GÇGNDEKGLER
ÖNSÖZǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ3
GGRGf: BGNA ve TESGSATTA ISI YALITIMIǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ4
ͳǤ‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ
ʹǤ‡•‹•ƒ–ƒŽÇ–ǏÇǣǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸
͵Ǥ•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏNjŽ‡‹Ž‰‹Ž‹‡˜œ—ƒ–Žƒ”ǣǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸
ͶǤ‡‡Žƒ˜”ƒŽƒ”ǣǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸
ͶǤͳǤ•ÇŽGŽ‡–‡Ž‹˜‡•ÇŽ‹”‡­ƒ˜”ƒŽƒ”ÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸
ͶǤʹǤ—„—Šƒ”dž‹ˆòœ›‘†‹”‡­ˆƒ–Ú”òȋɊȌ˜‡—„—Šƒ”dž‹ˆòœ›‘—ƒƒ”çdž‹”‡­ȋ†Ȍƒ˜”ƒŽƒ”ÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹
ͷǤ•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻ
͸Ǥo”òŽ‡”‹–‹‡–Ž‡”‹†‡”ƒƒ…ƒ‹Ž‰‹Ž‡”ǣǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲ
͹Ǥ•ÇƒŽÇ–Ǐ›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹ
DUVARLARDA ISI YALITIMIǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ14
ͳǤfGGȋȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶ
ͳǤͳ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͷ
ͳǤͳǤͳȌ•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͷ
ͳǤͳǤʹȌ•ÇƒŽÇ–Ǐ‹•–‡ƒ’Çç–ǔDžǕÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͹
ͳǤͳǤ͵Ȍ•ÇƒŽÇ–Ǐ‹•–‡ò„‡Ž‹ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͹
ͳǤͳǤͶȌ•ÇƒŽÇ–Ǐ‹•–‡‹‘ƒ–Ç‹Ž‡•‹ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͺ
ͳǤͳǤͷȌ•ÇƒŽÇ–Ǐ‹•–‡Ç˜ƒ•ÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͺ
ͳǤͳǤ͸ȌÇ燒Š‡•ÇƒŽÇ–Ǐ‹•–‡Ž‡”‹†‡—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ”‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͺ
ͳǤͳǤ͹Ȍ‘ƒ–ƒ’ŽƒƒǣǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͺ
ͳǤʹ›‰—ŽƒƒçƒƒŽƒ”ÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͻ
ͳǤʹǤͳȌòœ‡›‹›‰—Žƒƒ›ƒƒœÇ”Žƒƒ•ÇǣǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͻ
Ȍ‡‹‹ƒòœ‡›Ž‡”‹G­‹›‰—ŽƒƒƒœÇ”ŽÇºÇǢǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͻ
Ȍ‡˜…—–‹ƒòœ‡›Ž‡”‹G­‹›‰—ŽƒƒƒœÇ”ŽÇºÇǢǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͻ
ͳǤʹǤʹȌ—ƒ•ƒ”‘ˆ‹Ž‹‹‡”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‡•‹ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͻ
ͳǤʹǤ͵ȌƒŽÇ–Ǐ‡˜ŠƒŽƒ”ǐǐƒ’Çç–ǔǎƒ•ÇǣǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͲ
ͳǤʹǤͶȌ•ÇƒŽÇ–Ǐ‡˜ŠƒŽƒ”ǐǐò„‡ŽŽ‡‡•‹ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͳ
ͳǤʹǤͷȌ‡ƒ”˜‡Ú燎‡”‹Ž—ç–—”—Žƒ•ÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹʹ
ͳǤʹǤ͸Ȍ•ÇƒŽÇ–Ǐ‹•–‡Ç˜ƒ•Ç˜‡Ç˜ƒȋ‘ƒ–ÇȌ‹Ž‡•‹‹›‰—Žƒƒ•ÇǣǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹʹ
ͳǤʹǤ͹Ȍ‘ƒ–ƒ’Žƒƒ›‰—Žƒƒ•ÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͵
ʹǤG..GǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͵
ʹǤͳ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͶ
ʹǤͳǤͳȌ•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͶ
ʹǤʹ›‰—ŽƒƒçƒƒŽƒ”ÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͸
ʹǤʹǤͳG­‡”†‡•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏǛ‰—Žƒƒ•ÇÇƒ’ÇŽƒ•ÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͸
ǤŽ­ÇŽƒƒƒ’ŽÇ‘’‘œ‹–•ÇƒŽÇ–Ǐ‡˜ŠƒŽƒ”Ç‹Ž‡ƒ’ÇŽƒ›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͸
Ǥ.‹‡–‘˜‡›ƒŽ­ÇǘƒŽÇ›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͹
Ǥ”‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‹•ÇƒŽÇ–Ǐ›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͹
ʹǤʹǤʹ.‹ˆ–—˜ƒ””ƒ•Ç•ÇƒŽÇ–Ǐ›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͹
͵ǤG.˜‡.G
GGf
YoGGǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͹
͵ǤͳǤƒŽÇ’G­‹›‰—ŽƒƒGŽ‡•Çڒ”òŽ‡”‹‹ƒŽÇ–ǏÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͺ
͵Ǥʹ‘Ž‘‡‹”‹çŽÇŽƒ”ǐƒÇ疃•ÇƒŽÇ–Ǐǃ’ÇŽƒ•ÇǣǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͺ
ͶǤfǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͻ
ͶǤͳ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵Ͳ
ͶǤͳǤͳȌ•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵Ͳ
ͶǤͳǤʹȌ—ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ǣǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͳ
ÇATILARDA ISI YALITIMIǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ32
ͳǤ.ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ʹ
ͳǤͳ
‡Ž‡‡•‡Ž‡”ƒ•.ƒ–ÇŽƒ”†ƒ•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ʹ
ͳǤͳǤͳȌ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵͵
ͳǤʹ‡”•‡”ƒ•.ƒ–ÇŽƒ”†ƒ•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵͹
ͳǤʹǤͳȌ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͺ
ͳǤʹǤͳǤͳȌ—ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͺ
ͳǤʹǤͳǤʹȌ•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͺ
ʹǤȀ;GG.ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͲ
1
ʹǤͳ.ƒ–Ç”ƒ•Ç—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ›ƒÇ”ƒȀº‹Ž‹.ƒ–ÇŽƒ”†ƒÚ燏‡oœ‡”‹‡ƒ’ÇŽƒ•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͲ
ʹǤͳǤͳȌ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͳ
ʹǤʹ.ƒ–Ç”ƒ•Ç—ŽŽƒÇŽƒÇ”ƒ.ƒ–ÇŽƒ”†ƒ‡”–‡‡˜‹›‡•‹†‡•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶ͵
ʹǤʹǤͳȌŠçƒ’Ç”ƒ.ƒ–Ç›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶ͵
ʹǤʹǤͳǤͳȌ‡”–‡ƒŽ–ǐƒƒŽ­Ç’Žƒƒƒ’ŽÇ‘’‘œ‹–Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽ‡˜ŠƒŽƒ”Ç‹Ž‡Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏǛƒ’ÇŽƒ•ÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶ͵
ʹǤʹǤͳǤʹȌ‡”–‡ƒ”ƒ•Çƒç‹Ž–‡ȀŽ‡˜Šƒˆ‘”—†ƒò”òŽ‡”‹Ž‡Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶ͵
ʹǤʹǤͳǤ͵Ȍ‡”–‡òœ‡”‹‡’‘Ž‹•–‹”‡Ú’òŽ‡”‹Ž‡Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏǛƒ’ÇŽƒ•ÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶ͵
Ǧ.ƒ–Ç–ƒŠ–ƒ•Çœ—›‰—ŽƒƒǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶ͵
Ǧ.ƒ–Ç–ƒŠ–ƒŽÇ—›‰—ŽƒƒǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶ͵
ʹǤʹǤʹȌ‡–‘ƒ”‡Ç”ƒ.ƒ–Ç›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͶ
3. METAL ÖRTÜLÜ ÇATI ve CEPHELERDE ISI YALITIMI ........................................................................................... 49
͵Ǥͳƒ†˜‹­ƒ‡ŽŽ‡”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͻ
͵ǤͳǤͳȌƒ†˜‹­ƒ‡Žƒ’Ç•ÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͻ
͵ǤͳǤͳǤʹȌ•ÇƒŽÇ–Ǐ.‡‹”†‡º‹ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͲ
͵ǤͳǤʹǤͳȌG‹òœò‡–ƒŽƒ†˜‹­ƒ‡ŽŽ‡”ǣǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͲ
͵ǤͳǤʹǤʹȌ‡„”ƒŽÇƒ†˜‹­ƒ‡ŽŽ‡”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷʹ
DÖfEMELERDE ISI YALITIMIǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ54
ͳǤͳòœ‡”Ú燏‡›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ÇȋÚ燏‡ò•–òǕǛƒŽÇ–Ǐ—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ÇȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͶ
ͳǤͳǤͳ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͷ
ͳǤʹƒ–ƒŽÇ•ÇƒŽÇ–Ǐ›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ͹
ͳǤʹǤͳǤ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ͹
ͳǤ͵•Ç–ÇŽƒ›ƒG­”–ƒƒ‹–‹ç‹Ú燏‡Ž‡”†‡•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏǛ‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͺ
ͳǤ͵ǤͳǤ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͺ
YALITIM CAMLARIǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ61
ͳǤƒŽÇ–ǏƒÇ‡‹Yœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”‹ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͳ
ͳǤͳ‡‡Ž‹Ž‰‹Ž‡”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͳ
ͳǤʹGŽ‰‹Ž‹•–ƒ†ƒ”–Žƒ”ÇǣǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͳ
ͳǤ͵Ǥòçò›ƒ›ÇÇŽÇǕǍ‘–”‘Žƒ’ŽƒƒŽÇȋ‘™ǦȌ…ƒŽƒ”Žƒò”‡–‹Ž‡›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ…ƒŽƒ”ÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͳ
ͳǤͶòçò›ƒ›ÇÇŽÇǕǘ‡‰ò‡ç‘–”‘Žƒ’ŽƒƒŽÇȋ‘Žƒ”‘™ǦȌ…ƒŽƒ”Žƒò”‡–‹Ž‡›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ…ƒŽƒ”ÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ʹ
ʹǤƒ‘–ƒŒÇ†ƒ‹ƒ–†‹Ž‡…‡—•—•Žƒ”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͷ
TESGSATLARDA ISI YALITIMIǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ66
ͳǤ•Ç–ƒ‡•‹•ƒ–ǐǐƒŽÇ–ǏÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͺ
ʹǤ‘º—–ƒ‡•‹•ƒ–ǐǐƒŽÇ–ǏÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͺ
͵ǤƒƒŽƒ”ǐ˜‡”ƒ–ò”Ž‡”‹ƒŽÇ–ǏÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͺ
ͶǤ‡•‹•ƒ––ƒƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽÇŽÇºÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͻ
ͷǤ‡ƒ‹‡•‹•ƒ–‹•–‡‹‹G›‹Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‡•‹ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͻ
͸Ǥ‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏǛ‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ÇǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹Ͳ
͸Ǥͳ‡†‹†‡ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇƒ˜ƒƒƒŽÇ›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ÇǣǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹Ͳ
͸Ǥʹ‡†‹†‡ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ•‡ƒ˜ƒƒƒŽŽƒ”Ç‹Ž‡ƒ’ÇŽƒ›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǣǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹ͳ
͸Ǥ͵‘”—‹­‹‹†‡‹•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹Ž‡ƒ’ÇŽƒ›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǣǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹ʹ
͸Ǥ͵ǤͳȌŽò‹›—‘Ž›‘ƒ’ŽÇ‘”—‹­‹‹†‡‹‹‡”ƒŽòŽ‡”Ž‡ƒ’ÇŽƒ›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹͵
͸Ǥ͵ǤʹȌ‘”—‹­‹‹†‡‹ƒ’Žƒƒ•Çœȋ.ǒŽƒȌ‹‡”ƒŽòŽ‡”Ž‡ƒ’ÇŽƒ›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹͵
͸Ǥ͵Ǥ͵Ȍ‘”—‹­‹‹†‡‹o”òŽ‡”‹Ž‡ƒ’ÇŽƒ›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹Ͷ
͸ǤͶf‹Ž–‡˜‡›ƒ‡˜Šƒ‹­‹‹†‡‹ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹Ž‡ƒ’ÇŽƒ›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǣǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹͹
͸ǤͶǤͳȌ‡˜Šƒ‹­‹‹†‡‹o”òŽ‡”‹Ž‡‘”—Žƒ”†ƒƒ’ÇŽƒ›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹͹
͸ǤͶǤʹȌ‡˜Šƒ‹­‹‹†‡‹o”òŽ‡”‹Ž‡ƒƒŽŽƒ”˜‡f‹ç‹òœ‡›Ž‡”†‡ƒ’ÇŽƒ›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹ͻ
͸Ǥͷf‹Ž–‡˜‡‡˜Šƒ‹­‹‹†‡‹‹‡”ƒŽòŽ‡”‹Ž‡‘”—˜‡ƒƒŽŽƒ”†ƒƒ’ÇŽƒ›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͲ
͸Ǥ͸ƒƒŽƒ”†ƒƒ’ÇŽƒ›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͳ
͸Ǥ͸Ǥͳ‡˜Šƒ‹­‹‹†‡‹o”òŽ‡”‹Ž‡ƒƒŽƒ”†ƒƒ’ÇŽƒ›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺʹ
͸Ǥ͸ǤʹƒƒŽƒ”†ƒ—–—Žƒ”ǘ‡›ƒƒƒ‡‡–Ž‡”‹‹Ž‡ƒ’ÇŽƒ›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͶ
͸Ǥ͹•Ç˜‡‡Ž‡’­‡Ž‡”†‡ƒ’ÇŽƒ›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͶ
KAYNAKÇAǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ87
2
ÖNSÖZ
—”—Ž†—º— ‰ò†‡ „— ›ƒƒ ƒ—‘›— ˜‡ ‹çƒƒ– •‡–Ú”ò†‡ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ „‹Ž‹…‹‹ ‘Ž—ç–—”—Žƒ•ÇÇ ƒƒ­
‡†‹‡ Gǡ †‡‡›‹Ž‹ ò”‡–‹…‹ǡ •ƒ–Ç…ÇǦ‹–ŠƒŽƒ–­ÇǦ—›‰—Žƒ›Ç…Ç ò›‡Ž‡”‹†‡ ‘Ž—烐 ‘‹•›‘Žƒ”
ƒ”ƒ…ǎǺǛŽƒ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ•‡–Ú”ò‡”‡Š„‡”‘Žƒ…ƒƒ›ƒŽƒ”Ç‘Ž—ç–—”ƒ›ƒ†‡˜ƒ‡–‡–‡†‹”Ǥ
‹ƒ ˜‡ –‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ…ƒ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–ǏÇǢ „ò›ò ­‘º—Ž—º—— ‹–ŠƒŽ ‡––‹º‹‹œ ‡‡”Œ‹†‡ –ƒ•ƒ””—ˆ
•ƒºŽƒƒŽƒƒŽƒ›Ç’ƒ›Çœƒƒ†ƒ‡‡”Œ‹–ò‡–‹‹‡„ƒºŽÇ‘Žƒ”ƒ‘”–ƒ›ƒ­Çƒ•‡”ƒ‰ƒœŽƒ”ǐǃœƒŽƒ”ƒ
­‡˜”‡‹”Ž‹Ž‹º‹‹ÚŽ‡‡–‡†‹”Ǥ
•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏǍ‘—•—†ƒŠƒœÇ”Žƒƒ‹ƒ˜‡‡•‹•ƒ––ƒ•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏÇ
‡‡Ž‡‹fƒ”–ƒ‡•‹Ǣ •–ƒ†ƒ”–˜‡
‡˜œ—ƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ‹ •‘ ‰‡Ž‹ç‡Ž‡” ÇçǺǐ†ƒ ʹͲͳͶ ›ÇŽÇ†ƒ ”‡˜‹œ‡ ‡†‹Ž‡”‡ —›‰—Žƒ›Ç…Çǡ ›ƒ’–Ç”Ç…Ç ˜‡ •‘
—ŽŽƒÇ…Ç›Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ‹Ž‡ ‹Ž‰‹Ž‹ ‘—Žƒ”†ƒ †‡•–‡Ž‡‡ ƒƒ…Ç›Žƒ ŠƒœÇ”ŽƒÇç–Ç”Ǥ —獗•—œ †‘º”— †‡–ƒ›ǡ
†‘º”— ƒŽœ‡‡ ˜‡ †‘º”— —›‰—Žƒƒ ‹Ž‡ ƒŽÇ…Çǡ ›ò•‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ•ŽÇ ‡‘‘‹ ­ÚœòŽ‡” ò”‡–‡
òò†ò”Ǥ — ƒƒ­Žƒ ŠƒœÇ”Žƒƒ „— ‡‹ fƒ”–ƒ‡ǯ‹ ’‡ ­‘ ‹ç‹ ‹­‹ ‰ò˜‡‹Ž‹” „‹” ƒ›ƒ
‘Žƒ…ƒºÇÇ†òçòò›‘”—œǤ
—­ƒŽÇ珃†ƒ‡‡º‹‰‡­‡G•ÇƒŽÇ–Ǐ‘‹•›‘—ǯ—†‡º‡”Ž‹ò›‡Ž‡”‹‡–‡ç‡ò”‡†‡”Ǣ•‡–Ú”‡
˜‡òŽ‡‹œ‡Šƒ›Ç”ŽÇ‘Žƒ•ÇÇ†‹Ž‡”‹œǤ
GZODER
3
GGRGf: BGNA ve TESGSATTA ISI YALITIMI
ƒ’ÇŽƒ”ǐ —œ— ›ÇŽŽƒ” „‘›—…ƒ †‡º‡”‹‹ ‘”—ƒ•Ç ƒ…ƒǡ ›ƒ’Ç ‹›‹ –ƒ•ƒ”ŽƒÇ畃ǡ ‹­ ˜‡ †Çç ‡–‡Ž‡”†‡ †‘º”—
„‹­‹†‡ ‘”——畃 ‰‡”­‡Ž‡ç‡„‹Ž‹”Ǥ ƒ’ÇŽƒ”ǐ ‹­ ˜‡ †Çç ‡–‡Ž‡”†‡ †‘º”— „‹­‹†‡ ‘”—ƒ•ÇǢ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ‹Ž‡
•ƒºŽƒƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ ƒŽÇ–Ǐ •‹•–‡Ž‡”‹‹ ‡•ƒ• ƒƒ…ÇǢ ›ƒ’Ç „‹Ž‡ç‡Ž‡”‹ ˜‡ –ƒçÇ›Ç…Ç •‹•–‡‹ †Çç ‡–‡Ž‡”†‡ ‘”—›ƒ”ƒǢ
—ŽŽƒÇ ƒƒ…ǐƒ —›‰— •ƒºŽÇ ˜‡ ‘ˆ‘” 烔–Žƒ”ǐǐ ›ƒ’Ç ‹­‡”‹•‹†‡ Šòò •ò”‡•‹‹ •ƒºŽƒƒ–Ç”Ǥ ‹ƒ
‹­‡”‹•‹†‡‘ˆ‘”Ž—›ƒçƒ‘ç—ŽŽƒ”ǐǐ‘Ž—ç–—”—Žƒ•Ç‹•ƒ•ƒºŽÇºÇ‹­‹‡ƒ†ƒ”ڐ‡Ž‹‹•‡›ƒ’ǐǐ†Ç燖‡Ž‡”‡
ƒ”çÇ ‘”—ƒ•Ç †ƒǢ ‹­‡”‹•‹†‡ ›ƒçƒ†ÇºÇÇœǡ •ƒºŽƒ ˜‡ —œ— ڏò”Žò ‘Žƒ•ÇÇ „‡Ž‡†‹º‹‹œ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ” ‹­‹ ƒ›Ç
ڐ‡‡•ƒŠ‹’–‹”Ǥ
1. Binalarda Isõ Yalõtõmõ
ò›ƒòœ‡”‹†‡‹„‹”‹…‹Ž‡‡”Œ‹ƒ›ƒŽƒ”ǐǐŠÇœŽƒ–ò‡‡•‹òœ‡”‹‡‰‡Ž‹ç‹çòŽ‡Ž‡”„ƒç–ƒ‘Žƒòœ‡”‡–ò
òŽ‡Ž‡”‡‡”Œ‹‹Š–‹›ƒ­Žƒ”ǐǍ‘–”‘ŽƒŽ–ǐƒƒŽƒ˜‡‡‡”Œ‹›‹‡–‹—ŽŽƒƒ›Ú–‡Ž‡”‹‰‡Ž‹ç–‹”‹çŽ‡”†‹”ǤoŽ‡‹œ†‡
†‡Ǣ „ƒç–ƒ •ƒƒ›‹ ˜‡ ‘—– •‡–Ú”Ž‡”‹†‡ ‘Žƒ òœ‡”‡ǡ ‡‡”Œ‹ –ò‡–‹Ž‡”‹ Š‡” ‰‡­‡ ›ÇŽ ƒ”–ƒ–ƒ†Ç”Ǥ ‘—–Žƒ”†ƒ
—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ‡‡”Œ‹‹„ò›ò„‹”Ç•ÇǕǖƒ˜‡•‘º—–ƒƒƒ­ŽÇ‘Žƒ”ƒ–ò‡–‹Ž‡–‡†‹”Ǥڜ‘—•—„—‡‡”Œ‹‹Ǣ
‡–‹ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ•Çǡ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–ÇÇ ‹Ž‡ •ƒºŽƒƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ ‹ƒ œƒ”ˆÇǡ „‹ƒÇ ‹­ ‘”–ƒÇÇ †Çç ‘”–ƒ†ƒ ƒ›Ç”ƒ ›ƒ’Ç
‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”ÇÇ ƒ’•ƒ”Ǥ —˜ƒ”Žƒ”ǡ ’‡…‡”‡Ž‡”ǡ ƒ’ÇŽƒ”ǡ †Ú燏‡ǡ –ƒ˜ƒ ˜‡ ­ƒ–Çǡ „‹ƒ œƒ”ˆÇÇ ‘Ž—ç–—”—”Ǥ ‡‡Ž ‘Žƒ”ƒǢ
ˆƒ”ŽÇ•Ç…ƒŽÇ–ƒ‹‹‹‘”–ƒȋ†Ç犃˜ƒȂ›ƒçƒƒƒŠƒŽŽ‡”Ȍƒ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ‹Ç•Ç‰‡­‹ç‹‹ƒœƒŽ–ƒ‹­‹›ƒ’ÇŽƒ‹çŽ‡Ž‡”‡
õsõ yalõtõmõ †‡‹”Ǥ
1.1. Duvarlar: ‡”Œ‹ ˜‡”‹Ž‹Ž‹º‹ ‹­‹ Ç•Ç ƒ›„‡†‡ †‘Ž‰— †—˜ƒ” ˜‡ ‘Ž‘ǡ ‹”‹çǡ Ž‡–‘ǡ Šƒ–ÇŽ ˜„Ǥ –ò –ƒçǛDžÇ
†—˜ƒ”Žƒ”ƒÇ•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏǛƒ’ÇŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ—˜ƒ”Žƒ”†ƒ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ‹­–‡ȋ†—˜ƒ”ǐ‹­›òœò†‡Ȍ˜‡›ƒ†Ç疃ȋ†—˜ƒ”ǐ†Çç
›òœò†‡Ȍ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ——‹­‹­‡ç‹–Ž‹Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹˜‡†‡–ƒ›Žƒ”Ç—›‰—Žƒƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ
1.2. Pencereler:‡…‡”‡•‹•–‡Ž‡”‹†‡›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ†‘º”ƒƒŽƒ”˜‡•–ƒ†ƒ”–›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ…ƒÇƒ‰Ú”‡†ƒŠƒ‡–‹›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ
•ƒºŽƒ›ƒ ƒ’ŽƒƒŽÇ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ …ƒŽƒ”Ç —ŽŽƒÇŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ ‡‹ ‡•‹Ž ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ …ƒŽƒ”ǐǐ „ò›‡•‹†‡ Ç•Ç ‘–”‘Ž
ȋ‘™ǦȌ˜‡›ƒÇ•Ç˜‡‰ò‡ç‘–”‘Žȋ‘Žƒ”‘™ǦȌƒ’ŽƒƒŽÇ…ƒ›‡”ƒŽƒ–ƒ†Ç”Ǥ
1.3. Tavan/çatõ ve döçemeler: ‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ †—˜ƒ”Žƒ” ˜‡ ’‡…‡”‡Ž‡”†‡ •‘”ƒ ‡ ˆƒœŽƒ Ç•Ç ƒ›„ÇȀƒœƒ…Ç ‘Žƒ
„ÚŽòŽ‡”ǡ –ƒ˜ƒȀ­ƒ–Ç ˜‡ †Ú燏‡Ž‡”†‹”Ǥ •Ç ƒ›„‡†‡Ȁƒœƒƒ „— „ÚŽòŽ‡”‡ †‡ ­ƒ–ǐǐ —ŽŽƒÇ †—”——ǡ
‡º‹‹ǡ‘•–”ò•‹›‘—ǡ†Ú燏‡Ž‡”†‡‹•‡—›‰—Žƒƒ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ†Ú燏‡–ò”òǡƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹›ò–ƒçǏƒƒ’ƒ•‹–‡•‹
˜„Ǥ ˆƒ–Ú”Ž‡” ‰Úœ ڐò‡ ƒŽÇƒ”ƒ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–ÇÇ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ — ƒƒ­Žƒ ­ƒ–Ç ˜‡ †Ú燏‡Ž‡”†‡ ‹Š–‹›ƒ…ƒ ‰Ú”‡
–ƒ•ƒ”ŽƒÇ爃”ŽÇ†‡–ƒ›Žƒ”‹­‹­‡ç‹–Ž‹Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹—›‰—Žƒƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ
fekil 1: •Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏǗ›‰—ŽƒƒƒŽƒŽƒ”Ç
‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒÇ•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏǗ›‰—Žƒƒ•Ç‹Ž‡Ǣ
x •Ç–ƒ˜‡•‘º—–ƒƒƒ­ŽÇ–ò‡–‹Ž‡‡‡”Œ‹‹–ƒ”ǐǐƒœƒŽƒ•Çǡ
x œƒŽƒ‡‡”Œ‹‹Š–‹›ƒ…ǐƒ’ƒ”ƒŽ‡Ž‘Žƒ”ƒ†ƒŠƒ†òçòƒ’ƒ•‹–‡Ž‹Ç•Ç–ƒ˜‡•‘º—–ƒ•‹•–‡˜‡–‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”ǐǐ
—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ„‹Ž‡•‹‹Ž‡‹Ž›ƒ–ǔǏƒŽ‹›‡–Ž‡”‹‹ƒœƒŽ–ÇŽƒ•Ç
x ƒŠƒƒœ›ƒÇ––ò‡–‹‹‹Ž‡‘ˆ‘”Ž—Ç•Ç–ƒȀ•‘º—–ƒ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ”ƒò”‡•‡ŽÇ•Çƒ˜‡‹Ž‹†‡º‹ç‹Ž‹º‹‡‡†‡
‘Žƒʹ•ƒŽÇÇ†ƒƒœƒŽƒ•ƒºŽƒƒ•Ç
x •Ç–ƒ˜‡•‘º—–ƒƒƒ­ŽÇ‡‡”Œ‹‹Š–‹›ƒ…ǐǐƒœƒŽƒ•Çƒ„ƒºŽÇ‘Žƒ”ƒ‹–ŠƒŽ‡†‹Ž‡‡‡”Œ‹‹–ƒ”ǐǐ
ƒœƒŽ–ÇŽƒ•Ç˜‡„—›‘ŽŽƒòŽ‡‡‘‘‹•‹‡ƒ–Ç•ƒºŽƒƒ•Çǡ
x ƒÇ––ò‡–‹‹†‡ƒ›ƒŽƒƒŠƒ˜ƒ‹”Ž‹Ž‹º‹‹ƒœƒŽƒ•Çǡ
x ƒºŽÇŽÇ˜‡‘ˆ‘”Ž—„‹”‘”–ƒ‘Ž—ç–—”—Žƒ•Ç
x ‹ƒ‘ƒ”Ǐ˜‡„ƒÇƒŽ‹›‡–Ž‡”‹‹ƒœƒŽ–ÇŽƒ•ÇǤ
x ƒ’Ç„‹Ž‡ç‡Ž‡”‹‹›‘º—珃•‘—…—‘”‘œ›‘ƒ—º”ƒƒ•ÇڐŽ‡‡”‡ǡ–ƒçǛDžǕ‹•–‡‹‘”—ƒ•Ç
•ƒºŽƒÇ”Ǥ
5
2. Tesisat Yalõtõmõ:
‡”Œ‹ ˜‡”‹Ž‹Ž‹º‹ ‹­‹ „‹ƒ†ƒ‹ Ǖǖƒǡ •‘º—–ƒ ˜‡›ƒ •Ç…ƒ •— –‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”ǐƒ —–Žƒƒ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–ÇÇ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ•Ç
‰‡”‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ ‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ„‹Ž‡…‡ ­‡ç‹–Ž‹ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ „—Ž—ƒ–ƒ†Ç”Ǥ ‡•‹•ƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ ‡‡”Œ‹
˜‡”‹Ž‹Ž‹º‹‹­‹ƒ›”Ç…ƒǢ˜‡”‹Ž‹Ç•Ç–ƒ˜‡•‘º—–ƒ•‹•–‡Ž‡”‹–‡”…‹Š‡†‹Ž‡Ž‹˜‡‘–‘ƒ–‹‘–”‘Ž–‡‘Ž‘Œ‹Ž‡”‹†‡
ˆƒ›†ƒŽƒÇŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ ‡•‹•ƒ––ƒ •Ç ƒŽÇ–ǏÇǢ ‰‡‡Ž ‘Žƒ”ƒ •Ç…ƒ Šƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ Ç•Ç ƒ›„ǐÇǡ •‘º— Šƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ ‹•‡ Ç•Ç ƒœƒ…ǐÇ
ڐŽ‡‡ ‹­‹ ƒŽÇƒ•Ç ‰‡”‡‡ –‡†„‹”Ž‡” ‘Žƒ”ƒ –ƒ”‹ˆ ‡†‹Ž‹”Ǥ ‡•‹•ƒ– ›ƒŽÇ–ÇÇ ‹Ž‡ ‡‡”Œ‹ ƒ›Ç’ ˜‡›ƒ ƒœƒ­Žƒ”Ç
†Ççǐ†ƒǡŠƒ––Ç‘Ž—ç–—”ƒ„‘”—Žƒ”ǐ›‘º—珃•‡„‡„‹›Ž‡‘”‘œ›‘ƒ—º”ƒƒ•ÇڐŽ‡‹”Ǥ
3. Isõ Yalõtõmõ ile ilgili Mevzuatlar:
•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏNjŽ‡‹Ž‰‹Ž‹‘Žƒ”ƒ–ƒ•ƒ”Ǐ˜‡’”‘Œ‡Ž‡†‹”‡‹Ž‡‹Ž‰‹Ž‹‡•ƒ•Žƒ”ǐ„‡Ž‹”Ž‡†‹º‹ ͺʹͷDz‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ•ÇƒŽÇ–ǏÇ
—”ƒŽŽƒ”Çdz•–ƒ†ƒ”†ÇǢ„ƒçŽƒ‰Ç­ƒçƒƒ•Ç†ƒ–ƒ˜•‹›‡‹–‡Ž‹º‹†‡›ƒ›ÇŽƒÇç–Ç”ǤƒŠƒ•‘”ƒ•–ƒ†ƒ”†ÇͳͶƒœ‹”ƒ
ͳͻͻͻ–ƒ”‹Š˜‡ʹ͵͹ʹͷ•ƒ›ÇŽÇ”‡•‹‰ƒœ‡–‡†‡›ƒ›ÇŽƒƒ•Ç˜‡„—•–ƒ†ƒ”†Ç’ƒ”ƒŽ‡Ž‹†‡ŠƒœÇ”ŽƒƒDz‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ•Ç
ƒŽÇ–ÇÇ ڐ‡–‡Ž‹º‹dz‹ Ͳͺ ƒ›Ç• ʹͲͲͲ –ƒ”‹Š ʹͶͲͶ͵ •ƒ›ÇŽÇ ”‡•‹ ‰ƒœ‡–‡†‡ ›‡” ƒŽƒ•Ç ‹Ž‡ ͺʹͷ •–ƒ†ƒ”†Ç ͳͶ
ƒœ‹”ƒ ʹͲͲͲ –ƒ”‹Š‹†‡ ‹–‹„ƒ”‡ —›‰—Žƒƒ•Ç œ‘”—Ž— •–ƒ†ƒ”– ‘Žƒ”ƒ ›ò”ò”Žòº‡ ‰‹”‹ç–‹”Ǥ ͳͶ ƒœ‹”ƒ ʹͲͲͲ
–ƒ”‹Š‹†‡•‘”ƒ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ„‹ƒŽƒ”Ǣ„—•–ƒ†ƒ”†Ç˜‡›Ú‡–‡Ž‹º‹‘ç—ŽŽƒ”ǐƒ—›ƒœ‘”—†ƒ†Ç”Ǥ
‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ‡”Œ‹‡”ˆ‘”ƒ•Ú‡–‡Ž‹º‹dz„‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ‡›†ƒƒ‰‡Ž‡‡‡”Œ‹–ò‡–‹Ž‡”‹‡†ƒŠƒ„ò–ò…òŽ›ƒŽƒçǏ
‘”–ƒ›ƒ ‘›ƒ–ƒ†Ç”Ǥ Ͳͷ ”ƒŽÇ ʹͲͲͻ –ƒ”‹Š‹†‡ ›ò”ò”Žòº‡ ‰‹”‡ Dz‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ ‡”Œ‹ ‡”ˆ‘”ƒ• ڐ‡–‡Ž‹º‹ǯ†‡
†ƒŠƒ ڐ…‡ ›ƒ›ÇŽƒƒ Dz‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ •Ç ƒŽÇ–ÇÇ ڐ‡–‡Ž‹º‹dz†‡ ˆƒ”ŽÇ ‘Žƒ”ƒ ǕǖƒÇ ›ƒÇ •Ç”ƒ •‘º—–ƒǡ
Šƒ˜ƒŽƒ†Ç”ƒǡƒ›†ÇŽƒ–ƒǡ•Ç…ƒ•—–‡‹‹‰‹„‹‡‡”Œ‹—ŽŽƒÇƒŽƒŽƒ”ǘ‡Ç•Ç–ƒȀ•‘º—–ƒ•‹•–‡Ž‡”‹ǡƒ›†ÇŽƒ–ƒ
ƒ”ƒ–ò”Ž‡”‹ ˜„Ǥ •‹•–‡Ž‡”‹ ˜‡”‹Ž‹Ž‹Ž‡”‹ †‹ƒ–‡ ƒŽÇƒ–ƒ†Ç”Ǥ Ͳͷ ”ƒŽÇ ʹͲͲͻ –ƒ”‹Š‹†‡ ›ò”ò”Žòº‡ ‰‹”‡
Dz‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ ‡”Œ‹ ‡”ˆ‘”ƒ• ڐ‡–‡Ž‹º‹dz ƒ’•ƒ ‘Žƒ”ƒ Ǖǖƒ ƒƒ­ŽÇ ‡‡”Œ‹ –ò‡–‹Ž‡”‹‹ †‡ ‡Ž‡ ƒŽ†ÇºÇ†ƒ
Dz‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ •Ç ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ڐ‡–‡Ž‹º‹dz ‹­‡”‹ ‘Žƒ”ƒ –ƒƒ‡ Dz‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ ‡”Œ‹ ‡”ˆ‘”ƒ• ڐ‡–‡Ž‹º‹dz‡ †ŸŠ‹Ž
‡†‹Ž‹ç–‹”Ǥ ‘Žƒ›Ç•Ç›ŽƒǢ ‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ ‡”Œ‹ ‡”ˆ‘”ƒ• ڐ‡–‡Ž‹º‹ǯ‹ ›ò”ò”Žòº‡ ‰‹”‡•‹ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–ǏÇ
—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǐǐœ‘”—Ž—Ž—º—ƒ›‡†‡˜ƒ‡–‡–‡†‹”Ǥ
Dz‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ‡”Œ‹‡”ˆ‘”ƒ•Ú‡–‡Ž‹º‹dz‹Ž‡—›‰—Žƒƒ›ƒ‰‹”‡‡Ú‡Ž‹Š—•—•Žƒ”†ƒ„‹”‹•‹†‡Dz‡”Œ‹‹Ž‹
‡Ž‰‡•‹dz —›‰—Žƒƒ•Ç†Ç”Ǥ ‡”Œ‹ ‹Ž‹ ‡Ž‰‡•‹Ǣ „‹ƒÇ –‘’Žƒ ‡‡”Œ‹ –ò‡–‹‹ ˜‡ •‡”ƒ ‰ƒœÇ •ƒŽÇ ‹–ƒ”ǐÇ
‡Ž‡–”‹Ž‹‡˜ƒŽ‡–Ž‡”‹†‡‘Ž†—º—‰‹„‹Ǧ
ƒ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ•ÇÇˆŽƒ†Ç”ƒ”ƒ•‘—ŽŽƒÇ…ǐǐ„‹Ž‰‹•‹‡•—ƒ–ƒ†Ç”Ǥ—„‡Ž‰‡
•ƒ›‡•‹†‡•‘—ŽŽƒÇ…ÇŽƒ”•ƒ–ǐƒŽƒ…ƒŽƒ”ǘ‡›ƒ‹”ƒŽƒ›ƒ…ƒŽƒ”Ç„‹ƒŽƒ”ǐ‡‡”Œ‹˜‡”‹Ž‹Ž‹º‹‡„ƒºŽÇ‘Žƒ”ƒ‹çŽ‡–‡
ƒŽ‹›‡–Ž‡”‹‹ ˜‡ ʹ •ƒŽÇÇ ›Úò›Ž‡ ­‡˜”‡›‡ ‘Žƒ ‡–‹Ž‡”‹‹ ‰Ú”‡ ‹ŸÇ •ƒºŽƒÇç–Ç”Ǥ — „ƒºŽƒ†ƒ †ƒŠƒ ƒœ
‡‡”Œ‹–ò‡–‡”‡Ç•Ç–ƒǡ•‘º—–ƒǡƒ›†ÇŽƒ–ƒ˜‡•Ç…ƒ•—‹Š–‹›ƒ…ǐǍƒ”çǎƒ›ƒƒ–‘•ˆ‡”‡†ƒŠƒƒœ•‡”ƒ‰ƒœÇ•ƒŽÇƒ
„‹ƒŽƒ”ˆƒ”Žƒ”ǐǑ”–ƒ›ƒ‘›ƒ„‹Ž‡ˆÇ”•ƒ–ǐƒ•ƒŠ‹’–‹”Ž‡”Ǥ
Dz‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ‡”Œ‹‡”ˆ‘”ƒ•Ú‡–‡Ž‹º‹dzƒ’•ƒ‹–‹„ƒ”Ç‹Ž‡Ú‡Ž‹„‹”›‡‹Ž‹‰‡–‹”•‡†‡‡‡”Œ‹–ò‡–‹Ž‡”‹‹
•ÇÇ”Žƒ†Ç”ÇŽƒ•Ç ‘–ƒ•Ç†ƒ ͺʹͷ ‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ •Ç ƒŽÇ–ÇÇ —”ƒŽŽƒ”Ç •–ƒ†ƒ”†Ç ƒ’•ƒÇ†ƒ –ƒÇŽƒÇç Ž‹‹–
†‡º‡”Ž‡”†‡ˆƒ”ŽÇ„‹”•ÇÇ”†‡º‡”‘”–ƒ›ƒ‘›ƒƒ–ƒ†Ç”Ǥ‘Žƒ›Ç•Ç›Žƒ„‹”„‹ƒÇÇ•Ç–ƒƒƒ­ŽÇ›ƒÇ––ò‡–‹‹‹
ͺʹͷ ‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ •Ç ƒŽÇ–ÇÇ —”ƒŽŽƒ”Ç •–ƒ†ƒ”†Ç†ƒ –ƒÇŽƒƒ Ž‹‹– †‡º‡”Ž‡”‹ ƒŽ–ǐ†ƒ ƒŽƒ…ƒ 燍‹Ž†‡
–ƒ•ƒ”Žƒƒ•Çœ‘”—Ž—†—”Ǥ•Ç–ƒÇ†Ççǐ†ƒ‹†‹º‡”‡‡”Œ‹–ò‡–‹ƒŽƒŽƒ”ǐƒÚœ‡Ž„‹”•ÇÇ”†‡º‡”–ƒÇŽƒƒÇç
‘ŽƒŽƒ„‹”Ž‹–‡„‹ƒÇ–‘’Žƒ‡‡”Œ‹–ò‡–‹‹˜‡ ʹ•ƒŽÇŽƒ”Ç‹­‹„‹”•ÇÇ”Žƒƒ‰‡–‹”‹Ž‹ç˜‡›‡‹„‹ƒŽƒ”ǐ‡
ƒœ •ÇÇˆÇ ‘ŽƒŽƒ”Ç œ‘”—Ž— ÇŽÇÇç–Ç”Ǥ •ÇÇˆÇ „‹ƒŽƒ” ‡˜…—– ‡˜œ—ƒ–ǐ 烔–Žƒ”ǐƒ ƒ•‰ƒ”‹ †‡ —›ƒ „‹ƒŽƒ”ƒ
ƒ”çǎǍ ‰‡Ž‡–‡†‹”Ǥ ‘Žƒ›Ç•Ç›Žƒ ͺʹͷ •–ƒ†ƒ”†Çƒ —›‰— ‘Žƒ”ƒ ƒ•‰ƒ”‹ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽÇŽÇŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ –ƒ•ƒ”Žƒƒ
„‹ƒŽƒ”ǐǕǖƒƒƒ­ŽÇ‡‡”Œ‹–ò‡–‹Ž‡”‹•ÇÇˆÇ‘Žƒ…ƒ–Ç”Ǥ
Tasarlanan binanõn enerji sõnõfõnõn iyileçtirilmesi ancak TS 825 standardõna göre belirlenen yalõtõm
kalõnlõklarõnõn üzerine çõkõlmasõ ile mümkündür.
ƒ•ƒ”Ǐ†ƒǡ —›‰—Žƒƒ›ƒ ƒ†ƒ” –ò ›ÚŽ‡”‹ ‹Ž‡ „‹” —œƒŽÇ †ƒŽÇ ‘Žƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐǐ ƒƒ —•—”Žƒ”Ç “doºru detay”,
“nitelikli malzeme” ˜‡ “saºlõklõ uygulama”†Ç”Ǥ ͳʹ º—•–‘• ʹͲͲͳ –ƒ”‹Š ˜‡ ʹͶͶͻͳ •ƒ›ÇŽÇ ”‡•‹ ‰ƒœ‡–‡ ‹Ž‡
›ƒ›ÇŽƒƒ Dzƒ’Ç ‡‡–‹‹ ›‰—Žƒƒ •—Ž ˜‡ •ƒ•Žƒ”Ç ڐ‡–‡Ž‹º‹dz ‹Ž‡ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–ÇÇ —›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǐǐ †‡‡–‹‹ǡ
ƒ’Ç ‡‡–‹ —”—Ž—玃”ǐƒ ˜‡”‹Ž‹ç–‹”Ǥ ڐ‡–‡Ž‹º‹ ›ò”ò”Žòº‡ ‰‹”†‹º‹ ʹͲͲͳ –ƒ”‹Š‹†‡ ͳͻ ’‹Ž‘– ‹Ž†‡ „ƒçŽƒ›ƒ
ƒ’LJ‡–‹Ͳͳ…ƒʹͲͳͳ–ƒ”‹Š‹†‡‹–‹„ƒ”‡ƒ’LJ‡–‹‹•–‡‹òŽ‡‰‡‡Ž‹‡›ƒ›ÇŽÇç–Ç”Ǥ
4.Temel Kavramlar:
4.1.Isõl Gletkenlik ve Isõl Direnç Kavramlarõ
•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ǢǕǍƒ›Ç’˜‡ƒœƒ­Žƒ”ǐǐƒœƒŽ–ÇŽƒ•Ç†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒǡ†òçòƒŽÇŽÇŽƒ”†ƒ‡‡”Œ‹–ƒ•ƒ””—ˆ—
•ƒºŽƒƒ ƒƒ…Ç›Žƒ ò”‡–‹Ž‹çǡ Šƒˆ‹ˆǡ ƒ—Ž ƒŽÇŽÇŽƒ”†ƒ ›ò•‡ Ǖǎ †‹”‡­ ڜ‡ŽŽ‹º‹‡ •ƒŠ‹’ ڜ‡Ž ò”òŽ‡”†‹”Ǥ •Ç
›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹ ‡ –‡‡Ž ڜ‡ŽŽ‹º‹ Ǖǎ ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹º‹‹ †òçò ‘Žƒ•Ç ˜‡ Ç•Ç ‰‡­‹ç‹‡ ƒ”çÇ ‰Ú•–‡”†‹Ž‡”‹
†‹”‡…‹ ›ò•‡ ‘Žƒ•Ç†Ç”Ǥ •ÇŽ ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹Ǣ „‹” ƒŽœ‡‡‹ ‡ ƒ†ƒ” Ç•Ç ‹Ž‡––‹º‹‹ ڎ­ò•ò†ò”Ǥ ‡‡Ž ‘Žƒ”ƒ Ǖǎ
‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹ ͳʹ ›òœ‡› ƒŽƒÇƒ •ƒŠ‹’ ͳ ƒŽÇŽÇºÇ†ƒ‹ „‹” ƒŽœ‡‡‹ ƒ”çǎǍŽÇ ›òœ‡›Ž‡”‹ ƒ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ ͳι •Ç…ƒŽÇ
ˆƒ”Ç ‘Žƒ•Ç †—”——†ƒ –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ‘Žƒ Ç•Ç ‹–ƒ”džǔǤ •ÇŽ ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‡ †ƒ‹” „‹” ڜ‡ŽŽ‹–‹”Ǥ ‹” „ƒçƒ
6
†‡›‹çŽ‡ Š‡” ƒŽœ‡‡‹ —Š–‡Ž‹ˆ ›Ú–‡Ž‡” ‹Ž‡ ڎ­òŽ‡ „‹” Ǖǎ ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹º‹ ˜ƒ”†Ç”Ǥ ƒœÇ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡” ‹­‹ ͺʹͷ
•–ƒ†ƒ”†Ç†ƒ –ƒÇŽƒÇç ‘Žƒ ‹Ž‡–‹ ›‘Ž—›Žƒ –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ‘Žƒ Ç•Ç ‹–ƒ”ǐǐ ڎ­ò•ò ‘Žƒ Ǖǎ ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹ ƒ–•ƒ›ÇŽƒ”Ç
ƒçƒºÇ†ƒÚ”‡‘Žƒ”ƒ˜‡”‹Ž‹ç–‹”Ǥ
Malzeme
Isõl Gletkenlik Hesap Deºeri
W/(m.K)
‡–ƒŽŽ‡”
͵ͷǡͲǦ͵ͺͶǡͲ
—ºŽƒ
Ͳǡͳͻ‹ŽƒͳǡͶͲ
‘ƒ–ÇŽÇ„‡–‘
ʹǡʹͲǦʹǡͷͲ
‘ƒ–Ç•Çœ„‡–‘
ͳǡ͸ͷǦʹǡͳͲ
ƒœ„‡–‘
ǡǡǡȀ˜„ǤǕǛƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹
Ͳǡͳͳ‹ŽƒͲǡʹͻ
ͲǡͲʹͲ‹ŽƒͲǡͲͶͷ
Tablo 1: —Š–‡Ž‹ˆƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹Ç•ÇŽ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹Š‡•ƒ’†‡º‡”Ž‡”‹
•ÇŽ †‹”‡­ ‹•‡ ƒŽœ‡‡ ƒŽÇŽÇºÇÇ Ǖǎ †‹”‡…‡ „ÚŽò‡•‹ ‹Ž‡ ‡Ž†‡ ‡†‹Ž‡ ˆ‹œ‹•‡Ž „‹” „ò›òŽò–ò” ˜‡ ò”òò
’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ•ÇÇ‰Ú•–‡”‡–‡†‹”Ǥ‡‡Ž‘Žƒ”ƒ„‹”—›‰—Žƒƒ†‡–ƒ›ÇÇÇ•ÇŽ†‹”‡…‹„ò›ò‡•‹–ƒ•ƒ””—ˆ‡†‹Ž‡‡‡”Œ‹
‹–ƒ”ǐǐ†ƒƒ”–ƒ•ÇƒŽƒÇƒ‰‡Ž‡–‡†‹”Ǥ
Isõl direnç = kalõnlõk / õsõl iletkenlik
Y”‡º‹Ǣ ͵Ͳ… ƒŽÇŽÇºÇ†ƒ Ǖǎ ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹ ƒ–•ƒ›Ç•Ç ͲǡͻȀȋǤȌ ‘Žƒ „‹” ›ƒ’Ç ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹ Ǖǎ †‹”‡…‹
Ͳǡ͵͵ȋʹȌȀ ‹‡ Ͷ… ƒŽÇŽÇºÇ†ƒ Ǖǎ ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹ ƒ–•ƒ›Ç•Ç ͲǡͲͶȀȋǤȌ ‘Žƒ „‹” Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹ Ǖǎ
†‹”‡…‹ ͳǡͲȋʹȌȀǯ†‹”Ǥ Yœ‡–Ž‡ Ͷ … ƒŽÇŽÇºÇ†ƒ‹ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡•‹Ǣ ͵Ͳ… ƒŽÇŽÇŽÇºÇ†ƒ‹ „‹” ›ƒ’Ç
ƒŽœ‡‡•‹†‡͵ƒ–†ƒŠƒˆƒœŽƒÇ•ÇŽ†‹”‡…‡•ƒŠ‹’–‹”Ǥ
— ›Úò›Ž‡ ‡Ž‡ ƒŽÇ†ÇºÇ†ƒ †òçò ƒŽÇŽÇŽƒ”†ƒ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ •Ç˜ƒǡ „‘›ƒ ˜„Ǥ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡” ›‡–‡”Ž‹ Ǖǎ †‹”‡…‹
•ƒºŽƒ›ƒƒ†ÇŽƒ”Ç ‹­‹ ƒ”œ—Žƒ ‡‡”Œ‹ ˜‡”‹Ž‹Ž‹º‹ Š‡†‡ˆŽ‡”‹‡ —Žƒçǎƒ•Ç†ƒ –‡ „ƒçŽƒ”ǐƒ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒƒœŽƒ”Ǥ
Yœ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡”‹ ‰‡Ž‹ç–‹”‹Ž‹ç „ƒœÇ „‘›ƒŽƒ” „ò›‡Ž‡”‹†‡ „—Ž—†—”†—Žƒ”Ç ƒ–Ç ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ ‹Ž‡ ‰ò‡ç ÇçǐŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ
ƒ›ƒŽƒƒ ÇçǐǏŽƒ Ç•Ç –”ƒ•ˆ‡”‹‹ „‡ŽŽ‹ „‹” ‘”ƒ†ƒ ƒœƒŽ–ƒ”ƒ ‡‡”Œ‹ ˜‡”‹Ž‹Ž‹º‹‡ ƒ–Ç†ƒ „—Ž—ƒ„‹Ž‹”Ž‡”Ǥ •Ç
›ƒŽÇ–ǏŽÇ•Ç˜ƒŽƒ”‹•‡—ƒ†‹ŽŽ‡”‹‘Žƒ†‹º‡”•Ç˜ƒŽƒ”ƒƒœƒ”ƒ†ƒŠƒ›ò•‡Ç•ÇŽ†‹”‡­‘Ž—ç–—”ƒ”ƒ‡‡”Œ‹˜‡”‹Ž‹Ž‹º‹‡
ƒ–Ç†ƒ„—Ž—ƒ„‹Ž‹”Ž‡”Ǥ
4.2.Su buharõ difüzyon direnç faktörü (Ɋ) ve Su buharõ difüzyonuna karçõ direnç (Sd) Kavramlarõ
G­‘”–ƒ†ƒò”‡–‹Ž‡•—„—Šƒ”Çǡ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ”ƒœƒ”ƒ”˜‡”‡„‹”’‘–ƒ•‹›‡Ž‡•ƒŠ‹’–‹”Ǥ—„—Šƒ”ÇǢ „ƒ•Ç­ˆƒ”Ç‡†‡‹›Ž‡Ç•Ç
ƒÇÇ‹Ž‡ƒ›Ç›Ú†‡Šƒ”‡‡–‡†‡”‡›ƒ’Ç ‡Ž‡ƒÇÇ‰Úœ‡‡Ž‡”‹†‡‰‡­‡”˜‡†Çç ‘”–ƒƒ—Žƒçƒ›ƒ­ƒŽÇçǔǤ—
„—Šƒ”ǐǐ ›ƒ’Ç ‡Ž‡ƒÇ ‹­‡”‹•‹†‡‹ „— ‰‡­‹ç‹ •Ç”ƒ•Ç†ƒǡ †‘›ƒ ˜‡›ƒ †ƒŠƒ †òçò •Ç…ƒŽÇ–ƒ „‹” ›òœ‡›Ž‡ –‡ƒ•
‡–‡•‹†—”——†ƒ„—Šƒ”ǐ„‹”Ç•Ç›‘º—烔ƒ•—ŠƒŽ‹‡‰‡­‡”Ǥ
ƒ’Ç ‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”Ç ‹­‡”‹•‹†‡ „‹”‹‡”‡ ›ƒ’Ç›ƒ ˜‡ ‘ˆ‘”——œƒ œƒ”ƒ” ˜‡”‹”Ǥ ‘º—珃 ‹­ ›òœ‡›†‡ ˜‡›ƒ ›ƒ’Ç
‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”Ç ‹­‹‡ ‡›†ƒƒ ‰‡Ž‡„‹Ž‹”Ǥ — ‡†‡Ž‡ǡ ›ƒ’Ç ‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”Ç –ƒ•ƒ”ŽƒÇ”‡ —–Žƒƒ ›‘º—珃 ‘–”‘Žò
›ƒ’ÇŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ
‹ƒ ƒ„—º— –ƒ•ƒ”Ǐǐ†ƒǢ „ƒºÇŽ ‡ †‡º‡”‹‹ǡ Ç•ƒ •ò”‡Ž‡” ‹­‹ „‹Ž‡ Ͳǡͺǯ†‡ ›ò•‡ ‘Žƒ•Ç †—”——†ƒ ‹­
›òœ‡›Ž‡”†‡òˆ‘Ž—痏—”‹•‹˜ƒ”†Ç”Ǥòœ‡›†‡‡›†ƒƒ‰‡Ž‡›‘º—珃ǡ‡‡ƒ”çNJƒ••ƒ•‘Žƒ‘”—ƒÇ盃’Ç
ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹†‡ Šƒ•ƒ”Žƒ” ‘Ž—珃•Çƒ ‡†‡ ‘Žƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ òœ‡›†‡‹ ‡ ‹–ƒ”ǐǐ ˆƒœŽƒ ‘Žƒ•ÇǢ –‡Žƒˆ‹•‹ ‘Žƒ›ƒǡ
ˆ‹œ‹•‡Ž †‡º‹ç‹Ž‹Ž‡”‡ ȋ†ÚòŽ‡ǡ ƒ„ƒ”ƒ ˜„ǤȌǡ ‹›ƒ•ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‹›‘Žƒ”ƒ ȋ’ƒ•Žƒƒ ˜„ǤȌ ˜‡ „‹›‘Ž‘Œ‹ ‰‡Ž‹ç‡Ž‡”‡
ȋƒŠçƒ„ǐ­ò”ò‡•‹˜„ǤȌ‡†‡‘Žƒ”ƒ‘ˆ‘”——œ—„‘œƒ”Ǥ
ƒ’Ç ‡Ž‡ƒŽƒ”ǐǐ ƒ”ƒ ›òœ‡›Ž‡”‹†‡ ‡›†ƒƒ ‰‡Ž‡ ›‘º—珃ǡ ›ƒ’Ǐǜǐ ›ò –ƒçÇ›Ç…Ç Ç•ÇŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ „—Ž—ƒ
†‡‹”Ž‡”‹’ƒ•Žƒƒ•Çƒ‡†‡‘Ž†—º—‹­‹ǡ›ƒ’Çڏ”òò–‡Š†‹–‡†‡—•—”Žƒ”†ƒ„‹”‹†‹”Ǥ
—„—Šƒ”dž‹ˆòœ›‘†‹”‡­ˆƒ–Ú”òǢ„‹”ƒŽœ‡‡‹†—”‰—Šƒ˜ƒ†ƒƒ­ƒ–†ƒŠƒˆƒœŽƒ•—„—Šƒ”lj‡­‹ç‹‡†‹”‡­
•ƒºŽƒ†ÇºÇÇÚŽ­ò•ò†ò”Ǥ—”‰—Šƒ˜ƒ”‡ˆ‡”ƒ•ƒŽÇƒ”ƒ„‡Ž‹”Ž‡‡•—„—Šƒ”dž‹ˆòœ›‘†‹”‡­ˆƒ–Ú”òƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‡
†ƒ‹”„‹”Úœ‡ŽŽ‹–‹”Ǥ‹”„ƒçƒ†‡›‹çŽ‡Š‡”ƒŽœ‡‡Ǣ—Š–‡Ž‹ˆ›Ú–‡Ž‡”‹Ž‡ÚŽ­òŽ‡˜‡ͳȋ†—”‰—Šƒ˜ƒ›ƒ‡ç†‡º‡”Ȍ‹Žƒ
냔ƒ•Ç†ƒ†‡º‹ç‡„‹”•—„—Šƒ”dž‹ˆòœ›‘†‹”‡­ˆƒ–Ú”ò‡•ƒŠ‹’–‹”Ǥ
ƒœÇ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡” ‹­‹ ͺʹͷ ˜‡ ʹͳ͸Ͷ •–ƒ†ƒ”†Ç†ƒ –ƒÇŽƒÇç ‘Žƒ •— „—Šƒ”Ç †‹ˆòœ›‘ †‹”‡­ ˆƒ–Ú”Ž‡”‹
ƒçƒºÇ†ƒÚ”‡‘Žƒ”ƒ˜‡”‹Ž‹ç–‹”Ǥ
7
Malzeme
Su buharõ difüzyon direnç faktörü (Ɋ)
(-)
ƒ›òò˜‡ƒç›òò
ͳǡͲ
ʹͲǦͳͲͲ
‘Ž‹‡–‹Ž‡‘Ž›‘
ͺͲǤͲͲͲ
ͺͲǦʹͷͲ
‘Ž‹‡”‹–òŽòY”–òŽ‡”
ʹͲǤͲͲͲ
ƒ
ͳǤͲͲͲǤͲͲͲ
‡–ƒŽŽ‡”
ͳǤͲͲͲǤͲͲͲ
Tablo 2: —Š–‡Ž‹ˆƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹•—„—Šƒ”dž‹ˆòœ›‘†‹”‡­ˆƒ–Ú”Ž‡”‹
—„—Šƒ”dž‹ˆòœ›‘—‡ç†‡º‡”Šƒ˜ƒ–ƒ„ƒƒ•ÇƒŽÇŽÇºÇȋ†Ȍ‹•‡—„—Šƒ”dž‹ˆòœ›‘†‹”‡­ˆƒ–Ú”òȋɊȌ‹Ž‡ƒŽœ‡‡
ƒŽÇŽÇºÇÇȋ†Ȍ­ƒ”’ÇŽƒ•Ç‹Ž‡‡Ž†‡ ‡†‹Ž‡ˆ‹œ‹•‡Ž„‹”„ò›òŽò–ò”˜‡ò”òò•—„—Šƒ”lj‡­‹ç‹‡ƒ”çljڕ–‡”†‹º‹
’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ•Ç‹ˆƒ†‡‡†‡”Ǥ††‡º‡”‹Ǣ„‹”›ƒ’LJŽ‡ƒÇƒ–ƒÇÇ•—„—Šƒ”ǐǐ‰‡­‹ç‹‡‰Ú•–‡”†‹º‹†‹”‡…‡‡ç†‡º‡”
†‹”‡…‹‰Ú•–‡”‡Šƒ”‡‡–•‹œŠƒ˜ƒ–ƒ„ƒƒ•ÇÇƒŽÇŽÇºÇ‘Žƒ”ƒ–ƒÇŽƒÇ”Ǥ‡‡Ž‘Žƒ”ƒ„‹”—›‰—Žƒƒ†‡–ƒ›ÇÇ†
†‡º‡”‹‹„ò›ò‡•‹›ƒ’LJŽ‡ƒÇÇ•—„—Šƒ”lj‡­‹ç‹‡ƒ”çdž‹”‡…‹‹ƒ”––ǺǃŽƒÇƒ‰‡Ž‡–‡†‹”ǤDz†dz†‡º‡”‹
ͳͷͲͲ˜‡òœ‡”‹†‡‘Žƒ›ƒ’LJŽ‡ƒŽƒ”ǐǐ’”ƒ–‹‘Žƒ”ƒ•—„—Šƒ”lj‡­‹”‡†‹º‹ƒ„—Ž‡†‹Ž‹”Ǥ
Sd = Ɋ x d
Sd: Su buharõ difüzyonu eç deºer hava tabakasõ kalõnlõºõ (m),
P : Su buharõ difüzyon direnç katsayõsõ (Birimsiz),
d : Yapõ malzemesi tabakasõnõn kalõnlõºõ (m) dõr.
Y”‡º‹Ǣ Ͷ ƒŽÇŽÇºÇ†ƒ •— „—Šƒ”Ç †‹ˆòœ›‘ †‹”‡­ ƒ–•ƒ›Ç•Ç ͳǤͲͲͲǤͲͲͲ ‘Žƒ …ƒ ’ŽƒƒÇ † †‡º‡”‹ ͶͲͲͲ
‹‡ ͶͲ… ƒŽÇŽÇºÇ†ƒ •— „—Šƒ”Ç †‹ˆòœ›‘ †‹”‡­ ƒ–•ƒ›Ç•Ç ͷ ‘Žƒ „‹” ƒŽœ‡‡‹ † †‡º‡”‹ ʹǡͲ ‘Žƒ–ƒ†Ç”Ǥ
Yœ‡–Ž‡ͶƒŽÇŽÇºÇ†ƒ‹…ƒǢڔ‡–‡‡Ž‡ƒŽÇƒͶͲ…ƒŽÇŽÇ–ƒ„‹”›ƒ’ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹†‡ʹͲͲͲƒ–†ƒŠƒˆƒœŽƒ
†‹”‡…‡•ƒŠ‹’–‹”Ǥ
— ›Úò›Ž‡ ‡Ž‡ ƒŽÇ†ÇºÇ†ƒ ڜ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡ ›ƒ’Ç ‡Ž‡ƒÇÇ †Çç –ƒ”ƒˆÇ†ƒ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒƒ›ƒ †—”—Žƒ”†ƒ —–Žƒƒ
›‘º—珃–ƒŠ‹‹‹›ƒ’ÇŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ‘º—珃”‹•‹‹ƒœƒŽ–ÇŽƒ•Ç˜‡›ƒ‘”–ƒ†ƒƒŽ†Ç”ÇŽƒ•Ç‹­‹Ǣ›ƒ’Ç„‹Ž‡ç‡Ž‡”‹‹
‹­‹†‡‰‡­‡•—„—Šƒ”Ǐ‹–ƒ”ǕǐǔŽƒ†Ç”ÇŽƒŽÇ›ƒ†ƒ›ƒ’Ç„‹Ž‡ç‡‹‹–ò‡•‹–‹†‡‹•Ç…ƒŽÇ†ƒºÇŽÇÇ†‘›ƒ
•Ç…ƒŽÇºÇÇò•–ò†‡‘ŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ
‘º—珃Ç Š‹­ ‘Žƒƒ•Ç ‹­‹ǡ ›ƒ’Ç „‹Ž‡ç‡‹ ‹­‹†‡‹ –ò •Ç…ƒŽÇŽƒ”ǐǡ •— „—Šƒ”ǐǐ †‘›ƒ •Ç…ƒŽÇºÇ†ƒ †ƒŠƒ
›ò•‡ ‘Žƒ•Ç ‰‡”‡‹”Ǥ — †ƒ ›ƒ’Ç „‹Ž‡ç‡‹‹ †Çç ‹Ž‹ ‘ç—ŽŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ ‘”—ƒ•Ç›Žƒǡ ›ƒ‹ ›ƒ’Ç ‡Ž‡ƒÇÇ †Çç
–ƒ”ƒˆÇ†ƒ›ƒ’ÇŽƒÇ•Ç›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç‹Ž‡•ƒºŽƒÇ”ǤڛŽ‡…‡›ƒ’Ç„‹Ž‡ç‡Ž‡”‹‹ǡǕǛƒŽÇ–Ǐǐǐ•Ç…ƒ–ƒ”ƒˆÇ†ƒ
ƒŽƒŽƒ”Ç•ƒºŽƒÇ”˜‡›‘º—珃•Ç…ƒŽÇºÇÇò•–ò†‡–—–—Ž—”Ǥ‘Žƒ›Ç•Ç‹Ž‡›ƒ’LJŽ‡ƒŽƒ”ǐǐ‹­‡”‹•‹†‡‰‡­‡•—
„—Šƒ”ǐǐ†òçò•Ç…ƒŽÇŽÇ„‹”‡•‹–Ž‡ƒ”çǎƒçƒ•Ç‡‰‡ŽŽ‡‡”‡›‘º—珃Çœƒ”ƒ”ŽÇ‡–‹Ž‡”‹†‡‘”——Ž—”Ǥ
—Š–‡Ž‹ˆ •‡„‡’Ž‡”Ž‡ †Ç疃 Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐǐǐ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒƒ†ÇºÇ †‡–ƒ›Žƒ”†ƒ ‹­–‡ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–ÇÇ —›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǐƒ „ƒç˜—”—Ž—”Ǥ
G­–‡ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–ÇÇ —›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç ‹Ž‡ ‹­ ›òœ‡›‹ •Ç…ƒŽÇºÇ •— „—Šƒ”ǐǐ †‘›ƒ •Ç…ƒŽÇºÇÇ òœ‡”‹†‡ –—–—Žƒ”ƒ òˆǡ
ƒ–ƒ”ǡ ˜„Ǥ ‘Ž—痏— ‡‰‡ŽŽ‡‹”Ǥ …ƒ „— —›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”†ƒǡ ›ƒ’Ç „‹Ž‡ç‡‹ ‹Ž‹ ‘ç—ŽŽƒ”ǐƒ ƒ”—œ ƒŽƒ…ƒºÇ†ƒ
•‘º—‘Žƒ…ƒ–Ç”Ǥ‘Žƒ›Ç•Ç›ŽƒÇ•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹†‡‰‡­‡”‡›ƒ’ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹‡—Žƒçƒ•—„—Šƒ”Ç›‘º—烅ƒ–Ç”Ǥ
—•‡„‡’Ž‡Ǣ‡›†ƒƒ‰‡Ž‡„‹Ž‡…‡›‘º—珃Ç›ƒ’ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‡œƒ”ƒ”˜‡”‡•‹ÚŽ‡‡ƒƒ…Ç›Žƒ›ƒ’Ç„‹Ž‡ç‡‹
‹­‡”‹•‹†‡‰‡­‡•—„—Šƒ”Ǐ‹–ƒ”ǐǐ•ÇÇ”Žƒ†Ç”ÇŽƒ•Ç‰‡”‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ—ƒƒ­Žƒ‹­–‡›ƒ’ÇŽƒ—›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”†ƒǢ
™ ›‰—ƒŽÇŽÇ–ƒ„—Šƒ”†‹ˆòœ›‘ƒ–•ƒ›ÇŽƒ”Ç›ò•‡‘ŽƒÇ•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹˜‡›ƒ
™ —Šƒ”‡•‹…‹‹–‡Ž‹º‡•ƒŠ‹’’‘Ž‹‡–‹Ž‡ˆ‘Ž›‘ȋƒ›Ž‘ȌǡƒŽò‹›—ˆ‘Ž›‘˜„Ǥò”òŽ‡”‹Ž‡ÚŽ‡ƒŽƒ”ƒ„—Šƒ”
†‹ˆòœ›‘ƒ–•ƒ›ÇŽƒ”džòçò‘ŽƒÇ•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹–‡”…‹Š‡†‹Ž‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ
—Šƒ” ‡•‹…‹‹ —ŽŽƒÇŽ†ÇºÇ †‡–ƒ›Žƒ”†ƒ „—Šƒ” ‡•‹…‹ ƒ–ƒÇ •Ç…ƒ –ƒ”ƒˆ–ƒ ‘Žƒ…ƒ 燍‹Ž†‡ ›ƒ‹ ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ
ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹‹­‘”–ƒƒ„ƒƒ–ƒ”ƒˆÇƒ—›‰—Žƒƒ•Ç‰‡”‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ
8
5. Isõ Yalõtõm Malzemeleri
5.1 Cam Yünü :
G‘”‰ƒ‹„‹”Šƒƒ††‡‘Žƒ•‹Ž‹•———›ò•‡„ƒ•Ç­ƒŽ–ǐ†ƒͳʹͲͲǦͳʹͷͲ醇‡”‰‹–‹Ž‡”‡ǡ‹…‡‡Ž‡Ž‡”†‡
‰‡­‹”‹Ž‹’ ‡Ž›ƒˆ ŠƒŽ‹‡ ‰‡–‹”‹Ž‡•‹ •‘—…— ‘Ž—ç–—”—Žƒ ƒ­Ç ‰Úœ‡‡Ž‹ „‹” ƒŽœ‡‡†‹”Ǥ ‡º‹ç‹ ›‘º—Ž—Žƒ”†ƒ ȋͳͶǦ
ͳͲͲ‰Ȁ͵Ȍˆƒ”ŽÇƒ’ŽƒƒƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹Ž‡ç‹Ž–‡ǡŽ‡˜Šƒ˜‡›ƒ„‘”—ˆ‘”—†ƒò”‡–‹Ž‡„‹Ž‹”Ǥ—ŽŽƒÇ•Ç…ƒŽÇºÇǦͷͲȀΪ
ʹͷͲι ƒ”ƒŽÇºÇ†ƒ†Ç”Ǥ ͳ ˜‡›ƒ ʹ •ÇÇˆÇ ›ƒƒœ „‹” ƒŽœ‡‡†‹”Ǥ ͺʹͷǯ‡ ‰Ú”‡ Ǖǎ ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹ Š‡•ƒ’ †‡º‡”‹ ɉ α
ͲǡͲ͵ͷǦͲǡͲͷͲȀȋǤȌǯ†‹”Ǥ—„—Šƒ”dž‹ˆòœ›‘†‹”‡­ƒ–•ƒ›Ç•Çραͳǯ†‹”Ǥƒ…‹…‡•—‡‡Ψ͵ǦͳͲǯ†—”Ǥ
5.2 Taç Yünü :
G‘”‰ƒ‹ „‹” Šƒƒ††‡ ‘Žƒ „ƒœƒŽ– ˜‡ †‹ƒ„‡œ –ƒçŽƒ”ǐǐ ͳ͵ͷͲǦͳͶͲͲι •Ç…ƒŽÇŽƒ”†ƒǡ ‹…‡ ‡Ž‡Ž‡”†‡ ‰‡­‹”‹Ž‹’
‡Ž›ƒˆ ŠƒŽ‹‡ ‰‡–‹”‹Ž‹’ „—Žƒ”ǐ ‘”‰ƒ‹ „ƒºŽƒ›Ç…ÇŽƒ” ‹Ž‡ •Ç…ƒŽÇ ˜‡ „ƒ•Ç­ ƒŽ–ǐ†ƒ Ž‡˜Šƒ ŠƒŽ‹‡ ‰‡–‹”‹Ž‡•‹ •‘—…—
‘Ž—ç–—”—Žƒƒ­Ç‰Úœ‡‡Ž‹ „‹”ƒŽœ‡‡†‹”Ǥ ‡º‹ç‹›‘º—Ž—Žƒ”†ƒȋ͵ͲǦʹͲͲ‰Ȁ͵ Ȍˆƒ”ŽÇƒ’ŽƒƒƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹
‹Ž‡ 狎–‡ǡ Ž‡˜Šƒ ˜‡›ƒ „‘”— ˆ‘”—†ƒ ò”‡–‹Ž‡„‹Ž‹”Ǥ —ŽŽƒÇ •Ç…ƒŽÇºÇ ǦͷͲȀ Ϊ͸ͷͲ̱͹ͷͲι ƒ”ƒŽÇºÇ†ƒ†Ç”Ǥ ͳ ˜‡›ƒ ʹ
•ÇÇˆÇ ›ƒƒœ ƒŽœ‡‡†‹”Ǥ ͺʹͷǯ‡ ‰Ú”‡ Ǖǎ ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹ Š‡•ƒ’ †‡º‡”‹ ɉ α ͲǡͲ͵ͷǦͲǡͲͷͲ ȀȋǤȌǯ†‹”Ǥ — „—Šƒ”Ç
†‹ˆòœ›‘ †‹”‡­ ƒ–•ƒ›Ç•Ç ρ α ͳǯ †‹”Ǥ ƒ…‹…‡ •— ‡‡ ΨʹǡͷǦͳͲǯ†—”Ǥ ƒ•ƒ †ƒ›ƒÇÇ Ͳǡͷ ‹Ž‡ ͷͲͲ ƒ ƒ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ
†‡º‹ç‹”Ǥ
5.3 Ekspande Polistren Köpüºü (EPS) :
‘Ž‹•–”‡ Šƒƒ††‡•‹‹ •— „—Šƒ”Ç ‹Ž‡ –‡ƒ• ‡–‡•‹ †—”——†ƒ Šƒƒ††‡•‹†‡ „—Ž—ƒ ’‡–ƒ ‰ƒœÇÇ
‰‡Ž‡ç‡•‹›Ž‡„ò›ò„Ž‘Žƒ”ŠƒŽ‹†‡ç‹ç‹”‹Ž‹’˜‡•Ç…ƒ–‡Ž‹Ž‡‡•‹Ž‡”‡ò”‡–‹Ž‹”Ž‡”Ǥ‡˜Šƒç‡Ž‹†‡ƒŽÇ’‹­‡”‹•‹†‡
ç‹ç‹”‹Ž‡”‡ †‡ ò”‡–‹Ž‡„‹Ž‹”Ž‡”Ǥ Ž‡˜ŠƒŽƒ”ǐ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–ÇÇ ƒƒ…Ç›Žƒ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ„‹Ž‡•‹ ‹­‹ ›‘º—Ž—º—— ‡ ƒœ ͳͷ
‰Ȁ͵ ‘Žƒ•Ç‰‡”‡‡–‡†‹”Ǥ—ŽŽƒÇ•Ç…ƒŽÇºÇǦͷͲȀΪ͹ͷ̱ͺͲ郔ƒŽÇºÇ†ƒ†Ç”Ǥƒ‰Çƒ–‡’‹•ÇÇˆÇ˜‡›ƒǯ†‹”Ǥ
ͺʹͷǯ‡‰Ú”‡•ÇŽ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹ Š‡•ƒ’†‡º‡”‹ ɉαͲǡͲ͵ͷǦͲǡͲͶͲȀȋǤȌ†‹”Ǥ—„—Šƒ”dž‹ˆòœ›‘†‹”‡­ƒ–•ƒ›Ç•Çρα
ʹͲǦͳͲͲ†ò”Ǥƒ…‹…‡•—‡‡ΨͳǦͷ†‹”Ǥƒ•ƒ†ƒ›ƒÇÇ͵Ͳ‹Ž‡ͷͲͲƒƒ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ†‡º‹ç‹”Ǥ
5.4 Ekstrüde Polistren Köpüºü (XPS) :
‘Ž‹•–”‡Šƒƒ††‡•‹‹ ‡•–”òœ›‘ȋŠƒ††‡Ž‡‡Ȍ‹Ž‡­‡‹Ž‡•‹ ‹Ž‡ò”‡–‹Ž‡‘”–ƒ­‡’‡”Ž‹ƒ’ƒŽÇ Šò…”‡›ƒ’Ǖǐƒ
•ƒŠ‹’ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹†‹”Ǥ ò”òœ•òœ ȋ…‹Ž–Ž‹Ȍǡ ’ò”òœŽò ˜‡›ƒ ’ò”òœŽò ƒƒŽŽÇ ›òœ‡› „‹­‹Ž‡”‹ „—Ž—ƒ–ƒ†Ç”Ǥ
‡º‹ç‹ ›‘º—Ž—Žƒ”†ƒ ȋ ηʹͷ ‰Ȁ͵Ȍ Ž‡˜Šƒ ˜‡›ƒ „‘”— „‹­‹‹†‡ ò”‡–‹Ž‡„‹Ž‹”Ǥ —ŽŽƒÇ •Ç…ƒŽÇºÇ ǦͷͲȀ Ϊ͹ͷ̱ͺͲι
ƒ”ƒŽÇºÇ†ƒ†Ç”Ǥ ƒ‰Çƒ –‡’‹ •ÇÇˆÇ ˜‡›ƒ ǯ †‹”Ǥ ͺʹͷǯ‡ ‰Ú”‡ Ǖǎ ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹ Š‡•ƒ’ †‡º‡”‹ ɉ α ͲǡͲ͵ͲǦͲǡͲͶͲ
ȀȋǤȌǯ†‹”Ǥ—„—Šƒ”dž‹ˆòœ›‘†‹”‡­ƒ–•ƒ›Ç•ÇραͺͲǦʹͷͲǯ†‹”Ǥƒ…‹…‡•—‡‡ΨͲǦͲǡͷ†‹”Ǥƒ•ƒ†ƒ›ƒÇÇ
ͳͲͲ‹Ž‡ͳͲͲͲƒƒ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ†‡º‹ç‹”Ǥ
5.5 Poliüretan Köpüºü (PUR/PIR) :
‘Ž‹ò”‡–ƒ–‡”‹‹’‘Ž‹ˆ‘•‹›‘‡Ž‹œ‘•‹›ƒƒ–Žƒ”ǐ‡ƒœ‹‹Š‹†”‘•‹Ž‰”—„—‹­‡”‡„‹Ž‡ç‹Ž‡”Ž‡ƒ–ÇŽƒ”‡ƒ•‹›‘—
•‘—…—†ƒ ’Žƒ•–‹ȋ’‘Ž‹‡”Ȍ ‘Ž—ç–—”ƒ•Ç ƒŽƒÇƒ ‰‡Ž‹”Ǥ ‘Ž‹ò”‡–ƒ ‹•‹‹ ȋȌ „— ”‡ƒ•‹›‘ •‘—…— ‘Ž—烐
ò”‡–ƒ ‰”—„—†ƒ ƒŽÇ”Ǥ — •ÇÇˆ–ƒ‹ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡” ò”‡ǡ ƒ‹†ǡ ‡–‡”ǡ ‡•–‡” „ƒºŽƒ”Ç †ƒ ‹­‡”‡„‹Ž‹”Ǥ —†ƒ †‘Žƒ›Ç
’‘Ž‹ò”‡–ƒ ‹•‹ ­‘ †‡º‹ç‡ ›ƒ’džƒ ’‘Ž‹‡”‹Ž‡” ‹­‹ —ŽŽƒÇŽÇ”Ǥ ‘Ž‹ò”‡–ƒ ‹‹ ƒ›”Ç ‹›ƒ•ƒŽ ‘’‘‡–‹ „‹”
ƒ”ƒ›ƒ ‰‡–‹”‹Ž‡•‹ ‹Ž‡ ò”‡–‹Ž‹”Ǥ Ȁ ˆƒ”ŽÇ ›‘º—Ž—Žƒ”†ƒ ȋ η͵Ͳ ‰Ȁ͵ Ȍ Ž‡˜Šƒǡ •ƒ†˜‹­ ’ƒ‡Ž ˜‡ ’ò•ò”–‡
›Ú–‡‹›Ž‡—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ„‹”Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹†‹”Ǥ—ŽŽƒÇ•Ç…ƒŽÇºÇ ǦʹͲͲȀΪͳͳͲ郔ƒŽÇºÇ†ƒ†Ç”Ǥƒ‰Çƒ–‡’‹
•ÇÇˆÇ ǡ ˜‡›ƒ †‹”Ǥ ͺʹͷǯ‡ ‰Ú”‡ Ǖǎ ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹ Š‡•ƒ’ †‡º‡”‹ ɉ α ͲǡͲʹͷǦͲǡͲͶͲ ȀȋǤȌ ƒ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ †‡º‹ç‡Ž‹
‰Ú•–‡”‹”Ǥ — „—Šƒ”Ç †‹ˆòœ›‘ †‹”‡­ ƒ–•ƒ›Ç•Ç ρ α ͵ͲǦͳͲͲǯ†‹”Ǥ ƒ…‹…‡ •— ‡‡ ƒ•‹— Ψ͵ †ò”Ǥ ƒ•ƒ
†ƒ›ƒÇÇ ‹‹— ʹͷǦͺͲͲ ƒ ‘ŽƒŽÇ ˜‡ —›‰—Žƒƒ ›‡”‹‡ ‰Ú”‡ ›‘º—Ž—Žƒ †‘º”— ‘”ƒ–ÇŽÇ ‘Žƒ…ƒ 燍‹Ž†‡ ƒ”–Çç
‰Ú•–‡”‹”Ǥ
5.6 Ahçap Yünü Levhalar (WW) :
Šçƒ’–ƒŽƒçǐǐ„‡Ž‹”Ž‹„‹”„ƒºŽƒ›Ç…Ç‹Ž‡•ÇÇç–ǔǎƒ”ƒŽ‡˜ŠƒŠƒŽ‹†‡†‡º‹ç‹›‘º—Ž—Žƒ”†ƒͶ͸ͲǦ͸ͷͲ‰Ȁ͵ ò”‡–‹Ž‡
„‹”›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡•‹†‹”Ǥ
‡‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡˜‡ƒçòòǕǛƒŽÇ–ǏŽ‡˜ŠƒŽƒ”ǐǐ‹‹›òœ‡›‹‡ƒŠçƒ’›òòŽ‡˜ŠƒŽƒ”ǐ
Žƒ‹‡‡†‹Ž‡•‹‹Ž‡‡Ž†‡‡†‹Ž‡‘’‘œ‹–’ƒ‡ŽŽ‡”ŠƒŽ‹†‡—ŽŽƒÇŽÇ”Žƒ”Ǥƒ‰Çƒ–‡’‹•ÇÇˆÇǡ•ͳǡ†Ͳ†Ç”Ǥ ͺʹͷǯ‡
‰Ú”‡ Ǖǎ ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹ Š‡•ƒ’ †‡º‡”‹ ɉ α ͲǡͲ͸ͷǦͲǡͲͻͲ ȀȋǤȌǯ†‹”Ǥ — „—Šƒ”Ç †‹ˆòœ›‘ †‹”‡­ ƒ–•ƒ›Ç•Ç ρ α ʹǦͷ †‹”
ƒ•ƒ†ƒ›ƒÇÇʹͲͲ‹Ž‡ͳͲͲͲƒƒ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ†‡º‹ç‹”Ǥ
5.7 Cam Köpüºü (CG) :
ƒÚ’òºòǢŠò…”‡•‡Ž†‘Ž‰—ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹Ž‡„‹”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹çƒ–Ǎ…ƒÇ”ǍŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ‘Ž—ç—”Ǥ—‹‹„‹Ž‡ç‡„‹”ƒŽÇ„ƒ
›‡”Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‡”‡›ƒŽƒçǍͷͳͲιǯ›‡ƒ†ƒ”Ç•Ç–ÇŽÇ”Ǥ•Ç–ƒ‹çŽ‡‹•ò”‡•‹…‡Ç”ÇŽÇ煃–ƒ‡…‹Ž‡”‹‡”‹›‡”‡•Ç˜ÇŠƒŽ‡
‰‡­‡”Ǥ ò…”‡•‡Ž †‘Ž‰— ƒŽœ‡‡•‹‹ ƒ›”Ç珃•Ç •‘—…—†ƒ ƒ”ÇçǏ ‰‡Ž‡ç‹’ ƒŽÇ„Ç †‘Ž†—”—”Ǥ ƒ”ÇçǏǐ
‹Ž›‘Žƒ”…ƒ„‹”„‹”‹‡ „ƒºŽÇǡò‹ˆ‘”˜‡ƒ’ƒŽÇŠò…”‡Ž‡”‘Ž—ç–—”ƒ•Ç›Žƒ†‡º‹ç‹›‘º—Ž—Žƒ”†ƒȋͳͲͲǦͳͷͲ‰Ȁ͵ Ȍ
…ƒ Ú’òºò ‡Ž†‡ ‡†‹Ž‹”Ǥ •ÇÇˆÇ ›ƒƒœ ƒŽœ‡‡†‹”Ǥ ͺʹͷǯ‡ ‰Ú”‡ Ǖǎ ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹ Š‡•ƒ’ †‡º‡”‹ ɉ α ͲǡͲͶͷǦͲǡͲ͸Ͳ
ȀȋǤȌǯ†‹”Ǥ— „—Šƒ”dž‹ˆòœ›‘†‹”‡­ƒ–•ƒ›Ç•Çραλ†—”Ǥ— ‡‡ ΨͲ†Ç”Ǥ—ŽŽƒÇ•Ç…ƒŽÇºÇ Ǧʹ͸ͲȀΪͶ͵Ͳι
ƒ”ƒŽÇºÇ†ƒ†Ç”Ǥƒ•ƒ†ƒ›ƒÇÇͶ͵Ͳ‹Ž‡ͺͺͲͲƒƒ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ†‡º‹ç‹”Ǥ‹›ƒ•ƒŽƒ††‡Ž‡”‡†ƒ›ƒÇŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ
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5.8 Fenol Köpüºü (PF) :
‡‘ŽǦ‘”ƒŽ†‡Š‹– „ƒƒŽ‹–‹‡ ƒ‘”‰ƒ‹ ç‹ç‹”‹…‹ ˜‡ •‡”–Ž‡ç–‹”‹…‹ ƒ††‡Ž‡” ƒ–ÇŽƒ”ƒ ‡Ž†‡ ‡†‹Ž‹”Ǥ —Š–‡Ž‹ˆ
›‘º—Ž—Žƒ”†ƒŽ‡˜Šƒ˜‡„‘”—„‹­‹‹†‡ƒŽò‹›—ˆ‘Ž›‘ǡ‡–ƒŽ˜„Ǥƒ’ŽƒƒŽƒ”‹Ž‡†‘ƒ–ÇŽƒ„‹Ž‡–‡†‹”Ǥƒ‰Çƒ
–‡’‹•ÇÇˆÇƒ’Žƒƒ•Çœǡ•ʹǡ†ͲǡƒŽò‹›—ˆ‘Ž›‘ƒ’ŽƒƒŽÇǡ•ʹǡ†Ͳ†Ç”Ǥͺʹͷǯ‡‰Ú”‡Ç•ÇŽ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹Š‡•ƒ’†‡º‡”‹
ɉαͲǡͲ͵ͲǦͲǡͲͶͷȀȋǤȌǯ†‹”Ǥ—„—Šƒ”dž‹ˆòœ›‘†‹”‡­ƒ–•ƒ›Ç•ÇραͳͲǦͷͲ†‹”Ǥ—ŽŽƒÇ•Ç…ƒŽÇºÇǦͳͺͲȀΪͳʹͲι
ƒ”ƒŽÇºÇ†ƒ†Ç”Ǥ
5.9 Genleçtirilmiç Perlit Levhalar (EPB):
ò›‡•‹†‡ Ψ ʹǦͶ ‘”ƒÇ†ƒ „ƒºŽÇ •— „—Ž—†—”ƒ ˜‡ …ƒ•Ç „‹” ƒ›ƒ­–Ç”Ǥ ‡”Ž‹–‹ ‡ ڐ‡Ž‹ ڜ‡ŽŽ‹º‹ Ǖǖǎƒ”ƒ
›——烏ƒ •Ç…ƒŽÇºÇƒ ‰‡–‹”‹Ž†‹º‹†‡ ‘”‹ŒƒŽ Šƒ…‹‹ ͶǦʹͶ ƒ–ǐƒ ­Çƒ„‹Ž‡•‹†‹”Ǥ ‡”Ž‹– –‡‡Ž ‘Žƒ”ƒ •‹Ž‹ƒ ˜‡
ƒŽò‹›— „‹Ž‡ç‹Ž‡”‹†‡ ‘Ž—ç—ç ‘Ž•ƒ†ƒ ‘Žƒ›ŽÇŽƒ ‡ ƒ„•‘”„‡ ‡†‡„‹Ž‡ Š‹‰”‘•‘’‹ ƒ–ÇŽƒ”†ƒ ‹­‡”‡„‹Ž‹”Ǥ
ƒ’‡”Ž‹–‹Ç”ÇŽÇ’†‡º‹ç‹‡„ƒ–Žƒ”†ƒ‹‡Ž‡Ž‡”†‡‰‡­‹”‹Ž‡”‡ –ƒ•‹ˆ‡†‹Ž‡•‹‹ ƒ”†Ç†ƒͺͲͲǦͳͳͷͲιǯ›‡ƒ†ƒ”
ŠÇœŽÇ„‹”燍‹Ž†‡Ç•Ç–ÇŽƒ”ƒ„ò›‡•‹†‡‹Úœ•—›—„—Šƒ”Žƒçƒ•Ç‹Ž‡’ƒ–Žƒƒ•Ç•‘—…—‰”ƒòŽŠƒŽ‹†‡‰‡Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹ç
’‡”Ž‹–‡Ž†‡‡†‹Ž‹”Ǥ‡˜Šƒ˜‡›ƒ‰”ƒòŽ‘Žƒ”ƒ–‘”„ƒŽƒ”ƒ‘—Žƒ”ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ•ÇÇˆÇ›ƒƒœ†Ç”Ǥ ͺʹͷǯ‡‰Ú”‡
Ǖǎ ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹ Š‡•ƒ’ †‡º‡”‹ ɉ α ͲǡͲͶͷǦͲǡͲ͸ͷ ȀȋǤȌǯ†‹” — „—Šƒ”Ç †‹ˆòœ›‘ †‹”‡­ ƒ–•ƒ›Ç•Ç ρ α ͷǤ —ŽŽƒÇ
•Ç…ƒŽÇºÇǦʹͷͲȀΪͳͲͲͲ郔ƒŽÇºÇ†ƒ†Ç”Ǥ
5.10 Mantar Levhalar (ECB):
ºƒ­Žƒ”†ƒ•‘›—Žƒƒ–ƒ”–‡‹œŽ‡‹’’”‘•‡•–‡‰‡­‹”‹Ž‡”‡‰”ƒòŽŠƒŽ‹‡‰‡–‹”‹Ž‹”Ǥ
”ƒòŽŽ‡”—”—–ƒ…‹ŠƒœÇ†ƒ
–‡‹œŽ‡‡ ˜‡ –”ƒçŽƒƒ ’”‘•‡•‹†‡ ‡Ž†‡ ‡†‹Ž‡ ƒ–ƒ” –‘œŽƒ”ǐǐ ›ƒÇŽƒ•Ç ‹Ž‡ ‡Ž†‡ ‡†‹Ž‡ Çœ‰Ç „—Šƒ”ƒ –ƒ„‹
–—–—Ž—”Ǥƒ–ƒ”„Ž‘Žƒ”„—’”‘•‡•–‡•‘”ƒ—”—–ƒ…‹ŠƒœÇ†ƒ­Çƒ”ÇŽƒ”ƒ•—‹Ž‡•‘º—–—Žƒ”ƒʹŠƒˆ–ƒ•ò”‡•‹…‡
†‹Ž‡‡›‡„Ç”ƒÇŽÇ”Ǥ—•ò”‡‹ƒ”†Ç†ƒ–‡•–‡”‡‹Ž‡–ƒŽ‡’ ‡†‹Ž‡ƒŽÇŽÇŽƒ”†ƒ‡•‹Ž‡”‡†‡º‹ç‹›‘º—Ž—Žƒ”†ƒ
ȋͺͲǦͷͲͲ ‰Ȁ͵Ȍ ƒ–ƒ” Ž‡˜ŠƒŽƒ” ‡Ž†‡ ‡†‹Ž‹”Ǥ ƒ‰Çƒ –‡’‹ •ÇÇˆÇ •ÇÇˆÇ†Ç”Ǥ ͺʹͷǯ‡ ‰Ú”‡ Ǖǎ ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹ Š‡•ƒ’
†‡º‡”‹ ɉαͲǡͲͶͷǦͲǡͲͷͷ ȀȋǤȌǯ†‹”Ǥ— „—Šƒ”dž‹ˆòœ›‘†‹”‡­ƒ–•ƒ›Ç•ÇραͷǦͳͲ†—”Ǥ—ŽŽƒÇ•Ç…ƒŽÇºÇǦͳͺͲȀ
ΪͳͲͲ郔ƒŽÇºÇ†ƒ†Ç”Ǥ
5.11. Ahçap Lifli Levhalar (WF):
Šçƒ’ Ž‹ˆŽ‹ Ç•Ç ›ƒŽÇ–Ǐ ƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹ǡ Žƒ†‹ Úƒ” ‰‹„‹ ƒºƒ­ ›‘‰ƒŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ ‡Ž†‡ ‡†‹Ž‹”Ž‡”Ǥ Šçƒ’ ›‘‰ƒŽƒ”Ç –‡”‘Ǧ
‡ƒ‹ ‘Žƒ”ƒ Šƒ—” ŠƒŽ‹‡ ‰‡–‹”‹Ž‹’ ‹…‡ 燔‹–Ž‡” ŠƒŽ‹†‡ ‡•‹Ž‹”Ǥ Ž›ƒˆŽƒ”ǡ •— ‹–‹…‹ ƒ–ÇŽƒ” ȋΨʹ ’ƒ”ƒˆ‹Ȍ
’ò•ò”–òŽò”˜‡ƒ”†Ç†ƒ—”—–—Ž—”Ǥ—”—–—Ž—燎›ƒˆŽƒ”ƒΨͶ‘”ƒÇ†ƒ’‘Ž‹ò”‡–ƒ‡•ƒ•ŽÇ”‡­‹‡’ò•ò”–òŽ‡•‹‹
ƒ”†Ç†ƒŽ‡˜Šƒ„‹­‹‹‡‰‡–‹”‹Ž‡”‡†‡º‹ç‹›‘º—Ž—Žƒ”†ƒͳͳͲǦͶͷͲ‰Ȁ͵ ò”‡–‹Ž‹”Ǥƒ‰Çƒ–‡’‹•ÇÇˆÇ†‹”Ǥ
ͺʹͷǯ‡‰Ú”‡Ç•ÇŽ‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹Š‡•ƒ’†‡º‡”‹ɉαͲǡͲ͵ͷǦͲǡͲ͹ͲȀȋǤȌǯ†‹”—„—Šƒ”dž‹ˆòœ›‘†‹”‡­ƒ–•ƒ›Ç•Çραͷ†‹”Ǥ
Ǖƒ•ò”‡Ž‹•—‡‡†‡º‡”‹ͲǡͷǦʹǡͲ‰Ȁʹ†‹”Ǥƒ•ƒ†ƒ›ƒÇÇͷ‹Ž‡ͳͷͲƒƒ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ†Ç”Ǥ
6.Ürünlerin Etiketlerinde Aranacak Bilgiler:
ƒ’ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹Ú‡–‡Ž‹º‹—›ƒ”ǐ…ƒ„‹ƒŽƒ”†ƒ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ…ƒ‘ŽƒÇ•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹‹çƒ”‡–‹‹Ž‡
’ƒœƒ”ƒƒ”œ‡†‹Ž‡Ž‡”‹‰‡”‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹ƒ’ǃŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹Ú‡–‡Ž‹º‹ƒ’•ƒÇ†ƒ–ƒ„‹
‘Ž†—Žƒ”Ç—Ž—•Žƒ”ƒ”ƒ•Ç•–ƒ†ƒ”–Žƒ”ƒçƒºÇ†ƒŽ‹•–‡Ž‡‹ç–‹”Ǥ
Binalarda õsõ yalõtõmõ
Malzeme
ƒ›òò˜‡ƒç›òò
•’ƒ†‡‘Ž‹•–‹”‡ȋȌǡ
•–”ò†‡‘Ž‹•–‹”‡ȋȌǡ
‘Ž‹ò”‡–ƒȋȌǡ
‡‘ŽÚ’òºòǡ
ƒÚ’òºòȋ
Ȍǡ
Šçƒ’›òò‡˜ŠƒŽƒ”ǡ
‡Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹ç‡”Ž‹–ȋȌǡ
‡Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‹çƒ–ƒ”ȋȌǡ
Šçƒ’‹ˆŽ‹‡˜ŠƒŽƒ”ǡ
ò•ò”–‡Ȁڒòºò
Tesisatlarda õsõ yalõtõmõ
Tabi olduºu
standart
ͳ͵ͳ͸ʹ
ƒ›òò˜‡ƒç›òò
Tabi olduºu
standart
ͳͶ͵Ͳ͵
ƒŽ•‹›—‹Ž‹ƒ–ȋȌ
ͳͶ͵Ͳ͸
Malzeme
ͳ͵ͳ͸͵
Žƒ•–‘‡”‹ƒ—­—ȋȌ
ͳ͵ͳ͸Ͷ
ƒÚ’òºòȋ
Ȍ
ͳ͵ͳ͸ͷ
ͳ͵ͳ͸͸
•–”ò†‡‘Ž‹•–‹”‡ȋȌ
ͳ͵ͳ͸͹
‘Ž‹ò”‡–ƒȋȀȌ
ͳ͵ͳ͸ͺ
•’ƒ†‡‘Ž‹•–‹”‡ȋȌǡ
ͳ͵ͳ͸ͻ
‘Ž‹‡–‹Ž‡Ú’òȋȌǡ
ͳ͵ͳ͹Ͳ
‡‘ŽÚ’òºòǡ
ͳ͵ͳ͹ͳ
ò•ò”–‡Ȁڒòºò
ͳͶ͵ͳͷǦͳ
ͳͶ͵ͲͶ
ͳͶ͵Ͳͷ
ͳͶ͵Ͳ͹
ͳͶ͵Ͳͺ
ͳͶ͵Ͳͻ
ͳͶ͵ͳ͵
ͳͶ͵ͳͶ
ͳͶ͵ͳͻǦͳ
Tablo 3: —ŽŽƒÇƒŽƒŽƒ”ǐƒ‰Ú”‡Ç•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹–ƒ„‹‘Ž†—Žƒ”Ç•–ƒ†ƒ”–Žƒ”
10
— —Ž—•Žƒ” ƒ”ƒ•Ç •–ƒ†ƒ”–Žƒ” —›ƒ”ǐ…ƒǢ ò”òŽ‡”‹ ‡–‹‡–Ž‡”‹†‡ ‹çƒ”‡–‹ ‹Ž‡ ƒ•‰ƒ”‹†‡ ƒçƒºÇ†ƒ ˜‡”‹Ž‡ ò”ò
•–ƒ†ƒ”–Žƒ”ǐƒƒ–Lj›ƒ’ÇŽƒ•ÇƒçƒºÇ†ƒ˜‡”‹Ž‡ƒ•‰ƒ”‹„‹Ž‰‹Ž‡”‹‹­‡”‡•‹‰‡”‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ
Ϋƒ—Žòƒ†Ç˜‡›ƒ†‹º‡”–ƒÇ–DžNj烔‡–Ž‡”Ǣ
Ϋo”‡–‹…‹ˆ‹”ƒÇ˜‡›ƒ›‡–‹Ž‹–‡•‹Ž…‹•‹‹ƒ†Ç˜‡›ƒƒ”ƒ•Ç˜‡ƒ†”‡•‹Ǣ
Ϋ‹çƒ”‡–‹‹‹Ž‹ç–‹”‹Ž†‹º‹›ÇŽÇ•‘‹‹”ƒƒÇ
ΫGƒŽŸ–˜ƒ”†‹›ƒ•Ç˜‡›ƒœƒƒÇ˜‡‹ƒŽ‡†‡–‡•‹•˜‡›ƒ‹œŽ‡‡„‹Ž‹”Ž‹‘†—Ǣ
Ϋo”òò‹çƒ”‡–Ž‡‡‘†—Ǣ
Ϋƒ‰Çƒƒ”çǖ‡’‹•ÇÇˆÇǢ
Ϋ‡›ƒ‡†‹Ž‡Ç•ÇŽ†‹”‡­Ǣ
Ϋ‡›ƒ‡†‹Ž‡Ç•Ç‹Ž‡–‡Ž‹Ǣ
ېƒƒŽÇŽÇºÇǢ
ېƒ—œ—Ž—º—ǡƒƒ‰‡‹çŽ‹º‹Ǣ
Ϋ›‰—•ƒǡƒ„ƒŽƒŒÇ‹­‹†‡ƒ­’ƒ”­ƒ˜‡‡ƒ†ƒ”ƒŽƒƒ•ƒŠ‹’ƒ—Žò„—Ž—†—º—Ǥ
烺džƒ•Ç”ƒ•Ç›Žƒ‹‡”ƒŽ›òŽ‡”ȋ…ƒ›òò˜‡–ƒç›òòȌǡ‡•’ƒ†‡’‘Ž‹•–‹”‡Ú’òºòȋȌ˜‡‡•–ò”ò†‡
’‘Ž‹•–‹”‡Ú’òºòȋȌ‹­‹Ú”‡‡–‹‡–Ž‡”˜‡”‹Ž‡–‡†‹”Ǥ
fekil 2: —Š–‡Ž‹ˆÇ•Ç›ƒŽÇ–ǏƒŽœ‡‡Ž‡”‹‹­‹‡–‹‡–Ú”‡Ž‡”‹
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7.Isõ Yalõtõm Uygulamalarõ
ƒ›ˆƒ͵ʹ
ƒ›ˆƒͶʹ
ƒ›ˆƒ͵͸
ƒ›ˆƒͶʹ
ƒ›ˆƒ͵ʹ
ƒ›ˆƒͶʹ
ƒ›ˆƒʹ͵
ƒ›ˆƒ͵ͻ
ƒ›ˆƒʹ͵
ƒ›ˆƒͷ͸
ƒ›ˆƒͷ͹
ƒ›ˆƒͳͶ
ƒ›ˆƒͷ͵
ƒ›ˆƒʹ͵
ƒ›ˆƒͷ͹
ƒ›ˆƒͷ͵
ƒ›ˆƒͷ͵
ƒ›ˆƒͷ͵
ƒ›ˆƒʹͻ
ƒ›ˆƒʹͻ 12

Untitled - İzoder

Untitled - İzoder