?/*6j+42 E kC
nlQX
#TYJC
ŋ·ê49ƊķIJDžNÞ7%2 19 Šųą¼7ëč$K,êÐ3Jŋ·ê8ðơ
46J897ķœFŀœ658ľœ3Jľœ9ĀűFƹù4/,Ď7Ƨƭ6
éØ3Iľœ8ŋŏĉNê<#43ĀűFƹù8ŋ‚ŬķŔà=8œƚŁAJ
#8ńƁ-!3ŋ·ê4êаƻ8ª2Nê<#49ĠDŽŞ7ˆÆƅ3'%,
/2#8ńƁ39òĨĀűŔà÷êFĀűƝ¦8êƁ706JĈƕģôLJ8¬î
702Ơſ4ńƁNƏA(ǕīA38Ēİ3ƁŎƢ8ĶŋFķœ8ŐČěũā
HçAIŋ·êů„ļ´ŋ·êůļ´Uhoƒ8ƞı6ŋŒơ70
28Ơſ4ńƁNƏ
ol+$@WRNS
18 Šų7RW|_3ƊķIJDžŜĞ$K,±D9ŌĘ7ƍŸMK2,įĩ
Ɖÿ%,,DŤņŸMKJG76/,#%2ŖİǎÏƣ#/,M!3J
ƊķIJDž9Lj39“·FƋ·8—MI76IĿ39Ǒ·8—MI76/,#K7
GIRW|_N±D4%,zƒdm8Ŗ
İǎÏƣ,83JzƒdmŠ
Ś8•8ÙÝN×£'JG76/,8E
#8ƊķIJDž8"4ƜJ3L
Ĝ7Ư>,4Iŋ·ê9#8ƊķIJDž
NE47%2 19 Šųą¼7ëč$K,8
3J
pl7'$@X%
jnkaei\ch$@
RW|_8^Tƒu_‚€dhǖJames
Watt 1736-1818Ǘ9FOĻǔ'J4ƌ
†‡7¹
8NB2ƊķIJDžNŜĞ%,
nC aei\ch$@
4ƞNƄ,#4JE%K6
ílj79€dh9ƊķIJDžNřĥŞ7ĕƈ%2Š8Œ7ġÁ$),“Ŏ3J*K
˜µ79ƿö8Ĕĸŗ7jyƒ[v8IJDžĜ7ĽƦ%2,
Õǘ9jyƒ[vǖThomas Newcomen 1664-1729Ǘ8ƊķIJDžNƒ%2JÕ 1(a)
8Ç¥8]|cƒ8ŒNo_h†‡Ƴ¹N%2Œæ~lƒNÓ%2lZeN†‡
$)ņÛ8ĸN
B†"J”ŷB3JÕ 1(b)8o_h†‡Ƴ¹N'JƵũNƒ
%2JI 9rR{ƒ3Ŝŕ%,ĸƊķo_hNĐ%†"2J4#L3ij8 II
3]|cƒ¬7­,ĸNÒñ%ĸƊķN­¾%2®ż$)2J'J4]|
cƒ¬8ĸƊķ9ĸ76/2%A,D]|cƒ¬9ŢŬ7ƭŐČ76/2%A
*6J4II H III A39åķ×o_hNĐ%‡"J#476Jjyƒ[v
8IJDž91710 ýǏ7ŜĞ$K,
jokaei\ch$@ULM
#8IJDž8ĉƅ91 Ó7
#L8ĸN
B†"Jĸ8ƺ$å#4ǖ·Ǘ6J>
B†"J#4ǖƥNJǗ½šĠDŽ8ĸ
Ł4
BÓėä#43J4
HIJDž8ĉƅ9·ƥNJ'6M.”8åô7Dž¡'J#476I4ž)2”ő8
ƂěŕAK,
jpkg_`X7'$@
^Tƒu_‚€dhǖJames Watt 1736-1818Ǘ
9Y{_\ƒåê8IJĭƔƲďú4%2¨
2,*8ąY{_\ƒåê7jyƒ
[vIJDžđ.ƬAK,€dh9*KN
E47ƊķIJDž8ĕƈNƏ/,Õ 2 7€d
h8ƊķIJDžNŦ'ģå8ĕƈŇ9Œæ
7J®żÑ3Jjyƒ[vIJDž39
ŋA-(<Oĵ/2J87­ĸ3
ŋNľ¯$)2J€dh9*KN˜‡
EC g_`X7'$@C
8G7ĕƈ%,
²8îÑNƝ!2]|cƒ4o_h­¾$K6G7%,
Ɗķ7G/2o_hNĐ%†"JG7%,
o_h8ĄĆƳ¹NÓƩƳ¹7%,
ql+$@W:VRX:3
ŋIJDž9å
07°!HKJƆ¹ƨ8Va|U^FgQƒ`}U^9
¬ŌIJDž4]|cƒ¬Ƹ3ŌĘNŇŅōŜ$)J#K7ð%ƊķIJDžFƊ
ķbƒn9ãƸ8rR{ƒ3ŌĘNŌF'83ãŌIJDž4Î:K2J
¬ŌIJDž8ßÉŌŊV_8ºêâºF]|cƒã=8ÿĮEílj79ƣ2J
ŋ·ê39*KH7029ňƙ%2ƂJ#8G7ŋ8ÌÃ4Ė¯-!NÄI†"
2o_hãƸ7'J”NĺDJ8ŋ·ê8ÞĦŞ6Ƃě3Jģą7˜
†8™ì8‡3ŋIJDž7Ĉƕ6ƕŵ9¸ŋ”ŋ8Ė¯8ǚ03J
rl+UL)MKLM
#K˜dž%:H
9ĶŋŋüƑrR}8ļ´]x}}8ļ´rR}]x}}
8ļ´4œĊķœ8ŐČěũā658ƟĞǖĆƁǗN'J
Õ 3 7Ŧ'G7Ŭķ658ķœNîū V 8îÑ7©K,ĠsXŞ6ŐČNƒ'
Ƽ4%2 3J%%tXŞ
7ƗJ4ílj79œū V 8îѬ7ä
8ķœ°èéØ%#KHûł–ƭ3EƱþ
ėŝ m/s 3ˆƘ´7Ɛŭ%6Hǒ;’/2J#8tX3Ɨ,ßÉ8ėä
8ķœ
°è½šĠDŽ‚½šǍū,IîÑ8áǍ7Ɛŭ%2‰J·ū8üÚŞ6ŻƼN×
· p 4%2ċ&2J
ưûŗJłþ½š t[!Ǘ4źðłþ T[K]48DŽ79
T = t + 273.15
8Dž¡JT=0K= !NźðNjþ4G;#849ª28°èˆƘ´6
Ƴ¹NFD2³Ĵ%2JŐČ3JG/2źðNjþ T 0K GIô$
6J#49
6
îѬ8ķœ8G7ðơ4'JķœA,9ŀœ8#4N J
9Ų4G<#8 7ð%2*8×· p Fłþ T Nìſ'Jß
É*8Ų8¬Ƹ7×· p Fłþ T ˆÚ„6ŐČ3/296H6'6M.ŋ·ê
Ş6Ų39sXŞ7Ɨ2ćõ6,J4#Lª2ڄ36!K:6H6#8G
6ŐČN 4G<
Ų79ǂ&,Ų4ǃ,ŲJîѬ8ķœãƸ4ŋ8ĒÅN'J-!
3ķœ8ľ©‚ľ¯6ŲNǂ&,Ų4Ɯ„ěŋ-!36
ķœ'6M
.ŎƢE¯©I'JŲNǃ,Ų4ƜA,ŲNÔCŬDŽNãŚ4ãŚ9
Ų7Ķ>2»°7å
JE84'J
Ų7ŋFŎƢN¯©I$)2EłþFƢƼ8â¹9ňƙ3
sl&+K8;+K7.+
ŎƢ7G/2łAI7
$Ʒ*8ŎƢ 1g 8łþN 1K †"J87Ĉƕ6ŋƼN
*8ŎƢ8Ķŋǖspecific heatǗ4G;½š9 3J
JŎƢ m [g]8łþN t1 [!]ǖJ9 T1 [K]ǗH t2 [!]ǖJ9 T2 [K]ǗA3†ĝ
$)J87Ĉƕ6ŋƼ Q [J]9
Q = mc ( t 2 " t1 ) = mc (T2 " T1 )
3‰HKJĶŋ c [J/(g•K)]8Ŏœ m[g]Nłþ 1!†ĝ$)J87Ĉƕ6ŋƼ mc N*
8Ŏœ8ŋîƼ4
ƒǘ ŎƢ8Ķŋǖ25Ǘ
Ķ ŋ c
°èƼ M
w}Ķŋ C
Ŏ Ƣ
J/(g•K)
g/mol
J/(mol•K)
P}tjSu
0.902
26.98
24.34
ƽ
0.429
55.85
25.23
ǀ
0.385
63.54
24.47
ƾ
0.129
207.21
26.82
ƒǘNƗJ4°èƼô$P}tjSu8Ķŋå
ô$
°èƼåƾ8Ķŋ9
•8ŎƢEÊ&§ËčIŮ/2J°èƼ M 7Ķŋ c NŽ&, 1mol ,I
8Ķŋ Mc Nw}Ķŋ C 4G;*8¤9?@ ,I3J#KN
gypfQ8ļ´ǖDulong-Petit lawǗ
˜†9֜N¸ŋ'JßÉ3JƎŇ72֜Ê&łþ8ŀœ7âº'J
,D7*8ŎƢ 1g ,IÖĤ8ŋƼĈƕ3J#8ŋƼNƎƚŋ4 :
Ĺ8Ǝƚŋ 333.5J/g 3JA,ĻŇ76/,ŀœÊ&łþ8ķœ7âMJ49
1g ,I*8ŎƢ7ÖĤ8ŋƼNãH¸6!K:6H6#8ŋƼNķºŋA,
9ƊŜŋ4 :ĸ8ķºŋ9 2256.7J/g 3J
tl+U>
ŋƼ4”9ŎœƼ4%2Ê&3J
#4NťDJ89îğ396#K
Nģ±7íŒ%,8^yƒ}8ƀĬ
ƨ8íǓ3J
#8íǓ919 Šų8¼:RW|_
FC ^eifX5"<B
8íǓŎœêƃ^yƒ}ǖJames Prescott Joule, 1818-1889Ǘ7G/2ƶč$K,
Õǚ7íǓƓžNŦ'^yƒ}9ĸ-!36
ŹĪŎƢ7Dž¡6
ı6ƓžNŗ2íǓN%,*8
ġƴŞ7 4.2J 8” 1cal 8ŋƼ7šă'J#4NťD,
ăĠ9ŋƼ8½š4%2 cal NŸ/2,83ŋƼ Q [cal]7šă'
J”Ƽ W [J]9
W=JQ, J=4.18605 J/cal
4$K2,#8Ķ ìėN 4
ŒØ9SI ½šNŗJ83W [J] = Q [J] 46J
ęŋħ
ul+9U)
ÕǛ7Ŧ'G7ǕłǖThǗ8Ų A 4›
A
B
łǖTlǗ8Ų B N‘7ēƛ$),ŐČ3ž
*8ÍINęŋħ3ƖE84'JĠ
Th
DŽ8ŸƵ44E7Ǖł8Ų A H›ł8Ų
Tl
B 7ŋŨ¹%2»°7ĠDŽ,04 2 0
8Ų8łþ9«7Ê&łþ Tm 76J
#8G7 2 08Ų8âºŶM/,ŐČ
NŋüƑ8ŐČ4#84ÈŲ
A
B
Tm
Tm
ęŋħ
8łþƇJ4#L3„ìǖüƑŐČǗ3
JA,Ǚ08ŲŋüƑŐČ84Ǚ
08Ų8łþ9Ű%4ƂHKJ
vlb[fX(U]dffX(
Ų8×· pœū Vłþ T¬ƸUk}Wƒ65Ų8ŐČNŦ'ƼNŐČƼA,9
ŐČâė4ưû8ŎƢ8ŐČ9łþ Tœū V×· p 8DŽ8Dž¡N f(p,V,T)=0 8
ěũā3ƒ'#8āNŐČěũā4
ǖǘǗrR}8ļ´ǖBoyle’s lawǗ
p
T2ǖǕłǗ
łþ T „ì84
×· p 4œū V 9ÂĶ 'J
T1ǖ›łǗ
V
GC b[fX(C
V
ǖǙǗ]x}}8ļ´ǖCharle’s lawǗ
p2ǖǕ×Ǘ
×· p „ì84
œū V 4łþ T 9Ķ 'J
p1ǖ›×Ǘ
HC ]dffX(C
nmlb[fD]dffX(XC
A.A(×· p0œū V0łþ T0 8„08ŋ·êŞ6ŲN
łþN T0 8AA×·N p1œūN V’7âº$),4'J4
rR}8ļ´H
46J
B.ij7×· p1œū V’łþ T0 8ŋ·êŞ6ŲN
×·9 p1 8AA3œūN V1łþN T1 7âº$),4'J4
]x}}8ļ´H
46J
GI
’46I’N7—©'J4
46J83
rR}]x}}8ļ´
p0
V 0 T0
pV
= „ìčIŮ0
T
A. T0 „ì
p0V0=p1V’
p1
V’ T0
A. T0 „ì
p0V0=p1V’
p1
V 1 T1
T
nnl-'X,!0X
1mol 8ķœ90ǖ=273.15KǗ1atmǖ=1.013!105PaǗ3ķœ8Ūǐ7GH(œū
9Ŵ 22.41lǖ=22.41!10-3m3Ǘ46J83T=273.15Kp=1.013!105PaV=22.41!10-3m3 N
rR}-]x}}8ļ´8øƫ7—©'J4
pV
=
T
46J#8ìėN R 4
4R!8.31J/(mol•K)46I#KNķœìė4G<
n[mol]8ķœ7ð%29pV/T=nR 46J83pV=nRT óKJ
#8ā3ŐČNƒ'#4¯ĨJķœNœĊķœǖideal gasǗ4G;#8āNœĊķœ
8ŐČěũā4G<%%íØ8ķœ79Àï79#8ā9ă29AH6
ķœ 1mol 49*8ķœ°è 6.02!1023 ¢3J#4NŦ'#8¤NPrViė
ǖAvogadro NumberǗ4G;NA 3ƒ'
nol-'X=
U)X@
Õǝ7Ŧ'G7ǘƫ8ǁ$ l 8Ůěœ8î
Ѭ72ƢƼ m 8ǘ¢8½¿è°è x ƪ
7ÜŠ6ǘ08áǍ A 7Á@'·ūǖ!Ǘ
NƂJ
vz
vy
vx
áǍ A
Ǎū l2
#8ķœ°è8ƱþqXh} v N v=[vx, vy, vz]4
#8°è9•8°è4Ɛŭ'J#46
ŮěœîÑ8ǜ08áǍ4ëªĂĉƐŭNŽIƮ
%6HƳ¹N01!J4'J
##3ÕǞ†7Ŧ'G7#8°èáǍ
A 7Ɛŭ'J#43x ƪěË8Ʊþč° vx 9-vx
7âº'J##3
·ūǠƳ¹Ƽ⺰8Dž¡
J83ǘÓ8Ɛŭ7GIáǍ A Å!J·
tC X-'X=
á
Ǎ
A
ū ft 9
46J##3°è8Ʊ$9njû7å83
ÕǞ‡7Ŧ'G7 x ƪěË8č°-!7ţş'J
4áǍ A 7ǘŧDŽ7 ÓƐŭ'J#4
76J#KN7!J4t=1 ŧ,I8·ū
'6M.ǘŧDŽ7#8ǘ¢8°èáǍ A 7Á@
uC A I OPZ1C
'· f 76JG/2
‚‚‚46J
##3îѬ7 n [mol]8ķœ©/2J4'J#8îѬ8ķœ°è8¢ė N 9
PrViė NA(=6.02!1023)Nŗ2
N=nNA ‚‚‚46J
##3 v x2 8üÚN v x2 f 8üÚN f 654'J'J4áǍ A N ¢ª28ķœ
°èHÅ!J·N F 4
4
GI
‚‚‚46J
##3$H7k śş8°è8ïþqXh}N vk 4
4
vk=[ vxk, vyk, vzk ] GI
#8Ʊ$N vk 4
4…üě8ìœGI
‚‚‚
46J
G/2N ¢8°èªœ8Ʊ$8ǙŽüÚv29
GI
‚‚‚46J
##3°è79JěËĉ96
ăʼn v
2
x
= v
2
y
ˆƘ´7ǒ;Ó/2J4Ƃ2ƈ83
= v ‚‚‚čIŮ0
2
z
G/2N7—©%2
v 2 = 3 v x2 v x2 =
1 2
v ‚‚‚46J
3
#8N7—©%2
‚‚‚46J
##3áǍ A ķœ°èHÅ!J×·N P 4
8‹ƫN l2 3¶/2
4 P =
F
GI
l2
##3 l 3 = V GI
‚‚‚ó!,
#8½¿è°èœĊķœ9œĊķœ8ŐČěũāNŃƤ'J
˜†7GI N A
1
2
1
m v 2 = RT N A m v 2 = RT
3
3
2
‚‚‚46J
##3ķœìė R=8.315 J/(mol•K)NPrViė NA 3¶/,¤NĚ,7 k 4
k=
4
R
8.315
=
= 1.381"10#23 J/K 46J
N A 6.022 "10 23
#8 k Nr}esìėǖBoltzman constantǗ4G<
#8 k NŸ:
‚‚‚’4ƒ'#4E3J
##3’8 v 2 7N—©'J4
1
1
1
3
m v x2 + m v y2 + m v z2 = kT 46J
2
2
2
2
G/2GI
1
1
1
1
m v x2 = m v y2 = m v z2 = kT
2
2
2
2
46J83Õǟ7Ŧ'G7½¿è°è8œĊķœ729ǘ¢8°è9x ƪ
y ƪz ƪ8ǚ08ěË7Ƴ¹3J83ǚ08ƆŘþNđ.*K+K7ð%2Uk
1
}Wƒ kT ¶Iă2HK2J
2
ij7ˆƘ´6Ƴ¹N'J½¿è°èķœ8Ʊ$8ǙŽüÚƱþ
‚‚‚GI
‚‚‚(a)46J
v 2 NƂJ
##3m 9ķœ°èǘ¢8ƢƼNA 9PrViėGI mNA 9ķœ 1mol 8ƢƼ'6
M.°èƼ M [g]46JG/2½šN kg 7âĢ'J,D7mNA=M!10-3kg 4%2
#KN(a)7—©'J4
‚‚‚(b)
G/2(b)8‹ƫ8üěĬN4J#47GI°èƼ M 8½¿èķœ°è8Ʊ$8ǙŽ
üÚƱþ
v2
v
2
NĺDJ#43J
=
3 "10 3 RT
‚‚‚!
M