安全・安心の製品デザイン <アフォーダンスを通して安全

Roles of design for a safety product
To lead safety actions to users through product affordances
r’Jxœo]D~?•5/(<}€d
Toshio Watanabe, Chubu design research Inc., 1-29-29 Sakae Naka-ku Nagoya city, 460-0008,
[email protected]
`n‡VZM@Š‰—zŽ›#‡VGy“Š‰‘X
$Ak
.*&˜
tw{f…{L™[%%[5/
(<_Q‡Vpƒ
jFlq&O#
†v#B‹|“
„
s„R&ZM\Ch#186™ug"%$NE{
eq‡V20,C&^†v$-:094,0S”P'8)>
3<0iI!$ZM„RŒXg"%$%"Gy‚pWKš
cˆUb&YZac&Y–$$ZM=Zau$5/(<
eq!TƒbNE{AH&g"m$
+>;>7ž'8)>3<0-:094,0S‹|ZM„RŒz
Safety of product has been considered as a role of development field in the past
and the main objective was to reduce the risk of accidents caused by engineering
design.
On the other hand, product designing can contribute to realize safe
quality of products by promoting psychological field.
For example, it is possible
to represent the mechanism and usability of the product in its shape to be
comprehensible for users.
It helps users to form mental models of mechanism
and function of the product. As a result, they create friendly and psychologically
safe products for users. Furthermore a symbolized sign can give information of
affordance that leads safe action to users.
I am now going to show some studies
of safe environments that can be created by product design approaches.
Key Words: Affordance, Grass box, Cognition, Causing,
Ŕ¶GĦ'Důij1ŝślX@Ŕ¶6ďʼn5Ŧ¾
ŔŭĎ52-0Ŕ¶6˚xËâ7ĺ»6ČÕGí'Š
(D‚ýSP4#2
ƃ1D IJ6İŶĜĔ%¼6zű¨ĝĸ€đ‚ý
ŶŰ-*ĦG%0?‚ý@SP5ŁB4
IJ6 gIwdy[y6ôĒPX6ūʂý IJ6[
Ŕ¶6ďʼnG©ž5ċ*'ķ¿1ćÈŸ5˚1
LoŊŌ‚ý43Ŝì5Ā%#EB7(E?Ŕ¶6
D#2
ĐŹ?ğD#24B¹ƃŚēG˜Ø8%%D7ż
Ŕ¶6įêĬ4žC@'$úŽæ43Ħņ26ř
Ŏ%A2%*‰Ďɧ6¹ƃRvyYJ]i$E*
µæƅ
˚GÍģ'D*>57Ŕ¶5ĐŹGćÓŸ5'D?6
2
/
C 2{z¹ƃĪĥ%*ı6sXRkbyW
mw[tn_tƆĖ Ƈ6ÜíÏă1D#
mw`6ƒ.6”ſGŅë'DãŕD—ž5Ėé%
ũÔçè ¨52?4žĒŔ¶GˆŒ'DÇ
0ŝś%0?lXGČļ'D#27}°ʼn1CŔ¶
6Ŕ¶žŴ1kLTw@Twfpy[5AD áĆ«
Ô
Ô2FED,5ĉ%4‚ý7Ŧ#Cà
%0D#EB7Ŕ¶6¦îGACėŀ$E*?6
DB1D¡Ū6 IJŔgIwdy[y7sTyt
2%‡¤ďʼnG•ą57MbtQyęţG¢Ĭ5ò
Þî5½CĻċ2%0Ç
6œÎņG%*zŨ%0^
D¥ċ43ĉÝ$ED%%¬ſŔ¶6úŽGĠ
ueXj]`5AD½­G´9!*þī–œGţ@
Ž5%ĦæGø4ÙÎ?óù$E0DĦņ
%*2‹BED)6怅×7 IJ6ĐŹĪŘ%
26řµæ6Ɓ7#%*žÊ á6Ŕ¶6„ŶĩÆæ
)6ÒäIJŠĬðŸG¯!ū5 IJŞ‘$E*ĭŇ
Gľµ%žC@'
4ĺĿD.0 Ŕŏ7Įŏ:6Ĩġ̙ĪŘ%
4
0į,5š¶½­%ƅŞ‘G¯!*#6ƒ7{zĐ
D#25Ð~'D
ŹĪŘ%0?)6Þ6Òä5AC‰Ď:6Ş‘G 'D#27ªźGŒě'D+!1
âĤĬ5¯!™EBED#25ACËâêGÅŵ'
×Ũ÷'D#2Gġş-0DÀ6üĶ7 Ô6 ĕ6ĂŐĄÔ Ĉ57ęţņÖŝŃ$EqyVy6ĵ
‰Ďĺ»6ŗĞBŖD2Ŕ¶6˚xËâG²|'D*
ÄGACųŗ'DüĶï,$E0D
>5ƒ.6žŴ:6®CĹ<ãŕ24Dz.7˚4
¸¶£Û¨6ŗĞB?˚6ÂĊGòD#27ň
Ŕ¶Gĥ<'‰ĎƄÁ6Ųí1CßĎ·6éšûƀ
ŕ1D 7˚5Ģ¨%*ŧ/
C5AC¸¶‡
@Ŕ¶6ĐŹ43bP^Kh4çÃ?Oyiw51D
¤‘“G²|%tg`cwV7ĽÑ4ďÿ•5AC
Ĺł43Ů»ſ6Šƃ1D;z.7˚4Ŕ¶Gĥ
ħz˚4ŋĴŠIJ6Ş‘Gà0hrwa£6Û¨5Ł
<'ñőĬ4Šƃ1C##57_VLw6Šƃ?³
"0DŔ¶6˚æ²|5.0iv\R`x_VL
;ED
w6ŗĞB›Ĭ4āĶGõč%*
ĺ»ſ6Šƃ
˚5H'DgKvZgKy˚ŝśåèGıĵ
Ŕ¶6˚xËâ5.0Ìń'D##17˚7Ŕ
%ŝśņG³=šßĎ·:6ºōGŬ&0˚¶Ť
¶)6Ħůij1SP@‚ý43GÚŦ#$4ġ
ŝś5Ò'DéšŷâGƅö'D
ĤĬ4”ſƆƈƇ
Ëâ7žC@'$@'
¹ƃĪĥ%*Ż5ŚēG˜Ø8%%*Cż%*C
$43Ŕ¶6’ƂêBŲí$EDâĤĬ4”ſƆƇ
%4Oyiw4ĹłƄÁ˚5Ò'D®CĹ<GŞ
6RNs^K6²|2%*
‘'D†Ĺ</
C»ĎUyeXťŢŝśŔ
ŏµ¶âč@«6ġ•Āíě-׸0ťŎ
0Ĵ
ą6:=<
*1ijŊʼnöø0Ĝě*<Ras[Þŋ‡ú-,
­¬+
vtĻ¬.ұ"<Ăś@—
)0ŧ@è/<+.-<Ñ&)āIJ@ċň
$Ş¥±Ĥï+ÆĨ
$w*Á’Õ+0óœ-^lqR@§<+ą6:
RasYC.å=<5$ņ~Ý´0ïğ£=.9
=<¢u@Á’."<$6.™=-"<+ďē-ƒü
;ĺÄı+üĪ®¦î0UhsQ@óÈŚ.ă6<
.9;LI»<īù@á5/-
+*<
mRJĚĕ
$Ş0f\kBnìŅŸ ŠŜ
ćК-,òĄ:ÆÔĨ@ȍ"<
YODq0Ńţ
ijĐ-žƒ„ ރü¾¡0RTYC
ā¯0Pqdn-YODqĹĒ.9;hqTniYn
ßķě-Ńţ
ÏÛ@Åð.
Á’ŁŀÿČ0ğĦ+“ô£
@·ö+
)­¬
ĝÙě-ēľ@‰"
ŘŒ&$éƒ@#-DqTsbFDRĹĠŤ
HXNms.Ô!$”ě-•Å+"<
Á’Łŀf\
éƒîćÞޘ;8"
kBn+
z0Ķž@Óēě.Á’Ķž.Ç{ä(;
)“ô£=<+ą6:=<¤ŜŕŨĢ
Žŕ°ŊŕŦŠ³ŕħũ.Ħ%‘=-ÞňÉ
-H^smqK-,5$ijžŒăāIJ0ŁÂbF
DnSDbbsndnsb@İÚ
éƒÞބîƒüžĮ-,@İÚ
¤Ŝ@õĐ.°Ŕ"
ďē0-
<Łŀ-,ã:=<
ijĐ-žƒÁ’@Çœ™-ñŘœ™-¹Ý.œ
¤Ŝy…0ĵģ+“ô£=.1¤Ŝryêr_j
™-׸ŨBbGsUqRŨĈ ũ
ũ@ç†"<+.9
m]WZŨĈ ũ
DqPYqZŨĈ ũ-,¤Ŝ0đĆ8
;ijĐ-„ Þ@ç†
¥±Ńţ׸«5=<
*<
Á’Õ@Ŧ6<ŗĚdpSR@ğĦ"<ōË70
5$āû0žƒ"<¥ē8TRJ+éƒ+0řŐ@ï
(;0Ē¹*1ĞěĕĖÕ@ªw"<ŗĚdpSR0
Ġ"<+.9;hqTniYn0ÏÛ@‰
ǑőA*<YODqo`ks0RXWd+.
ēľĊ5<=.9;Á’.„ė"<ĶĎ@Σ"<
0Á’RTqUs[@§;‘=<+.9;ğÃ.VF
+*<
WJ"<+*<
ŁŀüŸ.+&)Á’7Đ<+-:āIJ0–Ē
clWJeWJR+KlReWJR
Õ0ğŠ1ó=<04.ŗĚĻŏMRZ0
Š¿šÒ|›0ā¯Ť*1Ĝě+"<ƒėŨTRJũ1
šĩŁŀms[TDg0šĩ-,þ-÷}+à;©
ĜĽħ.9;ğł*$éƒ1ý/éƒ .Æ
@'-:ŗĚ@Ķ
0řˆ*&$+>ō˚Ò9;ŦÍ.-<
.'=TRJļ.-;t'0éƒ*9;½0
üyü@Ĭĭ"<$6.1Á’.‹Ŗ
x¨IJ*<t…+
$ŗĚ1
)ijŊʼn0…@ã<ōËĔ
ºØń0Ŧ5;++7.ijŊʼncsg+-;yê½Ě
)<ijŊʼn0Á’@Ŧ69+"<+ŖÓ@€
ʼnŌë@»8
<1ĸĥñ.z@ÖÜ:À<HE
mqK@<-,þ-BDYBĉ2 =
TRJ@ÃĶ
¤Ŝ@õĐ.°Ŕ"<+
ā¯30
TRJ
$;MqaksT09.éƒĘš0ŝ
ÊÌŖ.7Ŗ-&)<70½-&)<ā¯0
•ŕ*‚őĶ
)<@œŏ"<+*.
-&$=1clWJeWJR+Ŀ?=zā¯0ƒ
ė.')Ťæ"<hqTniYn0ÏÛ@²ş.
¯.Æ"<ę¼Ù.į&)<=.Æ
ā
Ļ¬0āIJ
$#EB,&Āä*G3F)5:SlXf]RX5
IGFSlXf]RX—:|5Ö¤9Ą¡ÁJî‰,
aYn9¥č8CEƒæĜ*$ċÊ4%F
F/@^VNp9yĂ7Ċě4F[XR9Āä82
3Ýď$^VNp+/=5KzâÖ9„J÷},F
=5Kzâ¤:Þ¸9ĜÍÐ9يĝã8ÓĘÎ7
6Ğ9x‹¹4ÀĒ7ëEJȅ,F>#°Ž²±
h]_:õ˜8œö4%F
“8=5KJÏ@3"&8AĔ¬,Fñ$^VNp8ė
v+/ ĝ ´ ¶ ðCEè©Ğ82
3÷},F
ĝ´Ğ›<Ìā¢ ĝŸĞ
MN^MXT]\
)9isQs:»ÎÌā¢ Ÿ9ƒ
–Å823t«9Ĉ‡J¾3/.9~Õ823
€u8ï,
ƒæ9/<8h]_Jìû,F¿Ă$7
wÖò9ÔđØĎ
ƒæ½:h]_Jç?¿Ă:7&lb8Ђ¯¤8
ó1Đ@;þĝ
šáĞ
+#+ä­8:ÅĖ9##Fðĝ ðĞā¢$©G3
/™¦5+3Æ(DG/9:^VNp$cl]Rf]
RX4ƒB,*$ªą8ĀG375
A901
/.)4®{ꔗ£¢5+3ƒ–Å9þ*$·
ę4ă!F£¢5
UpZd_4^VNp†ĚJ
'/isQs9ç:ˆ‘*J^VNp8Āä+.9
þ*JÛČù8!C
5
A94F£¢9•ÑJ
:wÖò9ÔđØĎ4F :G/
Āä,FÕ7MN^MJ³ĕ+Çæ*G/^VNp9
ĝqLmjsrPpW`MmpSĞ9ÄÑ$1/5ć
gNp_:QlsmpS*G/¥čaYn5.9u8o
!FðisQs4Çæ+3FÿüesXJº×+
NMO_*G/h]_œöf]RX9Ò4Fw
h]_JPMs9 ž8éø,F)58CEē¢ßÉ
ùJªą8Ā,)58CEksVs:.9ÖúƒæËÚ
’Ü5ƒ–Å9õ˜—Jwô+3F/0.9þ*$
Jýà7¼4åĆ+C
¼8ĀG-µ¨4ĉí*G8&#1/5Œ*GF[
5,F0H
ĝ
Ğ
WQ8àÉ9†7y²JLckV&*F-#36"¬
s}/2"F8JÒä(F
xÖJÊå(Flƒ76FRfWa[QW„7CEyÌ
ù#F4‚±(F
Ø9á7˜(F– 4{ĀJ’÷3
ùøaYjJã2ùø8æêΞÈԌJåì(F
F4×DGF
ù-4sôGFĂø-4s«<GFă4‚±(F
ù8aYjJã#F
º7 ÊÎ6–~;8é™49wvzJª$6
ù8aYjJ§(
Dח(F
%8C7¢×J›D'2@Ù{J©/2¼'aY
Nh`kYùøaYj8z
jJ§(%49ý'%G9ùø8àÓ
Ô8Nh`kYq¯Ïº!ÇÆ؀Fq¥46
95.D@āu'ëè'´%4l08‰4×D
/,¦8ðò6˾8n7ˆûÃK3FNh`
GFPfk7029þ½áœx¹·Õ3ˆû6‘
kY7o/,üíoH4'2£3ò12¶,
‹7Ud[]ZMj(FþÁÿ|»658aYj
4/&7úõ6"Ok_j8aYjJ§*F-H
F9ˆûJÓ(rô{Š7029î3àÓ&GFN
9¸6aYj\TLj8z3F•ч
h`kY8‘‹ù"8aYjJRgkj7ŸÝ(F%4
:D6PfkàÓ65DBF\TLjç&G2
9¡)'@lÜ8ˆûöµ8SLj49lÛ'6%
F5%<3ß/2@­Ž&G6ù#Fø?F
G@¿p7¨ñJ#Fâ46/2F8396-
8àÓ9s8è҂±ßÄ702tm8_iXW
H
Jï>4×DGF
ßÄ7ÚF_iXW
•
чPfk
ч”
&:D6 ” &чPfk:D6Þ°
+%3èÒ8^YkjJ“2=FĂăù#F
Í6F%4bLj]3F”…8s9lÐ3‚±3
ø?FJA?2sJô(ø?F7(F4èÒ
gWQ9Àš(F4×DGF
ßÄ8_iXW9Uek]P[]&GF4×DGF<
,ón8æêAч8¤ŒJ¢×(FÅI'&Då®
ßÄ7ÚF_iXW
&GF%4”
s}/2"F8JÒä(F
SLj8žÈāu*)³D7
g7MZKQR7WP]Gãx#C
¿àÛ5æG†ð(C
WP]Gª(
Ýóòøó¨5æGm(
$D5“'¡ËÐê”5@CæÀ·8hb7öB1C
ò[^]Ü5Ýóò[^]Gé#Þx#(C
¢ÈÐ5¿àÛ2Ýóò[^]8xÿ%DC
Ýóò8™röà7Z^ZG œ(C
Ýóò7v¥‚a
¼5Ôi̊1Ú0<@õ›ˆÊŲ}
^OIQT%D̊îß7•%Ýóò
C2$E
L\
ãÑ%D0
$7 ›1ÝóòŒ7e¬8 oÝ
óò2g7e¬8 o5¤‹'0C2$7c1
2"5āăÛ7Ýóòe¬7z€
‹0C$D;1
ùñ­s8Ý{òtu1BÝóò7v8ôå%D0
!,2çF&CGŸ4¿àÛ2Ýóò8xÿ%D0
A)Ýóò7öஂZ^Z?³±1:2H3ÇÂÉ
§5õɧ1C 7ºì8¿ùaG¿àÛ2Ý
óò
ć'0öà(C$2G«Ž'0C
NJN18Ýóò[^]8ĂÞ×1~yAD
—˜ú9à"2SZ^5‰Bx#AD0C
$D8và{-#14"̊à{qž‹÷43k*”
"$2
1!C
á…7µïÐ4v¥GÓn',a14.æ´
!YVZB©ë°´435@Cí„43
¢â4þ
8 ä¶Gƒ=vºÆ50“£(C$7þæ[
$7ÉÁ1v7,>5“wÎÂG¯(2hb7¹5
VZ7ý–ºÆ7֑
«Ž%DCbè8+7_l1
4C
C
›’B3?Gƒ>UZXQRÒÍGÙ|/#C
[VZ û4e¬5Ø
B64æeĀ
pD5"ÝóòGüÏ(C
[VZ ô7e¬5Ø
B64æeĀ
Ýóò7fgdB`gdBGÕ½(C
[VZ e¬58Ø
A4?77»¸
¾š5{j
#//?Ò@?ľ
ÿ­˜ú0º#+|?Ô¥1!-úˆ1¾ÑŃ³
;¯™/.ń˜ú0º#+&1úˆ1>ØÜ0)
!1tgs0ÌJqxÛ´1²"àˆēĝĊ
+lZVxSBĄ#+?-$?Ĕ0ª*Clr
ŃcM]Nqkń/.ĝý1ÆÅ1sxsBî9êõ™$
J1ĈĢÎþµĕSGxkUwwLeWv0<?ĴĨ
?!@0<>pxQx0Ķ”/Ó«B‡?!-,
?
›ĔÛû
ĹĄý¬,2Ê0#+ĹĄãĻPT]ĦĤ1{‘
ðŽšĂIJۀboxjvwHqxĩ>=
¡/._K[De/ğ§0<>ïÔàqgs>Ī0
<?ĭ¤/.¬Ç'>ą/ºč,Á¬0“"@?ïÔà
;ĭ¤®?- Âó#¡ïÔBÄ//
>ć0ĸğ/Ó«Ľě"@?rTM“+?qg
s1ŀ2áË1×í,>±ā$?!-2ķ
'
ijÃ~¨B£8CSCī¨,2đòĄ½--:0~ĺ
ÖÍ¿1ıĮ—ł6>ÝäЦ41Ï¢Æ6(+
?-ģA@?eqv^ďB„ĝ-$?Ł¦ŀĖ0‹ā
$?™Đ¦/.ėß02&1¶Ñ0º$?Ŀ?
-ģA@?Ýä1ĞĴçĀì?z,¶w¶ÎBĉ
Č$?!-2Á¬üÍ1z,:ĸğ,?Ú;OKB
¼/$?!-2ģ0œ3%ƒË2ÎþąħĈÀµ
ą/ġø=‚1Ĝ˜Bęù/È,¶0»é/<>
äİą/¶ÎBٍ$?!-â6@?
ïņ lvXsm\s
‚ĺ¸}ă,‰.1<0Šā$?BÐĔ$?ļ
1fuVTBĝý#':1lvXsm\s2°ă1ý
¸B…Īą0ĪÞ$?5èĎ"@'’ą/ĥŸ6'2
ĝý,>ħĬ-ÔÐî·0+ĸğ/ɖBå'$
ïŇ bnrwaZ]
ĸ²/÷¹;Ú02Ě=/:11ĆĒ#+:#
/yëו1Œ1ĄĠB
ïň EvR\v]
ĸ²Ú0Ě?žĘÑ?ÕĄĀ#/)¸ļ
02Ú0)/=/('ö©Œ1!-B"$
ï ŅCdIxYvT
7?‚-ċ†1ñ¿
`xjv‚Bį$?ĵ‘Wd]w[M`u
Sx1Îþµ
ôIJ pxQxHMThrHvT\QEv ęù
/CdIxYvTB»èĴm\s1Ùæ \Q
EvvwRviSFk <>