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1
O
wµµoo
Soollw
Krrhhttiikk VV ttoouu DDiioonnuuss oouu S
OK
((ssccoolliikk bbiibbll oo,, sseell ddeeVV 1155--2277))
H zw kai to rgo tou poiht
O Dion sioV Solwµ V genn qhke to 1798 sth Z kunqo. O pat raV tou
tan eugen V en h µht ra tou apl guna ka tou lao . Spo dase sthn
Ital a noµik kai eke arc zei na gr fei ta pr ta tou poi µata sthn
italik . To 1818 epistr fei sto nhs tou kai arc zei na µelet to
neoellhnik poihtik l go. H ellhnik epan stash ton ephr ase
baq tata. Gr fei to 1823 ton µnon eiV thn Eleuqer an kai na cr no
µet thn wd EiV ton q nato tou l rdou Mp iron. Kat pin ta pez tou
Di logoV kai th guna ka thV Z kuqoV.
Arg tera egkaq statai sthn K rkura. To 1833 gr fei ton Krhtik
pou egkaini zei thn per odo thV wriµ tht V tou. graye kat pin cwr V
na ta oloklhr sei touV Ele qerouV Poliorkhµ nouV.kai ton P rfura.
P qane sthn K rkura pou tou epef laxan µegalei dh khde a. O
f loV tou kai poiht V I kwboV Polul V to 1859 ex dwse to rgo tou µe
ton t tlo Ta eurisk µena. Arg tera br qhkan kai lla ceir grafa tou
kai ekd qhkan se treiV t µouV.
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Dika wV qewre tai korufa oV poiht V kai o eqnik V µaV.Ephre sthke
enton tata ap thn ellhnik epan stash kai epid wxe na ekfr sei
µ sa ap to rgo tou ta neira tou qnouV. Ex llou sun cise th
neoellhnik poihtik par dosh pou e ce diakope µet thn akµ thV
krhtik V logotecn aV.
1) Eisagwgik
Pr keitai gia afhghµatik po hµa pou cwr zetai se 5 µ rh. MaV
µetaf rei to trago di en V krhtiko pr sfuga pou quµ tai ta
perasµ na.
2) Q µa- pr swpa –Doµ :
Q µa = o ag naV tou nauago K. na s sei thn agaphµ nh tou ap ta
µaniasµ na k µata kai sa zei gia na to ekplhr sei.
Pr swpa:
O afhght V Krhtik V
H agaphµ nh tou, h Feggarontuµ nh, oi suggene V tou kai oi To rkoi.
Doµ : oi en thteV coun cwriste ap ton dio ton poiht .
1h en thta = O nauag V K. µ sa sth fourtouniasµ nh q lassa
N hµa
To po hµa µaV µetaf rei to trago di en V krhtiko pr sfuga pou
quµ tai ta perasµ na. O rwaV e nai nauag V sth fourtouniasµ nh
q lassa µaz µe thn agaphµ nh tou. (de te gia n hµa enot twn stiV
apant seiV stiV erwt seiV tou scoliko bibl ou).
2h en thta = Sunant touV anasthµ nouV nekro V kai elp zei na xanade
thn agaphµ nh tou
3h en thta =eµfan zetai h Feggarontuµ nh,
4h en thta = h µustik epikoinwn a Feggarontuµ nhV kai Krhtiko .
5h en thta = to tragik t loV. O rwaV bg zei thn agaphµ nh tou sth
xhr nekr .
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3) Afhghµatik V tecnik V:
H af ghsh =-Prwtopr swph af ghsh µe afhght prwtagwnist . ra
oµodihghtik µe afhght oµodihghtik kai draµatopoihµ no.
H est ash= est ash kai optik gwn a eswterik .
H plok , o cr noV , o c roV = de te se apant seiV stiV erwt seiV tou
scoliko bibl ou.
H atµ sfaira = up rcei lurisµ V, p qoV kai agwn a h opo a g netai
µegal terh µe epibr dunsh kai enallag skhn n.
Afhghµatiko tr poi:
- Prwtopr swph af ghsh kai afhght V pou suµµet cei se aut n.
- Di logoV se kr siµa shµe a tou rgou.
- Perigraf V tou top ou kai twn pros pwn tou rgou.
- eswterik draµatik µon logo, tan o rwaV anaf rei ta
sunaisq µat tou kai thn ep drash thV f shV p nw tou.
- sc lia tou afhght pou parousi zontai µµesa µ sa ap
paroµoi seiV scetik V µe q nato, rwta, eleuqer a.
4) ekfrastiko tr poi µ sa
Sc µata l gou kai eik neV = de te se apant seiV stiV erwt seiV tou
scoliko bibl ou
Gl ssa = h kaqoµilouµ nh gl ssa µe sp nieV l xeiV, idiwµatik V kai
lleV pou dhµiourge o poiht V. Ep shV µetab llei to n hµa gnwst n
l xewn, b zontaV d pla touV asun qista ep qeta.
foV =roµantik kai lurik
St coV = iaµbik V 15s llaboV µe zeugarwt oµoiokatalhx a.
H F. eµpn ei ton rwa, ton prostate ei, tou car zei q rroV all kai
storg pwV h µht ra sto paid thV. Tou prokale d oV, qauµasµ ,
µagnhtisµ , ex rthsh. cei µia ideat erwtik sc sh µaz thV. tan
eke nh c netai, o K. exantle tai yucik kai pneuµatik .
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5) Apant seiV stiV erwt seiV tou scoliko bibl ou
((ssccoolliikk bbiibbll oo,, sseell ddeeVV 2277--2299))
Er thsh En thtaV 1hV
O Krhtik V e nai po hµa lurik kai afhghµatik . Sthn en thta
aut na epishµ nete: a) ton tr po pou arc zei h af ghsh b)ta
pr swpa, g) ton t po pou br skontai, d) th skhnoqetik
eikonoplas a.
a) H af ghsh arc zei sto µ so twn pragµ twn. M sa sth
fourtouniasµ nh q lassa o Krhtik V µe thn agaphµ nh tou y cnei
enagwn wV µ pwV dei pouqen xhr µ sa ap tiV astrap V pou fwt zoun
to p lagoV.
b) Ta pr swpa thV en thtaV e nai oi 2 nauago : o afhght V Krhtik V
kai h agaphµ nh tou. TreiV pol dunato kerauno pesan d pla touV.
lleV plhrofor eV den d nontai.
g-d ) H dr sh exel ssetai sth fourtouniasµ nh q lassa µe pukn
skot di, en bront V anthco n. O rwaV y cnei enagwn wV µ pwV dei
pouqen xhr µ sa ap tiV astrap V. Makri diakr netai µia
korufograµµ .
1h er thsh En thtaV 2hV
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H en thta apotele tai ap duo µ rh. Sto pr to o afhght V
prospaqe na pe sei touV upoqetiko V akroat V gia thn al qeia twn
legoµ nwn tou. Giat ; Me poion tr po prospaqe ; Ti epikale tai;
Sto a µ roV thV en thtaV o afhght V qa existor sei pr gµata
ap qana na suµbo n. tsi upocre netai na kataf gei ston rko. D nei
loip n rko se 3 ier s µbola gia aut n, ta opo a kaq risan th zw
tou: sta ctup µata pou tou kat feran oi To rkoi, stouV suntr fouV
tou pou c qhkan poleµ ntaV touV kai sthn agaphµ nh tou pou pn ghke
eke nh th n cta.
2h er thsh En thtaV 2hV
Sto de tero µ roV pou e nai se par nqesh, h lurik af ghsh
an getai se ep pedo µetafusik . Giat ; Me poiouV dial getai o
afhght V- rwaV; Ti touV rwt kai ti tou apanto n; H ap nths
touV ti e douV gnwr sµata thV k rhV anadeikn ei; Poia stoice a
faner noun ta aisq µat thV proV ton rwa;
H af ghsh aut an getai se µetafusik ep pedo, afo h n a den zei
pia. O rwaV µpore na thn xanade µ no se t po kai cr no
escatologik kai exwpragµatik . Aut llwste tairi zei µe th µeg lh
tou p sth. O afhght V dial getai µe anasthµ nouV nekro V ston t po
thV M llousaV kr shV. TouV rwt an sun nthsan pouqen thn
agaphµ nh tou. Apanto n pwV thn e dan caro µenh sthn p rta tou
Par deisou na y llei anast siµouV µnouV. Agap t so pol ton
rwa, ste an kai cei f gei pl on ap thn ep geia zw , prosdok na
ton sunant sei sthn µ llousa zw kai na µhn cwr soun pot pia.
(« µwV koit zei ed ki eke kai k poione gure ei»).
Er thsh En thtaV 3hV
d h af ghsh epan rcetai sthn arcik skhn . Na suzht sete : a)
th µetastrof twn fusik n sunqhk n kai tiV ekfr seiV pou tiV
apod doun, b) ton ro «kruf µust rio». se sc sh µe ,ti pr keitai
na akolouq sei, g) to raµa thV Feggarontuµ nhV se sc sh µe tiV
piqan V erµhne eV.
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a) h µetastrof twn kairik n sunqhk n qewre tai anagka a, giat
crei zetai na hreµ sei h q lassa, ste na eµfaniste h
Feggarontuµ nh («Hs case kai gine lo hsuc a kai p stra» kai « San
perib li eu dhse kai ed cqh la t’ stra»).
B) Aut h ter stia allag dikaiologe tai ap ton rwa µe ton ro
«kruf µust rio». K poia ter stia d naµh, pio iscur ap thn gria
f sh, gal neye ta p nta. Qa akolouq soun eik neV uperk sµiaV
oµorfi V.
G) to raµa thV Feggarontuµ nhV epid cetai poll V erµhne eV:
- parous a qe k V pr noiaV
- h yuc thV agaphµ nhV tou pou se l go qa f gei ap to s µa thV.
- H ens rkwsh thV platwnik V id aV scetik µe thn kalos nh, thn
oµorfi , thn arµon a.
- Gunaike a µorf pou µpore na e nai µht ra, Panag a Qe tou
rwta. O poiht V e ce a sqhµa µhtrik V st rhshV pou apeikon zetai
sto qauµasµ tou gia exwpragµatik V gunaike eV µorf V.
- H Ell da –Eleuqer a. H dia pou xagrupn d pla stouV
«Ele qerouV Poliorkhµ nouV».
Er thsh En thtaV 4hV
H en thta kal ptetai µe to raµa thV Feggarontuµ nhV. Na
parakolouq sete: a) thn perigraf kai thn k nhsh thV optas aV, b)
tiV sk yeiV kai ta sunaisq µata tou rwa, g) th «fwn » tou rwa
se sc sh µe ta perasµ na gegon ta sthn Kr th, d) thn ep klhsh
tou rwa.
a) H qe k optas a µe µa ra µ tia kai xanq µalli pr ta ko taxe ta
ast ria pou den k luyan th dik thV laµpr thta. Kat pin kin qhke
p nw sthn ak µanth q lassa kai agk liase ton rwa µe kalos nh,
ag ph kai tapein thta. T te h n cta gine µ ra. lh h f sh
upokl netai µprost thV. H Feggarontuµ nh. ko taxe proV ton rwa
kai xek nhse h kruf epikoinwn a touV
b) O rwaV anarwti tan an thn e ce xanade
tan pl sµa thV
fantas aV tou. Th suscet zei µe k poia ier an µnhsh ap th paidik
tou hlik a. Katalaba nei pwV t toia qe k nta diab zoun th sk yh
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µaV. Gia k poio di sthµa den blepe o naV ton llon, en l go µet
thn xanae de. Me ta µ tia tou thV e pe sa qa thV lege, an pairne to
q rroV na thV µil sei.
G) qa qele na thV exoµologhqe ta fober pou p rasan ta µ lh thV
oikogene aV tou sthn Kr th ap touV To rkouV µ cri na peq noun.
D) h sparactik ep klhsh tou rwa tan na s sei thn agaphµ nh tou,
to µ no nqrwpo pou tou cei apoµe nei pia sth zw .
Er thsh En thtaV 5hV
To raµa exafan zetai. Na parakolouq sete: a) th µet bash sto
par n thV af ghshV. Poia e nai h kat stash tou rwa «t ra»; B)
TiV lleV cronik V µetatop seiV- anadroµ V. PoieV pr sqeteV
plhrofor eV d noun gia to parelq n tou afhght ; G) thn ep nodo
sth skhn tou nauag ou kai th µousik pr klhsh thV f shV
(gluk tatoV coV). Me poion tr po prospaqe na prosdior sei thn
uf tou cou o afhght V kai po katal gei; D) to draµatik t loV.
P V sund etai µe thn arc tou poi µatoV;
a) tan to raµa thV F. exafan sthke, o rwaV case pia th d naµ
tou. Ta c ria tou µoiazan µe eke na tou zhti nou pou zht ywµ
apelpisµ noV.
B) Afo pia h ql yh tou ft nei sta ria thV kai oi kerauno ctupo n,
katalaba nei pwV qa caqe h agaphµ nh tou kai poleµ sklhr -gia na
th s sei- µe ta k µata, pwV tan ctupo se touV To rkouV
( anadroµ V sto parelq n). E ce sugkrouste to 1823 µe touV To rkouV
se µia topoqes a thV G rtunaV, sth Lab rinqo, pali rwµa k
latoµe o. Eke t te kat fugan cili deV Cristiano .
G) Met epan rcetai sthn arc tou nauag ou pou koluµp ei ntona
µ cri pou kouse k poion µusthri dh co. Prospaqe na entop sei thn
pro leus tou. Apokle ei µia µia leV tiV piqan V ekdoc V. X rei ti den
e nai aut V o coV (µousik rgano- poiµenik V aul V tou Yhlore th,
poul - ahd ni krhtik , anqr pinh fwn µiaV kop laV). tan
uperfusik V coV giat den e ce ant lalo. L ei ti e nai auto oi coi,
gluk tatoi kai rrhtoi, pwV µoi zoun µe anoixi tikeV euwdi V O te o
rwtaV ( nstikto thV epibol V) o te o c roV (o q natoV) tou µoiazan.
O coV aut V kur euse lh tou thn parxh, µe sun peia na aton sei o
ag naV tou gia th swthr a thV agaphµ nhV tou.
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D) tan o coV staµ thse tele wV, o rwaV xafniasµ noV epan lqe
sthn pragµatik thta kai an kthse tiV fusik V tou dun µeiV. Bg zei th
n a sthn akrogiali . Eke diapist nei pwV cei peq nei. To rgo
telei nei kuklik eke ap pou xek nhse. (Ko taze gia na bgei µaz µe
thn agaphµ nh tou «ki tane µakri ak µh»).
5) Apant seiV stiV genik V erwt seiV tou scoliko bibl ou
1h er thsh
Na entop sete touV cr nouV, ta di fora cronik ep peda thV
af ghshV, tiV anadroµ V kai tiV prol yeiV.
* O cr noV tou nauag ou, kai h perip teia (kentrik epeis dio)
* O oraµatisµ V thV scathV kr shV (st.5-18, b en thta..)
* Oi anadroµ V µe thn istor a tou rwa:
-st.31-36, d en thta. (h sfag twn dik n tou)
- st. 16-20, e en thta ( ag neV tou kat twn To rkwn)
- St. 35-42, e en thta. ( sa quµ tai ap thn Kr th kai to raµa thV
eleuqer aV).
* H zw tou rwa µet to nau gio kai to q nato thV n aV,
st. 5-14 e en thta. (pr droµh af ghsh)
* H anafor sto q nato thV k rhV, st.14 e en thta. (pr droµh
af ghsh).
- H af ghsh xekin anadroµik ap to par n. H exist rhsh arc zei
sto µ so twn pragµ twn, diak ptetai ap ton rko tou Krhtiko ,
en xekin h pr droµh af ghsh tou or µatoV thV agaphµ nhV tou
se cr no escatologik .
- Kat pin epan rcetai sthn af ghsh h opo a diak ptetai ap µia
anadroµik af ghsh scetik µe to q nato twn µel n thV
oikog nei V tou.
- Epan rcetai kai oloklhr nei thn exist rhsh tou nauag ou. Up rcei
p ntwV epibr dunsh ap ta sunec
.
O istorik V cr noV tou rgou e nai per pou to 1824, tan oi To rkoi
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kat streyan thn Kr th kai an gkasan cili deV Cristiano V na
ekpatristo n. All palai tera oi pr gonoi tou Solwµo kat fugan
sth Z kunqo ap thn Kr th, pou ap kthsan p li louV touV t tlouV
touV. Oi µeletht V uposthr zoun ti ta gegon ta aut prosf roun sto
Solwµ thn poihtik af rµhsh, en den d noun sto rgo patriwtik
politik di stash.
O afhghµatik V cr noV tou rgou e nai µerik V reV, ap to br du
µ cri to xhµ rwµa thV ep µenhV µ raV. P ntwV h a sqhsh tou cr nou
alloi netai ap fain µena exwfusik , pwV to µeshµerian fwV kai o
µusthri dhV coV.
2h er thsh
Na entop sete sto po hµa
anqr pineV oµil eV
couV, fwtisµo V- cr µata kai
To po hµa diakr netai gia th zwnt nia tou kai e nai geµ to couV,
fwn V kai cr µata, ste o anagn sthV noµ zei ti bl pei µprost tou
ta gegon ta.
coi = bront V, ant laloi, s lpigga, trago dia kai h fwn thV k rhV.
Ak µh o anabrasµ V twn kuµ twn, oi ct poi thV kardi V tou rwa, h
fwn tou ahdonio kai tou µousiko org nou.
Fwtisµo , cr µata = ta astropel kia, oi acno , o kapn V, o fleg µenoV
k sµoV, ta crus µalli kai ta µa ra µ tia thV F. H aktinobol a twn
strwn, to pleto fwV pou kane th µ ra n cta, to fwV thV Po liaV,
thV Aug V kai tou liou.
Anqr pineV fwn V kai oµil eV = twn anasthµ nwn nekr n µe ton
Krhtik , thV k rhV pou tragoud ton rwt thV, tou rwa pou
parakale th F. na s sei th n a, h ep klhs tou sthn patr da.
3h er thsh
Na parakolouq sete th dr sh thV f shV se sc sh µe ton ag na
tou rwa
H dr sh thV f shV se sc sh µe ton ag na tou rwa :
coun pol sten desµ µetax touV. tan h f sh hreµe , o K.
koluµp pol dunat . tan epikrato n fourto na kai genik
anatarac , eke noV den µpore na sunec sei thn prosp qei tou. Ta
sunaisq µat tou suscet zontai µe tiV fusik V µetapt seiV. Afo
ako getai o gluk tatoV coV, o K. noµ zei pwV cwr sthke to s µa ap
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thn yuc tou kai parad netai se aut th gohte a tou cou kai thV
f shV. Ni qei ad naµoV gia otid pote.
4h er thsh
Na entop sete basik sc µata l gou sto po hµa kai na suzht sete
to r lo kai th leitourg a touV.
Ta sc µata l gou sto rgo den coun diakosµhtik r lo, all g nontai
apara thto stoice o gia na procwr sei h dr sh kai na ekfrasto n ta
sunaisq µat tou rwa.
Up rcoun p ra poll V eik neV:
Optik V = O K. na koluµp sth fourtouniasµ nh q lassa, na µil µe
touV anasthµ nouV nekro V, h agaphµ nh na tragoud ston Par deiso,
h eµf nish thV F., o rwaV na µ cetai touV To rkouV, na apoq tei th
nekr agaphµ nh tou sto akrogi li
Akoustik V = o coV thV s lpiggaV, oi bront V, o gluk tatoV coV kai
sa aut V quµ zei, oi ct poi thV kardi V twn 2 nauag n. To carµ suno
sµa thV k rhV ston Par deiso.
Osfrhtik V = h euwdi pou anad dei h q lassa, tan eµfan sthke h F,
ta k µata kai oi coi pou plhµµ risan ton a ra µe euwdi V tou M h.
Me tiV proswpopoi seiV ta fusik fain µena apokto n anqr pinh
up stash:
« Oi akrogiali V kai ta boun µ seV fwn V ki an e can», «O ouran V
ol klhroV agr kae sastisµ no,. «Eko taxe ta ast ria ki eke na
anagalli san», «Kai tou gelo san ta boun , ta p laga ki oi k µpoi».
Metafor V : µe aut V dhµiourge tai ston anagn sth pio dunat
ent pwsh («o ouran V agr kae sastisµ noV», «µhn e data thn oµorfi
pou thn koil da agi zei;»).
Oi paroµoi seiV de cnoun to lurik stoice o kai eµfan zontai µaz µe
µetafor V: «Ki h q lassa pou sk rthse san to cocl pou br zei»,
«San perib li eu dhse ki ed cthke la t stra», «katap V st kei
sto Bori h petrokalaµ qra», «Br sh gine to µ ti tou ki oµpr V tou
den eq ra». Me aut V prosdior zei kai th gluk thta tou cou se 5h
en thta.
As ndeto: « Lalo µeno, poul , fwn ».
Polus ndeto: « O ouran V ki h q lassa, ki h akrogiali , ki h k rh»
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Me to Polus ndeto kai to as ndeto o st coV petuca nei pio gr goro
ruqµ .
Ciast : «Tou d ndrou kai tou louloudio po ano gei kai lug ei».
Me aut n ton tr po o st coV g netai periss tero entupwsiak V.
Antiq seiV : dhµiourge tai iscur terh ntash
« ecaµog lase gluk ston p no thV yuc V thV µou, / ki ed krusan ta
µ tia thV , ki eµoi zan thV kal V µou».
« Kai t loV fq nw sto gial thn arrabwniasµ nh, / thn apiq nw µe
car , ki tane peqaµ nh».
5h er thsh
Na shµei sete st couV kai q µata pou br skontai kai se lla
poi µata tou Solwµo .
Up rcoun q µata kai st coi pou sunant µe kai se lla tou rga tou.
* Ap ton P rfura:
«Me duo fili thV µ naV µou, µe fo cta gh thV ghV µou»
.
*Ap ton µnon eiV thn Eleuqer an(st. 95):
«L µyin cei lh flog dh
ce loV, µ twpo, ofqalµ V
fwV to c ri, fwV to p di
ki la g rw sou e nai fwV».
*Ap touV Ele qerouV Poliorkhµ nouV (Sced. B’ ):
«H µa rh p tra ol crush kai to xer cort ri»
«S lpigga, koy tou tragoudio ta µ gia µe b a»
« rµo touf ki skotein , ti s cw eg sto c ri
Opo s µo gineV bar ki o Agarhn V to x rei»
(Sced. G, Peirasµ V, st. 20 ):
«Mon co anakat qhke to stroggul fegg ri,
Ki µorfh bga nei korasi ntuµ nh µe to fwV tou»
*Ap th guna ka thV Z kuqoV
«µpoµp Iso f»
6h er thsh
LOGOTECNIA KATEUQUNSHS G LUKEIOU
APO TH FILOLOGO CRHSTOU MAIRH
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Na epishµ nete sto po hµa tiV k rieV graµµatologik V epirro V tou
poiht
De te ta eisagwgik sc lia.
7h er thsh
An h qrhske a, h patr da , h f sh kai h guna ka (sthn idanik
µorf touV) e nai ta k ria q µata thV Eptanhsiak V scol V na
bre te ston Krhtik stoice a pou epibebai noun ti apotele
carakthristik po hµa thV Eptanhsiak V Scol V.
- H patr da parousi zetai san basik µ riµna tou rwa kai qusi zetai
gia aut n.
- H f sh ephre zei tiV sk yeiV tou kai ta sunaisq µat tou. O rwaV
pale ei µe aut n gia na s sei thn agaphµ nh tou, all kai
apodunaµ netai ap thn oµorfi thV.
- H qrhske a genik kai h qe rhsh gia thn telik kr sh epidro n ston
rwa o opo oV piste ei pwV se µia µet to q nato zw qa xanade thn
agaphµ nh tou.
- h guna ka : t so h F. so kai h arrabwniastiki tou prosd doun sto
rgo nan roµantisµ arket idealistik . Sth F. couµe th guna ka
sthn idanik µorf thV.
Bibliograf a gia ton Krhtik
Marwn thV D.N. , Oi epoc V tou Krhtiko , ekd. Stigµ , Aq na 1986.
Neoellhnik logotecn a, Bibl o tou Kaqhght , Aq na 1999.
Patrin V Dhµ trhV: «Panfilosof a- Eisagwg sth Filosof a , thV
Istor aV, thV T cnhV kai tou Politisµo ». Ekd seiV ELLHN - G.
Par koV kai Sia, Aq na 2004.
.
., Istor a thV Neoellhnik V Logotecn aV, ekd. Oduss aV, Aq na,
1978.
LOGOTECNIA KATEUQUNSHS G LUKEIOU
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LOGOTECNIA KATEUQUNSHS G LUKEIOU
APO TH FILOLOGO CRHSTOU MAIRH

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