STANDARD(S): 12.1 Students explain the fundamental principles and moral values of American democracy. LEARNING OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT 1. Describe the structure of the government set up under the Articles of Confederation. 2. Explain why the weaknesses of the Articles led to a critical period for the country in the 1780s. 3. Describe how a growing need for a stronger national government led to plans for a Constitutional Convention. Chapter 2: Origins of American Government Section 3 Key Terms • Articles of Confederation: the agreement, effective in 1781, that established the first central government of the United States • ratification: formal approval of a proposal • Presiding officer: Chair of an organization or group Chapter 2, Section 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4 Introduction • What weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation made a lasting government impossible? – The Confederation Congress lacked key powers - it could not raise taxes or regulate trade. – The Congress could not make states obey the laws it passed. – 9 of 13 state delegations had to agree before Congress could act. – The Articles could only be changed with the consent of all 13 state legislatures. Chapter 2, Section 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5 Guided Reading The Articles of Confederation 1. Describe the structure of the government set up by the Articles of Confederation. Congress was unicameral and was the only branch of government. Congressional committees would handle executive and judiciary functions. Congress would choose the president of the legislature (not the same as the President of the U.S.) Chapter 2, Section 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6 Articles of Confederation • The Second Continental Congress had to create an official national government. • Congress approved the Articles of Confederation in 1777, but they were not ratified until 1781. • The Articles created a single unit of government, the Congress. – Congress was unicameral in structure, with each states electing its delegates each year. – Each state delegation had one vote in Congress. Chapter 2, Section 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 7 Federal Government • The national government had no executive or judicial branch. – Special congressional committees exercised executive and judicial functions. – Each year Congress would elect a president of the Congress (but not the nation). Chapter 2, Section 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8 Guided Reading Congressional Powers Under the Articles of Confederation 2. make war and peace 7. establish post offices 3. send and receive ambassadors 4. make treaties 8. build navy 9. raise army by asking States for troops 5. borrow money 10. fix uniform standards of weights and measures 6. set up monetary system 11. settle disputes among States Chapter 2, Section 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 9 States Under the Articles • States obligations to other states: – – – – – – – Treat citizens of other states fairly Respect the laws and court rulings of other states Allow open travel and trade among states Submit interstate disputes to Congress Turn over fugitives from other states Obey the Articles and acts of Congress Provide funds and troops requested by Congress • The states kept all powers not given to Congress. Chapter 2, Section 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 10 Guided Reading UNDER the Articles of Confederation 12. What obligations did States have to one another? •to treat citizens of other States equally; •to give full faith and credit to acts, records, and judicial proceedings of other States; •to surrender fugitives to each other; •to permit open trade and travel between States; •to submit State disputes to Congress for settlement Chapter 2, Section 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 11 States Under the Articles • States obligations to citizens: – Protect life, and property – Promote the general welfare of the people • The states kept all powers not given to Congress. Chapter 2, Section 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12 Guided Reading UNDER the Articles of Confederation 13. What obligations did States have to citizens? •to protect life and property; •to promote the general welfare of people Chapter 2, Section 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 13 Weaknesses of the Articles • Powers Congress did not have… – NO power to levy taxes or duties – NO power to regulate commerce – No executive power to enforce acts of Congress • • • • • Chapter 2, Section 3 Only a “firm league of friendship” among States Only one vote for each State, regardless of size No national court system Amendments required the consent of all States A 9/13 majority required to pass laws. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 14 Guided Reading UNDER the Articles of Confederation 14. What powers did Congress not have? •the power to tax, • the power to regulate trade between the States, •and the power to enforce its own laws Chapter 2, Section 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 15 Problems with the Articles • After the end of the Revolutionary War, states stopped cooperating with each other and the national government. – – – – They refused to supply troops or money. Some made their own treaties with other nations. Most raised their own military forces. They taxed goods from other states and banned trade with some states. – They printed their own money. Chapter 2, Section 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16 Problem with the Articles, cont. • The economies of many states struggled as a result of all the bickering and poor planning. – Much of the newly printed money was worth very little. Prices soared and loans became hard to get. – Many people fell into debt. • The economic crisis led to Shays’ Rebellion in Massachusetts. – Indebted farmers and other small property owners lost land and possessions when they could not pay their debts or their state taxes. Chapter 2, Section 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 17 Shays’ Rebellion • In 1786, former revolutionary officer, Daniel Shays led an armed uprising of farmers. • State troops finally ended the rebellion after rebels attacked state courts and a federal arsenal. Shays fled to Vermont. • The State government of Massachusetts's passed laws to ease the burden of debtors. Chapter 2, Section 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 18 Guided Reading The Critical Period, the 1780s 15. What government action took place in response to Shays’ Rebellion? The Massachusetts legislature passed laws that eased the burden of debtors. Chapter 2, Section 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 19 Stronger Government • The call went out for a stronger, more effective central government. – In 1785, Maryland and Virginia settled a trade dispute after meeting at George Washington’s home at Mount Vernon. – In 1786, Virginia called for all the states to meet to discuss trade issues. – Five states attended the resulting meeting at Annapolis, Maryland. – These delegates called for another meeting, this one in Philadelphia in 1787. Congress eventually gave its support for this meeting. Chapter 2, Section 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 20 Stronger Government, cont. • Delegates first met at Alexandria. They met again at Annapolis. The First and Second Continental Congresses met at Philadelphia. Chapter 2, Section 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 21 Constitutional Convention • The Philadelphia meeting, held in 1787 had the goal of revising the Articles of Confederation to better suit the needs of the U.S. • However it quickly turned into the Constitutional Convention. Instead of revising the Articles, it would replace them with something new. – What significance might this building have had for the Constitutional Convention? Chapter 2, Section 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 22 Guided Reading A Need for Stronger Government 16. What was the goal of the Constitutional Convention? to revise the Articles of Confederation to better suit the needs of the U.S. Chapter 2, Section 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 23 Guided Reading B. Reviewing Key Terms 17. ratification formal approval 18. presiding officer chair of an organization or group Chapter 2, Section 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 24 Review • Now that you have learned about the weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation that made a lasting government impossible, go back and answer the Chapter Essential Question – How does the Constitution reflect the times in which it was written? Chapter 2, Section 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 25