電子航法研究所研究発表会（第16回平成28年６月） ̍̕ɽLDACS1 ͷϏοτޡΓಛੑͷվળ ࢹ௨৴ྖҬ 1 ͡Ίʹ ද1 ࠃࡍຽؒߤۭؔػɼACARSʢAircraft Com- LDACS1 ओཁॾݩ ༻पଳ ෳ৴ํࣜ ΞΫηεํࣜ มௐํࣜ νϟωϧ෯ Ϗοτૹ ֎ූ߸ ޡΓగਖ਼ ූ߸ FFT αΠζ αϯϓϦϯά࣌ؒ OFDM γϯϘϧ αϒΩϟϦΞ αϒΩϟϦΞִؒ munications Addressing and Reporting Systemʣ VDLʢVHF Digital LinkʣMode2 ʹΘΔҬʹ ͓͚Δকདྷͷۭߴσʔλ௨৴γεςϜͱ͠ ͯ LDACSʢL-band Digital Aeronautical Commu- nications SystemʣΛఏҊ͍ͯ͠Δ [1]ɻLDACS L όϯυʢ1GHz ଳʣΛ༻͢ΔγεςϜ֨ن ҊͰ͋Δɻࠃࡍ֨نͷࡦఆʹͬͯɼLDACS ͷ௨৴ੑೳΛ໌Β͔ʹ͢Δͱͱʹଞͷ ARNS ʢAeronautical Radio Navigation Serviceʣγες Ϝͱͷ༻ڞͳͲΛղܾ͍ͯ͘͠ඞཁ͕͋ ˞ંɹ५ɼԘ֨ ݟҰ 960—1164[MHz] पׂ OFDMA 4/16/64QAM+OFDM 498.05[kHz] x 2 833.33—2500.0[kbps] ϦʔυιϩϞϯ ʢύϯΫνϟυʣΈࠐΈ 64 1.6[μs] 120[μs] 50 9.765625[kHz] Δɻͳ͓ɼLDACS ֨نҊʹ ࡏݱLDACS1 [2]ɼ LDACS2 [3] ͷ 2 छྨ͕ఏҊ͞Ε͓ͯΓɼ྆ऀ ʹޓੑͳ͍ɻLDACS1 LDACS2 ʹൺͯ ϏοτૹϨʔτ͕ߴ͘ɼϏοτޡΓగਖ਼ೳྗ͕ ߴ͍ͷಛ͔ΒɼͰ࣌ݱ LDACS1 ͕ੑೳ ্༏ҐͱݟΒΕ͍ͯΔ͕ɼຊ֨తͳࠃࡍ֨نԽ ʹࠓ͠Β͕͔͔࣌ؒ͘Δͷͱߟ͑ΒΕͯ ͍Δɻ ਤ 1 LDACS1 εʔύϑϨʔϜߏ [2] ͜Ε·Ͱɼిࢠߤ๏Ͱॴڀݚ LPESʢLDACS Physical layer Experimental System; LDACS ཧ ࣮ݧγεςϜʣΛ࡞͠ [4]ɼLDACS1 ͷཧ ੑೳʹ͍ͭͯ[ ͖ͨͯ͠ূݕ5–7]ɻͦͷ݁Ռɼ LDACS1 ͷޡΓగਖ਼ద༻ޙͷ BERʢBit Error Rate; ϏοτޡΓʣಛੑ͕ AWGNʢAdditive White Gaussian Noise; Ճ๏ੑന৭ΨεࡶԻʣ ૹ࿏ʹൺϚϧνύεϑΣʔδϯάڥԼͰ ͍ΔɻFL ্͔ہΒ OFDM ৴߸Λ࿈ଓૹ৴ ͠ɼ֤ߤۭʹہػରͯ͠ݸผࢦఆ·ͨಉ࣌௨ใ ͷૹ͕ߦ͑ΔɻҰํɼRL ্͔ہΒͷཁٻ ʹԠׂͯ͡ΓͯΒΕ֤ͨߤۭ͕ہػόʔετ ঢ়ʹૹ৴͢Δɻ ʢReverse Linkʣ্ํہػۭߤ → ہͷ FL LDACS1 ͷओཁॾݩΛද 1 ʹɼLDACS1 ͷૹ ৴ϑΥʔϚοτΛਤ 1 ʹࣔ͢ɻૹ৴ϑΥʔϚο τɼ͞ 240 ms ͷεʔύϑϨʔϜʹσʔ ʢForward Linkʣʹൺͯ BER ྼԽ͕େ͖͍͜ λ੍༻ޚͷ֤छϑϨʔϜΛ֨ೲ͍ͯ͠Δɻ ͱɼ͕֬ೝ͞Ε͍ͯΔ [8,9]ɻຊߘͰɼLDACS1 άهͱڥड़͢ΔʣԼͰͷ BER ಛੑͷվળࡦͱ OFDM ೋ࣍มௐͰ 50 ຊͷαϒΩϟϦΞΛα Πζ 64 ͷ FFTʢFast Fourier TransformʣͰ࣌ؒ৴ ߸ʹม͢ΔɻOFDM Ͱνϟωϧਪఆʹ༻͢ ΔύΠϩοτ৴߸ஔɼFL ͼٴRL ͷϑϨʔ ͦͷద༻݁Ռʹ͍ͭͯใࠂ͢Δɻ ϜͷछྨʹԠܾͯ͡ΊΒΕ͍ͯΔɻϢʔβσʔ 2 λૹʹ༻͍Δ FL σʔλϑϨʔϜͱ RL σʔλ ྼԽ͢Δ͜ͱɼಛʹߤۭ → ہػ্ํہͷ RL ड৴ػଆͰͷ৴߸ॲཧΛݟ͢͜ͱʹΑΔɼϚϧ νύεϑΣʔδϯάڥʢҎԼɼ୯ʹϑΣʔδϯ LDACS1 ֓ཁ LDACS1 OFDMʢOrthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexʣΛϕʔεͱͨ͠γεςϜͰɼFL ͱ RL ͱͰҟͳΔपνϟωϧΛׂΓͯͯ ϑϨʔϜͷύΠϩοτ৴߸ஔΛɼਤ 2 ʹࣔ͢ɻ ͳ͓ɼFL σʔλϑϨʔϜ 52 OFDM γϯϘϧ Ͱ͋ΔҰํͰɼRL σʔλϑϨʔϜ 6 OFDM ─ 108 ─ 電子航法研究所研究発表会（第16回平成28年６月） LDACS1 BER performances (TM, FEC) Bit Error Rate 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4 10 -5 10-6 10-7 FL RL 4 6 ਤ 2 ύΠϩοτ৴߸ஔྫ 8 10 12 C/N [dB] 14 16 18 20 ਤ 3 TM ڥԼ BER ಛੑྫ ද 2 ϑΣʔδϯάγφϦΦઃఆ ENR TM APT Rice ϑΣʔδϯάʢK ϑΝΫλ 15dBʣ ͱ 2 Ԇʢ0.3μsɼ15μsʣ Ҡಈମʢ600knotʣ Rice ϑΣʔδϯάʢK ϑΝΫλ 10dBʣ υοϓϥϞσϧʢJakesʣ Ҡಈମʢ300knotʣ Rayleigh ϑΣʔδϯά υοϓϥϞσϧʢJakesʣ Ҡಈମʢ200knotʣ BER ͕ݮগ͢ΔҰํɼRL σʔλϑϨʔϜͰ BER ͕΄΅มΘΒͣશ͘ޡΓగਖ਼͕ޮ͔ͳ͍ঢ় ଶͰ͋ͬͨɻ 3.1 ϑΣʔδϯάڥԼͰ͋ͬͯɼ௨৴νϟω ϧঢ়ଶΛਖ਼֬ʹਪఆ͠ԽͰ͖ΕϏοτޡΓ ݮগ͢ΔɻҰൠతʹ OFDM γεςϜͰύ γϯϘϧͰ͋Δɻਤ 2 Ͱ࿈ଓ͢Δ RL σʔ λϑϨʔϜΛॎʹ 8 ͭฒͯද͍ࣔͯ͠Δɻ 3 վળࡦ Πϩοτ৴߸͕ϑϨʔϜʹஔ͞Ε͓ͯΓɼύ Πϩοτ৴߸Ґஔͷਪఆνϟωϧঢ়ଶ͔Βิ ؒɾิ֎ʹࢉܭΑ֤ͬͯσʔλ৴߸ΛԽ͢Δɻ ϑ Σ ʔ δ ϯ ά ڥ Լ ͷ LDACS1 BER ಛੑ ϚϧνύεʹΑΔϑΣʔδϯάڥɼҰൠʹ LPES ͷॳͰ࣮ظɼఆܕؐؼͷԽثΛ࣮ ͨ͠ɻ ԆϓϩϑΝΠϧʹΑͬͯϞσϧԽ͞ΕΔɻߤ LDACS1 ͷ RL σʔλϑϨʔϜਤ 2 ʹࣔ͠ ͨ௨Γɼಛఆͷ OFDM γϯϘϧͷΈʹύΠϩο ۭػͷඈߦঢ়ͼٴگपғঢ়گଟʹذΘͨΔͨ τ৴߸͕ஔ͞Ε͍ͯΔɻ͜ͷͨΊɼఆؐؼ ΊɼϞσϧΛҰҙʹܾఆͰ͖ͳ͍͕ɼදత Ͱܕ࣌ؒมԽͷै͕ෆेͰ͋Δͱߟ͑ɼ ͳϑΣʔδϯά͔͍͕ͭ͘ྫڥఆٛ͞Ε͍ͯ ࣌ؒํิؒ͢ࢉܭΔԽثΛผ్࣮ͨ͠ɻ Δ [2, 10]ɻຊͰڀݚɼจ[ ݙ2] A ʹ͋Δ 3 ຊߘͰศ্ٓɼૠܕԽͿݺͱثɻ͞Βʹ छྨͷγφϦΦ ENRɼTMɼAPT Λࢀߟʹͯ͠ɼ ਪఆ࣌ʹૹ࿏ಛੑߦྻ H Λ༻͍Δ͔ͦͷߦٯ ද 2 ͷΑ͏ʹϑΣʔδϯάγφϦΦΛઃఆͨ͠ɻ ྻ H −1 Λ༻͍Δ͔ͱ͍͏ཁૉՃ͑ɼԽʹث ͜ΕΒͷγφϦΦΛϑΣʔδϯάγϛϡϨʔλ ΑΔ RL σʔλϑϨʔϜ BER ಛੑͷվળΛࢼΈ Ͱٖ͢Δ͜ͱʹΑͬͯɼϑΣʔδϯάʹڥ ͨɻද 3 ʹ࣮ͨ͠ԽثҰཡΛࣔ͢ɻಉදதɼ ͓͚Δ LDACS1 ͷ BER ಛੑΛऔಘͨ͠ [8, 9]ɻ ઢ҈ܗͱ 2 ͭͷෳૉͷ୯७ͳൺͰิ ͳ͓ ENRɼTMɼAPT ɼͦΕͧΕΤϯϧʔτ ؒ͢ࢉܭΔํ๏ɼҐ૬҈ͱ 2 ͭͷෳૉؒ ڥɼλʔϛφϧۭҬڥɼۭߓ໘ڥΛҙຯ ͷҐ૬ࠩͷൺͱ֤ৼ෯ͷରͷൺ͔Β ͢Δɻ ิؒ͢ࢉܭΔํ๏Λද͢ɻ ਤ 3 ʹɼLPES ॳͰ࣮ظͷ TM ʹ͓͚Δ FL ·ͨɼRL σʔλϑϨʔϜͷσʔλޡͼٴΓ σʔλϑϨʔϜ ͼٴRL σʔλϑϨʔϜͷޡΓ గਖ਼ූ߸Λ LDACS1 ͱ֨نಉҰͱ্ͨ͠Ͱɼ గਖ਼ద༻ ޙBER ಛੑΛࣔ͢ɻॳͰ࣮ظɼFL ύΠϩοτ৴߸ͷஔύλʔϯΛਤ 4 ͷΑ͏ʹ σʔλϑϨʔϜ͕ C/N ͕େ͖͘ͳΔʹͭΕͯ ஔ͖ͨ͑߹ʹ BER ͷվળޮՌ͕͋Δ͔ʹͭ ─ 109 ─ 電子航法研究所研究発表会（第16回平成28年６月） ද3 Խث൪߸ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ࣮ԽثҰཡ Խํࣜ ఆܕؐؼɼθϩϑΥʔγϯά ૠܕɼθϩϑΥʔγϯά ૠܕɼθϩϑΥʔγϯά ૠܕɼθϩϑΥʔγϯά ఆܕؐؼɼθϩϑΥʔγϯά ఆܕؐؼɼ࠷খฏۉೋࠩޡ ૠܕɼ࠷খฏۉೋࠩޡ ఆܕؐؼɼ࠷খฏۉೋࠩޡ ิؒࢉܭ ઢ҈ܗ ઢ҈ܗ ઢ҈ܗ Ґ૬҈ Ґ૬҈ Ґ૬҈ Ґ૬҈ Ґ૬҈ ΦϦδφϧύλʔϯ ิؒରߦྻ H −1 H H H H −1 H −1 H H LDACS1 BER performances (TM, FEC) 10 0 10-1 Bit Error Rate ύλʔϯ 1 ύλʔϯ 2 10 -2 10 -3 10-4 10-5 10-6 ύλʔϯ 3 10 4 6 8 10 12 C/N [dB] 14 16 18 20 ਤ 5 TM ڥԼ BER ಛੑվળ݁Ռ ਤ 4 RL σʔλϑϨʔϜύΠϩοτ৴߸ஔ ύλʔϯ ΜΜͳ͘ࢄ͢ΔεΩϟολυύΠϩοτͱ ͍࣮ͯࢪͨ͠ɻ 3.2 FL RL RL improved -7 ͨͨ͠Ίɼ֤ OFDM γϯϘϧͷิؒਫ਼Լ ద༻݁Ռ ͕ΔͷͷγϯϘϧຖʹνϟωϧਪఆঢ়ଶ͕ߋ Խ ث8 छͱύΠϩοτஔύλʔϯ 3 छͷ Έ߹ΘͤΛࢼͨ݁͠ՌɼRL σʔλϑϨʔϜͷ BER ಛੑվળʹ࠷ޮՌ͕ߴ͔ͬͨํ๏ɼ Խ ث8 ൪ͱύλʔϯ 3 ͷΈ߹ΘͤͰ͋ͬͨɻ ਤ 5ɼਤ 6 ʹ TM ͼٴڥENR ͚͓ʹڥΔ BER ಛੑվળ݁ՌΛࣔ͢ɻ͍ͣΕɼFL σʔλ ϑϨʔϜʹ͍ۙ BER ಛੑ·Ͱվળ͞Εͨɻ ৽͞ΕɼFL σʔλϑϨʔϜʹ͍ۙಛੑ͕ಘΒΕ ͨͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ ͳ͓ɼૠܕԽثΦϦδφϧύλʔϯʹ Ұఆͷ BER վળޮՌ͕ݟΒΕͨͷͷɼύλʔ ϯ 1ɼ2ɼ3 ͰఆͲ΄ܕؐؼͷվળޮՌಘΒ Εͳ͔ͬͨɻ͜ΕɼΦϦδφϧύλʔϯҎ֎Ͱ ࣌ؒํʹิ֎ࢉܭΛߦ͏͜ͱʹͳΔͨΊɼܭ ΦϦδφϧύλʔϯͰɼͲͷαϒΩϟϦΞ ࢉ݁Ռ͕దͳൣғ֎ͱͳΔ͜ͱ͋Γνϟω ʹύΠϩοτ৴߸͕ͳ͍ OFDM γϯϘϧ͕ ϧਪఆ݁Ռ͕ෆਖ਼֬ʹͳͬͨͷͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ 4 ͭ࿈ଓ͍ͯ͠ΔɻຊߘͷఆܕؐؼԽث OFDM γϯϘϧͷύΠϩοτ৴߸Λͬͯ 1 ҰํɼAPT ͍͓ͯʹڥԽ ث8 ൪ͱύ γϯϘϧલͷνϟωϧਪఆঢ়ଶΛߋ৽͍ͯ͘͠ λʔϯ 3 ͷΈ߹ΘͤͰ RL σʔλϑϨʔϜͷ ͍͘ʹ͖ͭͼ݁ʹݮɻ͜Εʹରͯ͠ɼύλʔϯ BER ಛੑ FL σʔλϑϨʔϜฒʹͳͬͨɻ͠ ͔͠ਤ 7 ʹࣔ͢Α͏ʹɼC/N = 20[dB] ͰͷޡΓ గਖ਼ద༻ ޙBER ͕ 10−2 ఔͰ͋ͬͨɻAPT Ͱڥ Jakes Ϟσϧͷ Rayleigh ϑΣʔδϯάΛ Ծఆ͓ͯ͠Γɼਤ 7 BER ಛੑʹͱͬͯϫʔε 3 Ͱ֤ OFDM γϯϘϧʹύΠϩοτ৴߸Λ· τέʔεͱͳΔͱࢥΘΕΔɻͳ͓࣮ࡍͷۭߓ໘ ͨΊɼύΠϩοτ৴߸͕ͳ͍߹νϟωϧਪఆ ঢ়ଶͷߋ৽͕͜ىΒͳ͍ɻͭ·Γ͍ݹνϟωϧ ਪఆঢ়ଶͷ··Խ͢Δ͜ͱ͔ΒɼϏοτޡΓͷ ─ 110 ─ 電子航法研究所研究発表会（第16回平成28年６月） ϨʔϜʹ͓͚Δ BER ಛੑͷվળࡦʹ͍ͭͯূݕ LDACS1 BER performances (ENR, FEC) 0 10 ͨ͠ɻԽํࣜࣗମఆܕؐؼΛ͏ͷͷ -1 10 ύΠϩοτ৴߸ஔΛεΩϟολυύΠϩοτ -2 ͱͨ͠߹ʹɼFL σʔλϑϨʔϜఔ·Ͱ BER -3 ಛੑΛվળͰ͖Δͱ໌ͨ͠ɻ Bit Error Rate 10 10 -4 10 ࢀߟจݙ -5 10 ͳͱگΓɼۭߓ໘ʹ͓͍ͯ BER ਤ 7 ͷ݁Ռ [1] Nicolaos Fistas, Brent Phillips, and James Budinger. Future communications study — action plan 17, final conclusions and recommendations report. In 26th DASC, pp. 1–14. , 4.B.6, IEEE, Oct 2007. [2] EUROCONTROL. Updated LDACS1 System Specification. SESAR Joint Undertaking, Aug 2011. [3] EUROCONTROL. L-DACS2 System Definition Proposal. Deliverable D2, EUROCONTROL, 2009. [4] ં५, ॅ୩ହਓ, ੴग़໌. ରۭσʔλϦϯ Ϋ LDACS ཧͷ࣮. ୈ 11 ճಠཱߦ ๏ਓిࢠߤ๏ൃॴڀݚදձߨԋ֓ཁ, pp. 25–28, June 2011. [5] ં५, ॅ୩ହਓ, ੴग़໌. ߤۭ༻ߴσʔ λϦϯΫ LDACS ͷ BER ಛੑ. ిࢠใ௨ ৴ֶձ ٕज़ڀݚใࠂ SANE, Vol. 112, No. 360, pp. 37–42, Dec. 2012. [6] Jun KITAORI. Results of LDACS PHY BER performances with GNU Radio. ICAO ACP WG-M20/IP-8, Jan 2013. [7] ં५, Ԙ֨ݟҰ, ॅ୩ହਓ, ੴग़໌. σʔλ ϦϯΫ LDACS1 ͷϏοτޡΓಛੑ. ୈ 14 ΑΓԼ͢ΔͱظͰ͖ΔɻޡΓగਖ਼ద༻ޙ ճಠཱߦ๏ਓిࢠߤ๏ൃॴڀݚදձߨԋ 10-6 10-7 FL RL RL improved 4 6 8 10 12 C/N [dB] 14 16 18 20 ਤ 6 ENR ڥԼ BER ಛੑվળ݁Ռ LDACS1 BER performances (APT, FEC) 0 10 10-1 -2 Bit Error Rate 10 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 FL RL RL improved -7 10 4 6 ਤ7 8 10 12 C/N [dB] 14 16 18 20 APT ڥԼ BER ಛੑվળ݁Ռ ͰɼࣨڥͱҟͳΓड৴ʹ౸དྷ͢Δ֤ ૉͷిྗ౸དྷํʹΑͬͯʹภΓ͕͋ Δͷͱఆ͞ΕΔɻͳͲԿΒ͔ͷ༏ ͳૉ͕ଘࡏ͢Ε Rice ϑΣʔδϯάʹ͍ۙঢ় −4 BER ͕ 10 ϜͰϑϨʔϜͨΓ 2 ϏοτఔҎԼͷޡΓ ͱͳΓɼ্Ґͷ࠶ૹػೳʹΑͬͯૹใͷ ิঈ͕ՄೳͰ͋Δɻ 4 ֓ཁ, pp. 41–44, June 2014. ఔҎԼͰ͋Ε FL σʔλϑϨʔ ·ͱΊ ஶऀΒ LPES ͼٴϑΣʔδϯάγϛϡϨʔ λ Λ ར ༻ ͠ ͯ ɼϑ Σ ʔ δ ϯ ά ͚ ͓ ʹ ڥ Δ LDACS1 ͷ BER ಛੑΛௐ͖ࠪͯͨ͠ɻͦͷ݁ Ռɼࡏݱఆٛ͞Ε͍ͯΔ RL σʔλϑϨʔϜͷύ Πϩοτ৴߸ஔͰϑΣʔδϯάʹڥऑ͘ɼ FL σʔλϑϨʔϜʹൺͯஶ͘͠ BER ಛੑ͕ ྼԽ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Θ͔ͬͨɻ͜ͷͨΊ RL σʔλϑ [8] ં५, Ԙ֨ݟҰ. ϑΣʔδϯάڥԼʹ͓ ͚Δ LDACS1 ϏοτޡΓಛੑ. ిࢠใ ௨৴ֶձ ٕज़ڀݚใࠂ SANE, Vol. 114, No. 397, pp. 95–99, Jan. 2015. [9] Jun KITAORI. Updated LDACS1 BER performances with LPES. ICAO ACP WGM21/IP-2, Jul 2014. [10] Erik Haas. Aeronautical Channel Modeling. IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 254–264, Mar. 2002. ─ 111 ─
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