSbpw hnh¿�-\-k¶-ev]-\-߃ ˛
Fgp-�-—≥, F.- B¿. cm-Pc
- m-Ph
- ¿Ω, \mem-∏m´p \mcm-bW-tat\m≥, CS-∏≈n IcpWm-I-c-tat\m≥, F≥. -sI. Zm-tam-Z-c≥˛ Ch-cpsS ]cn-`mjmcoXn-Iƒ ˛
180
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) amXyp B¿t\mƒUns‚ tlma¿ hnh¿�-\ß
-- sf°p-dn-®p≈
hna¿i\w ˛ AXn\v F^v. U_vfnbq. \yqams‚ adp-]Sn ˛
Mathew Arnold, On Translating Homer/
On Translating Homer - Last Words
(Original Text - See Internet)
F. W. Newman, Homeric Translation in Theory and Practice
(A Reply to Mathew Arnold) (Original Text See Internet)
2) NГџ-Вєp-g-bpsS ]cn-`m-j-IЖ’: NГџ-Вєp-g-bpsS ]Zy-Ir-X-nIЖ’
(`mKw c≠v), tIm´bw: Fkv]n-knF-kv, 1990. (kp[mw-K-Z,
tZh-KoX, Znhy-Ko-Xw, bh-\n-I, \n¿hr-Xn XpS-ßnb H-‰-sbm‰-°r-Xn-Iƒ°v Nß-ºpg Fgp-Xnb Bap-J-߃ t\m°p-I.
kºq¿Æ- I r- X n- I fn¬ Bap- J - ß ƒ FSp�p am‰n- b n- c n°p∂p.)
3) tIk-cn-bpsS ]cn-`m-j-IЖ’:
tam∏-km-ßv˛kv{XobpsS PohnXw (t\m-h¬)
t{]mkv]¿ sadnta˛Im¿sa≥ (t\m-h¬)
C_vk≥ ˛ t{]X-߃ (\m-SI
- w)
(Cu IrXn-If
- psS Bap-JГџ
- Ж’ t\mВ°p-I)
4) tUm.Sn.]n. kpIp-am-c≥, \ncq-]-I-\mb tIk-cn,
tImВґbw: Un. kn. _pIvkv, 1987.
bqW-n‰v 5
(aqe-hp-ambn H�p-t\m°n hni-Z]T-\-�n\v)
Ipam-c-\m-ims‚ hoW-]q-hv ˛ Pn.- Ip-am-c-]n-≈-bpsS
CwKvfojv hnh¿�-\w ˛ The Fallen Flower sI. Pb-Ip-am-dns‚ CwKvfojv hnh¿�\w ˛ The Fallen
Flower
SmtKm-dns‚ KoXm-RvPen (Imhy-]-cn-`mj) ˛ kp-µcw
[\p-h-®-]pcw (BZys� 25 Jfi-߃)
Fw. Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb-cpsS "ImgvN' F∂ sNdpIYbpsS CwKvfojv ]cn-`mj ˛ Insight.
ssh°w apl-ΩZ- _
v j
- o-dns‚ ""‚pp∏q-∏m-s°m-cm-t\≠m¿∂v''
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
��Me Grandad `Ad An Elephant!’’
181
F∂ t\mh-ens‚ tUm.B¿.-C.B-jdpsS hnh¿�\w ˛
(BZys� c≠v A≤ym-bw am{Xw.)
Acp�Xn tdmbn-bpsS The God of Small Things F∂
t\mh-ens‚ {]nb, F. Fkv˛s‚ "Ip™p-Im-cy-ßf
- psS
HmtS-X-ºp-cm≥' F∂ hnh¿�\w. (ssZh-�ns‚
kz¥w \mSv F∂ A≤ymbw am{Xw.)
k-lm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) Dr. K. Ramachandran Nair (ed.), Selected Poems of Kumaran
Asan, Trivandrum: University of Kerala, 1975.
2) hoW-]qhv Л› iXm-_vZn-kvam-c-I-в€Џ-Xnв€Џv, tImВґbw: Un. kn.
_pIvkv, 2007.
3) A\n¬ h≈-t�mƒ (F-Un-‰¿), hoW-]qhv ]T-\-߃,
ae-bm-f-hn-a¿iw 19, ae-bmf-˛tIc-f-]-T-\-hn-`mKw, Imen-°‰v
k¿∆-I-em-im-e: {]kn-≤o-I-cW hn`m-Kw, 2007.
4) Tagore, Collected Poems and Plays of Rabindranath Tagore,
New Delhi: Rupa Co, 2008 (First Published 1936)..
5) SmtKm-dns‚ KoXm-RvPen (Im-hy-]-cn-`mj), kpµcw [\p-h®-]p-cw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: {]nb-Z¿in\n ]_vfn-t°-j≥kv
skmssk‰n, 2011.
6) ]n. tkma-\m-Y≥, hnh¿�-\-]-T-\-߃, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 2014.
7) The Writings of M.T.Vasudevan Nair, Transalted by V.Abdulla
and Geetha Krishnankutty, Hyderabad: Orient BlackSwan, 2010.
8) R. E. Asher and Achamma Chandrasekaran (Tr.), “ Me Grandad
`Ad An Elephant!’’, New Delahi: Penguin Books, 1992.
(First Published by University of Edinburgh Press 1980)
9) tUm. BВї.- C.- B-jВї, _joВїIr-Xn-I-fpsS hnhВїГ�\w Л›
Nne Nn¥-Iƒ, (hnh-¿-�\w: tUm.- F-kv. -th-em-bp-[≥),
ae-bm-f-`m-jm-km-ln-Xy-]-T-\-ГџЖ’, tImВґbw: Un.- kn. -_pIvkv, 1989.
10) Arundhati Roy, The God of Small Things, , New Delhi: IndiaInk,
1997.
182
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
11) Acp-�Xn tdmbv, Ip™p-Im-cy-ß-fpsS HtS-X-ºp-cm≥,
(hnhВїГ�-\w) {]nb F. Fkv. , tImВґbw: Un. kn. _pIvkv,
2011.
12) Richard W. Brislin (ed.), Translation – Application and Research, New York: Gardner Press, 1976.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Code: MAL4CO15
183
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л› `m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
kwkvIrXw (t]-в€ЏВї 2)
SKT.4E12 BASIC SANSKRIT II
(For Non- Sanskrit Main Courses only)
Unit-1 - Drama – Madhyamavyayoga
Unit-II - Dramturgy – Definition of ten rupakas
(Dasarupaka Chapter III)
Unit-III - Purpose of Poetry and Division of Kavya
(Kavyaprakasa I)
Pattern of Question Paper:
Part A Drama
I Essay (one out of two)
1x20 = 20 Marks
II Annotate (any four out of six)
4x5 = 20 Marks
III Explain verses fully (four out of six) 4x5 = 20 Marks
Part B Dramturgy
IV Answer in a pargraph each
4x2.5 = 10 Marks
(any four out of six)
Part C Poetics
V Answer in a paragraph each 4x2.5 = 10 Marks
(any four out of six) … 80 Marks
Reference:
Bhasa – Madhyamavyayoga
Mammata - Kavyaprakasa
184
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Vedabandhu - Rasabharati
K. P. Narayana Pisarodi – Bharatamuniyude Natyasasthram
(Malayalam Translation)
M. S. Menon - Paurasthyanatakadarsanam
N. V. P. Unithiri – Samskritasahityavimarsam
N. P. Unni – Natyasastra (Ed. & Tr.)
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Code: MAL4E4/16
hna¿i-\-kn-≤m-¥-߃
185
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л›`m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
A
(Critical Theories)
km- a q- l n- I imkv { X- ß - f n¬\n∂pw am\- h nIhnj- b - ß fn¬\n∂pw e`n-°p∂ Adn-hp-Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp�n kaq-ls�bpw kwkv°m-c-s�bpw hni-I-e\w sNøp∂ Nn¥m-]-≤Xn-bmWv hna¿i\X�zw. AXn\v hyXy-kvXa
- mb DZv`h
- hpw Ncn{Xhpap≈ c≠v hgn-I-fp-≠v ˛ H∂ma-t�Xv kmaq-ln-I-imkv{X�n¬\n∂pw c≠m-at- �Xv kmln-Xy-hn-a¿-i\
- Г�
- n¬\n∂pw cq]s∏- ´ p- h - ∂ - X m- W v . X�z- N n- ¥ - b n¬ hna¿i- \ X�zw F∂
kw⁄, {^¶m-^¿´v kvIqfns‚ \yqtbm-˛-am¿IvknÃv Nn¥-Ifp-S-ambn _�-s∏-Sp-�n-bm-Wv hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. B Nn¥mKXn 1930˛Ifn¬ P¿Ω-\n-bnemWv hnI-kn®Xv. {^m¶v^¿´v
Xm�zn-I-∑m¿ Imd¬am¿Ivkn-s‚bpw t{^mbn-Un-s‚bpw -kn-≤m¥-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv {]tNm-Z\w Dƒs°m-≠-Xv. a\p-jy-hn-tam-N\-�ns‚ G‰hpw henb XS w {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-amWv F∂
Nn¥m- K Xn hna¿i- \ �zw sh®p]pe¿�p- ∂ p. sl¿_¿´v
amВїIyp-kv, Xntbm-UВї AtUmВїtWm, amIvkv tlmВїВ°vsaВї,
hmƒ´¿ s_©-an≥, FdnIv {^w ˛ F∂o {]m¶v^¿´v kn≤m¥°q´m-bva-bmWv hna¿i-\X�zs� Hcp Nn¥m-]-≤-Xn-bmbn
X�z-h-Xv°-cn-®-Xv. B[p-\n-I-hn-a¿i-\X�zw tPm¿Pv eq°mIvkns\bpw At¥m-Wntbm {Kmwjnsbbpw t]mse Xs∂
P¿K≥ sl¿_¿amkv Dƒs∏-Sp∂ c≠mw Xe-ap-d-bn¬ss∏´
{^m¶-v^¿´v ]fin-X-∑m-scbpw kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v. sl¿_¿am-
186
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
kns‚ hna¿i\X�z�n¬ P¿a≥ BZ¿i-hm-Z�ns‚bpw
Ata-cn-°≥ {]mtbm-Kn-K-hm-Z�ns‚bpw thcp-Iƒ Is≠-�m\m-hpw. ]m›m-Xy- _u-≤n-I-Po-hnXw LS-\m-hm-Z-�n-eq-sSbpw
LS-\m-\-¥-c-hm-Z-�n-eq-sSbpw 1960˛Ifnepw 1970˛Ifnepw \mSIo-b-amb Nne am‰-߃ ImgvNh-bv°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. kv{SIvN-dns‚bpw kq∏¿ kv{SIvN-dn-s‚bpw ASn-kvYm-\-amb am¿Ivkn-b≥
kmº-�n-I�
- n-\p ]Icw hyhlm-c�
- ns‚ ASn-�d
- - `mj-bmWv
F∂v k q¿ kn≤m-¥n-°p-Ib
- p-≠m-bn. k q-dns‚ Nn”-im-kv{X�nse Nn”Ihpw (Signifier) On∂n-Xhpw (Signified) XΩn-ep≈
hyXymks�bpw On”-ßf
- psS AГїn-ck
- z-`m-hs
- Г�bpw ZdnU
A]-\n¿Ωm-W�
- n\p hnt[-ba
- m-°n. Fgp�v F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ
]d-bp-∂X√, Fgp-X-s∏-Sp-�Xp Xs∂ F∂mWv a\- n-em-t°≠-Xv. Hcp ]Zw temIs�bpw kwkv°m-c-s�bpw Ncn-{Xs�bpw ÿm]\-s�bpw s]mXp-P-\-s�bpw kqNn∏n-°p-∂p.
`mj-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ Nne tNmZy-ß ƒ am\-k n-I-h n-i - I - e - \ w,
kv{Xohm-Zw, kwkv°m-cw kmln-Xyw F∂o taJ-e-I-fn-se√mw
Nne ]p\x{Iao-I-c-W-Гџ-sfbpw ]pXn-b-Nn-ВҐm-K-Xn-Isfbpw
sIm≠ph∂n-cn-°p∂p.
Cu tImgvkn-eqsS Ccp-]mXmw \q-‰m-≠nse {][m-\-Nn-¥-I∑m-scbpw Ah-cpsS Nn¥m-]-≤-Xn-I-sfbpw kmam-\y-ambn ]cnN-b-s∏-Sp-�p-∂p.
bqWn‰v 1
amВїIvknkw
Imd¬ am¿Ivkns‚bpw GwK¬kn-s‚bpw hnNm-c-ß-fn¬
\n∂v {]tNm-Z\w sIm≠Hcp Nn¥m-]≤
- X
- n-bmWv am¿Ivknkw. {]Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw Ncn-{X-�ns‚bpw `uXn-I-X-�z-Nn¥, cmjv{So-b-�ns‚ X�z-h-Xv°-c-Ww, cmjv{So-b-amb
kmВєГ�n-IX Л› Ch-bpsS kw{K-l-amWv amВїIvkn-kw.
AXv ]s�m-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse G‰hpw kzm[o\w sNep�nb Hcp _u≤n-I-i-‡n-bmWv.
eq°m-Ivkv, tKmƒUvam≥, s_-©an≥, AtUm¿tWm,
hneyw-kv, sSdo CuKn¬Sv¨ XpS-ßnbhsc kmam-\y-ambn
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
187
]cn-N-b-sв€Џ-Sp-I.
kmln-Xy-�n¬ am¿Ivkn-k-�ns‚ {]k-‡n.
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-�n¬ AXns‚ kzm[o-\w.
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) ]n. tKmhn-µ-∏n≈, C. Fw. Fkpw aebmfk-ln-Xy-hpw,
tImВґbw: Un. kn. _pIvkv, 2006.
2) ]n.sI.tKm]m-eI
- r-jvW≥, ]ptcm-Ka
- \ kmln-Xy-{]-Гїm-\w
Л› \ngepw shfn-В®hpw, XriqВї: tIcf kmlnXy AВ°m-Z-an,
1987.
3) ]n. tKmhn-µ-∏n≈, am¿Ivknkv‰v kuµ-cy-imkv{Xw ˛ DZv`hhpw hf¿®bpw, Xncp-h\
- ВҐ
- ]
- pcw: kwLw {]km-[\
- w, 1987.
4) C.-Fw.-F-kv. \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv, sXc-s™-Sp� {]_-�-߃,
XriqВї: tIcf kmlnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 1998 (1990).
5) Lenin On Literature and Art, Moscow: Progress Publishers,
1967.
6) D. Laing, The Marxist Theory of Art, Sussex, 1978.
bqWn‰v 2
LS-\m-hm-Zhpw LS-\m-\-ВҐ-c-hm-Zhpw
(Structuralism and Post-Structuralim)
Ccp-]-Xmw-\q-‰m-≠nse G‰hpw kzm[o\w sNep-�nb
{]ÿm\w {^©vNn¥-I-∑m-¿ XpS-ßn-sh® LS-\m-hmZamWv. k q-dn-s‚ `mjm-ivkv{X-�n¬-\n∂v DZv`-hn®XmsW¶nepw -am-\-himkv{Xs�bmsI Htc-sbmcp coXnimkv{X�n¬ (methodology) HXp°n hni-Ie
- \w sNøm≥
LS-\m-hmZw {ian-°p-∂p. LS-\m-hm-Z�
- ns‚ {]Yae£yw
a\p-jys‚ kI-e{]h¿�-\-ß-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈m≥
km[n- ° p∂ BtKm- f - N n”--h yhÿ hnI- k n- ∏ n- ∏ n- s ®Sp°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. LS-\m-hm-Z-�n-s‚ thcp-Iƒ djy≥
t^m¿a-en-k-�nepw {]-mKv `m-jm-imkvv{X-Im-c-∑mcpsS
Nn¥-I-fnepw km¿{Xns‚ lyqa-\n-k-�n-s\-Xn-cmbn cq]wsIm≠{^©pIm-cpsS ssk≤m-¥n-I-am-\-h-hn-cp≤ hmZ�nepw sNs∂-�p-∂p. ZdnU 1966˛ ¬ A]-\n¿ΩmWw
188
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
F∂ ]Zw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-�n-b-tXmsS LS-\m-hm-Z-�n-s‚
hna¿i\w F∂ \ne-bn¬ LS-\m-\¥--c-hmZw cq]-s∏--Sp-Ibp-≠m-bn. LS-\m-\¥c-hmZw A¿∞-�ns‚ A\n¿hm-cyamb _lp-kz-cX
- sb∏-‰nbpw Nm©-ey-s�-∏‰
- n-bpap≈ Hcp
hyhlm-cw IqSn-bm-Ip-∂p.
k q¿, tdma≥ bmt°m-_vk¨, _m¿�v, Zdn-U XpSßn-b-h-cpsS ]≤-Xn-Iƒ kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.
LS-\m-hm-Zhpw LS-\m-¥-c-hm-Zhpw ae-bm-f-�n¬ ˛
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) tUm. ]n. sI. t]m°¿, B[p-\n-tIm-�-c-X-bpsS tIc-fob-]c
- n-kc
- w, Imen-°‰v bqW-nt- h¿kn‰n: se^v‰v _pIvkv, 1996.
2) tUm. kn. cmtP-{µ≥, ]mThpw s]mcpfpw, h≈-t�mƒ
hnZym]o-Tw, tIm´bw: F≥_n-F-kv, 2014 (1998).
3) David Lodge (Ed.), Modern Criticism and Theory, London:
Longman, 1988.
4) Peter Barry, Beginning Theory – An Introduction to literay
and cultural theory, Manchester and New York: Manchester
University Press, First Indian reprint 1999 (First published 1995).
5) Irving Howe, Literary Modernism, New York: A Fawcett
Premier, 1967.
6) Terry Eagleton, Postmodernism, USA: Blackwell Publishers,
1996.
bqWn‰v 3
am\-kn-Im-]-{K-Y-\X�zw
(Psychoanalytical Theory)
am\-kn-Im-]-{K-Y-\-k-ao-]-\-߃ kmln-Xy-�nepw IeIfnepw {]Xn-^-en-°p∂ At_m-[-a-\- ns\ hyXy-kvXab cq]-ß-fn¬ hni-I-e\w sNøm≥ {ian-°p-∂p. a\»mkv{X-hn-i-I-e-\-hn-a¿i\w Iem-]-c-amb k¿§m-flIXsbbpw At_m-[a
- \
-  - ns‚ {]h¿�-\ß
- s
- fbpw Ipdn®p≈ t{^m-bvUns‚ Is≠-�e
- p-Isf B[m-ca
- m-В°n-bmWv
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
189
{][m-\-ambpw \S-°p-∂-Xv. e°m¨ a\- n-s\-°p-dn-®p≈
]T-\-�n¬ kmln-Xy]chpw kmwkv°m-ccnI-hp-amb
At\Iw ]tcm-ВЈ-kq--N-\-Isf Dt]m-b-K-sв€Џ-Sp-Г�n-bn-Вґp-в‰ v.
Ah k¿dn-b-en-k-hp-am-bp≈ At±-l-�n-s‚ _�-s�bmWv ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. e°ms‚ am\-kn-Im-]-{K-Y-\-�n¬
Zdn-U-bpsS A]-\n¿Ωm-Whpw (Deconstruction) sl¿a\yq´nIvkpw (Hermeneutics) kwtbm-Pn-®p-h-cp∂p.
t{^mbn-Uv, bpßv, eIm≥, FdnIvt{^mw XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS
]≤-Xn-Iƒ kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.
am\-kn-Im-]-{K-Y\w ae-bm-f-�nse k¿Km-fl-I-Ir-Xn-Ifn¬ ˛ am\-kn-Im-]-{K-Y\\ncq-]Ww ae-bm-f-�n¬ ˛
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) Sigmund Freud, Art and Literature, England: Penguin Books,
1985.
bqWn-‰v 4
kv{XohmZw
(Feminism)
kmln-Xyhpw Ie-Ifpw ]pcp-j-tI-{µ-nX-am-sW∂pw kv{XoIsf°p-dn®v ]d-bp-tºmƒ t]mepw kv{XoI-fpsS Imgv∏mSne√ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂sX∂pw ]pcp-j-ta-[m-hn-Xz--�ns‚
ta¬t°mbvabmWv Fhn-sSbpw ImWp-∂sX∂p ap≈ Hcp
hmZw ]m›m-Xy-\m-Sp-If
- n¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ib
- p-≠m-bn. AXns‚
^e-a-mbn Pohn-X-�nepw XpS¿∂v kmln-Xyw, \mS-I-thZn, Zr-iy-I-e-Iƒ, kn\na XpS-ß-nb F√m {]ÿm\-ßfnepw kvXo-hm-ZN
- n¥bpw kv{XohmZhna¿i\hpw cq]-s∏SpIbp-≠m-bn. C∂v kv{XohmZw AXni‡amb HcmtKmf{]ÿm-\-ambn hf¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. kv{XohmZkmln-Xyhpw
kv{Xohm-Z-\n-cq-]-Whpw ae-bm-f-�n¬ ˛
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) K. K. Ruthven, Feminist Literary Studies – An Introduction,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991 (First edition
1984).
190
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
2) tUm. Pm≥kn sPbnwkv (No^v FUn-‰¿), s^an-\nkw
(c≠p `mKw), Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v,
2000.
3) F. sI. cma-Ir-jvW≥ / sI. Fw. thWp-tKm-]m-e≥ kv{Xohntam-N\w ˛ Ncn{Xw kn≤m¥w kao-]-\w, ]ø-∂q¿: \b\
_pIvkv, 1989.
4) KoX, IÆm-Sn-Iƒ DS-bv°p-∂-sX-¥n\v? Xriq¿: Id‚ v
_pIvkv, 1997.
bqWn-‰v 5
tImf-\n-bm-\-ВҐc]-T-\-ГџЖ’ / hwiob]-T-\-ГџЖ’
(Postcolonial Studies / Race Studies)
bqtdm-]y≥ tImf-\n-Ic
- W
- Г�
- ns‚ kzm[o-\�
- В°
- p-dn®v ]Tn°p-hm\pw hni-I-e\w sNøp-hm-\p≈ at\m-`mhw kmlnXy-]-T-\-ß-fn¬ BtKm-f-hym-]-I-ambn hf¿∂p-h-∂n-´p-≠v.
FtUz¿Uv skbvZns‚ Hmdn-b‚-enkw (Orientalism 1978)
F∂ {KŸw tImf-\n-bm-\-¥-c-]-T-\-߃°v ASn-�-dbmbn amdn. coXn-imkv{X�ns‚ ]Zm-he
- n-IЖ’ D]-tbm-KnВ®p
]d-bp-I-bm-sW¶n¬, XmXzn-I-amb kwhm-Z-ß-fmb B[p\nIm-\-¥-cX (Postmodernity), A]-\n¿ΩmWw (Deconstruction), eIm-s‚ am\-kn-Im-]-{K-Y\w (Lacanian psychoanalysis) ^qt°m-bpsS hyh-lmc-hn-i-I-e\w (Foucaultian
- p-ambn _�-s∏
- ´p-t]m-Im-\p≈
discourse analysis)˛F∂n-hb
{]-h-W-X-bmWv tImf-\n-bm\-¥-c-Xz]T\w Im´p-∂-Xv.
tImf-\o-bm-\-¥-c-]-T-\-߃ ae-bm-f-�n¬ ˛
hwio-b-]-T-\-߃ ae-bm-f-�n¬ ˛
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) K. N. Panicker, Colonialism, Culture, and Resistance, New
Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2007.
2) Zneo]v cmPv, \h-N-cn-{X-hm-Zw, tImВґbw: Un. kn. _pIvkv,
2000.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Code: MAL4E4/16
191
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л›`m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
B tI-c-fo-b-NnВҐ
(Kerala Thought)
]e [mcIfp≈ tIcfobss[jWnI˛ssh⁄m\nI˛
Nn¥mkmlnXys� hniZambn a\ nem°m\pXIp∂
coXnbn¬ kwhn[m\w sNbv X n´p≈XmWv Cu tImgv k v .
t^mIvtemdns‚ hnjb]cn[nbn¬ hcp∂ ]eXcw \m´dnhpIfp≠v. Irjn, tPymXn»mkv{Xw, sshZy»mkv{Xw, KWnXw,
hmkvXphnZy XpSßnb taJeIfn¬ cq]-s∏-´p-h∂ Bib߃°v tIcf�n¬ hn]peamb ]mcºcyamWp≈Xv .
Xangv˛kwkvIrX]mcºcyßfpambn _�s∏´Xpw _u≤˛
ssP\˛{Inkv X y≥˛ap…nw Z¿i\ßtfmSv tN¿∂p\nev ° p
∂Xpamb Zm¿i\nI˛BibtaJeIfpap≠v. ]m›mXyss[
jWnIXbpambp≠mb kamKaw krjv S n® B[p\nI
_p≤nPohnIfpsS {]Xnkv]µßfpw {it≤bamWv. CsX√mw
tN¿∂p \n¿Æbn°p∂ Nn¥mkmlnXytaJesb ASp�dn
bp∂Xn\pw Xm�znIamb k¶ev]\ßfn¬ hy‡XssI
hcn°p∂Xn\pw kmlnXy]T\s� ka{Khpw IqSpX¬
Icp�p‰Xpam°p∂Xn\pw Cu ]T\w klm-bn°pw.
bqWn‰v 1
\m´dnhpIƒ, kkyNcnXw ˛ P¥pNcnXw ˛ Rm‰pthe ˛ IS]bmZn ˛ NnIn’mhn⁄m\w ˛ hmkvXphnZy.
KWnXw, `‡n{]ÿm\w ˛
192
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
(hniZ]T\w)
bp‡n`mj
hniIe\w Л› вЃ„m\в€Џm\
bqWn‰v 2
ZmВїi\nI]mcВєcyw -- Л›
{ioi¶c≥ ˛ sshIpWvTkzman ˛ \mcmbWKpcp ˛
{_“m\µinhtbmKn˛ N´ºnkzmanIƒ, B\µ
Xo¿∞≥ ˛ hmKv`Sm\µ≥, \nXyssNX\ybXn ˛
(hniZ]T\w)
˛ Btflm]tZiiXIw ˛ \mcmbWKpcp
bqWn‰v 3
\thm∞m\ss[jWnIX ˛ sImtfmWnb¬ ]cnt{]£yw ˛ cmPcmPh¿Ω, N¥ptat\m≥, kn.hn. cma≥]n≈, sF. kn. Nmt°m. kztZim`nam\n cmaIrjvW∏n≈˛ a‡n�߃ ˛ hn. Sn. `´Xncn∏mSv ˛ Aø≥Imfn ˛ ktlmZc≥ Aø∏≥ ˛
(hniZ]T\w)
N¥ptat\m≥ ˛ ae_m¿ amtcyPv IΩnj≥ dnt∏m¿´v
(N¥ptat\ms‚ satΩmdm≠w, A\p_�w 5,
tPm¿÷v Ccpºb�ns‚ aebmft\mh¬ 19˛mw
\q‰m≠n¬ F∂ IrXn).
hniIe\w :
kckzXohnPbw˛t]mt�cn Ip™ºp
s]mbvIbn¬ A∏®≥˛ ImWp∂osemc£chpw
a‡n�߃ ˛ Xangv cmPyw apX¬ aebmfcmPy
\nhmknIfmb ap…nwP\hpw hnZym`ymkhpw
Id∏≥ ˛ PmXn°pΩn
CfwIpfw Ip™≥]n≈ ˛ ka{Kamb Hcp tIcfNcn{X�ns‚ BhiyIX (CfwIpfw Ip™≥]n≈bpsS Xncs™Sp� IrXnIƒ (]pdw 321˛330)˛
FUn. F≥. kmw.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
193
hn.Sn. ˛ IpdntbS�p Xm{Xn: kmwkvImcnI \thm∞m\\mbnI.
bqWn‰v 4
B[p\nIss[jWnIXЛ›
kztZim`nam\n cmaIrjv W ]n≈ ˛ tIkcn, Ip´nIrjvWamcmcv, ˛ Ip‰n∏pg IrjvW-∏n≈, _mcnÿ
F.sI.]n≈ ˛ sI. ZmtamZc≥, Fw. tKmhnµ≥, Fw.
F≥. hnPb≥ ˛, kpIpam¿ Agot°mSv ˛ ]n.sI.
_meIrjvW≥,˛ Sn.]n.kpIpamc≥
(hniZ]T\w)
\htemIw ˛ tIkcn F._meIrjvW∏n≈
hmevaoInbpsS cma≥ ˛ Ip´nIrjvWamcmcv
kmlnXy�nse X�zNn¥ ˛ Ip‰n∏pg
IhnXbpw \thm∞m\hpw ˛ Fw. tKmhnµ≥
]gb kXyhpw ]pXnb anYybpw ˛ Fw. F≥. hnPb≥
kw\ymkw: shfnВ®hpw CcpВґpw Л› kpIpamВї AgotВ°mSv
D¿∆cXbpsS Xmfw ˛ Sn. ]n. kpIpamc≥
bqWn‰v 5
Xncnbpw NpaSpw ˛ H. hn. hnPb≥,
Adnbp∂ IYIfpw Adnbm� IYIfpw ˛ B\µv
hm°pIfpw hkvXp°fpw ˛ _n.cmPoh≥
\oXnkmcw ({]XnhmZ߃) ˛ hn. kn. {ioP≥
imkv{XZ¿i\�n\v HcmapJw˛ \n m¿ AlΩZv
BflIYIƒ Ncn{XsagpXptºmƒ ˛ DZbIpam¿
BWcip\m´nse ImgvNIƒ ˛ {]hoW tImtSm�v
sP. tZhnI.
klmbIIrXnIЖ’:
\ΩpsS kaqlw \ΩpsSkmlnXyw ˛
FUn‰¿ : Fw. F≥. hnPb≥
B[p\nIkmlnXyNcn{Xw {]Гїm\ГџfneqsS Л›
FUn. sI. Fw tPmВїГ·v
194
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
\mb¿hnhml\nbahpw N¥ptat\m\pw, A\p_�w 5 ˛
tPm¿÷v Ccpºb�ns‚ aebmft\mh¬ 19˛mw
\q‰m≠n¬ F∂ IrXn)
`‡n{]ÿm\�ns‚ Dev]�nhnImk߃ ˛
tIih≥ shfp�m´v (kmlnXyhpw Ncn{Xhpw [mcWbpsS
km≤yXIƒ)
N¥ptat\m≥ Hcp ]T\w ˛ ]n. sI. _meIrjvW≥
`mcXobIhnXbnse {]Xntcm[]mcºcyw ˛ k®nZm\µ≥
tZiobXbpw kwkvImchpw ˛ sI. F≥. ]Wn°¿
tIcf�ns‚ _u≤nINcn{X�nse \mgnI°√pIƒ ˛
FUn‰¿: F≥. kmw ˛
abqcinJ Л› tPmВїГ·v KohВїВ§okv
CfwIpfw ]n. F≥. Ip™≥]n≈: bpK{]`mh\mb Ncn{XImc≥ ˛ tIih≥ shfp�m´v (kmlnXyhpw Ncn{Xhpw
[mcWbpsS km≤yXIƒ)
a\pjy≥ ˛ sI.ZmtamZc≥
cmPm¶Ww ˛ Ip´nIrjvWamcmcv
tIkcnbpsS sXcs™Sp� {]_�߃ ˛
tIkcn G. _meIrjvW]n≈
]pXnba\pjy≥ ]pXnbtemIw ˛ Fw.tKmhnµ≥
\mcmbWKpcp PohnXw IrXnIЖ’ ZВїi\w
˛FUn.: sI. F≥. jmPn
tam£{]Zo]w ˛ {_“m\µinhtbmKn
a‡n�ßfpsS sXcs™Sp� IrXnIƒ ˛ a‡n X߃
Kpcphns‚ ZpxJw ˛ kpIpam¿ Agot°mSv
CВҐybpw NnВҐbpwЛ› kpIpamВї AgotВ°mSv
ZanXw Л› ktВҐmjv H. sI. (FUn.)
HcpkmaqlnIImgvN∏mSn¬\n∂v ˛ \n m¿ AlΩZv
hm°pIfpw hkvXp°fpw ˛ _n. cmPoh≥
kwkvImc]T\w Л› aebmf]T\kwLw
kmlnXyhpw Ncn{Xhpw [mcWbpsS km≤yXIƒ ˛
tIih≥ shfp�m´v
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Code: MAL4E4/16
195
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л›`m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
C hniz-km-lnXyw
(World Literature)
`mc-X�
- nse a‰p `mj-Isf At]-£n®v ae-bm-f�
- n-¬, hnizkm-lnXy�n¬\n∂v At\Iw IrXn-Iƒ hnh¿�-\ßfmbn
h∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Ihn-X, sNdp-I-Y, t\mh¬, \mSIw,
Bfl-IY ˛ XpS-ßn-b F√m kmln-Xy-hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂pw
anI® IrXn-Iƒ hcp-∂p≠v. BZyIm-e�v kwkvIr-X-�n¬
\n∂m-bn-cp∂p kmlnXyIrXn-Iƒ [mcm-fa
- mbn ae-bm-f�
- n-teВ°v
hnh¿-�-\-ß-fmbn h∂-Xv. F∂m¬, B[p-\n-I-Im-e�v CwKvfojn¬ \n∂mWv kml-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ hnh¿�\ß-fmbn hcp-∂Xv. `mc-XobkmlnXyw lnµn-bneqsSbmWv ]e-t∏mgpw aem-bf-�n¬ F�p-∂-Xv. ImcWw `mc-Xo-b-`m-j-I-fn¬\n∂v t\cn´v
hnh¿�\w \n¿∆-ln-°m≥ Ign-bp∂h¿ Npcp-ßpw. _�-`m-jbmbn h¿�n-°p-∂Xv lnµn-bm-Wv. AXp-t]mse hn-iz-km-lnXyw
CwKv-fo-jn-eq-sS-bmWv aem-b-f-�n-te°p IS∂phcp-∂-Xv.
Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-Z-i-Iß-fn¬ tIc-f-�nse
tImtf-Pp-Ivfm- p-I-fn¬ ]m›m-Xy-I-hn-I-fpsS Ihn-X-Ifpw IYIfpw ]mT-]p-kvX-Iß-fm-bn-cp∂Xn-\m¬ CwKv-fojv kmln-Xys�-°p-dn-®p≈ Hc-h-t_m[w kzm`m-hn-I-ambn cq]-s∏´ph∂p.
CwKv-fojv ]TnВ®v ]ecpw Ihn-X-Ifpw IY-Ifpw hnhВїГ�\w
sNøm≥ XpS-ßn. ]Xp-s°-∏-Xps° CwKv-fo-jn-eq-sS-h-cp∂ addv
hniz-`m-jm-IrXn-Ifpw ]cn-`m-jbvВ°v hnt[-b-am-bn. {KoВ°v, UВ®v,
{^©v, P¿Ω≥, djy≥, C‰-m-en-b¬, dpta-\n-b≥, Bkvt{X-en-
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
197
196
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
b¬, B{^n-°≥, ssN\o-kv, hnb-Xv\m-ao-kv XpS-ßn-b At\Iw
`m-j-I-fn¬\n∂v aebm-f-�n-te°v hnh-¿�\ß-fmbn h∂n-´p≠v. hniz-km-ln-Xy�nse ]pXp-Ir-Xn-Iƒ DS-\p-S≥ aem-b-f-�nte°p h∂p-sIm≠ncn-°p∂p F∂Xv ae-bmfkmln-Xy�n-s‚
hf¿®sb Imcy-ambn klm-bn-°p∂p≠v.
hniz-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS ae-bmfhnhВїГ�-\Гџfn-eqsS
hniz-km-ln-Xy-�ns‚ Ncn{Xhpw ka-Im-en-Im-h-ÿ-Ifpw a\ n-em-°m\pw ]Tn-°m-\p-w km[n-°pw. AXn-\p≈ Hc-h-kcw
krjvSn-°pI F∂-XmWv hniz-km-ln-Xy-]-T-\-�n-eqsS e£yam-°p∂-Xv. {]mXn-\n-[y-kz-`m-h-t�msS GXm-\pw kmln-Xy-IrXn-Iƒ ]T-\-hn-j-b-am-°p∂Xp-sIm≠v hniz-km-ln-Xy-�ns‚
Fep-II
- ƒ Adn-bm≥t]mepw klmb-Ic
- a
- m-hn√ F∂ t_m≤yw
]Tn-Xm-hn\p D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.
BJym-\k{ºZm-b-߃, kuµ-cy-k-¶-ev]߃, cmjv{So-bam-\-߃, Bi-b-a-WvU-e-߃ XpS-ßn-bh-bnse√mw sshhn[yhpw `mhp-I-Xz-]-c-amb \ho-\-Xbpw ]pe¿�phm≥ ]pXnb
IrXn-Iƒ°v Ign-™n-´p-≠v. Ahsb ssk≤m-¥n-I-ambn a\- nem-°phm\pw kmln-Xy-c-N-\-Isf At\z-jn®v Is≠�n ]cnN-bs∏Sphm\pw {ian-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
bqWn‰v 1
1) tUm. sI. Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿, Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°-cpsS hnh¿�\-߃, tImgn-t°mSv: ]q¿W ]_-fn-t°-j≥kv, 1990.
2) k®n-Zm-\-µ≥, ]�v \ho-\-I-hn-X-Iƒ, ]ø-∂q¿: \b\
_pIvkv, 1989.
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
1) Zmt¥(C-‰-en)˛ Unssh≥ tImaUn
ip-≤o-I-c-W-Imfiw ˛ H∂mw k¿§w am{Xw
(hnh¿�\w: Infn-am-\q¿ cam-Im-¥≥)
2) Sn. Fkv. Fen-b‰v (A-ta-cn-°≥ {_n´o-jv)˛ Xcn-ip-`qan
ih-kw-kvImcw ˛ H∂mw Jfiw am{Xw
(hnh¿�\w: Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿)
3) ]m_vtfm s\cqZ (Nnen) ˛ \K-c-�n-te°p Xncn-®p-sN∂-t∏mƒ (hnh¿�\w: Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿)
4) alaqZv Z¿hnjv (]m-e-kvXo≥) ˛ Dd-ß-cptX
(hnh¿�\w: Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿)
5) \mknw -lnIvsa�v (Xp¿°n) ˛ Cu Kpl-bn¬ Rm≥
Fdn-b-s∏-´-ti-jw (hnh¿�\w: k®nZm-\-µ≥)
6) tem¿° (kvs]-bn≥) ˛ kz]v\m-S-\-KoXw
(hnh¿�\w: k®n-Zm-\-µ≥)
7) bhvsK-\nIv sbhvXp-jt¶m (d-jy)˛ djy-°m¿°v bp≤w
thtWm? (hnh¿�\w: Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿)
8) skkmВї hsbtlm (s]-dp)Л› kmtlm-Zcyw
(hnh¿�\w: k®n-Zm\µ≥)
9) sN©-dmbv tlmth (B-{^n-°≥)˛ Hcp B{^n-°≥
A\p-`hw (hnh¿�\w: Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿)
10) sNbdn¬ A≥h¿ (C-s¥-mt\-jy)˛ _�-\-ÿcpw
hntam-Nn-Xcpw (hn-h¿�\w: k®n-Zm-\µ≥)
temI-km-lnXyw Hcp apJ-hpc ˛ temI-¢m-knIv kmlnXy-s�-°p-dn-®p≈ kmam-\yamb -A-dn-hv ˛ hniz-km-lnXy-�nse {][m\ Fgp-�p-Im¿ ˛ {][m-\-s∏´ IrXnIfpsS ]cn- N bw ˛ Ihn- X m- k m- l nXyw, sNdp- I Ym
kmlnXyw, t\mh¬km-ln-Xyw, \mS-I-km-lnXyw,
Bfl-IY
- m-km-lnXyw ˛ temI-km-ln-Xys� Ncn-{X-]camb ]cn-t{]-£y-t�msS, kma-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏SpI ˛
(I-hnX)
temI-I-hn-X-I-fpsS ka-Im-en-X ˛ P\-XbpsS {]iv\߃˛ kaqlw t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ ˛ Imhy-kuµ-cy-�ns‚ sshhn-[y-߃˛
3) T. S. Eliot, Selaected Prose, (ed.) John Hayward, Great Briton:
Penguin Books, 1963.
198
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
4) James Scully (ed.), Modern Poets on Modern Poetry, Great
Briton: Collins, 1966.
5) Irving Howe (ed.), Literary Modernism, New York:
A Fawcet Premier Book, 1967.
bqWn‰v 2
(sNdp-I-Y)
G‰hpw hf¿® -{]m-]n® kmln-Xy-cq-]w ˛ sNdp-I-YbpsS Ncn{Xw, \ho-\-{]-h-W-X-Iƒ, kmt¶-Xn-IcoXnIƒ, kuµ-cy-k¶
- e
- v]Гџ
- Ж’ Л› BJym-\Г�
- ns‚ emfnXyw
˛ s]mcp-fns‚ Kl-\X ˛
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
1) aq∂v X]-kzn-Iƒ (djy) ˛ tSmƒtÃmbv
2) Ipjv T - t cm- K n- I - f psS ImSv (P¿Ω- \ n) ˛ Imkv a n≥
FUvkvan�v (hnh¿�\w: F≥. ]n. apl-ΩZv)
3) Hcp Im-´n¬ (P-∏m≥) ˛ dnbp-t\m-kpsI AIp-X-Kmh
(hnh¿�\w: Fw. Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿)
4) Xev] (sa-Ivknt°m/ kv]m\n-jv) ˛ lzm≥ dqƒt^m
(hnhВїГ�\w: hn. ]n. inh-Ip-amВї)
5) Ah-km-\s� Ce (A-ta-cn-°) ˛ H.sl≥dn
(hnhВїГ�\w: Pn. taml-\-Ip-amcn)
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) tSmЖ’tГѓmbv IY-IЖ’, ]cn-`mj: Fw. Znhy, Xncp-h\
- ВҐ
- ]
- pcw:
NnВҐ ]_vfn-tjВїkv, 2012.
2) temII-Y, hnh¿�-I¿: Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿,
F≥.-]n.-ap-l-Ω-Zv, ]m∏n-tbm¨, 2001.
3) temI-I-Y, FUn-‰¿: tUm. sI. Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿, tIm´bw:
Un. kn. _pIvkv, 2000.
4) sXc- s ™- S p� AºXv IY- I ƒ, Xncp- h - \ - ¥ - ] pcw:
kwÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 2005.
5) t_mВїlkv IY-IЖ’, hnhВїГ�\w: hn. ]n. -i-in-Ip-amВї,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: sdbv≥t_m, 2005.
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
6) temI-I-Y-Iƒ (-t\m-_¬ kΩm-\m¿l-cpsS IY-Iƒ),
]ø-∂q¿: kao£m _pIvkv, 1990.
199
7) Aleksandar Hemon (ed.), Best European Fiction 2012, Preface
by Nicole Krauss, London: Dalkey Archive Press, 2011.
8) Jorge Luis Borges, Labyrinths – Selected Stories and Other
Writings, New York: A New Directions Book, 1964.
bqWn‰v 3
(t\m-h¬)
hniz-t\m-he
- ns‚ Ncn{Xw˛hniz-t\m-he
- p-If
- psS ae-bmf
]
- cn-`mj-Iƒ ˛ temIt\mh¬km-ln-Xy-�nse B[p-\nI-{]-h-W-X-Iƒ ˛
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
1) GIm-¥-X-bpsS 100 -h¿j-߃ ˛ (em‰n≥ Ata-cn-°≥)
˛ K{_n-tb¬ tKm¿knb am¿Iznkv
(hnh¿�\w: tUm. Fkv. them-bp-[≥)
2) hni∏v (t\m¿ho- P n- b ≥) ˛ \yp´v lmwk¨ ˛
(hnhВїГ�\w: H. ]n. tPmk^v)
3) lna-`qan (Pm-в€Џ-\n-kv) Л› bkp-\mcn Ihm-_Г� Л›
(hnh¿�\w : Fw.-Sn.-F≥. \mb¿)
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) K{_n- t b¬ Km¿knb am¿Izn- k v , GIm- ¥ - b psS 100
hВїjГџЖ’, h
- nh¿�\w: tUm. Fkv. them-bp-[≥, tIm´bw:
Un. kn. _pIvkv, 1884.
2) \ypВґv lmwkВЁ, hni-в€Џv, hnhВїГ�\w: H.-]n. tPmk-^v,
XriqВї: tIcf kmlnXy AВ°m-Z-an, 1996.
3) bkp-\mcn Ihm-_-�, lna-`q-an, hnh¿�\w: Fw.-Sn.-F≥.
\mb¿, tImgnt°mSv: inJ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, 1986.
4) B¿. hn. Fw. Znhm-I-c≥, {]nb-∏´ Kmt_m, tImgn-t°mSv:
amXr-`qan, 2010. (K{_n-tb¬ Km¿knb am¿-tIz-kns‚ PohnX-I-Y)
200
5)
6)
7)
8)
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Fkv.- P-b-N-{µ≥ \mb¿, tdmkmZ-e-߃, tImgn-t°mSv:
amXr-`qan _pIvkv, 2010.
ssh°w apc-fn, _p°vsj¬^v, tIm´bw: Un.- kn. _pIvkv,
-2012.
]n.- sI. cmPti-J-c≥, \c-I-�ns‚ `q]-S-߃ ˛ temIt\m-he
- nse kВ©m-cГџ
- Ж’, tImВґbw: amXr-`qan _pIvkv, 2010.
hniz-a-lm-{K-Ÿ-߃, (hmeyw H∂v, c≠v), Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 1977 (1983).
9) Malcom Bradbury (ed.), Novel Today, Great Briton: Fontana
Press, 1990.
10) Martin Seymour-Smith, Fifty European Novels, London: Barnes
and Noble, 1980.
bqWn‰v 4
(-\m-S-Iw)
\mS-I-km-ln-Xy-�nepw \mS-Im-h-X-c-W-�nepw hnh-[cm-Py-ßfn¬ kw`-hn-®n-´p≈ -]co-£-W-ßfpw ]cnh¿�-\-ßfpw AZv`p-Xm-h-l-am-Wv. {]mXn-\n-[y-kz-`m-hap≈ GXm\pw IrXn-I-fpsS ]T-\-�n-eqsS \mS-I-cwKs� Ne-\-ßsf a\- n-em-°p-I.
hyXykvX \mS-Ic
- q-]Гџ
- Ж’ Л› tj-Ivkv]o-bВї, _ВїWmUv
jm, C_vk¨, HkvIm¿ ssh¬Uv ˛ ]n‚¿, FtUz¿Uv
A¬_n, kmap- h ¬ s_°- ‰ v, jo≥ sjs\ ˛
A_vtkВїUv \mSI-ГџЖ’ Л›
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
1) Bdp IY-]m-{X-߃ \mS-I-Ir�ns\-t�Sn ˛
eqPn ]ncm-¥tem (hnh¿�\w: Pn. i¶-c-∏n-ff)
2) B¿bp-B¿ (sN°v)˛ Imd¬ sN∏Iv
(hnhВїГ�\w: Fw. tXmakv amXyp)
3) Ig-pX-®¥ (Ad-_n)˛ Xu^o-Jp¬ l°nw
(hnhВїГ�\w: tUm.- Fw.Fw. _joВї)
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
201
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) eqPn ]ncm-¥-tem, Bdp IYm-]m{X-߃ \mS-I-Ir�ns\t�-Sn, -]cn-`mj: Pn. i¶c-∏n≈, Xriq¿: tIcf kmlnXy
AВ°m-Z-an, 1989.
2) Imd¬ Nm∏Iv, B¿bq-B¿ (tdm-kwkv bqW-n-th¿k¬
tdmt_m-Svkv), hnh¿�\w: Fw. tXmakv amXyp, Xncp-h-\¥-]pcw: amfp-_≥ ]ª-t°-j≥kv, 2014 (1991).
3) Xu^oJp¬ l°nw, Igp-X-®-¥ (\mev GIm-¶-\m-S-I-߃),
]cn-`mj: tUm. Fw. Fw. _joВї, tImgn-tВ°mSv: en]n
]ªn-t°-j≥kv, 2002.
4) Martin Esslin, The Theatre of the Absurd, England: Penguin
Books, 1968.
5) Shukry Ayyad and Nancy Witherspoon, Reflections and Deflections – A Study of the Contemporary Arab Mind Through its
Literary Creations, Egypt: Foreign Cultural Information Department, 1986.
bqWn‰v 5
Bfl-IY
- F∂ kmln-Xy-cq-]�
- ns‚ kzcq]w ˛ temIkm-ln-Xy-�nse anI® Bfl-I-Y-Iƒ˛
Bfl-I-Y-I-ƒ kXym-t\z-j-Ww Xs∂ ˛
(hni-Z-]-T\w)
km≥an-tj-ens‚ IY ˛ BIvsk¬ apt¥
(]cn-`mj: F≥. ]n. A_vZp¬ \mk¿)
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) BIvsk¬ apt¥, km≥an-tj-ens‚ IY ˛ Hcp tUmIvSdpsS Akm-[m-c-W-kva-c-W-Iƒ, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr-`q-an, 2007
(2004)
2) tUm. sI.- Fw. tPmВїPv, Poh-N-cn-{X-km-ln-Xyw, tImВґbw:
\mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ, 1982 (1964).
202
Code: MAL4E4/16
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
Fw. F. ae-bmfw Л›`m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
D t^mIvtemВї
(Folklore)
ae-bmf`mjbv°pw kmln-Xy�n\pw ASn-ÿm\w tIc-f�nse P\-Po-hn-X-am-Wv. B[p-\n-I-Po-hnXs�-t∏mepw -\nb{¥n-°p-∂Xv ]mc-º-cy-t_m-[-am-Wv. B[p-\n-I- a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy�nse {][m-s∏´ IrXn-I-sfms°-�s∂ ]mc-º-cyhpw B[p\n-I-Xbpw XΩn-ep≈ G‰p-ap-´-ep-I-sf-bmWv {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂Xv. C∂s� ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-�ns‚ apJ-—mb \ho-\-amsW¶n¬°qSn tIc-fo-bs‚ ]mcº-cy-t_m[w AXn-sems°
\neo-\-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXn\m¬, tIc-f-s�-t∏mse ]mc-º-cyPo-hnX-�ns‚ sI´p-]m-Sp-I-fp≈ kaq-l-�n¬ kmln-Xys�
a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v tIc-f-�ns‚ t^mIvtem-dp-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈
kmam-\yamb Adnhv Bh-iy-am-Wv. A�-c-�n-ep≈ Aht_m[w krjvSn°m≥ DX-Ip-∂-Xm-IWw t^mIvtem¿]T\w.
t^mIvtem-dns‚ \n¿∆-N\
- Гџ
- fpw khn-ti-jX
- I
- fpw, t^mIvtemdns‚ P\p- p-Iƒ, t^mIvtemdpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ Cßs\ aq∂p
hn`m-Kß-fm-bn-´mWv Xm�znIamb Adn-hp-Iƒ ]I¿∂p\evIp∂Xv. AtXm-sSm∏w tIcfo-b-amb ]›m-�-e-�n¬ hnh-c-W߃ \evtI-≠X
- p-ap≠v. t^mIvtem-dns\ \n¿∆-Nn-°m≥ XpSßptºmƒ tIcfo-ba
- mb DZml-cW
- Гџ
- Ж’ IqSn \evIW
- w. t^mIvtemВї
F∂Xv Hcp k¶-e]
v \
- am-W.v AXv {]Xy-ВЈa
- m-Ip-∂Xv t^mIvtem¿
P\p-В p-If
- psS tZin-bmb Bhn-jvВ°m-cГџ
- f
- n-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Xm�znI-ambn F{X-sbms° hni-Zo-I-cn-®mepw e`y-amb t^mIvtem¿
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
203
cq]-ßsf DZm-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS am{Xta AXv C∂-Xm-sW∂v
Xn´-am-hp-I-bp-≈p. P\p- p-Iƒ ]nc-N-b-s∏-Sp-�p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w
tIcfo- b - a mb DZm- l - c - W - Гџ Ж’ \ev I n hni- Z o- I - c n- В° - W w.
t^mIvtemdpw kmlnXyhpw F∂-Xn\v c≠v Xe-ß-fp-≠v.
hmsamgn]mc-º-cy-�nse henb Hcp `mKw hmsamgnkmln-XyamWv. Ah t\cn´pXs∂ kmln-Xy-�ns‚ `mK-amWv. Aß-s\bmWv "Xncp-\n-g¬ame'bpw "hS-°≥]m´p-Ifpw' "tXm‰w]m´pIfp'sams° kmln-Xy-]-T-\-�ns‚ `mK-am-b-Xv. t^mIvtem¿
P\p- p-Isf kmln-Xy-ambn ]Tn-°ptºmƒ t^mIvtem¿ F∂
\nebv°v Ah-bv°p≈ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ IqSn a\- m-em-°m≥
km[n-®m¬ kmln-Xy-]-T-\w IqSpX¬ A¿∞-h-�m-bn-�ocpw.
hS-°≥]m´ns\ hoc-I-Ym-Km\w F∂ \nebv°v a\- nem-°m≥
km[n-®m¬ AXns‚ X\-Xmb khn-tij-X-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw
a\- n-em-°m≥ Ignbpw. t^mIvtem¿ ]T-\�n¬ IY-m-Km\-ßfpsS hni-I-e-\-�n\p]bp-‡-amb sI´p-apdkn≤m¥w a\- nem-°n-bm¬ hS-°≥]m´ns‚ ]e AI-�-f-ßfpw A\m-hrXamIpw.
t^mIvtemdpw kmln-Xyhpw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-c-_-�hpw
hfsc {][m-\-s∏-´- hnj-b-am-Wv. t^mIvtem¿ F∂pw kmlnXy-c-N-\bv°v A£-b-J-\n-bmbn h¿-�n-®n-´p-≠v. alm-`m-cX�n\pw cmam-b-W-�n\psams° ASn-ÿm\w AXns‚ cN\m-Im-e�p≠m-bn-cp∂ \mtSm-Sn°-Ym-cq-]-ß-fm-sW-∂Xv kphnZn-X-amWv. CXv hmsamgnhg-°-�n¬ \n∂v kmln-Xy-�n-te°p≈ KXn- b m- W v . kmlnXyw t^mIv t em¿ cq]- ß - f psS
krjvSnВ°v, hmsamgnhg-В°-Г�n\pw Imc-W-am-bn-Г�o-cm-dp-в‰ v. Cu
{]In-b-sb-bmWv orality to literacy F∂pw literacy to orality
F∂pw hni- Z o- I - c n- ° - s ∏- S p- ∂ - X v . t^mIv t em- d ns\°p- d n®pw
t^mIvtem¿ ]T-\-s�-°p-dn®pw kmam\y-[m-c-W-bp-≠m-°pI;
t^mIvtemВї P\p-В p-I-sf-В°p-dnВ®v kmam-\y-ambpw tIf-Г�nse
t^mIvtem¿ P\p- p-I-sf-°p-dn®v hnti-j-ambpw a\- n-em-°pI; t^mIvtemdpw kmln-Xyhpw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-c-_-�s�°pdn®v ae-bm-fk
- m-ln-Xy-�n-s‚bpw tIc-f�
- n‚bpw ]›m�-e-�n-¬ Adnhpt\SpI ˛ C�-c-�n-ep≈ Ah-t_m[w e`n°m-\mWv t^mIvtem¿]T\w sIm≠v e£y-am-°p-∂-Xv.
204
bqW-n‰v 1
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
t^mIvtem¿: \n¿∆-N-\hpw hni-Zo-I-c-Whpw
t^mIvtem-dns‚ \n¿∆-N-\-߃, t^mIvtem-dns‚ DZv`hw, AXn-\p-≠mb hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃ ˛ t^mIvtemdns‚ ]T-\-ta-J-e, ]T-\-�ns‚ e£yw, t^mIvtem¿
Z�-�ns‚ (data) hym]vXnbpw AXns‚ am‰hpw ˛ P\Io-b-∏-ga (popular antiquities) -AXns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-�n\p≈ cmjvSo-bhpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb Imc-W-߃ ˛
\thm-∞m-\w, hyh-km-bo-I-c-Ww, \K-co-I-c-Ww F∂nh-bp-am-bp≈ _�w ˛ 1846 ¬ U_vfn-bp. sP. tXmwkv
BZyambn D]-tbm-Kn® t^mIvtem¿ F∂ BwKvtfm
kmIv k ¨ ]Zw ˛ AXns‚ A∂s� A¿∞w ˛
t^mIv / tem¿ F∂n-ßs\ c≠v ]Z-߃, ]n¬°me�v t^mIvtem¿ F∂ H‰-∏-Z-ambn ˛ Iq´m-bva-bpsS
Adnhv F∂pw B Adn-hnt∑-ep≈ ]T-\i
- mJ F∂pap≈ c≠¿∞w ˛ ]T-\-h-kv-Xp-hn-s\bpw ]T-\-im-Jsbbpw Ipdn- ° p∂p ˛ dn®m¿Uv Fw. tUm¿k≥
t^mIvtem-dn\p \evIp∂ \n¿h-N\w ˛ Irjoh-e-cmb
{Kmao-W-cpsS kaq-l-amWv Iq´mbva (folk), \c-hw-i-imkv{X-�nse {]nan-‰ohv _m¿t_-dnIv knhn-ssekvUv
F∂ kwkv°m-c-�ns‚ hnIm-k-{I-a-�n-se _m¿t_dnIv kaq-l-amWv t^mIv, Ah-cpsS PohnXw t^mIv
tem¿˛ Ae≥ k≥U- k ns‚ \n¿h- N \w ˛ BZyw
\evInb \n¿∆-N\w: Hcp Iq´w Bfp-Iƒ ]mc-ºc
- y-ambn
]¶p-sh-bv°p-∂Xv t^mIvtem¿ ˛ ]nev°m-e\
- nВїh-N\w:
Iq´m-bvasb t^mIvtem¿ (h-kvXp-X) sIm≠pw t^mIvtem-dns\ Iq´m-bva-sIm≠pw \n¿h-Nn-°p∂p ˛ ]mcº-cy-ambn H∂n-e-[nIw Imcy-߃ ]¶p-sh-bv°p∂
kwLamWv Iq´mbva ˛ H∂n-e-[nIw Bfp-Iƒ GsXm
s° Imcy-ß-fmtWm ]mc-º-cy-ambn ]¶p-sh-bv°p-∂Xv
AXv t^mIvtemВї Л› IqВґm-bva-bpsS kzXz-amWv {][m\
At\z-j-W-hn-jbw ˛ Um≥ s_≥ Btamkv: sNdnb
kaq-l-�n-\-I�p \S-°p∂ Iem-]-camb Bi-b-hn-
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
205
\n-a-b-cq]w t^mIvtemВї Л› t^mIvtemВї Bi-b-hn-\n-ab-cq-]a- mWv, t^mIvtemВї Iem-]c
- h
- p-amWv Л› t^mIvtemВї
BXy-ВҐn-Ia
- mbn cwKm-hn-jv°mccq]-amWv ˛ XpS¿\n¿hN-\-ß-fn¬ XpS¿®-bp-≠v ˛ \n¿h-N-\-ßsf tIc-fo-bamb DZm-l-c-W-ß-fneqsS hy‡am-°Ww ˛
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) Richard M. Dorson (ed.), Folklore and Folklife, Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1972.
2) Alan Dundes, The Study of Folklore, Prentice Hall, 1964.
3) Alan Dundes, Interpreting Folklore, Bloomington: Indiana
University Press, 1980.
4) Dan Ben – Amos, Folklore in Context, New Delhi: South Asian
Publishers, 1982.
5) Dan Ben – Amos and Kenneth S. Goldstien, Folklore – Performance and Communication, Mouton: The Hague, 1975.
6) Petre J. Clauss and Frank J. Korom, Folkloristics and Indian
Folklore, Udupi Regional Research Centre, 1991.
7) cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv, t^mIvtem¿, Xncp-h-\-¥-c]pcw: tIcf
`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 2012.
8) F≥. `‡-h-’e sdÕn (P-\-d¬ FUn-‰¿), t^mIvtem¿
]T\w: kn≤m- ¥ - X - e w, Xncp- h - \ - ¥ - ] pcw: t^mIv t em¿
skmssk‰n Hm^v ku�v C¥y≥ emwtKz-P-kv, 2004.
bqW-n‰v 2
P\p v (genre) F∂ k¶ev]\w ˛ kmln-Xy-�nse
IY, t\mh¬, Ihn-X-˛ `m-h-Ko-Xw, IYm-Km-\w, almImhyw F∂-t]msebmWv ˛ t^mIvtem-dn¬ P\p- pI-fn-eq-sS-bmWv {]Xy-£o-Ic
- Ww e`n-°p-∂Xv ˛- BJym\- cq-]-ßsf ]pcm-hr-�-amtWm sFXn-ly-am-tWm IYbmtWm F∂p Xncn-®d
- n-bp-∂Xv P\p- n-eqsS ˛ s]mXpkzm`m-h-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n B¿. Fw. tUm¿k≥
\membn Xncn-°p∂p ˛ hmsamgnhg°w, Iq´m-bvam-cw-Kmhn-jvIm-cw. `uXn-I-kw-kv°m-cw, BNm-cßfpw hnizm-
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
207
206
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
k-ßfpw ˛ Hmtcm-∂n\pw Ahm-¥-c-hn-`m-K-߃ ˛ AhbmWv t^mIvtem¿ P\p v ˛ ]pcm-hr�w hmsamgnhg°-�n-\p-≈-nse Hcp P\p- m-Wv. \mtSm-Sn-\r�w cwKmhn-jvIm-c-�nse Hcp P\p- m-Wv. Cu coXn-bn¬ {][m\-s∏´ t^mIvtem¿ P\p- p-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-SWw ˛
]pcm-hr�w, sFXn-lyw, \mtSm-Sn-°Y ˛ Ch Fßs\
]c-kv]cw hyXy-mk-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p ˛ \mtSm-Sn°fnbpw
\mtSm-Sn-\m-S-Ihpw XΩn-ep≈ kmPmXysshPm-Xy߃ ˛ P\p- p-Iƒ km¿∆-eu-In-Ihpw tZinbpw ˛ as‰mcpXc-�n¬ ]d-™m-¬ A°m-Z-an-I-amb P\p- p-Ifpw
tZin-bmb P\p- p-Ifpw ˛ DZm-l-cWw: tXm‰w]m´v aebm-f-�n¬ am{Xw e`n-°p-∂Xv ˛ AXm-bn-cn-s°-�s∂
AXv ]pcm-hr-Г�-I-Ym-Km-\hpw (mythological ballad)
BWv. {][m-\-s∏´ P\p- p-Iƒ ˛ AXns‚ tZin-bmb
Bhn-jvIr-X-cq-]-߃ ˛ tZin-bpsS [¿Ωw, kµ¿`w
apX-emb hni-Z-L-S-I-ГџЖ’ Л›
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
1) Dan Ben-Amos, Folklore in Context, New Delhi: South Asian
Publications, 1982.
2) Dan Ben-Amos, Folklore Genre, Austin: University of Texas,
1976.
3) Parades Americo and Richard Bouman, Towards New Perspectives in Folklore, Austin: University of Texas, 1972.
4) Fw. hn. hnjvWp-\-Вєq-Xn-cn, t^mIvtemВї \nL-в‰ p,
Xncp-h-\-¥-c-]pcw : tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
1) Richard M. Dorson (ed.), Folklore and Folklife, Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1972.
2) Dan Ben-Amos, Folklore Genres, Austin: University of Texas,
1976.
3) Dan Ben – Amos, Folklore in Context, New Delhi: South Asian
Publishers, 1982.
 p-I-fn¬ Ah GXp hn`m-K-�n¬s∏-Sp∂p F∂p hniZ-am- °
- p-I Л› DZm-lc
- W
- a
- mbn˛ ]p≈p-h≥]m´v F¥v F∂v
hni-Zo-I-cn-®-tijw AXv a{¥-hm-Z-∏m-´mWv F∂p
hy‡-am°n ˛ tIcfw PmXn-k-aq-l-am-Wv. (Pm-Xn-k-aql- a - √ m� kaq- l - ß - s fbpw kuI- c y- � n- \ mbn
PmXnkaq-l-ambn ]cn-K-Wn®m¬ aXn.) GXp PmXnbmWv {]kvXpX P\p v sIm≠p-\-S-°p-∂Xv? BcmWv
AXn\p ta¬t\m´w hln-°p-∂Xv? Ft∏mƒ Fhn-sSsh-®mWv AXv \S-°p-∂Xv? AXns‚ Dt±iyw F¥v?
˛ Ch hy‡am-°Ww ˛ tZin-bmb F√m hmsamgn hg°ßsfbpw ]cn- K - W n- ° m≥ km[n- ° m- � - X n- \ m¬
{]mXn-\n-[y-kz-`m-h-\-ap≈ GXm\pw P\p- p-Isf ]cnN-b-s∏-Sp-�nbm¬ aXn-bm-hpw ˛ hmsam-gn-h-g-°�nse
AВ°m-Z-an-I-P-\p-В p-IЖ’ Л› BJym-\-cq]w Л› KZym-Jym\w
˛ ]ZymJym\w ˛ KZym-Jym\w: ]pcm-hr�w, sFXn-lyw,
\mtSm-Sn-°-Y, A\p-`-h-IY, \mtSm-Sn-]v^enXw ˛ ]ZymJym\w. hnhn-[-bn\w IYmKm\-߃ ˛ BJym-\-cq-]-a√m� hmsam-gn-h-g-°-߃ ˛ \mS≥]m´v, IS-¶-Y,
]gsВ©m-в€љv, \mtSm-Sn-`mj Л› tZin-bmb DZmlcW-ГџЖ’
FSp�pIm´n Ahsb tZin-bmb P\p v F∂ coXnbn¬ hni-ZoIcn-°Ww ˛ GsXms° P\p- p-Iƒ aebm-f-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ°v ASn-ÿm-\-am-bn-�o-cp∂p
˛ GsXms° IrXn-I-fn¬ hmsam-gn-h-g-°P
- \p-В p-If
- psS
kzm[o\w ImWmw Л› hne-bn-cp-Г�WwЛ›
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
4) cmL-h≥ ]ø-\m-Sv, t^mIvtem¿ k¶-ev]-\ßfpw kt¶Xßfpw, ]ø-∂q¿: F^v. F^v. Fw. ]_vvfn-t°-j≥kv, 1999.
5) cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv (F-Un-‰¿), tIc-f-t^m-Ivtem¿, ]ø-∂q¿:
F^v. F^v. Fw. ]_vvfn-t°-j≥kv, 1996.
bqW-n‰v 3
t^mIvtem-dns‚ `qcn-`m-Khpw hmsam-gn-h-g-°-ß-fmWv ˛
\ne-hn-ep≈ hmsam-gn-h-g-°-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-�pI
Л› tIc-f-Г�nse tZin-bmb hmsam-gn-h-g-В°-P\p-В pIsf
B coXn-bn¬�s∂ hni-Zo-Ic
- n-В°p-I, AВ°m-Za
- nI P\p-
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
209
208
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
5) Fw. hn. hnjvWp-\-Вєq-Xn-cn, \mtSm-Sn-hn-вЃ„m-\obw,
Xncp-h-\-¥-c-]pcw : tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
bqW-n‰v 4
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Fw. hn. hnjvWp-\-Вєq-Xn-cn, \mtSm-Sn-hn-вЃ„m-\obw,
Xncp-h-\-¥-c-]pcw : tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
Fw. hn. hnjvWp--\ºq-Xn-cn, \mS≥I-fn-Ifpw hnt\m-Z-ßfpw
(]-cn-jvВ°-cnВ® ]Xn-в€Џv), Xncp-h-\-ВҐ-]pcw: tIcf `mjm
C≥Ãn‰yq´v.
F.-sI.-\-ºym¿, tIc-f-�nse \mS≥IeIƒ, tIm´bw:
F≥_n-F-kv, 1989.
_me-Ir-jvW≥ sImøm¬, tIc-f-�nse Iem-cq-]-߃,
IÆq¿: enJnXw _pIvkv, 2008.
Fw. hn. hnjvWp-\Вє
- q-Xn-cn, \mS≥ Ie-Iƒ \mS≥]m´p-Iƒ,
tImgn-t°mSv: ]q¿Æ ]_-fn-t°-j≥kv, 2006.
1) Richard M. Dorson (ed.), Folklore and Folklife, Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1972.
2) Dan Ben – Amos, Folklore in Context, New Delhi: South Asian
Publishers, 1982.
s]mdm´p \mS-Iw, Ipd-�n-bm´w, tIm¬°fn, H∏-\,
XpS-Гџnbh aX-\n-c-t]ВЈ cwKm-hn-jvВ°m-c-cq-]-Гџ-fm-Wv.
]Wn-b-\r-�w, Iº-f-\r-�w, Ccn-f-\r-�w, Bcy-Ωme-\m-SIw ˛ XpS-ß-n-b At\Iw cq]߃ BZn-hm-knIƒ°n-S-bnep≠v. cwKm-hn-jvIm-c-cq-]ßfn¬ G‰hpw
{][m-\-∏´ Hcn-\-amWv \mS≥I-fn-Iƒ ˛ F√m {]mb°m¿°pw Ifn-I-fp-≠v, B¨s]¨ hyXym-k-hp-ap-≠v.
ASp-°f D]-I-c-W-߃ apX¬ \mep-sI-´p-h-sc-bp≈
\nc-h[n `uXn-I-kw-k-°m-c-߃ tIc-fo-b-Po-hn-�n¬
˛ hnh-[-X-c-�n-ep≈ ]Wn- b m- b p- [ - ß ƒ ˛ tIcfo- b cpsS kzXzs� \ne-\n-dp-�p-∂Xn¬ BNm-c-߃°pw
hnizm- k - ß ƒ°pap≈ ]¶v ˛ hgn- b n¬ I- ≠p- a p- ´ ptºmgp≈ ss\an-jn-Iamb BNmc-߃ apX¬ Znhkw
apgp-h≥ \o≠p-\n-ev-°p∂ BNm-c-߃, hnizm-k-߃
˛ DZm-l-c-Wßfn-eqsS P\p- p-I-fpsS _�w ˛ Chbvs°√mw kmln-Xy-hp-am-bp≈ _�w ˛
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
hmtamgnhg-°s� At]-£n®v a‰v aq∂p hn`m-K߃
Л› IqВґm-bvam-cw-Km-hn-jvIm-cw, `uXn-Ik
- w-kvВ°m-cw, BNmcГџfpw hnizm-kГџ
- fpw ˛ cwKm-hn-jvImcw sIm≠v kº∂-amWv tIcfw ˛ sX°p apX¬ hS-°p-hsc A\pjvTm-\w, A\p-jvTm-\-\r�w, \mtSm-Sn-\m-SIw F∂nh
[mcmfw ˛ {]mXn\n[ykz`mht�msS ]cn- N - s ∏- S p�pI ˛ tIc-fob cwKm-h-X-cW߃°p≈ {]tXyIX
˛ AtXmsSm∏w hmsam-gn-hg-°hpw D≠mhpw ˛ AXpsIm-≠mWv D≈q-cn\v kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-�n¬ hf-sctbsd \mtSm- S n- ° - e m- c q- ] ßsf- ° p- d n®v hnh- c Ww
tN¿t°≠nh∂Xv ˛ sNdnb Nn∏n-t�mWn apX¬ 16
sI´p-h-sc-bp≈ `uXn-I-kw-kv°mcw tIcf-�-nep≠v.
BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS `uXn-I-kwkv°m-chpw D≠v. Ch
t\cnt´m A√m-sXtbm kmln-Xy-�n¬ Ib-dn-h-∂n--´p≠v. AXn-\m¬ t^mIvtem¿ P\p v F∂ \ne-bn¬
Chsb a\- n-em-°p-∂Xv kmln-Xym-kzm-Z-\-�n\pw
hne-bn-cp-Г�-en\pw klm-b-I-c-am-Wv. tIc-fobamb
BNmc- ß fpw hnizm- k - ß fpw Ht´sdbp≠v . C∂v
BNcn-°p-∂n-s√-¶nepw ]eXpw Hm¿Ω-bnep≠v. Ah
bn¬ {][m-\-s∏´ NneXv DZm-l-cn®v P\p- p-Iƒ F∂
coXn-bn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°Ww ˛ A-�cw P\p- p-Iƒ
GXp coXn-b¬ ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-�n¬ {]Xy-£-s∏Sp∂p F-∂Xv kmln-Xy-s�-°p-dn®v ]pXnb Adn-hpIƒ \evIm≥ DX-Ipw.
\mtSmSncwKm-hn-jv°m-c-߃ ˛ A\p-jvTm-\w, \mtSm-Sn\r-�w, \mtSmSn\mS-Iw, \mS≥I-fn-Iƒ XpS-ß-n-bh ˛
tIc-f-�n¬ e`y-amb {]m[m-\-s∏´ cwKm-hn-jvImc-cq]߃: sXøw, Xnd, apSn-tb-‰v, ]S-bW
- n, tImew-Xp-≈¬,
IWym¿I-fn ˛ Ch-sbms° A\p-jvT-\-cw-Km-hn-jv°mcß- f psS ]´n- I - b n¬ hcpw ˛ Im°m- c n»n \mSIw,
210
bqW-n‰v 5
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
P\-Po-hn-�ns‚ t\¿°m-gvN-bmWv t^mIvtem¿. ]mcºcyPohnXw ]pXp-ab
- p-ambn G‰p-ap-´p-∂Xn-eq-sS-bmWv
kaq-l-Po-hnXw am‰-�n\p hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Cu G‰pap-´-ep-I-fpsS [¿Ω-k-¶-S-amWv {]Xy-£amtbm ]tcm£-amtbm kmln-Xy-�n\p Imc-Wa
- m-bn�ocp∂Xv ˛ ]gb-Im-e�v ]pXnb Pohn-Xm-h-kvY-I-fn¬ Pohn-X-aq-ey߃°v £Xw kw`-hn-°p-tºmƒ Ahsb ]mc-º-cy�ns‚ CuSp-sh-bv∏-I-fn¬ Dd-∏n®p \ndp-�phm\mWv
kmlnXyIrXn-Iƒ {ian-°p-∂-Xv. Ivfm nIv IrXn-Isfms° AXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. ]mc-ºcykaqlw
ss\Xn-IX kq£n-®p-sh-bv°p-∂Xv t^mIvtem-dn-eq-sSbm-Wv. AXpsIm≠v ]g-b-Im-e�v t^mIvtem-dns‚
]p\-cm-Jym-\-ambn kmlnXyw {]Xy-ВЈ-sв€Џ-Вґp. cmam-bWw, alm-`m-c-Xw, ]В©-X{ВҐw -I-Y-IЖ’ Л› CsXmsВ°
hmsam-gn-hg
- В°
- Г�
- ns‚ hc-sam-gn-bn-ep≈ {]Im-i\
- a
- m-Wv.
CXn-s\-bmWv hmsam-gn-bn¬ \n∂p hc-sam-gn-bn-te°v
(orality to literacy) F∂p ]d-bp∂Xv ˛ ]mc-º-cy-�n¬
B[p-\n-IX IS∂pIb-dp-tºmgp≈ kµnKv≤m-hÿ
hni-Zo-Ic
- n-°p-∂X
- n\v kmlnXy-]T
- \w t^mIvtemdns‚
klmbw tXSm-dp-≠v. t^mIvtem-dn‚ kzm[o\w B[p\n-I-km-ln-Xy-�n¬, C∂ IrXn-bn¬ C∂ coXn-bnemWv hni-Zo-I-cn®p ImWm-dp-≈-Xv. kzm[o-\-s�-°mtfsd Pohn-X�ns‚ Ah-ÿsb hy‡o-Ic
- n-°p-∂X
- n\v
t^mIvtem¿ kmln-Xy-�ns‚ `mK-am-bn-�o-cp-I-bmWv
sNøp-∂-Xv.
Orality to literacy F∂-Xp-t]mse Xs∂ literacy to orality
-bpw kw`-hn-°p-w ˛ cmambWalm-`m-cXmZn-Iƒ tIc-f�n¬ {]Np-c-{]-Nm-c-am-b-Xn\p ImcWw Fgp-Xs∏´
IrXn-I-fm-Wv. AXn¬ \n∂p-≠mIp∂ _lp-hn-[ßfmb ]mT-ß-fmWv \mtSmSnbmb cma-b-W-a-lm-`m-c-XIY- I ƒ. AXv IY- I - f m- b n´p am{X- a - √ , A\p- j v T - \ ßfmtbm cwKm-h-X-c-W-ßfmtbm amdpw. ]qXw h≈p-
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
211
h-\m-Sns‚ t^mIvtem-dm-Wv. AXv CS-t»-cn-°r-Xn-I-fn¬
am\-t�msS IS∂ph∂p. orality to literacy. F∂m¬,
]n∂oSv tIc-fo-bk
- a
- qlw ]qX-∏m-´nse ]qXs� kzoIcn-°p-Ibpw AXmWv ]qXw F∂v ÿnco-I-cn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp ˛ literacy to orality - Cu coXn-b¬ t^mIvtemdpw kmln-Xyhpw XΩn-ep≈ _�-s� a\- n-em-t°≠-Xp-≠v. t^mIvtem¿: Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-co-Xn, Bkzm-Z\-X-ew, Dt±-iyw, [¿Ωw, P\-Io-bkz-`mhw, _lp-°fmb ]mT-߃ ˛ kmlnXyw ˛ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-co-Xn,
Bkzm-Z\
- X
- e
- w, kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-If
- psS s]mXp-hmb Dt±iyw ˛ hmsam-gn-h-g-°-�n¬ \n∂v hc-sam-gn-bn-te°v ˛
t^mIv-tem¿ kmln-Xy�n\v D]m-Zm-\-ambn h¿�n°p-∂p˛ DZm-lc
- Ww: cmam-bW
- w, alm-`m-cX
- w, Cen-bUv
Л› hymk\pw tlma-dp-samsВ° kam-lВїГ�m-В°Ж’ am{XwЛ›
B[p-\n-I-km-ln-Xyhpw t^mIvtemdpw ˛ B[p-\n-I-kmln-Xy-�n¬ t^mIvtem-dns‚ km∂n≤yw c≠pXc�n¬ ˛ H∂v : hmsamgnhg-°s� A∏msS kmln-Xy�nse GsX- ¶ nepw P\p-  n- t e°v ]cn- h ¿�\w
sNø¬ ˛ s]cp-¥-®≥ ]pcm-hr�w ]e-Ir-Xn-I-fn--embn
]cn-h¿�n-°-s∏-´Xv Cß-s\-bm-Wv ˛ H∂n\p Xs∂
Htc- km-ln-Xy-P-\p- n¬ ]e-Ir-Xn-Iƒ D≠m-Ip∂Xv
F¥p-sIm≠v ˛ aem-b-f-km-ln-Xy-�n¬\n∂v Bh-iyw
-t]mse DZm-l-cn-°mw. c≠v: t^mIvtem-dns‚ km∂n≤yw {]Xy-£-amtbm ]tcm-£-amtbm kmln-Xy-�¬
ImWp∂p. Bi-b]
- c
- a
- mbpw Bkzm-Z\
- ]
- c
- a
- mbpw IrXnI-fn¬ AXv F¥p-sN-øp∂p F∂v DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw
FSp-Г�p-Im-ВґpI.
hc-sam-gn-bn¬ \n∂v hmsam-gn-bn-te°v ˛ {]kn≤o-Ir-Xamb IrXn-Iƒ t^m°vtem-dns\ kzm[o-\n®v AXns\bpw am‰-n-�o¿°p-∂p ˛ IrXn aqe-]m-T-am-bn-�o-cpIbpw AXn\v kaq-l-�n¬ ]e ]mT߃ D≠mhpIbpw sNøp∂p ˛ ]e - t Xm- ‰ w- ] m- ´ p- I fpsSbpw
Ahÿ CXm-Wv˛ DZm-lcWw ˛ s]m´≥sXø-�ns‚
tXm‰w-]m´v˛
212
klm-b-I-{K-Её-ГџЖ’:
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw: `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw
1) W. J. Ong; Orality to Literacy
2) Dan Ben – Amos and Kenneth S. Goldstein, Folklore Performance and Communication, Mouton: The Hague, 1975.
3) Elizabath C. Fine, The Folklore Text from Performance to Print,
Bloomington: Indian University Press, 1984.
4) Richard M. Dorson (ed.), Folklore in the Modern World,
Mouton: The Hague, 1978.
5) tUm. F.-sI. \ºym¿, hS-°≥s]-cp-a, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 2013.
6) s{]m^. _n.- ap-l-ΩZv Al-ΩZv, t^mIvtem¿ ˛ kwkv°mc]-T-\-߃, IÆq¿: kabw ]_vfn-t°-j≥kv, 2014.
7) cmL-h≥ ]ø-\m-Sv (F-Un-‰¿), tIc-f-t^m-Ivtem¿, ]ø-∂q¿:
t^mIvtemВї s^temkv Hm^v ae-_mВї ({S-Гѓv), 1997.
7) Mannarakkal Dasan, THEYYAM – Patronage Appropriation
and Interpolation, Kannur: Kannur University, 2012.
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