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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
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The following year, at the Convention of
Kanagawa, Perry returned with seven ships and
forced the shogun to sign the "Treaty of Peace
and Amity", establishing formal diplomatic
relations between Japan and the United States.
Within five years, Japan had signed similar
treaties with other western countries. The Harris
Treaty was signed with the United States on July
29, 1858.
The Black Ships (in Japanese, )*, kurofune)
was the name given to four ships, Mississippi,
Plymouth, Saratoga, and Susquehanna, under the
command of United States Commodore Matthew
Perry that arrived in 1853 at Uraga Harbor (part of
present-day Yokosuka) in Kanagawa Prefecture,
Japan. The word "black" refers to the black smoke
from coal-fired power plants and the black color of
these American ships.
The surprise and confusion these ships inspired
are described in this famous kyoka (a humorous
poem similar to the 5-line waka):
Commodore Perry's superior military force
enabled him to negotiate a treaty allowing
American trade with Japan, ending a 200-year
period of Japanese isolation.
Taihei no Nemuri wo samasu Jokisen
Tatta shihai de
Yoru mo nemurezu
12
This poem is a complex set of puns (in Japanese,
kakekotoba or "pivot words"). Jokisen (§W≥flº∂) is
the name of a costly brand of green tea containing
large amounts of caffeine, and shihai means "four
cups", so a literal translation of the poem is:
However, jokisen can also be translated as
"steam-powered ships", and shihai can also be
used to refer to four vessels. The poem has a
deeper meaning, which is:
Awoken from sleep
of a peaceful quiet world
by Jokisen tea
with only four cups of it
no more sleep possible at night
The steamships
break the peaceful slumber
of the Pacific
a mere four boats are enough
to make us lose sleep at night.
13
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