Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (COMCEC) COMCEC AGRICULTURE OUTLOOK 2014 COMCEC COORDINATION OFFICE March 2014 Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (COMCEC) AGRICULTURE OUTLOOK 2014 COMCEC COORDINATION OFFICE March 2014 For further information please contact: COMCEC Coordination Office Necatibey Caddesi No:110/A 06100 Yücetepe Ankara/TURKEY Phone : 90 312 294 57 10 Fax : 90 312 294 57 77 Web : www.comcec.org e-mail:[email protected] Preface COMCEC Strategy adopted during the 4th Extraordinary Islamic Summit held in Makah on 14-15 August 2012, envisages Working Group Meetings as one of the instruments for its implementation. Through the Working Groups, experts from the member countries get the chance of elaborating the issues thoroughly in the respective cooperation areas and sharing their good practices and experiences. The Working Groups are established for each cooperation area defined by the Strategy, namely Trade, Transport and Communication, Tourism, Agriculture, Poverty Alleviation, and Finance. The COMCEC Outlooks are prepared in each cooperation area of the Strategy with a view to exploring the global trends and current situation in the COMCEC Region in the respective area and enrich discussions during the Working Groups Meetings by providing up-to-date data and analysis. This COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 is a revised and updated version of the Agriculture Outlook 2013. It was prepared by Mr. Hakan GUNLU, Expert at the COMCEC Coordination Office with the objective of providing general information on the status of agricultural sector in the Member States. It dwells on the major issues with regard to agricultural sector development and makes comparisons with the different country groupings to demonstrate the situation in the Member States and thus cooperation potential. The views expressed in the COMCEC Outlooks do not necessarily reflect the official views of the COMCEC or the governments of its member countries. Table of Contents Preface .............................................................................................................................................................................................. i List of Annexes .............................................................................................................................................................................. v Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................................. v Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Agriculture in the OIC Member Countries ................................................................................................................... 2 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. The Role of Agriculture in the OIC Economy ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.1.1. Agricultural Value Added in the OIC Region ..................................................................................................... 2 1.1.2. Trade in Agricultural Commodities....................................................................................................................... 4 Agricultural Population .................................................................................................................................................................. 9 Agricultural Labor Productivity ...............................................................................................................................................10 Land Use ...............................................................................................................................................................................................11 Input Use ..............................................................................................................................................................................................14 1.5.1. Irrigation .............................................................................................................................................................................14 1.5.2. Fertilizers Use ...................................................................................................................................................................18 1.5.3. Agricultural Mechanization ........................................................................................................................................19 Agricultural Production and Productivity ...........................................................................................................................20 2. Food Security and Malnutrition in the OIC Member Countries .........................................................................23 3. Agricultural Cooperation under the COMCEC ..........................................................................................................33 4. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................................................36 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................................................................37 ANNEXES ........................................................................................................................................................................................39 List of Tables Table 1. Share of Agricultural Population in the OIC and the World (%) .................................................................................. 9 Table 2. Land Use in OIC Countries in 2011 (Thousands Hectares) .......................................................................................... 13 Table 3. Number of Undernourished by Region (million) .............................................................................................................. 24 Table 4. Food Price Index in Some Countries and the World........................................................................................................ 29 List of Pictures Picture 1. Global Hunger Map .................................................................................................................................... 24 List of Figures Figure 1. Share of Agriculture in GDP of the OIC and the World .................................................................................................... 3 Figure 2. Yearly Development in GDP in the OIC and the World (1990=100 Index) ........................................................... 3 Figure 3. Agricultural GDP in the OIC by Sub-Region .......................................................................................................................... 4 Figure 4. Development in Global Agricultural Trade (1990-2011) .............................................................................................. 5 Figure 5. OIC Agricultural Commodities Trade and Share in World Total (1990-2011).................................................... 6 Figure 6. Share of Sub-Regions in the OIC’s Agricultural Commodity Trade, (1990-2011, Percent) ........................... 7 Figure 7. Agricultural Commodity Trade Balance in the OIC and Examined Sub-Regions, (2011, Billion US Dollars) ............................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Figure 8. Agricultural Labor Productivity in the OIC and the World (US Dollar Per Economically Active Worker in Agriculture) .................................................................................................................................................. 11 Figure 9. Changes in the Total and Per Person Agricultural Area (1990-2011) .................................................................. 14 Figure 10. Share of Agriculture in Total Water Consumption (%) ............................................................................................. 15 Figure 11. Renewable Water Potential in the World (2011) ........................................................................................................ 16 Figure 12. Renewable Water Potential in the OIC by Sub-Region .............................................................................................. 16 Figure 13. Renewable Water-Rich OIC Member Countries, (2011, over 200 km3/year) ............................................... 17 Figure 14. Renewable Water-Poor OIC Member Countries, (2011, below 10 km3/year).............................................. 17 Figure 15. Fertilizer Use in the OIC and World (2011, kg/ha) ..................................................................................................... 19 Figure 16. Agricultural Production in the OIC ...................................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 17. Gross Agricultural Production Value in the OIC and the World ............................................................................ 21 Figure 18. Wheat Yield in the OIC and the World, (1990-2012, tons/hectare) ................................................................... 22 Figure 19. Changes in Prevalence and Number Undernourished People in the World, 1990-2012 ......................... 23 Figure 20. Trend of the Number of the Undernourished People In the OIC and by Sub-Regions ............................... 26 Figure 21. Share of the Undernourished People in Total in the OIC and by Region .......................................................... 26 Figure 22. Some Economic Indicators of the OIC (1991-2011) ................................................................................................... 27 Figure 23. Per capita GDP in the OIC by Sub-Regions and the World at Current Prices. ................................................. 28 Figure 24. World Food Price Index (1990-2013) ............................................................................................................................... 28 Figure 25. FAO Population Projections (2012-2050) ....................................................................................................................... 30 Figure 26. Top Five OIC Member Countries According to the Global Food Security Index ............................................ 32 Figure 27. Last Five OIC Member Countries According to the Global Food Security Index .......................................... 32 List of Annexes Annex 1. Classification of the OIC Member Countries by Sub-Region ...................................................................................... 39 Annex 2. Agricultural GDP in the OIC by Country and Sub-Region (1990-2012, %) ......................................................... 40 Annex 3. Agricultural GDP in the OIC by Country and Sub-Region (1990-2012, Billion US Dollars) ........................ 41 Annex 4. Agricultural Commodity Import (Thousand US Dollars) ............................................................................................ 42 Annex 5. Agricultural Commodity Export (Thousand US Dollars) ............................................................................................. 43 Annex 6. Agricultural Commodity Trade Balance in the OIC Member Countries ............................................................... 44 Annex 7. Agricultural Labor Productivity in the OIC Member Countries (US Dollar Per Economically Active Worker in Agriculture) .................................................................................................................................................. 45 Annex 8. Land Use in OIC the Member Countries ............................................................................................................................... 46 Annex 9. Total Renewable Water in the OIC Member Countries (2011, km3) ..................................................................... 47 Annex 10. Long Term Precipitation in the OIC Member Countries ............................................................................................ 48 Annex 11. Fertilizer Consumption in the OIC (kg/ha)...................................................................................................................... 49 Annex 12. Average Dietary Energy Supply Adequacy in OIC and Some Region of the World (%) ............................. 50 Annex 13. Average Protein Supply in OIC and Some Region of the World (gr/caput/day) ........................................... 51 Annex 14. Depth of the Food Deficit in OIC and Some Region of the World (gr/caput/day) ........................................ 52 Annex 15. Food Price Index for the OIC Member Countries (2000=100) ............................................................................... 53 Acronyms and Abbreviations COMCEC EIU FAO GDP GHI km3 m3 OECD OIC UN WTO The Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation Economist Intelligent Unit Food and Agriculture Organization Gross Domestic Product Global Hunger Index Cubic Kilometer Cubic Meter Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Organization of Islamic Cooperation United Nations World Trade Organization COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Introduction Agriculture is an essential element of human life and provides the fundamental needs for human survival. Agricultural is also an important sector for economic and social development due to its contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment. In addition, it is accepted as a key sector for reducing poverty and sustainable rural development especially in developing countries. It is the only source of income for the majority of the rural poor in some countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Recent food crises, biofuel production and global climate change have grown the concerns about food security and placed agriculture at top of the world agenda. The food crisis in 2008 resulted in rising food prices adversely affecting the lives of people, especially in the low income groups1. This forced most of the governments to take additional measures for ensuring sustainable agriculture and food security. Today, almost 870 million people are undernourished worldwide, particularly in SubSaharan Africa and Asia. In developing countries, even if agricultural production doubles by 2050, 5 percent of the people (one person in twenty) will be under the risk of being undernourished. This is equivalent to 370 million hungry people, most of whom will be in Africa and Asia. In this respect, agriculture will continue to be an engine of economic growth and to play a central role in rural poverty reduction.2 Development of a modern agricultural sector has a particular importance for ensuring food security, reducing poverty, providing employment, and promoting agriculture related sectors. This report highlights the recent state of agricultural sector in the OIC Member Countries. It analyses major issues such as agricultural population and land use in agriculture, water resources and their use in agriculture, agriculture production and productivity, and trade in agricultural commodities. The report also dwells on the cooperation efforts under the Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (COMCEC). For examining the current agricultural situation, OIC Member Countries are analyzed in three groups. These are African Group, Arab Group and Asian Group. (The list of the member countries in accordance with the regional classification of the OIC is attached as Annex 1). Furthermore, for more detailed analysis, agriculture sector trends in the OIC member Countries are compared with the World trends. 1 2 IDB, 2009. FAO, 2012a. 1 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 1. Agriculture in the OIC Member Countries 1.1. The Role of Agriculture in the OIC Economy 1.1.1. Agricultural Value Added in the OIC Region Suitability of ecological conditions, availability of natural resources and human capacity to carry out agricultural activities, i.e. agricultural potential, are the most important determinants of role of agriculture in the economy. However, the agricultural potential is not the sole factor determining the role of agriculture in general economy. The relative importance of the agriculture sector in a country declines as the GDP of the country increases, and its economy experiences an upward trend in terms of development. Due to the particular points mentioned above, the significance of agriculture in national economies varies extensively. While in many least developed countries, agriculture accounts for more than 50 percent of GDP, in many high income economies such as the members of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), agriculture constitutes less than 1,5 percent of overall economic output. Thus, the role of agriculture in overall economic growth will vary from country to country, and in general agriculture is more important in poorer countries. This is largely due to higher income elasticity of demand for non-agricultural goods and services. As their incomes grow, consumers increase their consumption of manufactured goods and services faster than their consumption of agricultural goods.3 This characteristic of the agriculture can be clearly observed in the OIC Region as a whole as well as in Europe as shown in Figure 1. On the average, the OIC Member Countries have a relatively lower performance in agriculture as compared to the developed countries.4 Although they have 28 percent of total world agricultural area, according to the UN data, the share of the OIC Member Countries in the world agricultural GDP is 21,3 percent with almost 648 billion agricultural value added in 2012. 3 4 Cervantes-Godoy and Dewbre SESRIC, 2009. 2 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Figure 1. Share of Agriculture in GDP of the OIC and the World Trillion US Dollars % 25 OIC Total GDP 120 100 20 Europe Total GDP 80 15 World Total 60 10 Share of Agriculture in the OIC's GDP (Left Axis) 40 5 Share of Agriculture in the Europe's GDP (Left Axis) 20 Share of OIC in the Agricultural World GDP (Left Axis) 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 0 1990 0 Source: Calculated by using the FAO online database (FAOSTAT), 2013. Figure 2. Yearly Development in GDP in the OIC and the World (1990=100 Index) 600 400 553 200 100 261 0 Agricultural GDP in the OIC Agricultural GDP in the World Total GDP in the OIC 322 347 262 Total GDP in the World Source: Calculated by using the UN online database (UNSTAT), 2014. As seen in Figure 3, at the sub-regional level, Asian Group had the highest amount of the agricultural GDP with 380 billion US Dollars in 2012. This Figure shows that Asian Group had more than half of the agricultural GDP of the OIC Region between 1990 and 2012. It was 3 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 followed by Arab Group and African Group with almost 138 billion and 129 billion US Dollars, respectively. According to the UN’s data, at the individual country level, Indonesia had the highest share in total OIC agricultural GDP with 19,6 percent as of 2012. The five member countries, namely Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey, Iran and Pakistan accounted for half of the OIC agricultural GDP (Calculated by using Annex 2). Figure 3. Agricultural GDP in the OIC by Sub-Region Billion US Dollars % 700 70 600 60 500 50 400 40 300 30 200 20 100 10 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 0 1990 0 Agricultural GDP Asian Group (Right Axis) Agricultural GDP Arab Group (Right Axis) Agricultural GDP in African Group (Right Axis) Share of African Group (Left Axis) Share of Arab Group (Left Axis) Share of Asian Group (Left Axis) Source: Calculated by using the UN online database (UNSTAT), 2014. 1.1.2. Trade in Agricultural Commodities In recent years, protection on agricultural trade and its impact on developing countries have been attracting growing attention. While protective policies in manufactured goods have declined worldwide and especially in developing countries, several industrial and developing countries still protect their agricultural sector at high levels. High protection in industrial countries being the main cause of the stalemate in the World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations by early 1990s5 and protection on agricultural trade continues to be among the most controversial issues in global trade negotiations. 5 Worldbank, 2005. 4 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Figure 4. Development in Global Agricultural Trade (1990-2011) 3.000 25 2.500 20 9,0 2.000 7,8 6,6 6,4 1.500 6,4 1.1166,8 6,1 913 9,3 1.000 500 0 352 8,7 461 6,4 6,3 433 326 443 411 1990 1995 2000 653 721 2005 2006 7,1 6,6 6,2 873 7,3 15 10 7,6 6,0 1.351 987 754 680 7,2 1.104 1.064 950 1.080 2008 2009 2010 Percent Billion US Dollars 9,8 7,2 1.314 5 0 2007 2011 Global Agricultural Commodity Import (left Axis) Global Agricultural Commodity Export (left Axis) Share of Agriculture in Global Total Import (Right Axis) Source: Calculated by using the FAO online database (FAOSTAT), 2014. In this context, while a rapid export growth has been observed in manufacturing sector, export growth has been slower in agriculture sector because of this protectionist approach. Hence, although global agricultural commodities trade has increased from 678 billion US Dollars in 1990 to 2,7 trillion US Dollars in 2011, its share in total trade declined by 2,3 percent (Figure 4). Agricultural commodity trade of the 57 OIC Member Countries increased considerably from 1990 to 2011. In last two decades, total agricultural commodity import of the OIC Region reached to 205 billion US Dollars in 2011 from 35 billion US Dollars in 1990 by increasing 488 percent. Correspondingly, total agricultural commodity export of this Region rose by 603 percent and reached 143 billion US Dollars in 2011. As a result, total agricultural trade in the OIC Region grew by almost 530 percent from 1990 to 2011 and reached 348 billion US Dollars (Figure 5). 5 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Figure 5. OIC Agricultural Commodities Trade and Share in World Total (1990-2011) Billion US Dollars Percent 400 14,6 350 13,5 300 11,3 250 11,3 12 10,9 10 134 6 115 100 77 52 35 88 51 20 34 28 1990 1995 2000 4 54 61 75 2005 2006 2007 101 88 2008 2009 113 OIC Agricultural Commodities Export (Left Axis) Share of OIC Export in the World Total (Right Axis) 143 2 0 2010 OIC Agricultural Commodities Import (Left Axis) 8 161 151 6,9 10,4 205 9,2 8,6 8,4 8,2 6,3 150 0 12,6 9,5 7,7 14 13,6 11,7 9,9 200 50 11,9 16 15,2 2011 Share of OIC Import in the World Total (Right Axis) Source: Calculated by using the FAO online database (FAOSTAT), 2014. In addition to the growth of OIC’s agricultural commodity trade, its share in the global agricultural commodity trade has also increased between 1990 and 2011, despite the decline experienced in some years. As understood from Figure 5, the share of agricultural commodity import of the OIC Region reached 15,2 percent in 2011 from 9,9 percent in 1990. Similarly, the share of the agricultural commodity import of the Region increased from 6,3 percent to 10,9 percent in the same period. At the sub-regional level, Asian Group had the highest level of share in the OIC’s agricultural commodity export with 71 percent in 2011. As of 2011, Asian Group was followed by Arab Group and African Group with 19 percent and 10 percent agricultural commodity export respectively (Figure 6). In terms of agricultural commodity import, Arab Group accounted for more than half of the OIC’s total in the same period. It was followed by Asian Group and African Group respectively. 6 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Figure 6. Share of Sub-Regions in the OIC’s Agricultural Commodity Trade, (1990-2011, Percent) 80 70 67 70 71 70 69 60 60 Export of Arab Group 59 54 50 52 43 40 39 50 42 40 38 33 18 14 10 19 19 16 8 14 8 12 11 10 7 19 19 1995 2000 2005 Import of Arab Group 10 8 8 0 1990 Export of Asian Group Import of African Group 22 20 52 50 30 Export of African Group 2010 2011 Import of Asian Group Source: Calculated by using the FAO online database (FAOSTAT), 2014. According to the Figure 7 and Annex 6, the OIC agricultural trade balance recorded 62,1 billion US Dollars deficit as of 2011. Asian Group had 21,3 billion US Dollars agricultural trade balance surplus in 2011. Except Asian Group, the other sub-regions had trade deficit. Especially, Arab Group draws attention with the high amount of agricultural trade deficit which was 80.9 billion US Dollars in 2011. African Group had only 2,5 billion US Dollars agricultural trade deficits. 7 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Figure 7. Agricultural Commodity Trade Balance in the OIC and Examined Sub-Regions, (2011, Billion US Dollars) 250,0 205,2 200,0 143,1 150,0 107,7 102,2 86,4 100,0 50,0 16,6 14,1 Import Export 0,0 -50,0 -100,0 21,3 -2,5 Trade Import Balance African Group Export 21,2 Trade Import Balance Arab Group Export Trade Import Balance Asian Group Export OIC Trade Balance -62,1 -80,9 Source: Calculated by using the FAO online database (FAOSTAT), 2014. At the individual country level, the most of the total exports of agricultural products in the OIC Region were realized by a few member countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Turkey, Cote d'Ivoire and Iran. These countries constituted 70,9 percent of the OIC’s total agricultural commodity exports (Calculated by using Annex 5). As in the case of export, the total imports of agricultural products in the OIC Member Countries concentrated in a few member countries, namely Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Indonesia, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Algeria, Nigeria and Bangladesh. These countries accounted for 68,7 percent of the OIC’s total agricultural commodity imports (Calculated by using Annex 4). When the Annex 6 is examined, it is seen that the OIC Region and most of its Member Countries recorded agricultural trade deficit ascending in the period from 1990 to 2011. While the trade deficit of the OIC Member Countries was 14,6 billion US Dollars in 1990, it increased by 326,7 percent and reached 62,1 billion US Dollars in 2011. At the country level, Indonesia, Malaysia, Cote d'Ivoire, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Cameroon, Uganda, Benin, Guyana, Burkina Faso and Togo were countries recording agricultural trade balance surplus in 2011. 8 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 1.2. Agricultural Population According to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)’s data, the total population of the OIC is about 1,6 billion in 2012. Although its share in total population decreased from year to year, 52,8 percent of the OIC population is still living in rural areas. According to the statistics for the same year, 66,3 percent of the people living in rural areas are engaged in agricultural activities. In 2012, the agricultural population of the OIC Member Countries, 568 million, constituted 35 percent of the total OIC population. In general terms, the share of agricultural population in total population is decreasing in the OIC as well as in all sub-regions examined. In the OIC sub-region, although agricultural population accounted for almost half of the total in 1990 with 49,8 percent, its share decreased to 42,3 percent in 2000, 40,1 percent in 2005 and 35 percent in 2012. Within the examined sub-regions, the share remained higher in the African Group with 47 percent and the lowest level was Arab Group in with 24,2 percent in 2012 (Table 1). The main reason of decreasing the agricultural population share was that the increase in agricultural population was lower than the increase in total population throughout the years. This reflects that worldwide trend of urbanization is also observable for the OIC Member Countries, in total. Table 1. Share of Agricultural Population in the OIC and the World (%) Country Agricultural Population 1990 1995 2000 2005 2012 African Group 61,7 58,3 54,8 51,5 47,0 Arab Group 38,3 34,8 31,6 28,5 24,2 Asian Group 49,9 45,0 41,7 38,6 34,4 OIC 49,8 45,5 42,3 39,2 35,0 World 46,3 44,3 42,2 40,1 37,2 Source: Calculated by using the FAO online database (FAOSTAT), 2014. On the other hand, at the individual country level, agricultural population represented more than 50 percent of the total population in 16 OIC Member Countries. The share of people dealing with agriculture is over 75 percent in some OIC Countries such as Burkina Faso, Niger, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Gambia and Mozambique. As the majority of their population depending on agriculture for their livelihood, agriculture sector has a vital importance for the OIC Member Countries in African Group.6 6 SESRIC, 2009. 9 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 1.3. Agricultural Labor Productivity To ensure sustainable economic development in every sector, efficient use of production factors is crucial. As a decisive production factor, it is possible to consider labor which makes other production factors active. In such cases, labor mobilizes sources for reproduction and 7 improvement of other production factors. The term “labor productivity” is quantitatively determined by comparing labor cost with the total efficiency of labor, which is usually depicted by the amount of produced output. In literature, the term is sometimes used to express the productivity of labor and in some cases it denotes the total profitability of the coefficients and production factors. Furthermore, according to another broader definition, productivity refers to production processes and is quantitatively expressed as the quantity of produced goods divided by the units of the 8 production coefficients used. In this study, in order to calculate labor productivity, agricultural value added (at current price-US Dollar) is divided by economically active people in agricultural sector. When the figures that have been calculated according to this method are analyzed, it is understood that the labor productivity is higher than the world average in the OIC in all examined years (Figure 8). On the other hand, Figure 8 reveals that Arab Group has the highest labor productivity among the three regions. Arab Group owes this to high level labor productivity of Lebanon, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates. Although the levels of labor productivity are high in the OIC, it must be recognized that the region is unsuitable for agriculture development due to its limited water resources and climatic conditions. In this context, the higher levels of labor productivity are probably due to a host of factors including high levels of mechanization and use of fertilizer and pesticides. It may be noted that the levels of labor productivity in the 9 UAE and Lebanon are comparable to those in high income countries. The level of labor productivity in the African Group is the lowest one in the OIC. Some African Group Member Countries such as Uganda, Mozambique, Guinea and Burkina Faso have the lowest levels of labor productivity of the OIC. The low levels of mechanization and fertilizer use, water scarcity and using labor intensive methods are the main reasons of the low agricultural labor productivity in this sub-region. Bervidova, 2002 Polyzos 2003; Polyzos and Arabatzis, 2005 9 IDB, 2009 7 8 10 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Figure 8. Agricultural Labor Productivity in the OIC and the World (US Dollar Per Economically Active Worker in Agriculture) 5.000 4.500 4.000 3.500 3.000 1990 2.500 2000 2.000 2012 1.500 1.000 500 0 African Group Arab Group Asian Group OIC World Source: Calculated by Using the FAO Online Database (FAOSTAT), 2014. 1.4. Land Use The world’s cultivated area has grown by 12 percent over the last 50 years. The global irrigated area has doubled over the same period, accounting for most of the net increase in cultivated land. Meanwhile, agricultural production has grown between 2,5 and 3 times, thanks to significant increase in the yield of major crops. However, global achievements in production in some regions have been associated with the degradation of land resources, and the deterioration of related ecosystem goods and services, such as decreasing of biomass and carbon storage as well as damaging soil health and biodiversity. According to FAO’s 2011 data, agriculture uses 4,9 billion hectares area, representing 38 percent of the world’s land surface. Agriculture is a major user of land. Hence, in order to make agriculture sustainable it is important to maintain the quantity and quality of soil resources. Agriculture must be at the center of any discussion of natural resource management and global environmental objectives. The responsible management of natural resources requires ensuring adequate food and water for all while at the same time achieving sustainable rural development and livelihoods for the current and future generations10. Land resources and the way they are used are central to the challenge of improving food security across the world. Demographic pressures, climate change, and the increased competition for a land are likely to increase vulnerability to food insecurity, particularly in 10 FAO, 2012b. 11 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Africa and Asia. The challenge of providing sufficient food for everyone worldwide has never been greater.11 For improving nutrition and alleviating food insecurity and undernourishment, future agricultural production will have to rise faster than population growth. This will have to occur largely on existing agricultural land. Improvements will thus have to come from sustainable intensification that makes effective use of land without harming and spoiling this precious resource. As estimated by FAO, almost 5 to 7 million hectares of agricultural land are lost each year due to land degradation and urbanization12. Taking into account the issues mentioned above, for the OIC Member Countries sustainable land management is vital as most of them are facing with food insecurity and have more population growth than world average. Thus, it is important to find out the situation of these countries to determine the problems and to propose recommendations. Table 2 provides some data on amounts of total land, agricultural land, permanent crops land and permanent meadows, and pastures in the OIC Member Countries as well as in the world. As seen at this Table, the OIC Member Countries’ total land area of 3,2 billion hectares, equal to 29 percent of the world. Almost 1,42 billion hectares, representing 44,5 percent of this total land is used as agricultural land. The OIC’s agricultural area share in the land area is higher than the world average (37,8 percent). Out of this 1,42 billion hectares agricultural area, 293 million hectares are arable land, almost 55 million hectares are reserved for permanent crops, and 1,04 billion hectares are used as permanent meadows and pastures. As understood from these figures, most of the OIC Member Countries’ agricultural area with 73,5 percent consists of permanent meadows and pastures. This is almost parallel with the general distribution in the world. However, as compared to EU where 60 percent of the agricultural land was used for arable crops, 33 percent for permanent pasture and 6 percent for permanent crops, the OIC Region has very high level of permanent meadows and pastures but arable land is very low as a percentage. On the other hand, Table 2 reveals that at the sub-regional level, Arab Group has 37,4 percent of the total agricultural area of the OIC and it is followed by Asian Group and African Group with 37,3 and 25,3 percent, respectively. Arab Group has also the highest levels in terms of permanent meadows and pastures with 43,6 percent. In terms of both arable land and permanent crops, Asian Group has the highest level with 46 and 61 percent, respectively. Additionally, looking at the individual country level Kazakhstan, Saudi Arabia and Sudan have significant amount of OIC’s agricultural land with 14,7 percent, 12,2 percent and 7,7 percent, respectively. But most of their agricultural area mainly consists of permanent meadows and pastures (Annex 8). 11 12 FAO, 2011. Haktanır, 2003. 12 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Table 2. Land Use in OIC Countries in 2011 (Thousands Hectares) Land Area13 Agricultural Area Arable Land14 Permanent Crops15 Permanent Meadows and Pastures16 As % of World Total African Group 9,1 11,3 8,7 8,9 12,4 Arab Group 8,6 7,9 3,9 6,3 9,2 Asian Group 6,8 9,8 8,4 20,6 9,4 OIC 24,5 28,9 21,0 35,9 31,1 World 100 100 100 100 100 African Group 24,1 25,3 35,3 24,4 23,2 Arab Group 43,1 37,4 18,7 14,6 43,6 Asian Group 32,9 37,3 46,0 61,0 33,2 OIC 100 100 100 100 100 As % of OIC Total As % of Agricultural Area African Group - 100 34,1 3,8 116,3 Arab Group - 100 10,1 1,8 58,2 Asian Group - 100 22,1 6,6 65,9 OIC - 100 20,7 3,9 73,5 World - 100 28,4 3,1 68,4 Source: FAOSTAT. In addition to this, examining the share of agricultural land in total area for each country, it is found out that this share is higher than 70 percent in Comoros, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia and Kazakhstan. Contrary to this, the share is below 10 percent in 9 member countries which are Brunei, Egypt, Guyana, Kuwait, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Qatar and Suriname. Furthermore, analyzing the historical changes in amount of agricultural land, and agricultural area per person in the OIC would be beneficial to identify the trends and make prediction for future. The Figure 9 demonstrates that total agricultural area in the OIC Region had increased by only 7,6 percent to reach almost 1,42 billion hectares in 2011 from 1,32 billion hectares in 1990. However, due to higher population growth rate agricultural area per person decreased from 1,3 hectares to 0,9 hectares. Land area refers to total area excluding area under inland water bodies such as lakes and rivers. This refers to all land generally under rotation whether for temporary crops or meadows, or left fallow. 15 This signifies land used for crops occupying it for a long period of time and which do not ha ve to be planted for several years after each harvest. Land under trees and shrubs producing flowers, such as roses and jasmine, is so classified, as are nurseries. 16 This means land used permanently (i. e., for five years and more) for herbaceous forage crops. 13 14 13 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Figure 9. Changes in the Total and Per Person Agricultural Area (1990-2011) 1,3 1.420 1,4 1,2 1,2 1,1 Million Hectares 1.400 1,0 0,9 1.380 1,0 0,8 1.360 1.340 1.392 1.320 1.410 1.395 1.420 0,6 Hektares/Person 1.440 0,4 1.300 1.320 0,2 1.280 1.260 0,0 1990 1995 2000 2005 Total Agricultural Area 2011 Agricultural Area Per Person Source: FAOSTAT. Considering the fact that expanding the agricultural land is very limited and the population of the OIC Region continues to increase, agricultural land per person is expected to decrease gradually in the future. 1.5. Input Use 1.5.1. Irrigation Agricultural production has been increased considerably since 1960s in the world. The increase in crop yield has a crucial role in this increase. Progresses in the quantity and quality of agricultural inputs, such as fertilizer, water, mechanization, fuel, seed, land and labor, have been the main reason of crop yield increase. It is estimated that growing fertilizer application and more water usage by irrigation have been responsible for over 70 percent of the crop yield increase throughout the world.17 Water is the most crucial input for agricultural production. One of the remarkable characteristics of water is that in addition to the fact of its being an indispensable input it works as an augmenting input in agriculture when it is combined with other inputs of production such as improved seeds and fertilizer.18 Thus it has a tremendous role to play in agriculture in increasing both production and productivity. The total volume of water on earth is about 1,4 billion km3 of which only 2,5 percent, or about 35 million km3, is freshwater. Freshwater is a highly valuable resource as there are large 17 http://www.grida.no/publications/rr/food-crisis/page/3562.aspx and Bhattacharjee, 2005. 18 Nayak 14 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 number of competing demands, including drinking water, irrigation, hydroelectricity, waste disposal, industrial processes, transport and recreation, as well as ecosystem functions and services. As mentioned above, agricultural sector is the most important user with 70 percent in terms of amount of all freshwater used by humans within these competing sectors at the global level.19 However in developing regions like Africa and Asia, agriculture uses 86 and 81 percent of their total water, respectively (Figure 10).20 Figure 10 also discloses that share of agriculture in water consumption is lower in continents having high level precipitation than arid and semi-arid ones. Figure 10. Share of Agriculture in Total Water Consumption (%) 100 90 90 86 81 80 72 70 70 64 60 50 39 40 29 30 20 10 0 OIC Africa Asia Oceania World Carrabian Europe Source: Calculated by Using FAO, AQUASTAT online database, 2014. As to OIC Member Countries, they have 6.893 km3 of renewable water resources that accounts for 12 percent of the world’s total. Although the OIC Region has 28 percent of world’s total agricultural area, it has only 12 percent of total freshwater indicating that the majority of the OIC Member Countries are under the water scarcity. From Figure 11, this situation can be understood clearly. This Figure reveals that Africa and Asia, covering most of the OIC Member Countries, have very low level renewable fresh water for per hectares compared to America, Europe and the average of the world. The world average is three times higher than that of the OIC. On the other hand, Europe, having 19,8 percent of the world’s total agricultural area, has 24.270 m3/year renewable water for per hectare agricultural land. In addition, America that possesses one fourth of the world’s total agricultural area has high level renewable water per hectare due to its rich water potential. 19 20 UNEP, http://www.unep.org/geo/GEO3/english/pdfs/chapter2-5_Freshwater.pdf SESRIC, 2010a. 15 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Figure 11. Renewable Water Potential in the World (2011) m3/hectare 30.000 Percent 120 % 100 25.000 100 20.000 80 15.000 60 % 42,4 10.000 5.000 0 % 26,5 % 12,0 % 9,7 3.418 4.752 OIC Africa 24.270 40 20.049 % 19,8 9.330 11.698 20 % 1,6 2.107 Asia America Europe Renewable Fresh Water Per Hectare (m3/hectare) 0 Ocania World Renewable Fresh Water (Percent) Source: Calculated by Using FAO, AQUASTAT online database, 2014. As OIC Member Countries are dispersed over a large geographical region, on four continents and have wide range of climate conditions, water resources also disperse unequally among its sub-regions. While Asian Group has 73,3 percent of the OIC’s total renewable water resource with 5.053 km3/year, Arab Group has only 4,6 percent share. It is followed by African Group with 22,1 percent (1.526 km3). Likewise, African Group has 23,5 percent of total renewable water, despite its wide surface area (Figure 12). Figure 12. Renewable Water Potential in the OIC by Sub-Region 8000 120 6.893 % 100 6000 5053 80 km3 5000 % 73,3 4000 60 3000 2000 1000 100 40 1526 % 22,1 0 African Group 20 315 % 4,6 0 Arab Group Asian Group Renewable Water (km3) OIC Renewable Water (%) Source: Calculated by Using FAO, AQUASTAT and SESRIC, BASEDIN online databases, 2014. 16 Percent 7000 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 At country level, big differences are seen among the Member Countries regarding amount of renewable water. In terms of their renewable water resources, some OIC Member Countries are very rich while most of them are under water-scarcity. Figure 13 and Figure 14 indicate Member Countries which have more than 200 km3 and less than 10 km3, respectively. Analyzing figures, it is seen that Indonesia, Bangladesh and Malaysia are very rich countries in this respect. In addition, Cameroon, Pakistan, Guyana, Guinea, Mozambique, and Turkey have relatively high level of water resource. On the other hand, 17 countries have less than 10 km3 and even most of them have so low level renewable water resource that their potential is below 1 km3. Figure 13. Renewable Water-Rich OIC Member Countries, (2011, over 200 km3/year) 2.500 2.000 1.500 1.000 500 0 Source: Calculated by Using FAO, AQUASTAT online databases, 2014. Figure 14. Renewable Water-Poor OIC Member Countries, (2011, below 10 km3/year) 9,00 8,00 7,00 6,00 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,00 Source: Calculated by Using FAO, AQUASTAT online databases, 2014. 17 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 In addition to these countries’ current water potential, the other important water resource is precipitation. Precipitation provides soil with moisture that is a crucial factor for productivity in agriculture. Looking at precipitation in OIC Member Countries, it is understood that most of them have average precipitation less than 500 mm per year which shows high prevalence of aridity in these countries. Especially, all countries located on Arab Group which covers 20 countries have 500 mm precipitation except for Comoros and Lebanon. On the other hand, as at long-term average precipitation in depth 16 countries possess more than 1.000 mm annually. Of these countries, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Sierra Leone, Guyana and Suriname receive over 2.000 mm. When discussing the irrigation in the OIC Member Countries, it is not adequate to know their water potential. Additionally, we need to determine the situation regarding irrigation systems which ensure the utilization of this potential in agriculture. As mentioned above, the large part of the OIC Member Countries located in arid and semi-arid regions geographically. Hence, widespread and modern irrigation systems, including water storage facilities are required. In the OIC Member Countries as a whole traditional ways of irrigation are widely used. Therefore, the efficient use of water in agriculture is not adequately addressed by the countries of the region where sustainability of the existing irrigation systems is at stake. While surface irrigation is by far the most widely used system in irrigation, practiced on 87,6 percent of the total full and partial control irrigation area, the most water-saving system through microirrigation techniques is only practiced on a mere 1,4 percent of the total irrigation area. For these reasons, unfortunately, irrigation water efficiency is below 45 percent in most of the OIC Member Countries.21 1.5.2. Fertilizers Use The average use of fertilizer per hectare in OIC countries increased from 46,9 kilograms in 2002 to 67,6 kilograms in 2011. However, as shown in Figure 15, the use of fertilizer in OIC Region is far behind of the world average. As of 2011, the world average fertilizer use reached 98,8 kilograms. 21 http://www.sesric.org/files/oic-water-vision/overview-of-water-issues.pdf. 18 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Figure 15. Fertilizer Use in the OIC and World (2011, kg/ha) 120 100 80 OIC 60 World 40 20 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Source: Calculated by Using FAO, AQUASTAT online databases, 2014. At the sub-regional level, the use of fertilizer in African Group Countries are very low with 5,4 kg/h. On the other hand, the use of fertilizer in Arab Group Countries and Asian Group Countries is 107,3 kg/ha and 98,1 kg/ha, respectively (See Annex 11) . 1.5.3. Agricultural Mechanization The ratio of number of tractor per 1000 hectares of arable land in the OIC countries declined to 6,9 in 2008 from 9,8 in 2002. Even though the number of tractors used increased in the OIC countries between 2002 and 2008, increase in the arable land area was higher. Therefore, this ratio has decreased. Developed countries and other developing countries also experienced a similar reduction in this ratio. As of 2008, the world average was 4,8 and the average of other developing countries was 1,72. In other words, compared with other developing countries and the world average, the OIC Countries are in a better position collectively in terms of tractor use. Nevertheless, the OIC Countries still have insufficient agricultural mechanization relative to developed countries group in which the ratio is calculated as 10. Therefore, considering that the same area of arable land is harvested by 6,9 tractors in the OIC countries compared to 10 in developed countries22. Thus, the use of agricultural machinery in the OIC Countries needs to be improved. 22 SESRIC, 2013. 19 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 1.6. Agricultural Production and Productivity The OIC Member Countries pursue a wide range of crop and livestock production system because of the fact that they have different agro-ecological zone, agricultural infrastructure, and producing and consuming habit. Hence, a large variety of agricultural products are grown in the OIC as a whole. And its Member States have different yield level depending on their level of using agricultural mechanization and other agricultural inputs as well as climatic conditions. In terms of the volume of agriculture production, as of 2011, OIC Member Countries constituted 15 percent of the world total cereals production, with a very slight increase compared to their level of 13.5 percent in 2000. In the same year, its share in the world fruit production accounted for 18,9 percent, decreasing from 19,3 percent in 2000. The share of the OIC Member Countries in the world total production of vegetables increased from 14,6 percent in 2000 to 15 percent in 2011. Meanwhile, their shares in the total meat production of the world and the developing countries decreased from 15,3 percent and 11,9 percent (Figure 16). Figure 16. Agricultural Production in the OIC Million Tons 3.000 % 25 2.587 2.500 19,3% 2.061 20 18,9% 2.000 15,0% 13,5% 1.500 15,3% 15,0% 14,6% 15 11,9% 1.088 1.000 500 279 638 475 387 5 121 92 163 114 0 2000 2011 Cereals OIC (left axis) 10 777 2000 2011 2000 Fruit 2011 Vegetable World (left axis) 11 73 9 76 2000 2011 0 Meat OIC Share in the World Total (rigth axis) Source: Calculated by Using FAO, AQUASTAT online databases, 2013. At the country level, total OIC agricultural production concentrated within a few member countries such as Indonesia, Turkey, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Pakistan, Iran, and Egypt.23 The agricultural production has increased from 236 to 644 billion US Dollars in the period of 2000-2011. Hence, although OIC share in the world total gross agricultural value didn’t pursue steady trends, it increased from 16,2 percent in 2000 to 16,5 percent in 2011. 23 SESRIC, 2010. 20 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Figure 17. Gross Agricultural Production Value in the OIC and the World Billion US Dollars % 4500 18 17,3 4000 17 16,9 3500 16,4 3000 16,6 16,4 16,6 16,517 16,2 2500 2000 16 16,0 15,9 16 15,5 15,2 1500 15 1000 15 500 0 14 2000 2001 2002 OIC (Left Axis) 2003 2004 2005 2006 World (Left Axis) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 OIC Share in the World Total (Right Axis) Source: Calculated by Using FAO, AQUASTAT online databases, 2013. Another important issue for analyzing agricultural production in the OIC is agricultural productivity (yield). To do this, using yield of wheat which is one of the most common cultivated product in the OIC determine the changes agricultural productivity in the period of 1990-2011. In this framework, the average wheat yield in the OIC and the world are given in Figure 18. As can be seen from this Figure, wheat yield has increased in general both in the OIC and in the world for last two decades. But, increase in the world wheat yield has been steadier. Moreover, the world average wheat yield has surpassed the OIC figures. As of 2012, world average wheat yield was 47,8 percent higher than OIC’s. 21 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Figure 18. Wheat Yield in the OIC and the World, (1990-2012, tons/hectare) 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 OIC 1,5 World 1,0 0,5 0,0 Source: Calculated by Using FAO, AQUASTAT online databases, 2014. 22 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 2. Food Security and Malnutrition in the OIC Member Countries According to the FAO, food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Household food security is the application of this concept to the family level, with individuals within households as the focus of concern.24 According to the FAO report, The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2012, it is estimated that 868 million people representing 12,5 percent of the global population chronically suffer from undernourishment. Despite the economic crises in 2007-2008 there has been a significant decline in this figure since 1990 (Figure 19). Figure 19. Changes in Prevalence and Number Undernourished People in the World, 1990-2012 Million 1050 % 20% 18,60% 1000 1000 18% 16% 15% 13,80% 12,90% 950 14% 12,50% 12% 10% 919 900 8% 898 867 868 850 6% 4% 2% 800 0% 1990-1992 1999-2001 2004-2006 Number (Millions) 2007-2009 2010-2012 Prevalance (%) Source: FAO, The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2012. On the other hand, while the number of undernourished people has been decreasing at global level in the period of 1990-2012, both Sub-Saharan Africa and Western Asia-Northern Africa in which many OIC Member Countries are located have been the regions that undernourishment has increased (Table 3). Picture 1 shows the classification of the countries according to the Global Hunger Index It clearly reveals that most of the OIC Member Countries are located in the area facing severe hunger especially in Asian and Sub-Saharan African group countries. Moreover, hunger (GHI)25. FAO, 2010. The Global Hunger Index (GHI) is designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger globally and by country and region. It is calculated each year by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). To reflect the multidimensional nature of hunger, the GHI combines three equally weighted indicators in one index number. These are the proportion of undernourished population, children younger than the age of five and child mortality. 24 25 23 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 ratio is lower in countries located on Mediterranean Basin. Hence, it is important to display the food security situation in the OIC in this outlook for better defining the OIC agriculture sector. Table 3. Number of Undernourished by Region (million) Region 1990-1992 Developed Regions 20 Southern Asia 327 Sub-Saharan Africa 170 Eastern Asia 261 South-Eastern Asia 134 Latin America and the Caribbean 65 Western Asia and Northern Africa 13 Caucasus and Central Asia 9 Oceania 1 Source: FAO, The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2012. 2010-2012 16 304 234 167 65 49 25 6 1 Rate of Increase -20,0 -7,0 37,6 -36,0 -51,5 -24,6 92,3 -33,3 0 Picture 1. Global Hunger Map Source: World Food Programme. The FAO statistics on food consumption cover mainly two basic categories of food ingredients. 26 These have been dietary energy supply adequacy and the average protein 26 Haktanır, 2003. 24 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 supply. In terms of dietary energy supply adequacy, there is not a serious problem in the OIC as a whole (see Annex 12). But, average protein supply has been less than needed level in general. There has been sufficient protein supply in very limited countries such as Lebanon, United Arab Emirates, Kazakhstan, Maldives, and Turkey. Nonetheless, in most of the African Group countries only half of required amount of protein has been supplied (see Annex 13). On the other hand, food deficit of the OIC was 83 kcal/caput/day, which was higher than the world average (94 kcal/caput/day) in 2007-09. However, it was quite below than developed countries’ average (94 kcal/caput/day). For detailed information on this issue, please refer to the Annex 14. After examining food supply in the OIC, a crucial question is that what percentage of total population of the OIC is nourished and what percentage is undernourished. Figure 20 displays the number of undernourished people in the OIC and examined regions of the OIC in the period 1990-92 to 2010-2012. It discloses that the number of undernourished people in the OIC decreased from 194 million in 1990-1992 to 179 million in 2000-2012 in parallel with the global trend. After that, this figure increased to 185 million in 2010-2012. Thereby, the share of undernourished people in total decreased from 18,3 percent to 11,4 percent. At the regional level, despite the higher proportion of undernourishment in African Group, Asia Group has almost half of the total undernourished people due to its high population. However, its number of undernourished people has been decreasing since 1990. Meanwhile, number of undernourished people in the African Group has increased by 52 percent ascending from 24,2 million to 36,9 million. It is understood from the aforementioned topics that undernourishment is one of the major problems of the OIC Region. In order to ascertain the reasons of hunger and expectation regarding to the future of hunger in the OIC, economic situation needs to be analyzed in terms of access to food, food price volatility, population growth and nutrition. Countries’ economic power directly affects their affordability. Affordability is resulted in better nutritional outcomes and improving access to adequate food in terms of both quantity and quality. 25 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Figure 20. Trend of the Number of the Undernourished People in the OIC and by Sub-Regions Millions 250 200 194 187 189 185 179 150 African Group Arab Group Asian Group 100 50 115 59 115 55 24 24 OIC 109 58 102 64 37 54 29 25 92 0 1990-92 1995-97 2000-02 2005-07 2010-12 Source: Calculated by Using FAO, AQUASTAT online databases, 2013; FAO, 2012 and IFPRI, 2012. Figure 21. Share of the Undernourished People in Total in the OIC and by Region 30 26,0 25 21,2 20 15 10 19,7 18,3 17,7 16,9 14,5 15,5 10,1 African Group 16,3 16,6 8,8 12,6 13,9 12,1 8,8 8,5 11,4 10,6 9,9 Arab Group Asian Group OIC 5 0 1990-92 1995-97 2000-02 2005-07 2010-12 Source: Calculated by using FAOSTAT Online Database, FAO, 2012 and IFPRI, 2012. Affordability is also important for alleviating hunger in respect of improving access to health services; better consumer awareness regarding adequate nutrition and child care 26 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 practices; and targeted distribution of supplements in situations of acute micronutrient deficiencies. Good nutrition, in turn, is key to sustainable economic growth.27 Figure 22 exhibits some economic indicators in the OIC in the last two decades. It reveals that there was no decline for any indicators in the period of 1990-2011 in the OIC as a whole. Moreover, the OIC’s economic growth ratio has been over the world average since 2001. In this framework, its share in global GDP has been increased in the period of 2001-2011. Figure 22. Some Economic Indicators of the OIC (1991-2011) % Billion US Dollars 20 7.000 6.000 15 5.000 10 4.000 3.000 5 2.000 0 1.000 -5 GDP in OIC (current price) Share of the OIC in global GDP Economic Growth of the OIC Economic Growth of the World 0 Source: Calculated by UNSTAT Online database. Despite the growth in GDP, the share of the OIC in global GDP, which is 8,3 percent in 2011, is still very low, considering the OIC population constitutes almost 23 percent of the world population. Hence, its per capita GDP is dramatically below the world average, especially in African Group countries. Figure 23 displays the per capita GDP in the OIC by region and the world. As observed from the figure OIC’s per capita GDP is approximately one third of the world’s GDP. In addition, African Group’s per capita GDP is one tenth of the world’s per capita GDP. It is understood from this figure that due to low income, prevalence of hunger would be high in some parts of the OIC, particularly in Africa. On the other hand, economic power is not enough to evaluate the reasons of the hunger. The other important issue that should be considered is changes in the food prices. Because, increasing food prices limits access to food especially by low income people. 27 FAO, 2012. 27 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Figure 23. Per capita GDP in the OIC by Sub-Regions and the World at Current Prices. US Dollar /Per Person 12.000 Number 1,20 10.000 1,00 8.000 0,80 6.000 0,60 4.000 0,40 2.000 0,20 0 0,00 1990 1995 2000 2005 2011 OIC (left axis) World (letf axis) African Group GDP/World GDP (right axis) Arab Group GDP/World GDP (right axis) Asian Group GDP/World GDP (right axis) Source: Calculated by using UNSTAT and FAOSTAT Online Databases. Food Price Index (FPI) is used to measure the changes in food prices. Figure 24 shows the world food price index in the period of 1990-2013, while taking years 2002-2004 as the base year. As it is seen from this Figure, there were two important increases in food price levels in this period. The first occurred in 2007-2008 due to global food crisis. The reasons of this crisis were increasing petroleum prices, global drought, and growing demand for food in developing economies like China and India. Figure 24. World Food Price Index (1990-2013) Source: FAOSTAT Online Database, available at, http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/wfshome/foodpricesindex/en/ 28 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Table 4 shows the top ten countries with the highest FPI in the period of 2000-11, using 2000 as the base year. As observed in the Table, most of the OIC Member Countries were considerably more affected than the other countries from different continents. On the other hand, the most important reason of the 2011 food prices increase is considered to be the instability in the Middle East and North Africa, and the climate change. The OIC Member Countries seem to be more affected from the 2011 food price increase. Table 4. Food Price Index in Some Countries and the World Country Guinea Yemen Mozambique Iraq Pakistan Sierra Leone Uganda Indonesia Egypt Gambia Mauritania Bangladesh Iran France Germany Greece Italy Japan Brazil Australia World (*) 2000 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 90,4 2001 2002 2003 124,6 115,7 121,2 141,4 110,7 132,3 148,8 2004 151,0 168,3 165,0 2005 206,9 199,9 173,9 101,8 105,9 108,6 100,0 96,6 92,5 106,7 108,5 120,2 121,2 101,1 105,3 112,3 99,3 117,2 141,2 106,5 111,3 117,9 100,8 103,4 110,1 106,6 124,0 145,9 105,1 107,8 110,2 104,6 105,3 105,2 105,0 110,5 116,1 104,1 107,9 111,3 99,4 98,6 98,4 106,7 117,0 140,8 106,6 110,4 114,4 93,4 89,9 97,7 120,2 120,1 111,4 128,3 100,0 164,0 131,2 118,3 164,8 110,9 104,8 116,7 113,7 99,3 146,5 117,1 112,4 132,1 137,6 126,1 140,3 105,1 169,2 149,3 127,8 186,3 111,0 105,3 117,4 113,7 97,8 151,0 120,0 117,3 2006 294,9 269,5 203,6 237,5 143,3 141,0 139,3 161,9 115,7 172,2 157,3 137,5 205,5 112,7 107,3 121,8 115,6 98,3 151,0 129,2 126,7 2007 378,9 317,9 224,6 270,4 158,8 159,3 142,8 180,4 130,6 185,8 173,9 151,9 100,0 114,3 110,5 125,7 119,0 98,6 161,3 132,3 158,7 2008 456,9 323,2 266,9 300,0 202,6 186,4 171,1 210,9 162,0 197,1 190,6 168,7 131,0 119,9 118,3 132,5 125,4 101,1 182,3 138,5 199,8 2009 489,4 331,4 285,6 323,0 229,6 203,2 213,9 225,7 188,1 207,4 195,5 177,9 146,5 120,4 116,8 135,0 127,7 101,3 192,9 143,6 156,9 2010 589,0 381,3 329,4 330,1 268,0 243,1 218,4 247,0 225,3 221,1 210,5 195,9 164,8 121,4 118,5 135,1 127,9 101,0 204,6 145,8 185,3 2011 750,2 372,8 340,1 306,7 295,7 289,0 268,1 260,2 235,3 223,9 221,0 207,8 123,7 121,8 139,3 131,1 100,6 222,7 152,9 227,6 Source: FAO, FAOSTAT and ILO, LABORSTA online databases (*) 2002-2004= 100 index In order to analyze food security aspect, the current situation of hunger and food supply in the OIC is stated in previous paragraphs. Another important issue in this regard is to monitor the future of food security in the OIC. To do this, it will be beneficial to examine the projections related to growth in population and food production. According to FAO’s estimates, the world population will reach to 9,3 billion by 2050 with a 32 percent increase between 2012-2050. However, the OIC population is being projected to 29 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 reach almost 2,7 billion with 66 percent increase which is approximately two fold of the projected world population growth rate. Figure 25 reveals the population projections growth index of the OIC, World, Americas, and Europe, by using 2012 as the base year. According to this Figure, while population growth of Americas is expected to be lower than the world average, Europe’s population is estimated to decline. Meanwhile the population of the OIC Member Countries is projected to have a high level growth. Figure 25. FAO Population Projections (2012-2050) Index (2012=100) 200 190 180 166 170 160 150 OIC 150 140 World 132 132 130 126 114 120 109 110 100 118 122 126 Americas Europe 116 108 100 90 101 100 99 97 2020 2030 2040 2050 80 2012 Source: FAO, FAOSTAT online database. Considering the figure of expected population growth, to adequately feed a global population at 2050, global food production should increase by seventy percent.28 In this context, production in the developing countries is required to be almost doubled. This implies significant increases in the production of several key commodities. Annual cereal production, for instance, would have to grow by almost one billion tones, meat production by over 200 million tones to a total of 470 million tons in 2050, 72 percent of which in the developing countries, up from the 58 percent today.29 On the other hand, it is seen from the projection that total cereals production which was 2.068 million tons/year in the period of 2005-2007 is estimated to reach 3 million tones by an increase of 46 percent in 2050. Similarly, meat production is projected to increase by 76,4 percent from 258 million tons to 453 million tons in 2050.30 FAO, 2012. FAO, 2009. 30 FAO, 2012. 28 29 30 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Additionally, it is estimated that although growth in production would slowdown in the world, agricultural production could be more than double in South Asia and nearly triple in sub-Saharan Africa by 2050.31 These projections mentioned briefly above reveals that despite the estimated high level population growth, the OIC Member Countries have a chance to ensure food security by enhancing productivity in agriculture. The Global Food Security Index, developed by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), is an important study to understand the food security situation for a lot of country. It considers the core issues of food affordability, availability, and quality across a set of 107 countries, 31 of which are the OIC Member Countries. The index is a dynamic quantitative and qualitative scoring model and is constructed from over 25 indicators that measure the drivers of food security across both developed and developing countries. While food security research is the focus of many organizations worldwide, this effort is distinct for two main reasons. First, the study looks beyond hunger to the underlying factors affecting food insecurity. Second, the study features a unique adjustment that measures the impact of recent shifts in food prices and income growth on a country’s ability to afford food. The adjustment factor is a top-level way of accounting for price shocks that might compromise or further degrade a country’s food security. This adjustment factor was incorporated into the model in October 2013.32 For the purpose of this index, food security is defined as the state in which people at all times have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs for a healthy and active life. The overall goal of the study is to understand which countries are most and least vulnerable to food insecurity through an examination of the three internationally recognized areas of assessment: Affordability, Availability, and Utilization.33 According to the index’s overall score, Saudi Arabia is the country that have the highest score with 66,4 among the OIC Member Countries. It is followed by Turkey, Malaysia and Tunisia with the scores of 63,8, 63,7 and 58,3 respectively. FAO, 2012. EIU, 2013. http://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com 33 EIU, 2013. http://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/ 31 32 31 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Figure 26. Top Five OIC Member Countries According to the Global Food Security Index Jordan Tunisia Malaysia Turkey Saudi Arabia 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Source: EIU, 2014. On the other hand, Sudan, Togo and Chad are included in the last ranks of the list with total scores of 25,6, 22,9 and 22,2 respectively. Figure 27. Last Five OIC Member Countries According to the Global Food Security Index Chad Togo Sudan Sierra Leone Yemen 0 5 10 15 20 Source: EIU, 2014. 32 25 30 35 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 3. Agricultural Cooperation under the COMCEC Agriculture is one of the most important cooperation areas of the COMCEC. It has been prioritized by the COMCEC Economic Summit held in November 2009 in İstanbul. The COMCEC Strategy, adopted by the 4th Extraordinary Islamic Summit held on 14-15 August 2012 in Makkah, has also determined agriculture as one of the six cooperation areas of the COMCEC. The COMCEC Strategy sets the “Increasing the productivity of agricultural sector and sustaining food security in the COMCEC region” as its strategic objective. The COMCEC Strategy also highlights the common challenges of the agriculture sector in the COMCEC Region, among others, as the following: Low level of agricultural productivity, Lack of appropriate legal and regulatory framework, Low agro-industry investments, Poor basic infrastructure and related services Low level of agricultural mechanization, Low level of research and development activities, Lack of reliable and up-to-date data In order to address these challenges, the COMCEC Strategy, in its Agriculture Section, identifies four Output Areas (Increasing Productivity, Regulatory Framework and Institutional Capacity, Reliable and Up-to-date Data and Market Performance) as well as specific expected outcomes under them. In addition, this Outlook prepared by the COMCEC Coordination Office elaborately sets out some problems of the OIC agriculture with a view to display the situation in the OIC Member Countries. The Outlook highlights that the challenges facing the OIC need to be determined accurately and extensively. In this respect, in order to contribute to development of the OIC Agriculture sector, it is crucial to initiate projects and programmes to reach the expected outcomes determined in accordance with the aforementioned challenges. With the purpose of realizing the objectives and the expected outcomes of the cooperation areas, a Working Group (WG) has been formed under each cooperation area. The COMCEC Agriculture Working Group has been established to achieve the objectives of the COMCEC Strategy in this context. Within the framework of the Strategy, the COMCEC Agriculture Working Group provides a regular platform for the member country experts to discuss their common issues, concerns and problems as well as to share experiences and good practices. Moreover, the Agriculture Working Group serves in developing a common understanding and approximating policies among the member countries in this crucial sector. In this respect, the first meeting of the Agriculture WG was held on 6th June 2013 with the theme of “Increasing Agricultural Productivity in the COMCEC Region: Improving Irrigation Capacity.”. The second meeting was also held on 19th December 2013 with the theme of "Encouraging Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) in the COMCEC Region for Increasing Agricultural Productivity." Furthermore, the third meeting Agriculture WG will be held on April 3rd, 2014 in Ankara with the theme of “Improving the Statistical Capacity of the Agriculture Sector in the COMCEC Region.” 33 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 The members of the Agriculture Working Group also have the chance to propose multilateral cooperation projects within the framework of the new COMCEC Project Cycle Management which is another important instrument introduced by the Strategy. The projects to be financed under the COMCEC PCM would aim multilateral cooperation and be designed in accordance with the objectives and the expected outcomes defined by the Strategy in its Agriculture section. There are also ongoing activities in the field of Agriculture under the auspices of the COMCEC. Till now, six Ministerial Meetings on Agriculture have been held. The 6th Ministerial Meeting on Agriculture was held on 3-5 October 2011 in Istanbul, Turkey, with the theme of “Food Security: Agricultural Development and Access to Food and Nutrition in OIC Countries”. The Meeting highlighted the importance of exchanging knowledge and experience and developing technical cooperation, capacity building and training programs among the member countries. Furthermore, the other activities which have been held in recent years in the field of Agriculture under the COMCEC are as the following: Experts Group Meeting on Achieving Food Security in OIC Member Countries in Post Crisis World (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 2-3 May 2010), IDB Symposium on Achieving Food Security in Member Countries (Baku, Azerbaijan 23 June 2010), Workshop on Agriculture and Rural Development (Antalya, Turkey 16-18 September 2010), Meeting of High Level Officials/Experts of the OIC Member States on Food Security (İzmir, Turkey 28-29 September 2010), Exchange of Views Session of the 26th meeting of the COMCEC on Agriculture and Rural Development (İstanbul, Turkey 5-8 October 2010) Another important activity in this field was the organization of the Workshop on “Enhancing the Capacity of the Member States in Wheat Production” by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock of the Republic of Turkey and the COMCEC Coordination Office on 15-16 January 2013 in İzmir, Turkey. The workshop, among others, has highlighted the following34: Enhancing institutional and human capacity in the member states for increasing wheat production in the COMCEC Region. Improving the cooperation and communication among the agricultural research centers of the member countries. Conducting joint research programs and projects in wheat production. Improving data collection, compilation, and processing capacity of the member states. The Report of the Workshop on “Enhancing Wheat Production in the Member Countries”. (Available in the COMCEC Web Site (www.comcec.org) 34 34 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Encouraging investments and developing joint investment programs and projects. Introducing new varieties in wheat production for increasing productivity. Furthermore, the COMCEC has prepared a Framework Document for Cooperation in Agriculture, Rural Development and Food Security in the OIC Member States and submitted it to the 28th Session of the COMCEC held in October, 2012. The Framework Document identifies low productivity, inefficient use of water resources and agricultural machinery and technologies, low levels of agricultural investments, poor market performance, deregulation policies and inadequate agricultural planning and strategy making, lack of reliable and up-to-date data, lack of effective governance and poor risk management of natural disasters as the major constraints and challenges of agricultural sector in the COMCEC Region. In order to address these challenges, the Framework Document envisages enhancing agricultural productivity, increasing efficiency of agricultural commodity markets, ensuring food security and information sharing and networking as the themes for intra COMCEC cooperation. 35 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 4. Conclusion Due to high level of agricultural population constituting 35 percent of total OIC population and the importance of agriculture for most of the economies of its Members, the OIC Region as a whole can be considered as agricultural based economy with some exceptions at sub-regional levels. The OIC agriculture production is below the world average in general. The main reasons for this are the ongoing challenges such as the scarcity of water resources, inadequate agricultural investments and infrastructure, the lack of agricultural machinery and utilization of modern technologies, climate change and the fluctuations in the world economy. Agricultural labor productivity and yield are also quite low in the OIC Member Countries. Moreover, millions of people in the Member Countries are facing undernourishment. The situation of agriculture sector in the OIC region substantially differs in its subregions and at country levels. On the one hand, there are countries having a well performing agriculture sector, on the other hand, there are many countries which have considerable structural challenges and problems in their agriculture sector mainly arising from the agroecological conditions, different land and water resources in terms of quantity and quality, lack of a modern agricultural infrastructure and inefficient input utilization. Notwithstanding the structural issues mentioned above, the OIC Member countries have also a great potential in agriculture sector especially for cross country investments. On the other hand, as the global demand for quality food is increasing, along with efforts for increasing quantity, quality related issues also need to be addressed adequately. Among others, organic farming, Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), prevention of post-harvest losses, wastage and extravagance, ensuring mid-long term sustainability and introducing agriculture production systems commensurate with agro ecological conditions of the country should be given special emphasis in agricultural planning. Especially, the percentage of post-harvest losses is quite high in most of the OIC countries. Nonetheless, with simple measures, basic infrastructure and training, these losses will be decreased substantially which will, in turn, increase the availability of food to a great extent. Furthermore, while water scarcity is a major problem in various parts of the OIC, even in arid or semi-arid areas some specialty crops and medicinal plants can be grown. With careful planning based on detailed studies and required allocations at national level and enhancing regional cooperation, experience sharing and mobilizing resources at international level, the challenges mentioned throughout the Outlook can be addressed to a great extent. In this framework, the COMCEC Project Cycle Management which offers grants for capacity building and experience sharing projects should be used efficiently. 36 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 REFERENCES ALPAY, S., ATLAMAZ, M. and BAKIMLI E., Trade among OIC Countries: Limits of Islamic Solidarity, Insight Turkey Vol. 13 / No. 2 / 2011 pp. 145-170. BERVIDOVA, L., Labor Productivity as a factor of sustainable development of the CR agriculture, AGRIC. ECON., 48, Bervidova, L. (2002). Labour Productivity as a Factor of Sustainable Economic Development of the Czech Republic Agriculture. In Agric. Econ. 48, (2): 55-59, 2002. 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IDB, Fostering Intra-OIC FDI in the Agriculture Sector, Areef Suleman Isma’eel Ibrahim Na’iya, OCCASIONAL PAPER No. 14, May 2009. IFPRI, Global Hunger Index The Challenge of Hunger: Ensuring Sustainable Food Security Under Land, Water, and energy Stresses, 2012. NAYAK, P. and BHATTACHARJEE, P.R., Agricultural Growth and Price Fluctuation Luctuations: A Case Study of Production and Prices of Potato in Tripura, General Economics and Teaching 0509010, EconWPA, 2005. POLYZOS, S., The productivity of labor and the spatial economic inequalities, Review of Working Relations. 25, 29-49, Greek, 2003. POLYZOS, S. and ARABATZIS, G., Labor Productivity of the Agricultural Sector in Greece: Determinant Factors and Interregional Differences Analysis, Discussion Paper Series, 11(12): 209-226, 2005. 37 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 SESRIC, Agricultural Productivity in OIC Member Countries, 2009. SESRIC, Global Food Crisis: Impact on Food Security & Malnutrition in the OIC Member States, 2010a. SESRIC, Annual Economic Report on the OIC Countries 2010, 2010b. SESRIC, Agriculture and Food Security in OIC Member Countries, 2013. WORLDBAK, Global Agricultural Trades and Developing Countries, ed. AKSOY M. A., and BEGHIN, J. C., 2005. 38 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 ANNEXES Annex 1. Classification of the OIC Member Countries by Sub-Region African Group Arab Group Asian Group Benin Algeria Afghanistan Burkina Faso Bahreyn Albania Cameroon Comoros Azerbaijan Chad Djibouti Bangladesh Cote d'Ivoire Egypt Brunei Gabon Iraq Indonesia Gambia Jordan Iran Guinea Kuwait Kazakhstan Guinea-Bissau Lebanon Kyrgyz Republic Mali Libya Malaysia Mozambique Mauritania Maldives Niger Morocco Pakistan Nigeria Oman Tajikistan Senegal Palestine Turkey Sierra Leone Qatar Turkmenistan Togo Saudi Arabia Uzbekistan Uganda Somalia Guyana Sudan Suriname Syria Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen 39 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Annex 2. Agricultural GDP in the OIC by Country and Sub-Region (1990-2012, %) Country African Group Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Cote d'Ivoire Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Mali Mozambique Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Uganda Arab Group Algeria Bahreyn Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palastine Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan Syria Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen Asian Group Afghanistan Albania Azerbaijan Bangladesh Brunei Indonesia Iran Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Malaysia Maldives Pakistan Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Guyana Suriname OIC 1990 14,00 0,34 0,46 1,30 0,29 1,86 0,16 0,07 0,32 0,14 0,61 0,54 0,47 5,56 0,57 0,21 0,29 0,80 25,21 3,71 0,02 0,05 0,01 3,44 2,75 0,15 0,09 0,13 1,25 0,39 2,82 0,17 0,13 0,03 3,55 0,37 2,77 1,67 0,96 0,28 0,45 60,80 0,69 0,47 0,94 4,90 0,02 11,72 8,42 5,39 0,46 3,69 0,01 6,96 0,42 13,41 0,52 2,60 0,10 0,07 1995 11,68 0,35 0,36 0,96 0,24 1,31 0,13 0,08 0,51 0,20 0,44 0,37 0,30 4,50 0,41 0,26 0,24 1,04 23,33 1,99 0,02 0,05 0,01 5,08 0,37 0,12 0,05 0,66 1,02 0,34 2,70 0,19 0,19 0,04 4,06 0,34 2,30 1,84 0,92 0,57 0,49 64,99 1,02 0,65 0,38 5,00 0,03 16,60 9,64 1,23 0,29 5,75 0,02 9,60 0,20 12,30 0,17 1,82 0,16 0,12 2000 12,74 0,41 0,41 0,95 0,28 1,28 0,11 0,10 0,34 0,10 0,45 0,45 0,34 5,89 0,40 0,20 0,23 0,81 27,32 2,31 0,03 0,05 0,01 6,24 0,49 0,09 0,07 0,54 1,34 0,22 2,47 0,20 0,21 0,03 4,68 0,56 2,43 2,44 1,08 1,18 0,66 59,94 1,01 0,43 0,43 6,08 0,03 12,92 6,85 0,75 0,24 4,14 0,02 10,52 0,11 13,50 0,57 2,08 0,14 0,12 2005 19,73 0,47 0,64 1,05 0,40 1,28 0,11 0,06 0,22 0,09 0,63 0,53 0,47 12,04 0,42 0,27 0,27 0,80 24,23 2,60 0,02 0,07 0,01 4,27 1,14 0,11 0,08 0,38 0,37 0,20 2,60 0,16 0,08 0,02 3,38 0,40 4,02 1,91 0,98 0,83 0,60 56,04 0,75 0,50 0,40 3,99 0,03 12,42 6,22 1,21 0,23 3,93 0,03 8,90 0,16 14,96 0,86 1,25 0,10 0,08 2010 19,08 0,38 0,53 0,92 0,33 1,09 0,08 0,05 0,23 0,07 0,62 0,47 0,42 12,37 0,36 0,25 0,23 0,67 21,88 2,44 0,01 0,05 0,01 5,16 1,29 0,14 0,04 0,32 0,36 0,13 2,27 0,13 0,08 0,03 2,02 0,10 3,45 2,15 0,60 0,44 0,67 59,04 0,80 0,39 0,53 3,51 0,02 19,54 7,61 1,20 0,15 4,62 0,01 7,33 0,20 11,13 0,57 1,28 0,06 0,07 2012 19,97 0,38 0,52 0,87 0,27 1,04 0,09 0,03 0,22 0,06 0,61 0,63 0,40 13,21 0,32 0,30 0,25 0,76 21,35 2,75 0,02 0,05 0,01 5,56 1,03 0,13 0,08 0,33 0,34 0,13 1,98 0,13 0,08 0,03 2,05 0,11 3,27 1,51 0,59 0,44 0,73 58,68 0,90 0,35 0,55 3,21 0,02 19,58 7,88 1,31 0,17 4,73 0,01 7,84 0,24 9,60 0,70 1,44 0,07 0,06 100 100 100 100 100 100 Source: Calculated Using FAO online database (FAOSTAT), 2014. 40 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Annex 3. Agricultural GDP in the OIC by Country and Sub-Region (1990-2012, Billion US Dollars) Source: Calculated Using FAO online database (FAOSTAT), 2014. 41 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Annex 4. Agricultural Commodity Import (Thousand US Dollars) Country African Group Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Cote d'Ivoire Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Mali Mozambique Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Uganda Arab Group Algeria Bahreyn Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palastine Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan (1) Syria Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen Asian Group Afghanistan Albania Azerbaijan Bangladesh Brunei Indonesia Iran Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Malaysia Maldives Pakistan Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Guyana Suriname OIC World 1990 2.950.333 114.187 97.511 257.017 31.880 423.254 106.334 64.937 119.784 23.410 115.464 211.628 127.828 561.041 446.690 105.202 116.087 28.079 20.501.484 2.452.982 283.093 17.191 81.000 3.075.563 1.851.593 723.061 571.234 717.855 1.301.831 135.515 799.263 488.038 22.900 295.379 3.541.915 82.238 236.546 768.193 653.087 1.693.334 709.673 11.462.567 213.889 115.420 37.187 52.100 1995 3.969.612 160.040 182.418 163.846 52.940 444.086 159.531 82.901 246.979 31.747 113.406 276.780 107.440 1.130.896 447.985 135.344 70.296 162.977 26.012.714 3.212.314 326.257 29.829 98.076 3.369.597 1.063.208 807.430 1.208.855 1.178.805 1.270.652 120.449 1.825.388 842.249 310.460 329.315 4.482.126 84.316 258.585 780.338 1.074.821 2.459.462 880.182 22.250.505 191.382 179.625 279.192 1.078.641 214.799 4.883.872 3.626.094 498.466 107.854 3.877.057 60.639 2.425.587 181.646 3.605.277 176.809 747.952 58.495 57.118 2000 3.710.667 176.031 173.448 241.297 42.021 360.473 172.309 71.691 150.919 43.084 110.132 226.417 115.325 1.129.299 403.649 114.780 46.635 133.157 27.898.884 2.592.360 421.739 15.635 139.919 3.532.321 1.921.113 840.294 1.249.482 1.088.435 1.205.802 167.720 1.668.368 1.056.522 528.801 396.417 5.389.235 136.819 442.240 863.195 755.719 2.693.229 793.519 19.818.234 288.951 236.630 213.205 1.684.434 191.245 4.054.469 2.918.207 445.136 81.708 3.792.049 77.264 1.794.753 125.830 3.231.090 105.323 387.282 81.745 108.913 2005 7.575.427 257.658 248.870 458.560 85.526 714.546 276.540 155.809 268.606 56.711 255.915 454.080 264.746 2.625.155 882.445 113.537 90.416 366.307 39.611.229 3.922.377 641.934 41.310 208.848 4.009.324 3.047.406 1.402.495 1.475.685 1.370.373 1.267.786 174.065 2.303.027 1.053.043 537.002 696.172 8.605.383 263.704 851.384 1.605.451 1.171.283 3.648.288 1.314.889 29.313.990 816.045 446.863 453.929 2.567.171 294.972 5.191.610 3.245.070 1.278.493 190.866 5.982.090 113.809 2.893.697 257.569 4.842.319 112.910 381.834 118.777 125.966 2010 13.511.238 459.882 306.937 743.723 163.802 1.283.958 457.314 178.951 422.906 90.744 395.184 800.683 350.829 5.638.214 1.219.835 184.641 230.010 583.625 83.285.194 6.222.806 1.221.196 74.479 477.406 11.736.953 6.080.974 2.425.400 2.248.721 2.732.143 2.230.580 341.656 4.180.047 2.347.905 534.551 1.924.077 16.452.323 376.354 1.723.751 3.714.219 2.137.682 11.487.095 2.614.876 64.276.192 1.137.742 807.655 1.222.996 5.715.076 348.066 12.474.853 9.137.309 2.166.208 548.825 14.080.149 235.617 4.518.598 475.986 9.871.917 274.413 838.579 214.323 207.880 2011 16.630.797 878.451 397.220 981.450 162.043 1.438.855 597.576 135.110 502.064 104.737 483.567 941.093 304.154 6.899.254 1.601.387 263.329 172.998 767.509 102.185.125 10.789.342 1.479.519 68.117 787.294 14.686.163 7.061.240 2.898.119 2.868.125 3.042.981 2.534.057 355.495 5.286.521 2.566.247 496.451 1.303.759 19.492.724 650.068 2.282.508 3.814.962 2.771.952 13.780.101 3.169.380 86.414.492 1.669.632 876.491 1.372.260 7.373.491 384.555 18.338.684 10.171.414 3.920.497 701.078 18.579.490 281.534 6.355.761 531.186 13.748.485 340.297 1.293.162 243.603 232.872 34.914.384 351.543.296 52.232.831 461.064.814 51.427.785 433.182.050 76.500.646 679.634.194 161.072.624 1.103.957.517 205.230.414 1.350.733.385 767.334 179.456 1.591.058 2.676.062 2.136.604 32.230 1.399.080 2.262.147 Source: FAO online database (FAOSTAT), 2014. 42 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Annex 5. Agricultural Commodity Export (Thousand US Dollars) Country African Group Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Cote d'Ivoire Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Mali Mozambique Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Uganda Arab Group Algeria Bahreyn Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palastine Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan (1) Syria Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen Asian Group Afghanistan Albania Azerbaijan Bangladesh Brunei Indonesia Iran Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Malaysia Maldives Pakistan Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Guyana Suriname OIC World 1990 3.671.004 84.365 116.356 553.614 134.435 1.613.415 3.350 14.357 26.561 13.313 250.635 41.439 61.773 228.226 218.656 18.101 119.544 172.864 4.395.246 50.179 4.667 10.763 8.700 427.026 59.841 111.009 42.858 123.040 62.598 43.716 646.682 50.036 0 4.170 362.172 73.992 549.756 740.415 282.451 667.373 73.802 12.287.712 149.420 98.315 160.130 9.313 2.802.390 456.585 4.359.970 2 986.746 3.119.982 107.045 37.814 1995 4.795.172 204.197 37.147 560.211 167.883 2.178.684 9.349 15.529 71.363 21.470 270.326 55.768 62.555 408.361 115.280 14.505 127.064 475.480 5.379.884 107.806 105.064 6.846 4.559 536.117 6.995 226.985 33.345 101.547 58.429 48.102 780.448 239.510 44.425 16.857 457.228 114.032 498.199 750.577 467.698 699.231 75.884 24.066.578 54.646 14.595 37.112 130.200 8.888 5.492.688 1.078.093 660.601 135.410 8.227.642 0 1.017.725 202.940 4.300.912 474.564 1.985.844 199.746 44.972 2000 4.046.161 176.955 113.078 364.336 128.259 1.911.178 10.648 13.203 30.338 51.425 253.940 61.993 86.659 339.387 162.290 4.856 77.516 260.100 5.243.458 32.703 33.082 6.379 3.492 518.138 6.245 294.321 53.650 138.259 55.389 13.113 694.680 335.207 79.921 8.853 476.013 109.542 407.542 657.937 428.944 822.045 68.003 18.969.823 49.345 22.693 50.582 99.359 592 4.946.439 1.032.270 703.745 93.848 5.820.951 75 1.069.340 122.636 3.620.535 168.942 933.447 180.137 54.887 2005 6.341.947 261.649 275.704 603.642 100.537 3.020.844 43.187 17.299 72.507 86.167 321.530 140.097 69.159 654.226 149.143 15.057 95.234 415.965 10.478.404 95.039 46.580 12.837 15.908 1.168.984 30.155 652.381 56.973 291.877 7.004 15.824 1.353.134 418.256 53.448 30.970 1.252.763 111.705 513.783 848.368 962.792 2.396.113 143.510 36.937.626 82.145 40.639 362.355 203.630 1.280 10.938.369 2.096.042 801.390 130.096 10.778.968 10 1.697.803 197.243 7.705.943 180.442 1.516.633 176.574 28.064 2010 11.497.946 601.166 364.015 1.120.389 68.955 5.638.346 48.955 27.943 101.242 57.865 210.490 449.682 168.345 1.143.994 345.690 31.374 279.817 839.678 18.443.259 124.586 292.875 12.387 80.006 2.713.895 40.659 1.112.810 126.917 518.056 7.161 43.002 1.962.373 804.160 54.266 20.767 2.992.282 164.202 459.722 2.562.377 1.160.021 3.046.877 143.858 82.862.987 271.661 60.953 602.188 364.948 1.135 30.722.359 5.402.291 1.876.268 220.615 25.912.684 3 3.446.851 228.557 11.799.731 218.897 1.293.242 353.157 87.447 2011 14.131.325 710.513 477.874 1.105.986 80.891 6.613.446 84.436 24.506 180.244 209.103 323.358 575.867 123.120 1.551.308 503.901 35.236 351.208 1.180.328 21.314.567 352.654 417.624 22.053 63.601 5.194.233 57.974 1.256.688 153.223 580.930 5.262 26.825 2.182.062 921.107 53.206 28.480 3.482.995 266.176 521.698 948.111 1.620.193 2.862.721 296.751 107.660.745 242.962 84.355 727.070 474.461 3.119 41.867.553 4.847.022 1.840.852 261.696 35.709.575 0 5.181.303 170.642 14.228.577 165.578 1.378.395 379.851 97.734 20.353.962 34.241.634 28.259.442 53.757.977 112.804.192 143.106.637 325.565.249 442.901.899 410.984.483 653.297.989 1.080.036.546 1.313.940.192 Source: FAO online database (FAOSTAT), 2014. 43 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Annex 6. Agricultural Commodity Trade Balance in the OIC Member Countries Country African Group Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Cote d'Ivoire Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Mali Mozambique Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Uganda Arab Group Algeria Bahreyn Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palastine Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan (1) Syria Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen Asian Group Afghanistan Albania Azerbaijan Bangladesh Brunei Indonesia Iran Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Malaysia Maldives Pakistan Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Guyana Suriname OIC Worl d 1990 720.671 -29.822 18.845 296.597 102.555 1.190.161 -102.984 -50.580 -93.223 -10.097 135.171 -170.189 -66.055 -332.815 -228.034 -87.101 3.457 144.785 -16.106.238 -2.402.803 -278.426 -6.428 -72.300 -2.648.537 -1.791.752 -612.052 -528.376 -594.815 -1.239.233 -91.799 -152.581 -438.002 -22.900 -291.209 -3.179.743 -8.246 313.210 -27.778 -370.636 -1.025.961 -635.871 825.145 -64.469 -17.105 0 -607.204 -170.143 1.211.332 -2.219.477 0 0 2.223.366 -32.228 -412.334 0 857.835 0 0 69.858 -14.286 1995 825.560 44.157 -145.271 396.365 114.943 1.734.598 -150.182 -67.372 -175.616 -10.277 156.920 -221.012 -44.885 -722.535 -332.705 -120.839 56.768 312.503 -20.632.830 -3.104.508 -221.193 -22.983 -93.517 -2.833.480 -1.056.213 -580.445 -1.175.510 -1.077.258 -1.212.223 -72.347 -1.044.940 -602.739 -266.035 -312.458 -4.024.898 29.716 239.614 -29.761 -607.123 -1.760.231 -804.298 1.816.073 -136.736 -165.030 -242.080 -948.441 -205.911 608.816 -2.548.001 162.135 27.556 4.350.585 -60.639 -1.407.862 21.294 695.635 297.755 1.237.892 141.251 -12.146 2000 335.494 924 -60.370 123.039 86.238 1.550.705 -161.661 -58.488 -120.581 8.341 143.808 -164.424 -28.666 -789.912 -241.359 -109.924 30.881 126.943 -22.655.426 -2.559.657 -388.657 -9.256 -136.427 -3.014.183 -1.914.868 -545.973 -1.195.832 -950.176 -1.150.413 -154.607 -973.688 -721.315 -448.880 -387.564 -4.913.222 -27.277 -34.698 -205.258 -326.775 -1.871.184 -725.516 -848.411 -239.606 -213.937 -162.623 -1.585.075 -190.653 891.970 -1.885.937 258.609 12.140 2.028.902 -77.189 -725.413 -3.194 389.445 63.619 546.165 98.392 -54.026 2005 -1.233.480 3.991 26.834 145.082 15.011 2.306.298 -233.353 -138.510 -196.099 29.456 65.615 -313.983 -195.587 -1.970.929 -733.302 -98.480 4.818 49.658 -29.132.825 -3.827.338 -595.354 -28.473 -192.940 -2.840.340 -3.017.251 -750.114 -1.418.712 -1.078.496 -1.260.782 -158.241 -949.893 -634.787 -483.554 -665.202 -7.352.620 -151.999 -337.601 -757.083 -208.491 -1.252.175 -1.171.379 7.623.636 -733.900 -406.224 -91.574 -2.363.541 -293.692 5.746.759 -1.149.028 -477.103 -60.770 4.796.878 -113.799 -1.195.894 -60.326 2.863.624 67.532 1.134.799 57.797 -97.902 2010 -2.013.292 141.284 57.078 376.666 -94.847 4.354.388 -408.359 -151.008 -321.664 -32.879 -184.694 -351.001 -182.484 -4.494.220 -874.145 -153.267 49.807 256.053 -64.841.935 -6.098.220 -928.321 -62.092 -397.400 -9.023.058 -6.040.315 -1.312.590 -2.121.804 -2.214.087 -2.223.419 -298.654 -2.217.674 -1.543.745 -480.285 -1.903.310 -13.460.041 -212.152 -1.264.029 -1.151.842 -977.661 -8.440.218 -2.471.018 18.586.795 -866.081 -746.702 -620.808 -5.350.128 -346.931 18.247.506 -3.735.018 -289.940 -328.210 11.832.535 -235.614 -1.071.747 -247.429 1.927.814 -55.516 454.663 138.834 -120.433 2011 -2.499.472 -167.938 80.654 124.536 -81.152 5.174.591 -513.140 -110.604 -321.820 104.366 -160.209 -365.226 -181.034 -5.347.946 -1.097.486 -228.093 178.210 412.819 -80.870.558 -10.436.688 -1.061.895 -46.064 -723.693 -9.491.930 -7.003.266 -1.641.431 -2.714.902 -2.462.051 -2.528.795 -328.670 -3.104.459 -1.645.140 -443.245 -1.275.279 -16.009.729 -383.892 -1.760.810 -2.866.851 -1.151.759 -10.917.380 -2.872.629 21.246.253 -1.426.670 -792.136 -645.190 -6.899.030 -381.436 23.528.869 -5.324.392 -2.079.645 -439.382 17.130.085 -281.534 -1.174.458 -360.544 480.092 -174.719 85.233 136.248 -135.138 -14.560.422 -17.991.197 -23.168.343 -22.742.669 -48.268.432 -62.123.777 325.565.249 442.901.899 410.984.483 653.297.989 1.080.036.546 1.313.940.192 Source: Calculated using FAO online database (FAOSTAT), 2014. 44 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Annex 7. Agricultural Labor Productivity in the OIC Member Countries (US Dollar Per Economically Active Worker in Agriculture) Country African Group Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Cote d'Ivoire Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Mali Mozambique Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Uganda Arab Group Algeria Bahreyn Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palastine Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan Syria Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen Asian Group Afghanistan Albania Azerbaijan Bangladesh Brunei Indonesia Iran Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Malaysia Maldives Pakistan Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Guyana Suriname 1990 541 584 234 795 291 1.307 1.423 402 256 802 589 194 390 827 465 371 604 226 1.920 3.672 8.979 748 66 999 8.298 2.781 18.104 3.600 18.544 1.712 1.630 1.220 1.907 8.242 6.941 374 1.015 3.306 2.773 7.352 633 866 462 970 3.273 4.545 2000 437 595 163 546 233 864 1.029 417 203 530 375 127 217 943 269 380 411 193 1.985 1.692 19.253 573 73 1.961 1.817 1.445 12.151 22.305 25.839 780 1.458 1.378 3.341 16.552 14.152 548 779 4.359 2.842 27.134 693 937 449 1.379 873 382 61.478 532 2.371 1.133 863 4.467 2.032 1.121 354 2.946 1.805 1.576 5.242 7.975 2012 1.818 1.505 458 1.584 574 2.406 3.302 313 348 812 1.231 451 571 6.959 513 1.429 1.235 425 4.592 5.585 24.373 1.401 155 5.485 15.699 7.740 34.627 85.254 34.635 1.095 4.366 2.693 4.612 21.998 28.264 271 2.887 7.268 4.732 19.596 1.999 2.777 907 3.699 3.247 653 #SAYI/0! 2.565 7.783 7.273 2.245 19.677 4.085 1.991 2.014 7.917 6.306 3.469 9.543 12.571 OIC Worl d 922 1.012 935 888 2.720 2.307 301 17.006 515 3.151 3.599 1.035 873 2.444 Source: Calculated using FAO online database (FAOSTAT), 2014. 45 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Annex 8. Land Use in OIC the Member Countries Country African Group Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Cote d'Ivoire Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Mali Mozambique Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Uganda Arab Group Algeria Bahreyn Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palastine Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan Syria Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen Asian Group Afghanistan Albania Azerbaijan Bangladesh Brunei Indonesia Iran Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Malaysia Maldives Pakistan Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Guyana Suriname TOTAL Land area Agricultural Area Arable Land Permanent Crops Permanent Meadows and Pastures 768.029 11.276 27.360 47.271 125.920 31.800 25.767 1.012 24.572 2.812 122.019 78.638 126.670 91.077 19.253 7.162 5.439 19.981 1.375.383 238.174 76 186 2.318 99.545 43.432 8.878 1.782 1.023 175.954 103.070 44.630 30.950 1.045 1.161 214.969 62.734 250.400 18.363 15.536 8.360 52.797 1.048.685 65.223 2.740 8.266 13.017 527 181.157 162.855 269.970 19.180 32.855 30 77.088 13.996 76.963 46.993 42.540 19.685 15.600 358.597 3.430 11.765 9.600 49.932 20.500 5.160 615 14.240 1.630 41.621 49.400 43.782 76.200 9.505 3.435 3.720 14.062 531.822 41.383 13.363 155 1.702 3.665 8.210 1.003 152 638 15.585 39.711 30.104 1.771 367 66 173.355 44.129 108.679 13.864 10.072 397 23.452 529.712 37.910 1.201 4.769 9.128 14.916 54.500 48.957 209.115 10.609 7.870 7 26.550 4.855 38.247 32.660 26.660 1.677 82 103.416 2.580 5.700 6.200 4.900 2.900 325 450 2.850 300 6.861 5.200 14.940 36.000 3.850 1.100 2.510 6.750 54.984 7.510 4 82 2 2.870 4.000 176 11 112 1.750 450 7.944 32 100 14 3.110 1.100 17.056 4.611 2.839 51 1.161 134.867 7.791 622 1.886 7.628 3 23.500 17.541 24.035 1.276 1.800 3 20.714 850 20.539 1.900 4.300 420 59 13.492 300 65 1.400 32 4.400 170 5 690 250 120 200 60 3.200 55 135 210 2.200 8.079 910 3 58 795 210 85 5 126 335 11 1.160 39 117 2 245 29 169 1.054 2.394 42 291 33.670 119 74 227 900 5 20.000 1.892 80 75 5.785 3 836 130 3.091 60 360 27 6 4.000 742 136 400 13.500 39.250 21.000 1.700 150 50 170.000 43.000 91.454 8.199 4.839 305 22.000 346.271 30.000 505 2.656 600 3 11.000 29.524 185.000 9.258 285 1 5.000 3.875 14.617 30.700 22.000 1.230 17 3.192.097 1.420.131 293.266 55.241 1.043.367 Source: FAO online database (FAOSTAT), 2014. 46 241.689 550 6.000 2.000 45.000 13.200 4.665 160 10.700 1.080 34.640 44.000 28.782 37.000 5.600 2.200 1.000 5.112 455.407 32.963 4 15 1.700 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Annex 9. Total Renewable Water in the OIC Member Countries (2011, km3) African Group Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Cote d'Ivoire Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Mali Mozambique Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Uganda 1.526 Arab Group 315 Asian Group 26 Algeria 13 Bahrain 12 Afghanistan 0 Albania 65 286 Comoros 43 Djibouti 1 Azerbaijan 0 Bangladesh 35 81 Egypt 164 Iraq 57 Brunei 90 Indonesia 8 Jordan 226 Kuwait 1 Iran 0 Kazakhstan 31 Lebanon 100 Libya 5 Kyrgyz Republic 1 Malaysia 217 Mauritania 18 Morocco 5.053 42 1.227 9 1.911 137 108 24 580 11 Maldives 29 Pakistan 34 Oman 39 Qatar 0 247 1 Tajikistan 0 Turkey 160 Palestine 15 Saudi Arabia 22 212 1 Turkmenistan 2 Uzbekistan 66 Sudan 25 49 65 Guyana 241 Togo 15 Suriname 122 Syria 17 OIC 6.893 Tunisia 5 Africa 5.559 UAE 0 Asia 15.241 Yemen 2 America 24.362 Europe Oceania 11.404 892 WORLD 57.458 Source: FAO, online databases AQUASTAT, 2014. 47 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Annex 10. Long Term Precipitation in the OIC Member Countries African Group 19.131 Arab Group 5.008 Asian Group Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad 1.039 Algeria 748 Bahrain 900 Azerbaijan 322 Djibouti 220 Bangladesh 1.348 Egypt Gabon 1.831 Iraq Gambia 836 Jordan Guinea Guinea-Bissau Mozambique Niger 83 Albania 1.604 Comoros Cote d'Ivoire Mali 89 Afghanistan 51 Brunei 216 Indonesia 23.070 327 1.485 447 2.666 2.722 2.702 111 Iran 228 1.651 Kuwait 121 Kazakhstan 250 1.577 Lebanon 661 Kyrgyz Republic 533 282 Libya 1.032 Mauritania 151 Morocco Nigeria 1.150 Oman Senegal 686 Qatar Sierra Leone 2.526 Palestine Togo 1.168 Saudi Arabia Uganda 1.180 Somalia 56 Malaysia 2.875 92 Maldives 1.972 346 Pakistan 494 125 Tajikistan 691 74 Turkey 402 Turkmenistan 59 Uzbekistan 593 161 206 282 Guyana 2.387 Sudan 416 Suriname 2.331 Syria 252 OIC 47.209 Tunisia 207 WORLD 205.699 UAE 78 Yemen 167 Source: FAO, online databases AQUASTAT, 2014. 48 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Annex 11. Fertilizer Consumption in the OIC (kg/ha) Country 2002 African Group 4,5 Benin 14,8 Burkina Faso 0,4 Cameroon 8,1 Chad Cote d'Ivoire 13,2 Gabon 5,6 Gambia 0,0 Guinea 0,8 Guinea-Bissau Mali 0,0 Mozambique 5,7 Niger 0,6 Nigeria 4,4 Senegal 11,6 Sierra Leone Togo 4,9 Uganda 1,0 Arab Group 51,1 Algeria 8,9 Bahreyn 3.447,9 Comoros Djibouti Egypt 370,9 Iraq 0,0 Jordan 1.095,9 Kuwait 1.410,7 Lebanon 171,7 Libya 56,0 Mauritania Morocco 59,3 Oman 161,7 Palastine Qatar 35,2 Saudi Arabia 53,6 Somalia Sudan Syria 57,9 Tunisia 14,2 United Arab Emirates 189,5 Yemen 7,0 Asian Group 71,1 Afghanistan 3,4 Albania 80,4 Azerbaijan 9,3 Bangladesh 177,9 Brunei 96,0 Indonesia 69,6 Iran 72,4 Kazakhstan 1,0 Kyrgyz Republic 6,6 Malaysia 143,1 Maldives 1,6 Pakistan 136,6 Tajikistan 0,0 Turkey 65,7 Turkmenistan Uzbekistan 0,0 Guyana 31,2 Suriname 79,8 OIC Worl d 46,9 79,3 2003 4,8 0,7 10,3 6,8 2004 7,0 0,0 12,4 9,2 2005 5,8 0,4 15,1 6,7 2006 6,8 0,0 13,2 7,5 12,6 3,6 5,7 0,6 11,4 5,1 5,1 0,8 7,1 8,3 6,4 0,7 9,0 8,5 6,4 0,7 9,5 9,1 5,5 1,0 0,0 0,7 0,3 6,2 10,8 51,0 2,1 0,2 4,4 12,5 15,4 1,5 0,4 6,8 9,7 17,2 4,5 0,5 9,2 2,2 30,4 2,7 0,4 3,8 2,0 7,1 1,2 57,5 5,5 35,9 3,2 1,1 57,2 22,7 0,0 9,0 5,0 0,7 0,9 60,9 52,5 6,7 11,8 927,7 3.007,3 2007 2008 5,3 5,4 0,2 0,3 10,0 9,3 7,2 5,4 2009 4,0 5,8 9,3 5,4 2010 5,6 0,4 9,3 4,0 2011 5,4 4,4 10,6 9,1 7,2 10,5 3,2 1,0 6,1 12,0 5,5 0,5 12,8 3,2 6,6 0,9 7,8 3,1 9,3 0,9 22,0 12,3 0,2 5,3 2,3 6,0 4,1 0,4 4,5 4,9 19,2 8,6 0,5 5,2 7,6 20,9 7,7 0,5 3,9 6,8 5,8 0,2 0,9 2,2 54,2 57,0 13,3 7,6 254,1 569,5 0,8 1,6 50,4 7,0 295,6 0,4 1,3 53,0 11,3 609,4 0,5 1,3 107,3 15,1 432,3 535,1 0,0 616,6 0,0 65,0 27,9 475,3 489,5 362,9 23,4 40,1 44,5 337,6 535,2 477,4 0,0 3.417,1 1.642,9 69,7 157,1 145,2 43,4 56,3 35,5 378,1 36,2 638,9 0,0 155,0 51,2 519,6 54,4 218,9 950,7 102,7 22,9 393,1 68,7 253,8 40,0 109,6 33,8 473,5 32,6 87,8 552,5 141,0 38,0 460,1 39,9 775,0 560,4 214,9 44,5 50,7 166,4 44,5 190,3 57,6 588,4 53,0 48,3 156,7 324,2 36,7 316,2 34,0 55,5 63,4 342,1 0,0 3.380,3 113,0 99,1 540,4 88,4 64,0 20,6 236,7 3,8 74,5 3,2 81,8 6,8 151,1 29,1 76,5 73,6 1,5 22,3 156,8 2,2 141,7 0,0 75,7 61,9 20,4 122,9 11,6 81,7 4,5 83,2 10,7 159,3 43,3 79,4 94,9 1,9 19,4 197,0 3,1 152,4 30,1 76,9 71,4 35,7 57,8 3,2 85,5 4,2 91,1 11,9 179,6 88,1 86,4 86,8 1,8 21,8 184,0 11,1 168,9 32,8 77,7 70,7 19,3 193,3 7,1 93,7 6,2 70,5 11,9 175,4 18,9 86,7 103,8 1,8 19,8 203,1 50,4 171,0 62,1 81,6 67,2 15,0 211,9 18,0 93,6 3,6 72,2 9,5 166,3 141,4 99,8 81,9 2,6 19,3 226,5 43,7 163,3 63,3 79,8 73,0 19,3 91,2 12,0 93,7 2,9 66,4 18,7 180,4 42,3 102,2 82,7 1,4 16,7 246,1 11,2 165,0 59,9 63,3 53,9 23,9 752,1 9,7 98,4 4,5 78,2 12,0 145,1 51,4 100,6 63,1 2,4 18,4 182,8 3,7 232,5 55,1 84,8 27,2 22,0 370,0 15,9 96,7 4,2 74,9 8,9 165,2 215,8 98,3 47,1 1,6 19,0 260,2 1,8 208,5 46,9 79,6 42,0 167,6 306,5 9,9 98,1 6,2 85,2 13,9 226,7 366,1 106,9 23,7 1,7 16,7 281,9 5,0 193,8 51,5 78,2 0,0 21,7 98,3 0,0 42,2 126,7 0,0 20,7 94,8 150,8 30,8 163,3 154,6 161,1 30,8 53,6 132,2 486,5 178,8 19,1 143,5 190,2 36,9 191,1 183,7 26,2 184,1 49,9 82,3 54,3 83,9 55,8 85,0 58,4 88,9 59,3 98,5 59,1 100,2 67,6 98,8 54,2 439,0 0,0 4.398,8 225,0 2.393,8 5.342,5 9.016,3 92,8 111,4 72,5 40,8 87,2 139,7 57,7 92,1 Source: Calculated using FAO online database (FAOSTAT), 2014. 49 58,1 93,3 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Annex 12. Average Dietary Energy Supply Adequacy in OIC and Some Region of the World (%) Country African Group (*) Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Cote d'Ivoire Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Mali Mozambique Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Uganda Arab Group (*) Algeria Bahreyn Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palastine Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan (**) Syria Tunisia UAE Yemen Asian Group (*) Afghanistan Albania Azerbaijan Bangladesh Brunei Indonesia Iran Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Malaysia Maldives Pakistan Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Guyana Suriname OIC (*) Devel opi ng Countri es Devel oped Countri es Worl d Worl d 1990-92 1995-97 2000-02 2005-07 2010-12 104 107 108 93 80 119 115 109 118 107 105 83 97 107 104 93 97 108 101 133 109 111 111 94 84 120 118 105 112 106 103 91 96 118 100 98 103 104 101 129 112 113 111 98 92 121 119 107 114 108 108 93 105 120 101 94 104 111 102 130 118 118 119 106 96 127 119 107 119 110 116 99 111 128 109 99 108 110 101 133 118 127 119 111 103 124 118 115 119 124 130 100 124 125 105 104 112 105 100 139 92 119 142 87 120 146 77 121 146 82 127 143 76 124 145 126 91 133 144 119 135 120 132 131 140 123 134 125 144 132 135 124 134 135 151 131 137 126 138 131 142 132 135 125 137 103 105 96 129 130 137 131 128 134 140 137 103 113 138 141 135 100 114 136 139 133 100 111 140 139 125 99 113 139 138 121 99 116 109 103 105 121 94 97 129 112 140 134 111 131 117 114 92 158 112 122 115 106 120 108 107 127 108 133 113 106 124 118 109 88 154 115 103 122 104 118 126 109 131 112 127 139 116 124 116 108 97 154 120 110 119 106 121 129 107 143 123 131 144 120 125 124 110 100 155 127 115 129 110 108 108 131 114 114 110 112 130 116 116 109 112 134 117 117 111 114 136 119 119 113 117 134 121 121 101 124 105 142 121 117 109 164 Source: FAO, Food Security Statistics, Available at, http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-fs/en/ (*) Calculated by using FAO, Food Security Statistics and FAOSTAT Online Database. (**) Numbers are owned to Former Sudan 50 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Annex 13. Average Protein Supply in OIC and Some Region of the World (gr/caput/day) Country African Group (*) Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Cote d'Ivoire Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Mali Mozambique Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Uganda Arab Group (*) Algeria Bahreyn Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palastine Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan (**) Syria Tunisia UAE Yemen Asian Group (*) Afghanistan Albania Azerbaijan Bangladesh Brunei Indonesia Iran Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Malaysia Maldives Pakistan Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Guyana Suriname OIC (*) Devel opi ng Countri es Devel oped Countri es Worl d 1990-92 1995-97 2000-02 2005-07 2010-12 51 54 71 49 51 53 72 52 57 46 62 31 56 50 66 42 48 51 59 77 54 55 73 50 54 51 75 50 52 45 61 38 56 56 61 45 54 45 61 77 56 59 74 57 63 50 74 55 54 46 62 36 64 58 58 46 52 50 63 81 61 61 78 60 64 54 81 56 55 45 66 38 72 65 61 51 55 52 65 86 62 63 80 62 63 54 81 60 56 45 70 39 78 65 62 50 55 50 65 87 54 41 84 54 42 91 48 48 93 50 57 96 49 59 98 73 0 60 77 79 84 70 0 99 81 78 81 72 0 100 84 82 84 80 0 113 83 86 90 81 0 115 84 86 89 44 57 60 63 60 79 81 84 85 85 73 85 105 55 53 74 87 109 54 62 75 91 108 57 62 84 92 102 55 65 84 95 105 56 66 80 62 61 94 61 45 91 54 84 97 83 77 88 62 49 105 73 77 74 57 96 73 51 88 52 85 81 84 75 105 60 50 103 82 67 79 54 98 87 54 86 56 87 102 84 79 97 60 54 104 90 76 75 55 97 88 55 83 58 89 103 84 78 100 62 55 105 92 77 75 56 54 61 99 69 60 66 100 73 61 68 103 75 64 71 105 77 65 72 104 78 46 79 48 82 67 79 58 109 Source: FAO, Food Security Statistics, Available at, http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-fs/en/ (*) Calculated by using FAO, Food Security Statistics and FAOSTAT Online Database. (**) Numbers are owned to Former Sudan 51 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Annex 14. Depth of the Food Deficit in OIC and Some Region of the World (gr/caput/day) Country African Group (*) Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Cote d'Ivoire Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Mali Mozambique Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Uganda Arab Group (*) Algeria Bahreyn Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palastine Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan (**) Syria Tunisia UAE Yemen Asian Group (*) Afghanistan Albania Azerbaijan Bangladesh Brunei Indonesia Iran Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Malaysia Maldives Pakistan Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Guyana Suriname OIC (*) Devel opi ng Countri es Devel oped Countri es Worl d 1990-92 1995-97 2000-02 2005-07 2007-09 174 138 143 266 502 78 59 121 112 139 156 446 248 120 137 328 222 163 61 30 140 110 118 246 375 80 39 144 148 162 158 352 222 64 171 271 171 199 52 39 130 91 188 182 295 138 40 129 127 135 125 348 152 60 154 315 158 160 51 35 106 74 179 118 283 120 36 113 99 114 73 296 107 39 100 255 133 184 56 28 111 46 185 101 252 139 41 90 106 52 42 292 68 50 134 206 106 230 69 22 15 12 13 14 13 9 12 14 8 15 18 11 14 18 9 38 215 23 5 33 40 51 19 24 7 31 36 29 9 20 9 35 35 20 6 23 9 37 31 24 11 21 10 36 34 104 88 115 125 204 21 13 10 13 18 296 27 5 6 168 126 218 18 4 8 190 108 203 23 5 9 196 100 247 17 5 17 203 91 334 19 6 29 215 78 54 139 120 21 192 236 11 101 20 22 81 12 57 140 243 5 62 35 67 107 36 69 120 9 116 30 26 98 22 61 163 284 7 47 99 51 124 67 15 108 9 99 39 4 63 18 60 167 278 6 34 60 60 103 52 11 122 2 60 32 3 43 17 36 152 262 6 19 41 33 78 121 162 12 130 102 138 13 112 95 129 10 106 87 121 8 100 83 113 9 94 235 14 129 17 23 59 165 3 Source: FAO, Food Security Statistics, Available at, http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-fs/en/ (*) Calculated by using FAO, Food Security Statistics and FAOSTAT Online Database. (**) Numbers are owned to Former Sudan 52 COMCEC Agriculture Outlook 2014 Annex 15. Food Price Index for the OIC Member Countries (2000=100) Country African Group Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Cote d'Ivoire Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Mali Mozambique Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Uganda Arab Group Algeria Bahreyn Comoros (*) Djibouti (*) Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palastine (*) Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia (*) Sudan (*) Syria Tunisia UAE Yemen Asian Group Afghanistan (*) Albania Azerbaijan Bangladesh Brunei Indonesia Iran Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Malaysia Maldives Pakistan Tajikistan (*) Turkey Turkmenistan (*) Uzbekistan (*) Guyana Suriname World (**) France Germany Greece Italy Japan Brazil Australia 2000 2001 2002 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 102,3 108,8 107,0 119,3 105,7 105,0 99,3 108,0 112,2 112,1 125,8 111,6 105,2 117,2 108,1 110,7 107,2 128,0 100,0 100,0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 104,7 104,9 109,2 123,6 111,7 105,1 164,0 151,0 101,1 103,3 165,0 105,1 175,8 114,4 120,2 110,4 137,7 114,3 105,5 169,2 206,9 104,8 115,1 173,9 120,7 216,3 113,6 119,7 117,9 153,4 117,5 112,2 172,2 294,9 105,2 114,6 203,6 100,0 228,4 112,6 117,9 119,1 138,4 123,8 100,0 185,8 378,9 111,3 117,3 224,6 99,4 232,6 132,9 145,4 130,0 161,1 137,8 107,8 197,1 456,9 129,1 132,6 266,9 119,8 270,0 140,3 149,1 141,6 152,7 149,6 162,1 115,8 132,3 112,0 144,8 105,5 110,3 111,4 124,2 116,1 107,1 141,2 124,6 100,0 111,1 148,8 106,7 153,5 175,4 142,3 111,8 207,4 489,4 128,3 136,6 285,6 132,1 309,6 105,3 96,6 109,3 92,5 100,0 104,1 106,7 120,1 102,8 111,4 137,6 114,0 126,1 141,0 112,7 139,3 159,3 115,9 142,8 186,4 139,5 171,1 203,2 142,9 213,9 168,7 109,1 116,8 221,1 589,0 99,4 107,3 329,4 132,6 355,8 99,5 243,1 152,0 218,4 120,5 121,4 235,3 750,2 106,7 112,8 372,8 137,0 392,4 103,6 295,7 153,8 289,0 100,0 100,0 104,4 98,6 106,2 97,6 111,0 96,2 116,4 98,3 116,7 101,3 119,3 103,3 126,7 134,6 119,8 150,7 130,6 157,1 137,0 166,5 139,7 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 101,1 105,3 112,3 100,0 105,1 100,3 100,0 100,5 101,3 102,3 106,6 107,8 110,0 113,4 119,4 115,7 237,5 121,8 124,0 130,6 270,4 133,2 129,9 162,0 300,0 158,2 145,0 100,0 188,1 323,0 159,7 149,6 103,8 225,3 330,1 167,7 162,1 107,0 260,2 340,1 174,6 177,7 114,1 100,0 147,3 106,5 145,8 111,3 152,0 117,9 154,1 100,4 131,2 156,5 101,6 149,3 156,9 105,7 157,3 163,1 111,8 173,9 168,3 123,9 190,6 179,8 150,6 195,5 151,3 210,5 114,7 154,4 223,9 116,3 161,4 100,0 100,6 100,0 100,0 99,6 96,9 103,2 99,4 106,5 102,4 113,9 107,9 122,3 115,5 146,6 131,7 148,4 134,3 151,5 142,7 158,2 150,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 101,7 101,0 115,7 99,4 106,1 102,4 121,2 107,2 109,7 104,7 141,4 112,8 115,1 112,0 168,3 122,5 115,2 117,0 199,9 138,0 121,4 123,5 269,5 150,5 124,8 130,4 317,9 181,7 132,6 116,3 323,2 182,2 138,3 190,7 147,2 152,6 331,4 381,3 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 103,7 102,7 100,8 100,5 108,5 106,6 111,5 105,7 100,7 102,1 101,8 110,3 106,5 103,4 100,9 120,2 124,0 119,0 105,9 101,4 105,7 105,9 115,0 109,9 110,1 100,0 121,2 145,9 127,3 108,9 102,7 99,3 108,6 115,3 120,9 118,3 101,7 128,3 164,8 137,1 112,4 105,0 115,2 120,2 114,3 134,1 127,8 102,2 140,3 186,3 148,2 118,4 108,8 100,0 132,1 115,6 150,2 137,5 102,5 161,9 205,5 161,0 128,7 112,5 104,0 143,3 119,0 174,6 151,9 104,7 180,4 100,0 223,1 124,3 224,4 168,7 109,9 210,9 131,0 223,1 130,4 221,0 177,9 143,2 225,7 146,5 136,7 236,0 195,9 111,6 247,0 164,8 115,9 120,9 158,8 126,1 143,9 202,6 144,6 229,6 134,5 155,4 268,0 141,0 186,4 306,7 100,0 150,3 225,3 290,0 316,1 112,1 123,0 138,2 155,9 168,4 186,2 197,8 100,0 80,5 90,4 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,6 100,0 93,4 105,1 104,6 105,0 104,1 99,4 106,7 106,6 104,5 118,1 89,9 107,8 105,3 110,5 107,9 98,6 117,0 110,4 108,5 113,3 157,8 112,4 110,9 104,8 116,7 113,7 99,3 146,5 117,1 121,7 174,2 117,3 111,0 105,3 117,4 113,7 97,8 151,0 120,0 130,0 182,7 126,7 112,7 107,3 121,8 115,6 98,3 151,0 129,2 150,3 198,0 158,7 114,3 110,5 125,7 119,0 98,6 161,3 132,3 172,3 246,8 199,8 119,9 118,3 132,5 125,4 101,1 182,3 138,5 171,6 247,8 156,9 120,4 116,8 135,0 127,7 101,3 192,9 143,6 178,7 273,2 185,3 121,4 118,5 135,1 127,9 101,0 204,6 145,8 191,6 97,7 110,2 105,2 116,1 111,3 98,4 140,8 114,4 Source: FAO, FAOSTAT and ILO, LABORSTA online databases (*) Data doesn’t available (**) 2002-2004= 100 index 53 221,0 116,6 268,1 207,8 227,6 123,7 121,8 139,3 131,1 100,6 222,7 152,9
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