⺰ᢥ
ᚒ߇࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ⃻⁁ߣ␠ળᔃℂቇ⊛⢛᥊
ᧄ㑆㆏ሶ
ߪߓ߼ߦ
ᅚᕈߩ␠ળㅴ಴‫ޔ‬ഭ௛ੱญߩභ߼ࠆഀวߩჇᄢߦߟࠇ‫↵ޔߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬ᕈਛᔃߢ޽ߞߚഭ
௛᧦ઙ‫ޔ‬
ᓙㆄߥߤߩ೙ᐲߩ޽ࠅᣇ߇໧޿⋥ߐࠇ‫ޔ‬
⷗⋥ߒ߇࿖ࠍ᜼ߍߡផㅴߐࠇߡ߈ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
2006 ᐕߦߪౝ㑑ᐭ↵ᅚ౒หෳ↹ዪࠍਛᔃߣߒߡ‫↵ޟ‬ᅚ౒หෳ↹ၮᧄ⸘↹㧔╙㧞ᰴ㧕
‫ޔߪߢޠ‬
᡽╷࡮ᣇ㊎᳿ቯ߳ߩᅚᕈߩෳ↹ߩ᜛ᄢࠍ㊀ὐಽ㊁ߣߒߡ૏⟎ઃߌߚ‫␠̈ߡߒߘޕ‬ળߩ޽ࠄ
ࠁࠆಽ㊁ߦ߅޿ߡ 2020 ᐕ߹ߢߦ‫ޔ‬ᜰዉ⊛࿾૏ߦᅚᕈ߇භ߼ࠆഀว߇ዋߥߊߣ߽㧟㧜㧑⒟
ᐲߦߥࠆࠃ߁ᦼᓙߔࠆ̉ߣ޿߁⋡ᮡࠍ᣿⸥ߒߚ‫ౕޕ‬૕⊛ߦߪ‫ޔ‬ቭᐡ‫⥄ޔ‬ᴦ૕޽ࠆ޿ߪ᳃㑆
ડᬺߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ଥ㐳એ਄ࠍᜰߔ޿ࠊࠁࠆ▤ℂ⡯ߩ┙႐ߦ߅޿ߡ⚵❱Ფߦ㧟ಽߩ㧝ㄭߊࠍᅚ
ᕈ߇භ߼ࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄ⃻ᤨὐߢߪߘࠇߪᭂ߼ߡ㆙޿⋡ᮡὐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᶏᄖߣᲧセߒߡ߽ߘߩᏅߪ‫ޔ‬
ᱧὼߢ޽ࠆ‫ᦨޕ‬ㄭߩෘ↢ഭ௛⋭߆ࠄ⊒⴫ߐࠇߚ⚿ᨐ㧔2009㧕ߢߪ‫⥸৻ޔ‬ડᬺߢ৻ੱߢ߽ᅚ
ᕈ▤ℂ⡯ࠍ᦭ߒߡ޿ࠆળ␠ߪඨᢙએ਄ߦߥߞߚ߇‫ߦࠇߘޔ‬ዞ޿ߡ޿ࠆᅚᕈߪߣ޿߃߫‫ߘޔ‬
ࠇߪ߶ࠎߩ৻ីࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫▤ޕ‬ℂ⡯ో૕ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩഀวߪડᬺౝߢߪ 7㧑ᒙߣᶏᄖߦᲧߴ
ߘߩභ߼ࠆഀวߪૐ޿‫ޕ‬࿖ኅ‫ޔ‬࿾ᣇ⥄ᴦ૕࡟ࡌ࡞ߢ߽ૃߚࠃ߁ߥഀวߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ෘ↢ഭ௛⋭
߇ផㅴߔࠆ‫ޔߪߢޠࡦ࡚ࠪࠢࠕ࡮ࡉࠖ࠹ࠫࡐޟ‬ᄢડᬺߥߤࠍਛᔃߣߒߡ೙ᐲߩ⷗⋥ߒ‫ޔ‬ల
ታߩᣇะߢߪ޽ࠆ‫ోߒ߆ߒޕ‬૕ߣߒߡߩᚑᨐߪㆃ‫ߩߎޕࠆ޽ߢߩ߽ࠆߚޘ‬ේ࿃ߪߤߎߦ޽
ࠆߩߛࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬
ᧄⓂߪ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޔ‬ᜰዉ⊛┙႐ߣߒߡߩᅚᕈߩᓎോࠍᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߣߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬࿾૏ߦዞߊ
ߎߣ߇ߥߗ࿎㔍߆ߦߟ޿ߡ‫▤ޔ‬ℂ⡯ߩᓎഀ࡮⾗⾰࡮ᛛⴚࠍ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩᓎഀ࡮⾗⾰࡮
ᛛⴚߣߺߥߒ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ␠ળᔃℂቇ⊛஥㕙߆ࠄᬌ⸛ߔࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫␠ߪߦߎߘޕ‬ળ
⹺⼂(ߚߣ߃߫‫ޔ‬஍⷗)‫࡝ࡖࠠޔࡊ࠶ࡖࠡ࡮࡯࠳ࡦࠚࠫޔࠖ࠹ࠖ࠹ࡦ࠺ࠗࠕ࡮࡯࠳ࡦࠚࠫޔ‬
ࠕᗧ⼂࡮⢒ᚑ‫߇❱⚵ߪߦࠄߐޔ‬ᛴ߃ࠆᄙ᭽ߥⷐ࿃‫ߩ߹ߑ߹ߐߤߥޔ‬໧㗴߇੍᷹ߐࠇࠆ‫ߎޕ‬
ߩࠃ߁ߥ໧㗴ࠍᢛℂߒ‫ߩߎޔ‬࿎㔍ߥ⁁ᴫࠍ๒ߒߡ޿ࠆⷐ࿃ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒ‫⁁ߩߘߪߦࠄߐޔ‬
ᴫࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦస᦯ߔࠆ߆ߩᣇะߠߌࠍᬌ⸛ߒߚ޿‫ޕ‬
ߒ߆ߒࠊ߇࿖ߢߪ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ߆ࠄߩᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩ⎇ⓥ‫␠ߦ․ޔ‬ળᔃℂቇߩ⍮⷗ߪᭂ
߼ߡዋߥ޿ߩ߇⃻⁁ߢ޽ࠆ‫⎇ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ߩߎޔ߇ࠈߎߣޕ‬ⓥ߶ߤ‫ޔ‬ฎߊ߆ࠄ㑐ᔃ߇߽
ߚࠇ‫߅ߥ߹޿ߡߒߘޔ‬⣉శࠍ޽߮ߡ޿ࠆ㗔ၞߪߥ޿ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫␠ߪࠇߘޕ‬ળߩߥ߆ߢ࡝࡯࠳
࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ߇޿߆ߦ㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆ߆ߩ⹺⼂ߦઁߥࠄߥ޿‫․߇ߣߎߩߎߡߒߘޕ‬ቯߩቇ໧㗔ၞࠍ
⿥߃ߡ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ⍮⷗ߩᄙߐ‫ޔ‬ℂ⺰ߩᄙߐ‫ޔ‬᭎ᔨⷙቯߩᄙߐߣ߽ߥࠅ‫⊖ޔ‬ኅ੎㡆ߩਛߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬
⃻࿷߽ߘߩ㑐ᔃߩ൓޿ߪ⴮߃ߡ޿ߥ޿‫৻߅ߥ੹ࠄ߇ߥߒ߆ߒޕ‬ቯߩ᭎ᔨ‫ޔ‬ℂ⺰ߪߥߊ‫ߥޔ‬
43
߅⼏⺰ߩߥ߆ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߘߎߢᧄⓂߢᛒ߁࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߪ޿ߊߟ߆ߩ㒢ቯࠍߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ߎޕ‬
ߎߢߪ␠ળᔃℂቇ਄ߩ᭎ᔨⷙቯ㧔␠ળᔃℂቇߢ߽ᄙ᭽ߥ᭎ᔨⷙቯߢߪ޽ࠆ߇㧕ߣߒߡ‫߹ޔ‬
ߕ৻⥸␠ળߢߩవዉ⊛┙႐ߩ୘ੱߪᛒࠊߥ޿‫ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔࠎࠈߜ߽ޕ‬ℂ⺰ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ฎ
᧪‫ޔ‬ㅪ✎ߣߒߡ޽ࠆᏂੱℂ⺰(great person theory)ߪ㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ߪࠇߎޕ‬
ࠍ⊒ើߒߡ␠ળߢᚑഞߒߚੱ‛ࠍᝒ߃‫ߩߘޔ‬୘ੱ․᦭ߩ୘ᕈ⊛․ᕈ߆ࠄ‫ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬
ߩ⾗⾰‫․ޔ‬ᕈࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߡ޿ߊℂ⺰ߢ޽ࠆ‫࠳࡯࡝ޔࠅࠃ߁޿ߣࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ߪࠇߎޕ‬
࡯ߣߒߡߩ⾗⾰ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ࠎࠈߜ߽ޕ‬୘ੱ⊛⾗⾰ߪ㊀ⷐߥⷞὐߢߪ޽ࠆ‫ߒޕ‬
߆ߒߎߎߢߪ␠ળ㑐ଥᕈߣߊߦ⚵❱૕‫ޔ‬㓸࿅㑐ଥߣߒߡߩ㓸ว૕ߦ߅ߌࠆ࡝࡯࠳࡯࡚ࠪ࠶
ࡊߩⷞὐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
Forsyth(2006)ߪ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߣߒߡ㧠ߟߩࡊࡠ࠮ࠬࠍ઒ቯߒߡ޿ࠆ‫߹ޕ‬
ߕ‫ޔ‬Ԙ࡝࡯࠳࡯ߣࡈࠜࡠࡢ࡯ߣߩ੕ᕺ㑐ଥ‫ޔ‬ԙ ੤឵㑐ଥߣߒߡߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ㧔ᤨ㑆࡮
ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯࡮ᛛⴚߥߤࠍ੤឵ߔࠆߎߣߢ‫ޔ‬૗ࠄ߆ߩႎ㈽ߣߒߡ㓸࿅ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆੱ‫ߦޘ‬ㆶర
ߔࠆߎߣ㧕
‫ޕ‬Ԛ੤ᵹࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߣߒߡ㧔࡝࡯࠳࡯ߪࡔࡦࡃ࡯ࠍࠃࠅ㜞޿ᣇะ߳ዉ߈‫ߩࠄࠇ߆ޔ‬
േᯏࠍ㜞߼ࠆࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߣߒߡ㧕
‫ޔ‬ԛㆡᔕ⊛࡮⋡⊛ᔒะ⊛ߦ㓸࿅߇⋡ᜰߔᣇะ㧔㓸࿅ߩ⋡⊛ࠍ
߼ߑߒ‫ޔ‬㓸࿅ࠍ⛔วߔࠆࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߣߒߡ㧕
‫੹ޕ‬࿁ᛒ߁␠ળ㑐ଥᕈߣߒߡߩ⚵❱࡮㓸࿅ߣߊߦ
↥ᬺ⚵❱㓸࿅ߦ߅޿ߡ↢ߓࠆ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ޽ࠅᣇࠍ‫ޔ‬ဈ↰㧔1996㧕ߦ୮ߞߡ࡝࡯࠳࡯
ࠪ࠶ࡊㆊ⒟ߣߒࠃ߁‫ߩߎޕ‬ㆊ⒟ߢߪ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊᓎഀߩ₪ᓧ‫ⴕࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬േ޽ࠆ
޿ߪࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞‫᦭ߩࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ߡߒߘޔ‬ലᕈࠍ฽߻‫ޔߒߛߛޕ‬ဈ↰ߪ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ᦭
ലᕈࠍࡈࠜࡠࡢ࡯ߦኻߔࠆᓇ㗀ߣߒߚ߇‫߽ࠇߘߪߢߎߎޔ‬฽߼࡝࡯࠳࡯ߩᓇ㗀ਅߦ޽ࠆ⚵
❱࡮㓸࿅ߩലᨐᕈ߽฽߼ࠆ߽ߩߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧝. ࠊ߇࿖ߩᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩ⃻⁁
㧔㧝㧕⃻⁁ߪ
↵ᅚ౒หෳ↹␠ળߩታ⃻ߦะߌߡ‫߇ࠊޔ‬࿖ߢ߽ߘߩၮᧄ⸘↹ߩ೙ቯᓟ‫ࠕ࡮ࡉࠖ࠹ࠫࡐޔ‬
࡚ࠢࠪࡦㆇേߥߤડᬺ‫⥄ޔ‬ᴦ૕ߢߐ߹ߑ߹ߥᵴേߦ޽ࠆ‫⃻ߒ߆ߒޕ‬࿷ߢ߽ࠊ߇࿖ߩᅚᕈ▤
ℂ⡯ߩ⃻⁁ߪ⻉ᄖ࿖ߣᲧセߒ෩ߒ޿߽ߩ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߩ⃻࿷ߩ᭽⋧ߩታᘒࠍ␜ߒߚෘ↢ഭ
௛⋭㧔2009㧕߆ࠄ⊒⴫ߐࠇߚ‫ޟ‬ᐔᚑ㧞㧝ᐕᐲᅚᕈ㓹↪▤ℂၮᧄ⺞ᩏ‫⚿ࠆࠃߦޠ‬ᨐ߇ߘࠇࠍ
ᅤታߦ‛⺆ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓥᬺຬ 30 ੱએ਄ߩ᳃㑆ડᬺ 5937 ␠ࠍኻ⽎ߦ⺞ᩏߒߚ⚿ᨐߦࠃࠆߣ
߹ߕ‫ޔ‬ଥ㐳⋧ᒰએ਄ߩᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߪડᬺߩ 66.9㧑㧔66.6㧑‫ࠦ࠶ࠞޔ‬ౝߪ㧞㧜㧜㧢ᐕ‫ޔ‬એਅ
ห᭽㧕ߢߥࠎࠄ߆ߩ▤ℂ⡯ࠍᜂߞߡ޿ߚ‫ޔߢ߆ߥߩߘߚ߹ޕ‬ㇱ㐳⡯ߢߪ‫ޔ‬10.5㧑㧔8.8㧑㧕
‫ޔ‬
⺖㐳⡯ߢߪ 22㧑㧔21.1㧑㧕
‫ޔ‬ଥ㐳⡯ߢߪ‫ޔ‬31.6㧑㧔32.0㧑㧕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬㧟ᐕ㑆ߢ߶ߣࠎ
ߤേ߈ߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬
૗ࠄ߆ߩᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ࠍ᦭ߒߡ޿ࠆળ␠ߪඨᢙએ਄ߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ߦࠇߘޔ‬ዞ޿ߡ޿ࠆᅚᕈߪߣ
޿߃߫‫▤ޕࠆ޽ߢࠅី৻ߩࠎ߶ߪࠇߘޔ‬ℂ⡯ో૕ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩഀวߪડᬺౝߢߪ 6.9㧑ߣ
ᶏᄖ(ߚߣ߃߫‫☨ޔ‬࿖‫ޔ‬42.5㧑㧧࠼ࠗ࠷‫ޔ‬37.3㧑)ߦᲧߴߘߩභ߼ࠆഀวߪૐ޿‫ޕ‬ห⋭߇ⴕߞ
44
ߚ㧟ᐕ೨ߣᲧセߒߡ߽ᄌൻߪᄢ߈޿߽ߩߢߪߥ޿‫ߦ߆ߒߚޕ‬ᄢડᬺࠍਛᔃߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩ
▤ℂ⡯ߪᄙዋ㧔3.1㧑㧕Ⴧടߒߡߪ޿ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ડᬺౝߢߪ 6.9㧑ߟ߹ࠅ‫ޔ‬㧝㧜㧜ੱߩ▤ℂ⡯ߩ
޿ࠆળ␠ߢߪ㧣ੱᒙߒ߆ᅚᕈߩ▤ℂ⡯ߪ޿ߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߣࠆߺߊߒ⹦ߦࠄߐޕ‬
ㇱ㐳⡯ߢߪ 3.1㧑‫⺖ޔ‬㐳⋧ᒰ⡯ߢߪ 5.0㧑‫ޔ‬ଥ㐳⡯⋧ᒰߢߪ 11.1㧑ߣ⚵❱ౝߢߘߩ▤ℂ⡯ߣ
ߒߡߩ࿾૏߇਄߇ࠆߦᓥ޿‫ߩߘޔ‬ഀวߪૐਅߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ଥ㐳ࠢ࡜ࠬߢߪߘߩㅴዷߩᚑᨐߪ
ߺࠄࠇࠆ߇‫ࠇߘޔ‬એ਄ߩ࿾૏ߢߪᓸ‫ࠆߚޘ‬ㅴዷߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩㆇേࠍផㅴߒߡ޿ࠆቭᐡߢߪߤ߁ߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬
ౝ㑑ᐭ↵ᅚ౒หෳ↹ዪ߇⊒⴫ߒߚ
‫⁛ޟ‬
┙ⴕ᡽ᴺੱ╬ᅚᕈෳ↹⁁ᴫ⺞ᩏ‫ޠ‬
㧔2007㧕ߢߪ‫ⴕ┙⁛ޔ‬᡽ᴺੱ㧔148 ᴺੱ㧕߿࿖┙࡮౏┙
ᄢቇᴺੱ㧔109 ᴺੱ㧕ࠍኻ⽎ߦߒߚ‫ߢ߆ߥߩߘޕ‬ᅚᕈߪోᏱൕߩ 36.2㧑ࠍභ߼ߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩ
ߩ‫▤ޔ‬ℂ⡯ߩㇱ㐳⋧ᒰߢߪ 6.3㧑‫⺖ޔ‬㐳⋧ᒰߢߪ 15.7㧑ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯߇ోߊ޿ߥ޿
ᴺੱ߽ 57㧑ߢ޽ࠆ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯߇ 20㧑એ਄ߩᴺੱߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫⼔⋴ޔ‬Ꮷߣߒߡߩᅚ
ᕈ߇ᄙ޿∛㒮੐ᬺߢ޽ࠆ‫∛ߩߎߒ߆ߒޕ‬㒮੐ᬺ(㧟੐ᬺ)ࠍ㒰ߊߣ‫ోޔ‬Ᏹൕ⡯ຬߩᅚᕈߩഀ
วߪ 14.5㧑ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬ᓎຬࠢ࡜ࠬߢߪ‫ޔ‬2.4㧑‫ޔ‬ㇱ㐳ࠢ࡜ࠬߢߪ 1.6㧑‫⺖ޔ‬㐳ࠢ࡜ࠬߢ
ߪ 2.5㧑ߣૐߊߥࠆ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬᳃㑆ડᬺࠃࠅૐ޿‫ߚ߹ޕ‬࿖┙࡮౏┙ᄢቇᴺੱ㧔㧝㧜㧥ᴺੱ㧕
ߢ߽‫ޔ‬
ᅚᕈභ߼ࠆഀวߪ‫ޔ‬
ోᏱൕᢙߪ 53.7㧑ߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬
ᓎຬߪ㧞.㧠㧑‫ޔ‬
ㇱ㐳⋧ᒰ⡯ߪ 8.0㧑‫ޔ‬
⺖㐳⋧ᒰ⡯ߢߪ 7.1㧑ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߐࠄߦ‫ޔ‬หߓߊౝ㑑ᐭߩ⺞ᩏ㧔2007㧕ߦࠃࠆ‫ޔ‬࿾ᣇ⥄ᴦ૕ 1827 Ꮢ↸᧛ߩ↵ᅚ౒หෳ↹
ߩ⁁ᴫߪ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯㧔⺖㐳⚖એ਄㧕ߩᲧ₸ߪㇺ㆏ᐭ⋵ߢ‫ޔ‬5.1㧑(.೨ᐕᐲᲧ‫ޔ‬0.1 ࡐࠗࡦ
࠻)‫ޔ‬᡽઎ᜰቯㇺᏒߢ‫ޔ‬7.7㧑‫ޔ‬Ꮢ඙↸᧛ߢ 8.6㧑(ห 0.7 ࡐࠗࡦ࠻)ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬10㧑ࠍ⿥߃ߚ⥄
ᴦ૕ߪ㧡㧠㧟ߢ‫ޔ‬㧟ಽߩ㧝ߦㆊ߉ߥ޿‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯߇࠯ࡠߩ⥄ᴦ૕߽ో૕ߩ㧟ഀㄭ޿
㧡㧝㧟⥄ᴦ૕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߜ߁ߩߘߡߒߘޕ‬㧠㧟㧥ߪ↸᧛ߛߞߚ‫ޕ‬りㄭߥ‫↢ޔ‬ᵴߦኒធߥ߆߆ࠊ
ࠅߩ޽ࠆ⥄ᴦ૕ߢᅚᕈߩ▤ℂ⡯ߪᭂ߼ߡਲߒ޿⁁ᴫߦ޽ࠆ‫৻ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᣇߢᲧ₸ߩ߫ࠄߟ߈
߽ᄙߊ‫▤ߢ᧛↸ޔ߫߃ߣߚޔ‬ℂ⡯߇㧡ੱߦ㧟ੱߩ⥄ᴦ૕㧔㐳㊁⋵ᦺᣣ᧛㧕߽޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
߹ߚ࿖ኅ౏ോຬߢߪ‫ੱޔ‬੐㒮߇ 2006 ᐕߦႎ๔ߒߚ㨬ᅚᕈᐙㇱ⡯ຬࠍ⢒ᚑ࡮⊓↪ߔࠆߚ߼
ߩ⎇ⓥળႎ๔㨭ߢߪᓎ⡯Ბ㓏೎ߩᅚᕈߩഀวࠍ‫ޔ‬
ㆊ෰ᐔᚑ㧥ᐕ߆ࠄ㧝㧡ᐕ߹ߢߩផ⒖ࠍߺߡ
޿ࠆ‫ޔߣࠆࠃߦࠇߘޕ‬ଥ㐳ࠢ࡜ࠬߢߪ‫ޔ‬14.5㧑߆ࠄ 15.8㧑߳‫⺖ޔ‬㐳ࠢ࡜ࠬߢߪ 5.0㧑߆ࠄ
5.4㧑߳‫⺖⋭ᧄޔ‬ቶ㐳࡮࿾ᣇᯏ㑐ߩ㐳ߢߪ‫ޔ‬1.2㧑߆ࠄ 1.3㧑ߣ㧢ᐕ㑆ߩផ⒖ߪߎࠇ߽߹ߚᓸ‫ޘ‬
ߚࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߐ߹ߑ߹ߥ⃻⁁ߪ‫߇ࠊޔ‬࿖ߢߪ‫ޔ‬࿖ߩ᡽╷ߣߒߡᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩᵴ↪࡮⊓↪ࠍឝߍߡ޿ࠆ
ߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕ‫⋡ޔ‬ᮡᢙ୯㧔2020 ᐕ߹ߢߦ㧟㧜㧑㧕ߦߪ⒟㆙޿‫ߦߺߥߜޕ‬ᅚᕈߩ␠ળෳ↹
ߩᜰᮡߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔ‬࿖ㅪ㐿⊒⸘↹ߦࠃࠆ 2009 ᐕᐲߩ‫ੱޟ‬㑆㐿⊒ႎ๔ᦠ 2009‫ࠚࠫޔ߫ࠇࠃߦޠ‬
ࡦ࠳࡯ࠛࡦࡄࡢ࡯ࡔࡦ࠻ᜰᢙ㧔㧳㧱㧹㧕ߪ‫߇ࠊޔ‬࿖ߪ㧝㧜㧥߆࿖ਛ㧡㧣૏ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔㧞㧕ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋߥ޿ℂ↱
ߎߩࠃ߁ߥᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯߇ዋߥ޿⃻⁁ߦኻߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᒰ੐⠪ߪߤߩࠃ߁ߦߎߩߎߣࠍ⹺⼂ߒߡ
޿ࠆߩߛࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬ෘ↢⋭ߩ㨬ᐔᚑ㧞㧝ᐕᐲᅚᕈ㓹↪▤ℂၮᧄ⺞ᩏ‫ޠ‬
㧔2010㧕ߢߪᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯
45
߇ዋߥ޿ℂ↱ߣߒߡ߽ߞߣ߽ᄙ޿࿁╵ߪ‫ޔ‬
̈ᔅⷐߥ⍮⼂߿⚻㛎್ᢿ╬ࠍ᦭ߔࠆᅚᕈ߇޿ߥ
޿̉
‫ޔ‬ᰴ޿ߢ̈ൕ⛯ᐕᢙ߇⍴ߊ‫▤ޔ‬ℂ⡯ߦߥࠆ߹ߢߦㅌ⡯ߔࠆ̉
‫ޔ‬
̈዁᧪▤ℂ⡯ߦዞߊน⢻ᕈ
ߩ޽ࠆᅚᕈߪ޿ࠆ߇‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ߘߩ࿷⡯ᐕᢙߥߤࠍḩߚߒߡ޿ߥ޿̉
‫̈ߡߒߘޔ‬ᅚᕈ߇Ꮧᦸߒߥ
޿̉ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬㗅૏ߪ↥ᬺ೎‫ޔ‬ડᬺߩⷙᮨ೎ߥߊᄢᣇห᭽ߩ⚿ᨐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
߹ߚ⁛┙ⴕ᡽ᴺੱߥߤࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚ⺞ᩏ㧔ౝ㑑ᐭ↵ᅚ౒หෳ↹ዪ‫ޔ‬2007㧕ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩ
ᵴべࠍផㅴߔࠆ਄ߩ໧㗴ὐߣߒߡ߽ߞߣ߽ᄙ޿࿁╵ߪ‫ޔ‬
̈Ꮧᦸߔࠆᅚᕈ߇ዋߥ޿̉
‫ޔ‬
̈ណ↪ߦ
ᔅⷐߥ⍮⼂߿⢻ജࠍ᦭ߔࠆᅚᕈ߇ዋߥ޿̉
‫ᤨ̈ߡߒߘޔ‬㑆ᄖഭ௛‫ޔ‬ᷓᄛഭ௛ࠍߐߖߦߊ޿̉
ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߡߞߚ޽ߦ↪⊓ߚ߹ޕ‬໧㗴ὐߪ‫߽ߣߞ߽ޔ‬ᄙ޿࿁╵ߪ‫ޔ‬
̈▤ℂ⡯ߦᔅⷐߥ⍮⼂߿⢻
ജࠍ᦭ߔࠆᅚᕈ߇ዋߥ޿̉
‫ޔ‬ᰴ޿ߢ‫ޔ‬
̈Ꮧᦸߔࠆᅚᕈ߇ߔߊߥ޿̉
‫ߡߒߘޔ‬㧟⇟⋡ߢ̈ൕ⛯ᐕ
ᢙ߇⍴ߊ▤ℂ⡯ߦߥࠆ߹ߢߦㅌ⡯ߔࠆߎߣ߇ᄙ޿̉ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬㧟ߟߩㆬᛯ⢇ߢ‫ోޔ‬૕
ߩ㧡ಽߩ㧠ࠍභ߼ࠆ‫ޕ‬
߹ߚ㧔⽷㧕㧞㧝਎♿⡯ᬺ⽷࿅㧔2005㧕㨬ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩ⢒ᚑߣ⊓↪ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⺞ᩏ㨭ߢߪ‫ޔ‬
̈಴
↥࡮⢒ఽࠍᄾᯏߦㅌ⡯ߔࠆᅚᕈ߇޿ࠆ̉
‫ޔ‬
̈ᅚᕈࠍⓍᭂ⊛ߦ⢒ᚑߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆᗧ⼂ߦᰳߌࠆ̉
‫ޔ‬
̈ᅚᕈណ↪ੱᢙ߇ዋߥߊో૕ߦභ߼ࠆᅚᕈߩഀว߇ዋߥ޿̉
‫ޔ‬
̈ᅚᕈ߇ዞߊ⡯⒳߇㒢ቯߐࠇ
ߡ޿ࠆ̉ࠍߘߩℂ↱ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔㧟㧕ߘࠇߪᅚᕈ⥄りߩ໧㗴㧫
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯߇ዋߥ޿ℂ↱ߣߒߡ‫߇ࠊޔ‬࿖ߢߪ᳃㑆‫ޔ‬ቭᐡߩ⚵❱ࠍ⿥߃ᄙߊ
ߩ㘃ૃߦ޽ࠆ‫ߣࠆ߼ߣ߹ࠍࠄࠇߎޕ‬㧟ὐߦ߹ߣ߼ࠄࠇࠆߛࠈ߁‫ޔߡߒߣߟߣ߭ߕ߹ޕ‬ᅚᕈ
ߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߣߒߡߩ⢻ജ࡮⍮⼂࡮⾗⾰࡮⚻㛎ਇ⿷ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧞⇟ߦߪ‫ޔ‬ൕോᐕᢙߩዋ
ߥߐ‫ࠅ߹ߟޔ‬ᣧᦼㅌ⡯ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧟⇟⋡ߪᅚᕈ⥄り߇Ꮧᦸߒߥ޿‫࡝߁޿ߣ޿ߥ߹ᦸޔ‬
࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊേᯏߩૐߐ‫ࠕ࡝ࡖࠠߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬ᗧ⼂ߩૐߐߢ޽ࠆ‫ߣࠆߺࠍࠇߎޕ‬㧟ߟߣ߽ᅚ
ᕈ⥄り஥ߦߘߩℂ↱޽ࠅߣߔࠆ‫ࠆࠃߦ࡯࠳ࡦࠚࠫޕ‬୘ੱౝⷐ࿃ߢ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ⥄り߇੹ߩᅚᕈ▤
ℂ⡯ߩዋߥߐߩේ࿃ࠍ૞ߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
Ԙ ⢻ജ࡮ࠬࠠ࡞ߩ໧㗴㧦
߹ߕ‫ޔ‬ᨐߚߒߡᅚᕈߪ↵ᕈߣᲧセߒߡ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᕈᏅ߆ࠄߺߡ‫ߩࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬⢻ജ࡮⾗
⾰ߦᰳߌࠆߩߛࠈ߁߆㧫ߘ߽ߘ߽࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ⢻ജ޽ࠆ޿ߪࠬࠠ࡞ߣߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥ߽
ߩߢ޽ࠈ߁߆㧫࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ⢻ജ࡮ࠬࠠ࡞ߣ৻⸒ߢ޿ߞߡ޿ࠆ߇‫ߩߎޔ‬⢻ജࠍᒰ੐⠪
ߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߣ⠨߃ߡ޿ࠆߩߛࠈ߁߆‫⚻ߚ߹ޕ‬㛎ߩዋߥߐߢߪ‫ޔ‬ዋߥߊߣ߽⚻㛎ߔࠆ
ߣ޿߁ߎߣߪ‫ߕ߹ޔ‬ᯏળ߇ਈ߃ࠄࠇࠆߎߣࠍ೨ឭߦߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᨐߚߒߡߘߩࠃ߁ߥ࿾૏ߩ
࠴ࡖࡦࠬ࡮ᯏળࠍਈ߃ߚ਄ߢߩᜰ៰ߛࠈ߁߆㧫ߟ߹ࠅ▤ℂ⡯߳ߩ᣹ㅴߩᯏળߪ޽ࠆߩߛࠈ
߁߆‫⹏ߩ߼ߚߩߘߪ޿ࠆ޽ޕ‬ଔ࡮ᩏቯߪ౏ᐔᕈ߇଻ߚࠇߚ਄ߢߩߎߣߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬
ԙ ൕ⛯ᐕᢙ㧦
ൕ⛯ᐕᢙߩዋߥߐࠍ߽ᜰ៰ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ෘ↢ഭ௛⋭㧔2007㧕ߩ⾓㊄᭴ㅧၮᧄ⺞ᩏߢߪ‫ޔ‬㧞㧜㧜
46
㧢ᐕᐲߢ‫ޔ‬ᐔဋൕ⛯ᐕᢙߪ↵ᕈ 13.5 ᐕ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ 8.8 ᐕߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬௑ะߪ↵ᅚߣ߽ᄢ߈ߥᄌ
ൻߪߥ޿‫ߪߦ⊛⸘⛔ߦ߆⏕ޕ‬ᅚᕈߩൕ⛯ᐕᢙߪ⍴޿‫ߩߎߡߒߘޕ‬⍴ߐࠍ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋ
ߥߐߣߒ‫ߩߘޔߪࠇߘޔ‬࿾૏ߦ߰ߐࠊߒ޿ᐕᦼߦ㆐ߔࠆ೨ߦ‫ޔ‬ㅌ⡯ࠍߒߡߒ߹߁ߩߛߣߒ
ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ൕ⛯ᐕᢙߩ⍴ߐߣᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋߥߐߪ⋧㑐⊛㑐ଥߛࠈ߁߆‫ޔ߫߃ߣߚޕ‬
ᅚᕈߢ߽⥄ᴦ૕⡯ຬߪ߶߷ቯᐕ߹ߢൕോߔࠆ‫ޔࠄ߇ߥߒ߆ߒޕ‬᳃㑆ડᬺߩᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯⠪ߩ
ഀวߣᄌࠊࠅߥ޿‫ޔߪߦߎߘޕ‬ᣧᦼㅌ⡯ߦዉߊⷐ࿃ࠍ୘ੱౝⷐ࿃ߣߒߡߩࠠࡖ࡝ࠕᔒะߦ
⚿߮ߟߌ‫ߩ⼂⹺ߩߘޔ‬ૐߐߣߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇⺒ߺขࠇࠆ‫ޔߗߥߪߢߎߎޕ‬ᅚᕈߪ↵ᕈࠃࠅ
ᣧᦼߦㅌ⡯ࠍߔࠆ߆ߩᇦ੺⊛ᄌᢙ߽⠨ᘦߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߛࠈ߁‫ߗߥޕ‬ᅚᕈߪൕോᐕᢙ
ߩ⍴ߐߛࠈ߁߆㧫ᅚᕈ߇ኅᐸߣߩࡃ࡜ࡦࠬࠍ⠨ᘦߒߟߟ▤ℂ⡯߇ൕ߹ࠆߩߛࠈ߁߆㧫ߘߩ
⢛᥊ߦ޽ࠆ߽ߩߪߥߦ߆㧫ߘߒߡߘ߽ߘ߽ൕ⛯ᐕᢙߪ▤ℂ⡯ߦᔅὼ⊛ߥ߽ߩ߆㧫ߚߣ߃߫‫ޔ‬
ᅚᕈ࡮઀੐⎇ⓥᚲ㧔2004㧕ߩႎ๔ᦠߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ⚻༡⠪ߣ↵ᕈ⚻༡⠪ߩ▤ℂ⡯ߩᅚᕈᲧ₸ࠍ
Ყセߒߡ޿ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ൕ⛯ᐕᢙߩᐔဋߪᅚᕈ⚻༡⠪ߩਅߢߪ 8.6 ᐕ‫↵ޔ‬ᕈ⚻༡⠪ਅߢߪ 10.5 ᐕ
ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߟ߹ࠅൕ⛯ᐕᢙߩ⍴ߐࠍℂ↱ߦߒߡ‫ޔ‬
ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋߥߐߪ໧㗴ߣߥߞߡ޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇ߹ߢ⚳り㓹↪೙ᐲ߇޽ࠅ‫߇ࠇߘޔ‬೨ឭߢ᣹ㅴߦߟߥ߇ߞߚ‫ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬⢻ജ࡮ታ❣ߢ᣹
ㅴ޽ࠆ޿ߪ▤ℂ⡯ࠍ໧߁ᤨઍߢ޽ࠆߎߣߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩൕ⛯ᐕᢙࠍߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋߥ
ߐࠍ⺰ߓࠆߎߣߪᗧ๧߇޽ࠆߛࠈ߁߆㧫
Ԛ േᯏ࡮ᔒะߩૐߐ㧦
ߘߒߡ‫ޔ‬㧟ߟ⋡ߪ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩേᯏ࡮ᔒะߩૐߐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᅚᕈߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊᔒะߪૐߊ‫ޔ‬
߹ߚ▤ℂേᯏ߽ૐ޿ߎߣߪᨐߚߒߡ੐ታߛࠈ߁߆㧫߽ߒߘ߁ߥࠄߘࠇߪߥߗߛࠈ߁߆㧫߹
ߚߤߩࠃ߁ߥᩮ᜚ߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߛࠈ߁߆㧫ߚߣ߃߫‫ޔ‬ౝᶏ㧔2006㧕ߪᅚᕈㄘᬺ⠪࡝࡯࠳࡯ળ
⼏ߩ⻠Ṷߥ߆ߢ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩࠠࡖ࡝ࠕᔒะ߇ૐ޿ߣ޿߁৻⥸⊛ߥ⷗⸃߇޽ࠆ߇‫ߩߘߒ߆ߒޔ‬ౝ
ኈࠍߺࠆߣ̈ᓎ⡯ߦߪߟ߈ߚߊߥ޿‫̉ߪ޿ߚ߈ߟߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬ਔᣇߣ߽ૐ޿‫ߦࠇߘޕ‬ኻߒߡ‫ޔ‬
ߘࠇએᄖߩ 80㧑ߪ‫ޔ‬
̈ࠊ߆ࠄߥ޿̉ߩ෻ᔕߛߣ޿߁‫ޕ‬
̈ࠊ߆ࠄߥ޿̉ߩ෻ᔕ⠪ߪ‫▤ޔ‬ℂ⡯ߦ
ߥߞߚ႐ว‫⁁ߥ߁ࠃߩߤޔ‬ᘒ࡮޽ࠆ޿ߪ⁁ᴫߦߥࠆ߆ߩ੍᷹߇ߢ߈ߥ޿ߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ⸒
߁‫▤ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ℂ⡯ߩౕ૕⊛ࠗࡔ࡯ࠫ߇ࠊ߆ߥ޿ߎߣ‫ߩ࡞࠺ࡕ࡞࡯ࡠࠆࠁࠊ޿ޔ‬ਇ࿷ࠍᜰ៰
ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
࠺࡯࠲ߣߒߡߪߔߎߒฎߊߥࠆ߇‫⧯ޔ‬ᨋ࡮ን቟࡮ḡᎹ㧔1983㧕ߢߪ‫ޔ‬᳃㑆ડᬺߩᅚᕈ▤
ℂ⡯㧝㧤㧝ੱߦኻߒߡ‫▤ޔ‬ℂ⡯ߩ࿾૏ᒻᚑߦኻߒߡᗐቯߐࠇࠆ࿾૏ߦዞߊߎߣߢ㒖ኂߐࠇ
ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ㧝㧡㗄⋡ߩ⹏ቯࠍ᳞߼ߚ‫ޕ‬
ߘߩ⚿ᨐ‫ޔ‬
㧟ߟߩ࿃ሶߩਅ૏᭎ᔨߩ᭴ㅧߣߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬
╙㧝࿃ሶߢߪ↵ᅚᏅ೎ߩ㘑࿯㧔↵ᅚᏅ೎ߩ㘑ầ߇ᒝ߆ߞߚ‫߽ߡߞ߫ࠎ߇ޔ‬ᱜᒰߥ⹏ଔ߇ᓧ
ࠄࠇߥ޿㧕
‫╙ޔ‬㧞࿃ሶߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬⢻ജ࡮ᗧ᰼ߩᰳᅤ㧔⥄ಽߦ⢻ജ߇ߚࠅߥ޿ߣᗵߓߚ‫⥄ޔ‬ಽ߇
⡯ᬺੱߣߒߡߩ⥄ⷡߦᰳߌࠆߎߣ㧕
‫╙ޔ‬㧟࿃ሶߢߪ‫ޔ‬ਔ┙໧㗴㧔ᄦ߿ሶଏߣචಽߥᤨ㑆߇߽
ߡߥ޿‫઀ޔ‬੐ߩ⇐቞ਛߩ⢒ఽߩ໧㗴㧕ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬േᯏ࡮ᔒะߣ޿ߞߡ߽‫ߩߘޔ‬⢛᥊ߦߪᄙ
᭽ߥ໧㗴߇ẜࠎߢ޿ࠆߣߺߡࠃ޿ߛࠈ߁‫ࠄ߆߹޿ޕ‬㧞㧜ᐕએ਄೨ߩߎߩᅚሶ▤ℂ⡯㒖ኂ᭴
ㅧߪ⃻࿷ߢߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥ᭴ㅧߢ૗߇ᄌൻߒ‫ޔ‬૗߇ᄌൻߒߡ޿ߥ޿߆⥝๧ߩḝߊߣߎࠈߢ޽
47
ࠆ‫ޕ‬
߽ߜࠈࠎ⃻࿷‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩࡐࠫ࠹ࠖࡉ࡮ࠕ࡚ࠢࠪࡦߩേ߈ߪ⃻႐ߩჿࠍ෻ᤋߒ‫ޔ‬ฦડ
ᬺ߽ߐ߹ߑ߹ߥ೙ᐲࠍ⸳ߌ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩ⊓↪ߦⓍᭂ⊛ߢ޽ࠆ‫߇ࠊޔࠄ߇ߥߒ߆ߒޕ‬࿖ߢ
ขࠅ਄ߍࠄࠇࠆᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩℂ↱ߩ⢛᥊ࠍᬌ⸛ߒߚ⎇ⓥߪᭂ߼ߡ㒢ቯߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦᕁ
ࠊࠇࠆ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ‫⻉ޔ‬ᄖ࿖ߢ߽‫ޔ‬ਛ㑆▤ℂ⡯ߪჇ߃ߟߟ޽ࠆ߇‫ోߛ߹ߛ߹ޔ‬૕ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ▤ℂ
⡯ߩ⊓↪ߪૐ޿‫ޕ‬Bowles & McGinn(2005)ߪᅚᕈߩ▤ℂ⡯ߩૐߐߩ⺑᣿ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬Ԙ⡯႐ߢ
ߪ⚵❱ߩ਄ጀㇱ㧔ᮭᆭ㧕߳ߩ᣹ㅴߦ૗ࠄ߆ߩ᜔᧤߇޽ࠆ‫ࠎߥ߇޿ߥ߃ߺߦ⋡ޔ߫߃ߣߚޕ‬
ࠄ߆ࡃ࡝ࠕ‫ޔ‬
޿ࠊࠁࠆࠣ࡜ࠬࠪ࡯࡝ࡦࠣߩ໧㗴߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ԙᅚᕈߪ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩࠬࠠ࡞‫ޔ‬
⚻㛎ߦᰳߌߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠍࡊ࠶࠻ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޕ‬ㅊ᳞ߔࠆࠬࠠ࡞ߦ߆ߌߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠬ࡜ࠢ࡯ࡖࠫ࡯ࡀࡑޕ‬
ߪᄙ޿߇‫ߩࡊ࠶࠻ޔ‬ഀวߪዊߐ޿‫ޕ‬Ԛᅚᕈߪࠗ࠾ࠪࠕ࠹ࠖࡉࠍߣࠆߎߣ߿‫࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬₪ᓧ
ߦኻߔࠆേᯏߪૐߊ‫↵ޔ‬ᕈࠃࠅ⥝๧࡮㑐ᔃ߇ૐ޿‫ޕ‬ԛᅚᕈߩ㑐ᔃߪኅᐸ↢ᵴ࡮⢒ఽߩ㑐ᔃ
ߪᒝߊ‫ߦࠇߘߚ߹ޔ‬ኻߔࠆ⽿ോ࡮⽿છᗵ߽ᒝ޿㧔p192㧕
‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇࠄߩℂ↱ߪࠊ߇࿖ߣߪหߓߢߪߥ޿߇‫߇ࠊ߽ߢࠇߘޔ‬࿖ߩ⃻⁁ߩ⢛᥊ࠍតࠆߎߣߢ
ߪ‫ߩߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬⍮⷗ߪᄢ޿ߦෳᾖߢ߈‫߇ࠊߚ߹ޔ‬࿖ߩ໧㗴ࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆ਄ߢ᦭ലߢ޽ࠆߣ߅
߽߁‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ᅚᕈߩ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋߥߐࠍࠫࠚࡦ࠳࡯ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊߣߒ‫ⷞߩ࡯࠳ࡦࠚࠫޔ‬ὐ߆
ࠄ‫▤ޔ‬ℂ⡯ߔߥࠊߜ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊᓎഀߩᏅ⇣߇ߤߎ߆ࠄ↢ߓߡ޿ࠆ߆ߩේ࿃ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦ
ߒࠃ߁‫ޕ‬
㧞 ࠫࠚࡦ࠳࡯࡮ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊࠍ߽ߚࠄߔⷐ࿃ߣߘߩℂ⺰
ߎࠇ߹ߢߢ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚࠃ߁ߦ‫߇ࠊޔ‬࿖ߩ⃻⁁ߪ᳃㑆ડᬺ߽ⴕ᡽஥߽ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋ
ߥ޿ߎߣߪ᣿⊕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦߊߣޕ‬ㇱ㐳ߥߤ਄૏ߦߥࠆߦߟࠇ↵ᅚߩᲧ₸ߪᭂ┵ߦᐢ߇ࠆ‫ߎޕ‬
ߩ௑ะߪࠊ߇࿖߫߆ࠅߢߥߊᄙߊߩᢥൻ࿤࡮࿖ߢ߽Ყ₸ߎߘ㆑߃ห᭽ߩ௑ะߦ޽ࠆ‫ߣߚޕ‬
߃߫ Schein( 2001)ߪᢥൻߦࠃࠆ⒟ᐲߩᏅߎߘ޽ࠇ‫৻ޔ‬᭽ᕈࠍ␜ߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬⢛᥊ߣߒߡ‫⺑ޔ‬᣿
ߐࠇࠆℂ⺰ߪᓎഀㆡวᕈℂ⺰ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔㧝㧕࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊᓎഀߩᏅ⇣㧦ᓎഀㆡวᕈℂ⺰㧔The role congruity theory㧕
ߎߩℂ⺰ߪ Eagly ߣ౒ห⠪㧔Eagly, 2003; Eagly,Wood & Diekman, 2000; Eargly &
Karu, 2002,㧕ߦࠃߞߡឭ໒ߐࠇߚ‫ޔࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᅚᕈߦߣߞߡߩ␠ળ⊛ᦸ߹ߒߐߩᕈᓎഀⷰߣ
࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߣߒߡߩㆡᕈ࡮⢻ജ߇ㆡวߒߥ޿ߎߣߢ‫ߎࠆߓ↢߇ࡊ࠶ࡖࠡ࡯࠳ࡦࠚࠫޔ‬
ߣߢ޽ࠆ‫␠ޕ‬ળ⊛ᓎഀߣߒߡ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛ߦᦸ߹ߒ޿ߣᦼᓙߐࠇࠆࠫࠚࡦ࠳࡯ߣߒߡߩᓎഀⴕ
േߪ‫↵ޔ‬ᕈߣߒߡ߰ߐࠊߒ޿․ᕈ‫ߚ߹ޔ‬ᅚᕈߣߒߡ߰ߐࠊߒ޿․ᕈߣߒߡ‫⹺ࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬⍮
⊛ࠬࠠ࡯ࡑߣߒߡ⹺⼂ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ߡߒߣࠣࡦࡇࠗ࠲ࠝ࡟࠹ࠬࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᒻ૞ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫৻ޕ‬
⥸ߦ↵ᕈ⊛․ᕈߪ┹੎⊛‫⊛⋡ޔ‬ᔒะ‫ޔ‬㊁ᔃ⊛‫ޔ‬⍮⊛‫₸ޔ‬వ⊛ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ⊛․ᕈߣߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬
ද⺞⊛‫ޔ‬េഥ⊛‫ޔ‬㙃⼔⊛‫౒ޔ‬ᗵ⊛ߥߤߢ޽ࠆ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇߢ‫ⴕ޿ߒ߹ᦸߡߒߣࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬
േ․ᕈߪ⺖㗴㆐ᚑ⊛‫ޔ‬㕟ᣂ⊛‫ޔ‬㊁ᔃ⊛ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ᄙߊߩ⚵❱࡮㓸࿅ߪ⺖⺖㗴ᔒะߢ‫₸ޔ‬
వ⊛‫ޔ‬᜸ᚢ⊛ߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠍࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ߣ࡯࠳ࡦࠚࠫޔߢߎߘޕ‬ㆡวߐߖߚ႐ว‫↵ޔ‬ᕈߩ႐
48
วߪ‫↵ޔ‬ᕈᕈ߇␜ߐࠇߚ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ࠲ࠗࡊ‫৻ޔ‬ᣇᅚᕈߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߢߪᅚᕈᕈ߇
⊒ើߐࠇߚ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊဳ߇ᦼᓙߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬೨⠪ߢߪ⺖㗴ᕈ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߣߒߡ㓸࿅⋡
ᮡ㆐ᚑ߳ߩ௛߈߆ߌߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓟ⠪ߪ㑐ଥᕈ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬㓸࿅ౝߩኻੱ㑐ଥ‫ޔ‬㓸
࿅ߩ⛽ᜬߦ⠨ᘦߒߚ‫ޔ‬ᖱ✜⊛ߥ㥏⥰‫⸃⮮⪾ޔ‬᳿‫ࠍࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝⊛࠻࡯ࡐࠨޔ‬ᒝ⺞ߒߚ࡝
࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ࠲ࠗࡊߢ޽ࠆ‫ ߡ߼ߣ߹ࠍࠄࠇߎޕ‬Eagly ࠄߪ૞േᕈ ( agenticism )ߣ౒หᕈ
㧔communality㧕ߣߒߚ‫ࠅߔߣࡊࠗ࠲࡯࠳ࡦࠚࠫ߇ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ߦߎߘޕ‬วࠊߖ⺰ߓࠄ
ࠇߡ߈ߚ‫↵ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᕈ߇㓸࿅ߣߒߡߩఝࠇߚᚑᨐ޽ࠆ޿ߪലᨐࠍ⊒ើߒ‫౒ޔ‬หᕈߢߪᅚᕈ
߇ఝࠇߚ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊࠍ⊒ើߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߐࠄߦ‫ߦ⊛⥸৻ޔ‬㓸࿅ㆊ⒟ߢߪ‫⋡ޔ‬ᮡ㆐ᚑ‫ޔ‬᜸ᚢߟ߹ࠅ‫ޔ‬૞േᕈߩᣇ߇㊀ⷐߢ‫ޔ‬ఝ૏ߦ
᳞߼ࠄࠇࠆ․ᕈߢ޽ࠆ‫↵ߪ⾰⾗ߩߎޕ‬ᕈߩ․ᕈߣߒߡߩⴕേࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ߪ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ
․ᕈߣ㊀ߥࠅว߁(৻⥌ߔࠆ)‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᅚᕈ߇ߎߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊࠍ⊒ើߔࠆߥࠄ↵ᕈᕈࠍ
₪ᓧߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬ᅚᕈߢߪᅚᕈߣ޿߁ᕈᓎഀߣఝ૏ߥ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߣߒߡ‫ᦼޔ‬
ᓙߐࠇߚᓎഀߩਇ৻⥌ߦࠃࠆਇㆡวᕈ߇ᅚᕈ⥄りߦ߽‫␠ޔ‬ળᗧ⼂ߢ߽ᷙੂࠍ᜗߈‫⚿ޔ‬ᨐ⊛
ߦᅚᕈߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߦุቯ⊛ᘒᐲߣߥࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
␠ળ⊛ⷙ▸ߣߒߡߩࠫࠚࡦ࠳࡯ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊ㧦ᒝ࿕ߥᕈᓎഀⷰ
␠ળ‫❱⚵ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬૕‫ޔ‬㓸࿅ߦߪ޽ࠆ৻ቯߩ್ᢿߩᨒ⚵ߺ߇޽ࠅ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᨒ⚵ߺ߇ߘߎߢ
ߩੱ‫ߩޘ‬ᕁ⠨‫ⴕޔ‬േߩ್ᢿߩᨒ⚵ߺ㧔frame of reference㧕ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫␠ޔߢߎߘޕ‬ળߢߪ
৻⥸ߦߺࠄࠇ‫್ߩߘߚ߹ޔ‬ᢿߩᨒ⚵ߺߢߘߩ␠ળ߆ࠄߩฃኈ࡮ᜎุߩⷙḰߣ߽ߥࠆ‫ࠇߎޕ‬
ࠍ␠ળ⊛ⷙ▸ߣ޿߁‫␠ߩߘߪ▸ⷙޕ‬ળߦࠃߞߡ⇣ߥࠅ‫ߪࠇߘߚ߹ޔ‬ᄌኈߔࠆ‫␠ޕ‬ળ࡮⚵❱
ߦߪᄙ᭽ߥⷙ▸߇޽ࠅ‫ߪࠇߘޔ‬ᔅߕߒ߽೙ᐲ⊛࡮ᴺ೙ᐲߣߪว⥌ߔࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬ᥧ㤩
ߩߥ߆ߢ␠ળߦሽ࿷ߔࠆ߽ߩ߇ᄙ޿‫␠ߦࠄߐޕ‬ળ⊛ⷙ▸ߦߪߘߩฃኈߩ⒟ᐲ‫⹏ޔ‬ଔߪᄙ᭽
ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬ฃኈ࡮޽ࠆ޿ߪ⸵ኈߩ⒟ᐲߢ‫ࠆࠇࠄ޿↪ߊࠃޔ‬ಽ㘃ߪ‫ޔ‬ᒝ೙⊛ⷙ▸ߣ⸥ㅀ⊛
ⷙ▸ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᒝ೙ⷙ▸ߣߪᒝ޿⹏ଔࠍߣ߽ߥ޿‫ࠄ߆▸ⷙߩߘޔ‬ㅺ⣕ߔࠇ߫‫ߩ߆ࠄࠎߥޔ‬೙
ⵙ࡮ࡃ࠶ࠪࡦࠣ߇޽ࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫⸥ߚ߹ޕ‬ㅀ⊛ߣߪ␠ળߢ৻⥸ߦⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇‫ߦࠇߘޔ‬
㆑෻ߒߡ߽̈ߜߞߣᄌߛ̉ߣߩශ⽎ࠍ߽ߟ⒟ᐲߩ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᄙߊߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߢߪ‫ࡦࠚࠫޔ‬
࠳࡯ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊߩේ࿃ߣߒߡ‫ߩࠣࡦࡇࠗ࠲ࠝ࡟࠹ࠬ࡯࠳ࡦࠚࠫޔ‬ਛߢ߽‫ߩߎߦߊߣޔ‬ᒝ೙⊛
ⷙ▸ߦᛶ⸅ߒߚߣ߈‫ޔ‬ᒝ޿೙ⵙࠍ߽ߞߡ⹏ଔߔࠆߎߣࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߡ޿ࠆ‫࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޕ‬
ࡊߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߪ㙃⼔‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛ᗵฃᕈ‫ઁޔ‬⠪߳ߩℂ⸃ߣ㈩ᘦߥߤ߇ߎࠇࠍ⊒ើߔࠆ႐ߢ‫ޔ‬
޽ࠆ޿ߪߘߩࠃ߁ߥⴕὑߪ㜞ߊ⹏ଔߐࠇࠆ‫౒ࠍࠇߘޕ‬หᕈߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩ․ᕈߣߒߡߩᒝ
೙⊛ⷙ▸ߣߔࠆ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ‫↵ޔ‬ᕈߩ․ᕈߣߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬૞േᕈߣߒߡߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊⴕേߢ‫⁛ޔ‬
┙ᕈ‫᦭ޔ‬⢻ߐ‫ޔ‬㊁ᔃߥߤ↵ᕈߩ઀੐ߣߒߡߩᓎഀ࡮ⴕὑߣߒߡ৻⥌ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
⥄Ꮖ᭎ᔨߣߒߡߩࠫࠚࡦ࠳࡯࡮ࠠࡖ࠶ࡊ㧦␠ળ⊛೙ⵙߩ߅ߘࠇ
␠ળ⊛ᕈᓎഀߩାᔨ࡮ⷙ▸ߪߐࠄߦ⥄Ꮖߩ޽ࠅᣇ߽ⷙቯߔࠆߛࠈ߁‫⥄ޕ‬Ꮖ⹺⍮߿⥄Ꮖ⹏
ଔߪ␠ળ⊛ଔ୯࡮ᗧ๧ߠߌߣኒធߦ㑐ଥߔࠆ‫ޕ‬Heilman & Okimoto(2007)ߪ‫ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬
49
࠶ࡊⴕേߪ↵ᕈᕈߣ⚿߮ߟ߈‫ߪࠇߘޔ‬ᒝ೙⊛ⷙ▸ߣߥࠅ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ߇ߚߣ߃ࡑࡀ࡯ࠫࡖ࡯ߣߒ
ߡᚑഞߒߡ߽‫ࠍߣߎ߁઻ࠍࠣࡦࠪ࠶ࡃߩ߆ࠄࠎߥޔ‬ታ㛎⊛ߦᬌ⸽ߒߚ‫ޕ‬઒⺑ߪ‫↵ޔ‬ᕈߩࠬ
࠹࡟ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ⊛઀੐ߢᚑഞߒߚᅚᕈࡑࡀ࡯ࠫࡖ࡯ߦኻߒߡ‫↵ޔ‬ᕈࡑࡀ࡯ࠫࡖ࡯ࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬ᅢᗵ
ࠍ߽ߚߕุቯ⊛ߥኻੱ⹺⍮ࠍߔࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᅚᕈࡑࡀ࡯ࠫࡖ࡯ߦ౒หᕈߩⷐ࿃ࠍઃടߔࠆߣ
⹏ଔߪㅒォߔࠆߣߩ઒⺑ߢታ㛎ࠍⴕߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ၮᧄ⊛ᖱႎߪࡑࡀ࡯ࠫࡖ࡯ߣߒߡ⚻༡㒯ߩ
㜞޿⹏ଔߩࡔࡕߢ޽ࠆ‫᧦ޕ‬ઙߪ౒หᕈߩઃടᖱႎ㧔ㇱਅߦ㑐ᔃࠍᛄ޿‫ⷐߩࠄࠇ߆ޔ‬᳞ߦᵈ
ᗧߔࠆ‫ޔ‬ㇱో૕ߩଦㅴߦദജߔࠆ㧕޽ࠅ‫౒ޔ‬หᕈߣߪ⋥ធ㑐ଥߥ޿ࡐࠫ࠹ࠖࡉઃടᖱႎ㧔ㇱ
ో૕ߩᚑᨐࠍଦㅴ‫ޔ‬ㇱౝߩࠕࠗ࠺ࠖࠕߩ੤឵‫౏ޔ‬ᐔߥᛒ޿㧕
‫ޔ‬ઃടᖱႎߥߒ᧦ઙߩ㧟᳓Ḱߢ
޽ࠆ‫⚿ޕ‬ᨐߪ߹ߕᅢᗧߢߪ‫ޔ‬ઃട᧦ઙߣᕈᏅߦߪ᦭ᗧߥ㑐ଥ߇޽ߞߚ‫ޔࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ઃടߥߒ
ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈࡑࡀ࡯ࠫࡖ࡯߇ᅢᗧࠍ߽ߚࠇߥߊ‫ߩߡߒߣ࡯࠳࡯࡝ߚ߹ޔ‬ઃട᧦ઙߢ߽ᅢᗧߪ
ૐ޿‫౒ߒ߆ߒޕ‬หᕈߩઃട᧦ઙߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ࡝࡯࠳࡯ߢ㜞޿ᅢᗧᕈ߇↢ߓߚ‫޿ߒ߹ᦸߚ߹ޕ‬
਄มߣߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬ᕈᏅߪ⋥ធ㑐ㅪߥߊ‫ޔ‬ᖱႎߩ㆑޿ߣߩ㑐ଥߢᏅ⇣߇⷗಴ߖߚ‫౒ޔࠅ߹ߟޕ‬
หᕈߩߺߢᅚᕈ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ⹏ଔ߇㜞ߊ‫ࠇߘޔ‬એᄖߩ᧦ઙߢߪ↵ᕈࡑࡀ࡯ࠫࡖ࡯߇ᦸ
߹ߒߐߢ㜞޿‫ޕ‬ᅚᕈ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߢߪ‫౒ޔ‬หᕈߣ޿߁ࠫࠚࡦ࠳࡯ߩࠬ࠹࡟ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ߇ઃ
ടߐࠇߡߪߓ߼ߡ࡝࡯࠳࡯ߣߒߡߩ⹏ଔߦߟߥ߇ࠅ‫౒ߪࠇߘ߫ࠇߌߥ߇ࠇߘߒ߽ޔ‬หᕈߦ
ᰳߌࠆߣ޿߁ࡍ࠽࡞࠹ࠖࠍ⽶߁ߣ޿߁‫ޔ‬ᭂ߼ߡᒝ࿕ߥᒝ೙⊛ⷙ▸߇޽ࠆߎߣࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒ
ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⹺⍮⠪஥ߩ⹺⍮⊛ࠫࠚࡦ࠳࡯࡮ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊ㧦⹺⍮⊛ߕࠇ
ߎߩℂ⺰ߩᨒ⚵ߺߪ␠ળ⊛⹺⍮ߦ߅ߌࠆࠬ࠹࡟ࠝ࠲ࠗࡇࡦࠣߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪߢߎߎޕ‬ೝỗ޽ࠆ
޿ߪᖱႎࠍขᝥ࡮ㆬᛯߒߘࠇࠍᣢሽߩ⹺⍮⊛ᨒ⚵ߺߣ㑐ㅪߠߌ‫⹺ߦ߁ࠃߩߤޔ‬⍮⊛᭴ㅧൻ
ߦߔࠆ߆ߩ໧㗴ߢ޽ࠆ‫⹺ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬⍮⠪஥ߩ⹺⼂ߩ޽ࠅᣇ߇㊀ⷐߥⷐ࿃ߣߥࠆ‫ࡦࠚࠫߩߎޕ‬
࠳࡯ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊߪ↵ᅚߤߜࠄߢߘߩࡃࠗࠕࠬߪᒝ޿ߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫⧯ޕ‬ᨋ࡮ቬᣇ㧔㧝㧥㧤㧢㧕ߢ
ߪ‫⹺ߩࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬⍮⊛᭴ㅧߣߘߩ⹏ଔߦߪᕈᏅߪ⷗಴ߐࠇߥ߆ߞߚ‫⹏ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ቯߐ
ࠇࠆኻ⽎⠪㧔↵ᕈ࡝࡯࠳࡯‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ࡝࡯࠳࡯㧕߹ߚ⹏ቯ⠪ߩᕈᏅߦࠃߞߡߘߩ᭴ㅧ߇⇣ߥࠆ
ߎߣࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬ᕈߦࠃࠆᏅ⇣ߩ⒟ᐲߪ↵ᕈ߇ᅚᕈߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊࠍ⹏
ቯߔࠆ႐ว‫↵ޔ‬ᕈ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߣᲧセߒߡ‫ߩߘޔ‬Ꮕ⇣߇ᄢ߈ߊߥࠆߎߣࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߡ
޿ࠆ‫⺞ߩߢߎߎޕ‬ᩏߪᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߦኻߔࠆᘒᐲዤᐲ㧔WAMS㧕ࠍ↪޿ߡ޿ࠆ‫⚿ޕ‬ᨐߪ߅߅
ࠃߘ઒⺑ㅢࠅߢ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ⹏ଔߢߪ⹏ଔ⠪ߣ੤੕૞↪ߩ㑐ଥߦ޽ߞߚ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬
↵ᕈ⹏ቯ⠪ߢߪ↵ᕈ࡝࡯࠳࡯ߣᅚᕈ࡝࡯࠳࡯ߢߪ↵ᕈ࡝࡯࠳࡯ߦ᦭ᗧߦ㜞޿⹏ଔ୯ߢ޽ࠆ
߇‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩ႐วߪߘߩᏅ⇣ߪዊߐ޿‫↵ߦࠄߐޕ‬ᕈ⹏ቯ⠪ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ߅ࠃ߮ᅚᕈ⊛ⴕേߩਔ
⠪ߦ㜞޿⋧㑐㑐ଥߦ޽ࠅ‫⪺ࠄ߆ߣߎߩߎޔ‬⠪ߚߜߪ↵ᕈߦ߅޿ߡߪࠃࠅᕈᓎഀ⊛ࠬ࠹࡟ࠝ
࠲ࠗࡇࡦࠣ߇ᒝ޿ߎߣ߽ᜰ៰ߒߚ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߦᅢᗧ⊛ᘒᐲߩ႐วߢ߽‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ⊛஥
㕙㧔㈩ᘦ࡮⥄↱⸵ኈߎߎߢߪੱ㑆ਛᔃ࡮᳃ਥဳ࿃ሶ㧕ࠍᒝ⺞ߒߚ⹏ଔߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ௑ะߪ⃻࿷ߢ߽޽ࠆࠃ߁ߛ‫ޕ‬ਭ଻↰㧔2008㧕ߢߪ‫࠼࡯ࡈ࠻ࠬ࡯ࠔࡈޔ‬ᐫߩࡑࡀ࡯ࠫ
ࡖ࡯ߩ⡯ോߩᕈᏅߩㆡวᕈࠍᬌ⸛ߒߚ‫ޔߣࠆࠃߦࠇߘޕ‬ᕈᏅࠍ⿥߃ߡ౒ㅢߒߚ⢻ജߩઁ‫ޔ‬
50
ᅚᕈ⹏ቯ⠪ߪᅚᕈࡑࡀ࡯ࠫࡖ࡯ߩࠦࡦࡇ࠹ࡦࠪ࡯ߦᄙ᭽ߥ⒳㘃ࠍ␜ߒ‫࡝ߩࠇߙࠇߘߚ߹ޔ‬
࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߦห᭽ߩᅚᕈߩㆡวᕈࠍ⹺߼ߚ‫ޕ‬
ߒ߆ߒ↵ᕈ⹏ቯ⠪ߢߪࡑࡀ࡯ࠫࡖ࡯ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬
↵ᕈߣߒߡ㆐ᚑ⢻ജ‫❱⚵↹⸘ޔ‬ജ‫ޔ‬ᄌ㕟ᔒะജ‫ޔ‬ഃㅧജߣᄙ᭽ߥࠦࡦࡇ࠹ࡦࠪ࡯ࠍ⹺߼ߚ
߇‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߢ㜞޿ߩߪ᭎ᔨ⊛ᕁ⠨ജߛߌߛߞߚ‫ޕ‬వߩ‫ޟ‬ᅚᕈ㓹↪▤ℂၮᧄ⺞ᩏ㧔ᐔᚑ㧞㧝ᐕ㧕
‫ޠ‬
ߢ߽‫ߗߥޔ‬ᅚᕈߩ▤ℂ⡯߇ዋߥ޿߆ߩℂ↱ߣߒߡ߽ߞߣ߽ᄙ޿ߩߪ‫ޔ‬
̈ᔅⷐߥ⍮⼂߿⚻㛎‫ޔ‬
್ᢿ⢻ജ╬ࠍ᦭ߔࠆᅚᕈ߇޿ߥ޿̉ߢඨᢙㄭߊߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬࿁╵⠪ߩᕈᏅߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥ
ഀวߢ޽ߞߚࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬
⃻࿷߽ࠊ߇࿖ߢߪ‫ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬⢻ജ࡮⾗⾰ߩૐߐ߇ᅚᕈ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊࠍ㒖ࠎߢ޿
ࠆߣ޿߁⹺⼂ߪᒝ޿‫ߩߎߡߒߘޕ‬Ყ₸ߪ↵ᕈߦ߅޿ߡ㜞޿‫↵ޕ‬ᕈߦᒝ޿ߎߩࠫࠚࡦ࠳࡯ࠬ
࠹࡟ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ߇ౕ૕⊛ߦᓇ㗀ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߽⠨߃ࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠈ߁‫ੱޔ߫߃ߣߚޕ‬੐ᮭࠍី
ࠆ┙႐ߘࠇߪ▤ℂ⡯ߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ᣹ㅴ߿㈩ዻߥߤߩᩏቯ࡮⹏ଔࠍߔࠆ⠪ߪ‫ޔ‬ታᘒߪ߹ߛ↵ᕈ
▤ℂ⡯߇࿶ୟ⊛ߦᄙ޿‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎߣࠆߔ߁ߘޕ‬ᒝ޿ࠬ࠹࡟ࠝ࠲ࠗࡇࡦࠣߢ⹏ଔߒߡ޿ࠆ߆
߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ߥ߹ߑ߹ߐޕ‬ታᘒ޽ࠆ޿ߪᗧ⼂⺞ᩏߢߪ࿁╵⠪ߩᕈ೎᣿⸥߽㊀ⷐߢ‫ޔ‬ᕈᏅߦࠃ
ࠆಽᨆߪ╙৻⟵⊛ߥⷐ⺧ߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ൻߣߒߡߩᕈ೎
Eagly & Karau( 2002)ߪᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋߥ޿ߎߣߣߒߡ‫↵ޔ‬ᕈߪᅚᕈࡑࡀ࡯ࠫࡖ࡯ࠍ߽
ߟ⚻㛎ߦਲߒ޿ߎߣࠍߘߩℂ↱ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᒰ㕙ߩᅚᕈࡑࡀ࡯ࠫࡖ࡯ߦኻߒߡߩ
ࠬࠠ࡯ࡑ㧔⹺⍮᭴ㅧ㧕ߪᅚᕈ․ᕈߦࠃࠆࠬࠠ࡯ࡑ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ߩ࡯࠳ࡦࠚࠫޔࠄߥߗߥޕ‬
ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߣࡑࡀ࡯ࠫࡖ࡯ߩࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߩ㧞ߟߢᖱႎ߇೎‫ߢޘ‬ធㄭᕈ߇޽ࠆߩߪࠫࠚࡦ࠳
࡯ߩࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߢ޽ࠈ߁߆ࠄ‫ࠧ࠹ࠞߩߡߒߣ࡯ࡖࠫ࡯ࡀࡑߪߢ࡯࡝ࠧ࠹ࠞޔߣࠆߔ߁ߘޕ‬
࡝࡯⹺⍮ࠃࠅ‫߇࡯࡝ࠧ࠹ࠞߩߡߒߣ࡯࠳ࡦࠚࠫޔ‬ఝవߔࠆ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᒰੱ⥄૕ߩ୘೎⊛ᖱႎ
ߢߪߥߊ‫ߩߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬⍮⼂ߦ߽ߣߠ޿ߚࠫࠚࡦ࠳࡯ో⥸ߣߒߡߩ⹺⍮⊛ᨒ⚵(ࠬ࠹࡟ࠝ࠲ࠗ
ࡊ)ߢߣࠄ߃ߡߒ߹߁ߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬એ೨޽ࠆᦨᄢᚻߩ৻ߟߩࠦࡦࡇࡘ࡯࠲࡯ડ
ᬺߩᅚᕈ㧯㧱㧻߇⥄␠ߩ⽶ௌߢㄉ⡯ߦㅊ޿߿ࠄࠇߚߣ߈‫ߩߘޔ‬ℂ↱ߣߒߡ̈ᅚᕈߦߪήℂ
ߥ઀੐̉ߣߩ⹏߇ࡔ࠺ࠖࠕߦᵹࠇߚ㧔↵ᕈߢ߽ήℂߥߩߦ㧍㧍㧕
‫ޕ‬㧯㧱㧻ߩ⾰ߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬ᅚ
ᕈߣߒߡߩ⹏ଔߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ᢥൻࠍ⿥߃ߡ
ߎߩᕈᓎഀߩࠬ࠹࡟ࠝ࠲ࠗ࠲ࠗࡇࡦࠣߩᒝ࿕ߐߪᢥൻࠍ⿥߃ߡ৻᭽ߥ߽ߩߣᜰ៰ߒߡ޿
ࠆߩ߇ Shein(2001)ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓐᅚߪߎࠇࠍ‫’ޔ‬this is manager̆ this is male’ߣߒ‫ޔ‬ᒝ޿ᔃ
ℂ⊛ࡃ࡝ࠕߣᝒ߃ߚ‫߽ߢ߹޿ߡߒߘޕ‬਎⇇ਛߢߎߩାᔨߪሽ࿷ߔࠆߣ‫↵ޔߒߛߚޕ‬ᕈߦ߅
޿ߡ‫ޕ‬ᓐᅚߪ‫ޔ࠷ࠗ࠼ޔࠬ࡝ࠡࠗޔࠞ࡝ࡔࠕޔ‬ਛ࿖‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄߩ㧡ࠞ࿖ߩ߹ߛࡆࠫࡀࠬߦዞ޿
ߡߥ޿ฦ࿖ 100 ฬ߆ࠄ 200 ฬ೨ᓟߩ↵ᅚߦኻߒߡ‫ޔ‬㧥㧞ߩ୘ੱ․ᕈ(ಽᨆ⢻ജ‫⥄ޔ‬ା‫⽿ޔ‬
છᗵ‫▤ޔ‬ℂࠬࠠ࡞‫┹ޔ‬੎ജ‫ޔ‬ᖱႎવ㆐⢻ജ‫ޔ‬ଦㅴജ‫ޔ‬㊁ᔃߥߤ)ࠍ␜ߔ↪⺆ࠍឭ␜ߒ‫⥸৻ޔ‬
⊛ߦ↵ᕈߣߒߡ⃻ࠇࠆ․ᕈ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߣߒߡ⃻ࠇࠆ․ᕈ‫ߡߒߘޔ‬ᚑഞߒߚࡑࡀ࡯ࠫࡖ࡯ߩ․ᕈ
51
ߩ․ᕈ⺆ࠍ㧡ઙᴺߢㆡಾߐࠍ⹏ቯߐߖߚ‫․ߩ࡯ࡖࠫ࡯ࡀࡑࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᕈ‫ޔ‬ਔᕈߩᕈᓎഀࠍ⹺
⍮⊛ߦ᣿␜ߔࠆߎߣߢ‫․ߩ࡯ࡖࠫ࡯ࡀࡑޔ‬ᕈߣߒߡᕈᏅߩᔃ⊛㑐ㅪᕈࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣ
ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⚿ᨐߪ‫ޔ‬
↵ᕈߦ߅޿ߡᚑഞߒߚࡑࡀ࡯ࠫࡖߣ↵ᕈߩ․ᕈߣ㜞޿⋧㑐㑐ଥߦ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ߣߊߦਛ࿖ߢߪߘߩ⒟ᐲ߇ᒝ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᅚᕈߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᚑഞߒߚࡑࡀ࡯ࠫࡖ࡯ߢߪᅚᕈߩ․ᕈߣ
⋧㑐ߪ㜞ߊ‫ࠅ߹ߟޔ‬㘃ૃᕈߪ㜞޿‫ߩߘޕ‬⒟ᐲߪࠕࡔ࡝ࠞ߇ᒝߊ‫ߩߘޔ‬෻ኻߦᣣᧄߢߪᅚᕈ
ߩࡑࡀ࡯ࠫࡖ࡯ߣߩᅚᕈߩ㘃ૃᕈߪૐ߆ߞߚ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᣣᧄߩ․ᓽߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ⹏ଔ⠪ߦ߅
޿ߡࡑࡀ࡯ࠫࡖ࡯ߣᅚᕈߩ⋧㑐߇ૐߊ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߢ߽ࠬ࠹࡟ࠝ࠲ࠗࡇࡦࠣߪᒝ޿ߣߩ⚿ᨐߢ޽
ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
㧔㧞㧕୘ੱ⊛․ᕈߣߒߡߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ⢻ജ‫ޔ‬േᯏ޽ࠆ޿ߪᔒะᕈ
ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋߥ޿ℂ↱ߩ৻ߟߪᅚᕈ⥄りߩ୘ੱ⊛⾗⾰ߣߒߡ‫▤ޔ‬ℂ⡯ߣߒߡߩ࡝࡯࠳
࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ⢻ജ࡮⾗⾰ߦᰳߌࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ߢߎߎޕ‬໧㗴ߥߩߪ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ⾗
⾰࡮⢻ജߪߥߦ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ߽޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ୘ੱߩ໧㗴ߣߒߡᜰ៰ߐࠇࠆߎߩࠃ߁ߥ୘
ੱౝߩⷐ࿃ߢߪߘߩઁߩⷐ࿃ߣߒߡࡠ࡯࡞ࡕ࠺࡞ߩਇචಽ‫ࠕ࡝ࡖࠠޔ‬ᗧ⼂‫ޔ‬ᚑഞᕟᔺ࡮ぷ
ふ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛ࠬࠠ࡞࡮ቇ⠌ਇ⿷‫ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬ᔒะᕈߥߤ߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᨐߚߒߡ‫ޔ‬
ᅚᕈߩ⢻ജߪ▤ℂ⡯ߣߒߡ↵ᕈߣᲧセߒߡ⠴߃ࠄࠇߥ޿߽ߩߛࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬
Hyde(2005)ߪ ̈ᕈᏅߪᱴߤߥ޿̉
‫ޟ‬㘃ૃᕈߩℂ⺰‫↢ޔߍ߆߆ࠍޠ‬ℂ⊛ᄌᢙ‫ޔ‬ㆇേ⢻ജᄌ
ᢙ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛⢻ജ‫ޔ‬ᔃℂ⊛ᄌᢙߢ↵ᅚ㑆ߩᲧセࠍ߅ߎߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᓐᅚߪߎࠇ߹ߢߩ⎇ⓥࠍࠫࠚࡦ
࠳࡯ࠍਥߚࠆᄌᢙߣߒߡಽᨆߒߥ߅ߒߡ‫࠲ࡔޔ‬ಽᨆࠍⴕߞߚ‫ߢ߆ߥߩߘޕ‬ᔃℂ⊛ᄌᢙߣߒ
ߡ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ⢻ജ㧔ߎߎߢߪߘߩౝኈߪ᣿ࠄ߆ߢߥ޿㧕ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᕈᏅ㑆(between gender)
ߩᏅ⇣ߪዊߐߊ‫ࠈߒ߻ޔ‬ᕈᏅౝ㧔within-gender㧕ߩᣇ߇ᄢ߈޿ߣ޿߁⚿ᨐߢ޽ߞߚ‫߹ߟޕ‬
ࠅ↵ᅚ㑆ߩᏅࠃࠅ‫↵ޔ‬ᕈౝߢ‫ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬ᅚᕈౝߢߩᏅ⇣߇ᄢ߈߆ߞߚ‫↵ޕ‬ᕈߦߖࠃᅚᕈߦ
ߖࠃ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ․ᕈߪ୘ੱᏅߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬
ᕈᏅߢߪߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩߎߣ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬
ᕈᏅࠍᒝ⺞ߒߔ߉ࠆߎߣߢ⡯႐߿ኻੱ㑐ଥߦ߅޿ߡ஍ߞߚ್ᢿࠍ߽ߚࠄߒ‫⚿ޔ‬ᨐ⊛ߦੱ᧚
ߩ᦭ലߥᵴ↪ࠍᅹߍࠆ޿ࠊ߫ࠦࠬ࠻ࠍ߽ߚࠄߔߣᜰ៰ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᚒ߇࿖ߢ߽㚍႐㧔1989㧕
߽ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ࠍ⺞ᩏߒߡᣢߦ୘ੱᏅߩᣇ߇ᒝ޿ߎߣࠍ␜ໂߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊࠍߣࠅߚ߇ࠄߥ޿㧔ᔒะᕈ࡮േᯏߩᕈᏅ㧕
ߎࠇ߹ߢ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊᔒะߩૐߐ‫࡯࠳࡯࡝ߜࠊߥߔޔ‬ᓎഀ₪ᓧേᯏ߇ૐ޿㧔ဈ
↰‫ޔ‬1996㧕
‫ࠕ࡝ࡖࠠߪߦࠄߐޔ‬ᔒะߩૐߐ(᫪᳗‫ޔ‬1994)߇ᅚᕈߩ▤ℂ⡯ࠍૐ߼ߡ޿ࠆߣߒ
ߡ޿ߚ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬േᯏ⊛࡮ᔒะ⊛஥㕙ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᅚᕈߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ୘ੱ․ᕈߢߪ
Abele(2000)ߦࠃࠆ‫ࠕ࡝ࡖࠠޟ‬ᒻᚑߩੑ㊀ᓇ㗀ㆊ⒟‫ࠕ࡝ࡖࠠޔߢ߆ߥߩޠ‬ᒻᚑߦߪ␠ળᦼᓙ࡮
ࠬ࠹࡟ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ‫ޔ‬
ߟ߹ࠅᕈᓎഀ೎ᦼᓙ⹺⍮ߣઁᣇ‫ޔ‬
␠ળൻߩㆊ⒟ߢ₪ᓧߐࠇࠆ⥄Ꮖലജᗵ‫ޔ‬
⡯ᬺ⏕┙ᗧ⼂‫ޔ‬዁᧪ዷᦸߩߥߤߩ㧞ߟߩ஥㕙ࠍ᦭ߔࠆߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ࡖࠠߥ߁ࠃߩߎߡߒߘޕ‬
࡝ࠕᗧ⼂ߩૐߐ߇␠ળ⊛႐㕙ߢ࡝࡯࠳࡯⊛ᓎഀࠍᔒะߒߥ޿ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠕ࡝ࡖࠠߩߎޕ‬ᗧ
⼂ߣ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ㑐ㅪߢߪ‫ޔ‬Tin Tin Htun & Yamamoto(1998,2001)ߢߪ‫࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬
52
ࠪ࠶ࡊᔒะᕈࠍ࡝࡯࠳࡯ߩᓎഀ߿࿾૏ߦዞ߈ߚ޿േᯏߣቯ⟵ߒ‫ߩߎޔ‬ᔒะᕈߩ㜞ߐߣࠠࡖ
࡝ࠕᗧ⼂ࠍᬌ⸛ߒߚ‫߇ࠊޕ‬࿖ߩᄢቇ↢ࠍኻ⽎ߦߒߚ⚿ᨐߪ‫ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬ᗧ⼂ߪᅚᕈߪ
↵ᕈࠃࠅૐ޿ߎߣࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ૐ޿ߣ޿ߞߡ߽‫⋧ߪࠇߘޔ‬ኻ⊛ߥ⒟ᐲߩᏅ
⇣ߢ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߢ߽ᔒะᕈߩ޽ࠆ୘ੱߪዋߥ߆ࠄߕሽ࿷ߒߚ‫઀ޔߚ߹ޕ‬੐ߢ⹺߼ࠄࠇߚ޿‫ޔ‬᣹
ㅴേᯏ‫઀ޔ‬੐߳⽿છᗵ‫઀ޔ‬੐߳ߩ⥄⽶ᔃߥߤߩࠠࡖ࡝ࠕᔒะᕈߣߩ㑐ㅪߢߪߘߩ⋧㑐ߪ㜞
߆ߞߚ‫ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ߩߘޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᔒะᕈߪ‫ޔ‬㆐ᚑേᯏ‫ޔ‬ᮭജേᯏ‫ޔ‬࿾૏േᯏ‫⥄ޔ‬ዅᔃ
ߣ㜞ߊ⋧㑐ߒ‫↵ߪࠄࠇߎޔ‬ᕈᕈߣኒធߦ㑐ଥߒߚ‫߇ߣߎߩߎޕ‬ᅚᕈߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊᔒะ
ᕈࠍૐߊߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ⠨ኤߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᔒะߣᕈᓎഀߣߒ
ߡ↵ᕈߪ૞േᕈ㧔ߎߎߢߪ㆏ౕ⊛㧕
‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈᓎഀߣߒߡ౒หᕈ㧔ߎߎߢߪ⴫⃻ᕈ㧕ߣ㑐ㅪߠߌ
ߚ‫ޕ‬૞േᕈߢߪ‫ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬ᔒะᕈߩᕈᏅߪߥߊ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᔒะᕈߩᒝߐ⒟ᐲߦࠃߞߡ㆑
޿ߢ޽ߞߚ‫౒ߚ߹ޕ‬หᕈߢߪ‫↵ޔ‬ᕈߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ᔒะᕈ߇㜞޿⟲ߢ౒หᕈ߇㜞ߊ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߢߪ
ᔒะᕈߦࠃࠆᏅߪߥ޿‫ޔߪߢߎߎߡߒߣ࡞ࠠࠬߩࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ߦࠄߐޕ‬ᛛⴚ⊛ࠬࠠ࡞㧔⋡
ᮡ┙᩺⢻ജ㧕
‫ޔ‬᭎ᔨߩࠬࠠ࡞㧔໧㗴ᛠី⢻ജ‫ޔ‬᳿ቯߩᱜߒߐ㧕
‫ੱޔ‬㑆㑐ଥࠬࠠ࡞ߣߒߡⷙቯ
ߒ‫ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬ᔒะᕈߣߩ㑐ㅪࠍߺߚ‫⚿ߩߘޕ‬ᨐ‫ߪߦ࡞ࠠࠬߩࠄࠇߎޔ‬ᕈᏅߦࠃࠆ㆑
޿ߪߥߊ‫ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ߪࠇߘޔ‬ᔒะᕈߣᒝߊ㑐ࠊߞߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬
⚻㛎ਇ⿷࡮ቇ⠌ਇ⿷
ࠊ߇࿖ߢߪ‫⚻ߩࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬㛎߇ߥ޿ߎߣ߽ᅚᕈߩ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋߥߐߩᄢ߈ߥℂ↱ߢ
޽ࠆ‫⚻̈ߩߎޕ‬㛎̉ߪ⚿ᨐߢ޽ߞߡ‫⚻ߗߥޔ‬㛎߇ዋߥ޿߆ߩℂ↱߇ߥߌࠇ߫‫⚻ޔ‬㛎ߩዋߥ
ߐߩℂ⸃ߦߪ❬߇ࠄߥ޿‫ߩߘޕ‬࿾૏ߦ߰ߐࠊߒ޿⢻ജ߇ߥ޿߆ࠄ߆‫ޔ‬ᯏળ߇ਈ߃ࠄࠇߥ޿
߆ࠄ߆‫ޔ‬ᒰ੐⠪߇ᦸ߹ߥ޿߆ࠄ߆‫⴫ߩߎߤߥߤߥޔ‬ጀ⊛ߥ⚿ᨐߛߌߢߪℂ⸃ߒߦߊ޿‫ޕ‬
ߒ߆ߒ⚻㛎ߩዋߥߐߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᯏળߩዋߥߐߢ޿ߊߟ߆ߩ⍮⷗ߢ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬Eagly
& Karau(1991)ߢߪታ㛎⊛ᚻᴺߢ‫ޔ‬ᷙᚑߩ㓸࿅ࠍ᭴ᚑߒ‫ߩ࡯࠳࡯࡝ߩߢߎߘޔ‬಴⃻ߩ෻ᔕ
ࠍߺߚߣߣߎࠈ‫↵ޔ‬ᕈߩ಴⃻₸ߪ㜞ߊ‫߃ߣߚߚ߹ޔ‬ᅚᕈ߇ᅢᗧࠍ߽ߚࠇ‫ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬㓸࿅ࠍ
ᒁߞᒛࠆߎߣ㧔ଦㅴജ㧕߇⹺߼ࠄࠇߡ߽‫↵ߪߡߒߣ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬ᕈߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬Walker, Ilardi,
McMahon, & Fennell(1996)ߢߪࡔࡦࡃ࡯᭴ᚑߣߒߡ‫↵ోޔ‬ᕈ㓸࿅‫ోޔ‬ᅚᕈ㓸࿅‫ޔ‬ᷙว㓸
࿅ࠍ᭴ᚑߒ‫ߢߎߘޔ‬㓸࿅⸛⼏ࠍⴕࠊߖࡔࡦࡃ࡯ห჻ߩ⋧੕૞↪ࠍⴕߞߚ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㓸࿅ߦߪ
ታ㛎⠪஥߆ࠄ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠍ⸳ቯߔࠆ㓸࿅ߣ‫⸳ࠍࠇߘޔ‬ቯߒߥ޿㓸࿅ࠍ᭴ᚑߒߚ‫ޕ‬ฦ㓸࿅ߩ⸛
⼏ᓟ‫࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬಴⃻ࠍߺߚ‫⚿ߩߘޕ‬ᨐߣߊߦ․ᓽ⊛ߛߞߚߩߪ޽ࠄ߆ߓ߼࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠍ᳿߼
ߥ޿↵ᅚᷙᚑ㓸࿅ߢߪ‫↵ޔ‬ᕈ߇ᅚᕈߩ㧡୚ߢ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠍᜂߞߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᷙᚑߢߪᅚᕈ߇㧝ੱ
ߢ߽↵ᕈ࡝࡯࠳࡯߇‫↵ޔ‬ᕈ㧝ੱߢ߽↵ᕈ߇࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠍോ߼ߚ‫ޔߦࠄߐޕ‬೎ߩ⎇ⓥߢߪ‫ޔ‬㧞
ੱ㓸࿅ߢ‫ޔ‬หᕈߩ႐วߪ‫․ޔ‬ᕈ㧔ᡰ㈩⊛௑ะߥߤ㧕ߩⷐ࿃߇ఝ൓㧔㧣㧟㧑㧕ߢ‫․ޔ‬ᕈߦࠃ
ࠅ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ߇಴⃻ߒߚ‫↵ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᅚᷙว㓸࿅ߢߪ‫ޔ‬㧥㧜㧑߇↵ᕈߢ޽ߞߚ
㧔Forsyth,2006㧕
‫ߩ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔߪߣߎߩߎޕ‬࿾૏ߪ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ⾗⾰ߦࠃߞߡ᳿ቯߐ
ࠇࠆߩߢߪߥߊ‫ߕ߹ޔ‬ᕈᏅߣ޿߁ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߘࠇ⥄૕ߢ࡝࡯࠳࡯ߣ޿߁࿾૏߇᳿ቯߒߡߒ
߹޿‫⚿ޔ‬ᨐ⊛ߦ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩᯏળࠍ⫋ߞߡߒ߹߁ߎߣߦ߽ߥࠆߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
53
⚵❱࡮㓸࿅ߩ࠻࠶ࡊߪήℂ㧫࿾૏ߩนⷞᕈ㧔ᮭ㒢࡮ઍ⴫ᕈ㧕
ဈ↰㧔1996㧕ߪߎࠇ߹ߢߩౝᄖߩ⎇ⓥࠍ߹ߣ߼‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߪኻᄖ⊛࡮ᒻᑼߣߒߡߪᦨ㜞૏ߩ
ᓎഀߦዞછߒߥ޿௑ะ߇޽ࠅ‫ߩߎޔ‬௑ะߪ␠ળ⊛ᕈᓎഀⷰߩᄌൻ߿⺖㗴ߩᕈ೎ㆡวᕈߩᓇ
㗀ࠍฃߌߦߊ޿ߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬࿾૏߇㜞ߊߥࠆߣߘࠇߦߟࠇߡ‫ޔ‬࿾૏ߦ
ઃ㓐ߒߚᮭ㒢߅ࠃ߮ઍ⴫ᕈ߇Ⴧߒ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߘޔ‬ᄢ߈ߥᮭ㒢࡮ઍ⴫ᕈߢߪᅚᕈߪ࡝࡯࠳࡯ᓎ
ഀߦዞછߔࠆน⢻ᕈߪᷫዋߔࠆߣߒߚ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬࿾૏ߦઃ㓐ߒߚ൓ജ࡮ᮭ㒢࡮ઍ⴫ᕈࠍ
ᓐᅚߪ࿾૏ߩนⷞᕈ㧔position visibility㧕ߣߒ‫ޔ‬㓸࿅ౝᄖ߆ࠄᛚ⹺ߐࠇࠆ⒟ᐲࠍ⴫ߔᰴర
ߣߒߡ‫ߩߘޔ‬⒟ᐲ߇ᅚᕈ࡝࡯࠳࡯಴⃻ߦ㑐ㅪߔࠆߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬㓏ጀ߇਄߇ࠆߎߣߢߘߩ⒟ᐲߪ
ᒝ߹ࠅ‫⚿ߩߘޔ‬ᨐᅚᕈߩ▤ℂ⡯ߩᲧ₸ߪૐਅߔࠆߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬
ߘ߁ߢ޽ࠇ߫‫ޔ‬㓸࿅ߩᕈ⾰ߣߒߡ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޔ‬࿾૏ߩนⷞᕈߩૐ޿႐ว㧔ߚߣ߃߫‫ޔ‬NPO
ᴺੱ‫ࡊ࡯࡞ࠣ⊛␩⑔ޔ‬㧕ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯಴⃻߽น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪࠇߘޕ‬ᮭᆭࠍ⴫ࠊߔ࡝
࡯࠳࡯ࠃࠅࡈࠔࠪ࡝࠹࡯࠲࡯‫߼ߣ߹ޔ‬ᓎ‫ࠍ⺆↪ߩߤߥ࡯࠲࡯ࡀࠖ࠺࡯ࠦޔ‬ᅢࠎߢ૶߁
㧔Andrews, 1992㧕ߣߩᜰ៰ߦ߽ㅢߓࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᨐߚߒߡ㜞࿾૏ߩᲧ₸߇ૐ޿ߎߣߪ࿾૏ߩนⷞᕈ߇ߘߩⷐ࿃ߣߥࠆ߆ߪ᣿⏕ߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬
ߚߣ߃߫‫ޔ‬Eagly (2003),Eagly & Karau(2002)ߦࠃࠇ߫‫ޔ‬ਛ㑆▤ℂ⡯‫࡜ࠢ࡯ࡖࠫ࡯ࡀࡑޔ‬
ࠬߢߪࠕࡔ࡝ࠞߢߪ㧠㧡㧑ߣᅚᕈ߇භ߼ߡ޿ࠆ߇‫ࡊ࠶࠻ߩࠞ࡝ࡔࠕޔ‬㧡㧜㧜ડᬺߢߪᅚᕈ
ߩ㜞࿾૏⠪ߪ㧠㧑ߢ‫ ߦࠄߐޔ‬CEO ߣ㒢ቯߔࠇ߫‫ޔ‬0.4㧑ㆊ߉ߥ޿ߣ޿߁‫ߩߎޕ‬໧㗴ߪ޽ࠆ
৻ቯߩ࿾૏એ਄ߦߪ޿਄߇ࠇߥ޿૗߆‫࡯ࠪࠬ࡜ࠣࠆࠁࠊ޿߁޿ߣࠆ޽߇⤑޿ߥ߃⷗ߦ⋡ޔ‬
࡝ࡦࠣߩ໧㗴ߢ߽޽ࠆ‫ߩߘޔߪߢߎߎޕ‬ේ࿃ߣߒߡ‫ߩࡊ࠶࠻ޔ‬࿾૏ߩ▤ℂ⡯ߢߪ‫ޔ‬㜞޿ࠛ
ࠣ࠯ࠢ࠹ࠖࡉ⢻ജߣߒߡ‫⥄ޔ‬ା‫ޔ‬ᒝ޿ࡔ࠶࠮࡯ࠫᕈ‫ߩ߳❱⚵ޔ‬ᒝ޿ᓇ㗀ജ‫ޔ‬㐳ᦼ⊛ዷᦸߣ
ߘߩଦㅴജࠍ߽ߣ߼ࠄࠇࠆ‫(ࠫ࡯࠹ࠬߩઁߪࠇߎޕ‬ਛ㑆▤ℂ⡯)ߩࡑࡀ࡯ࠫࡖ࡯ࠃࠅᒝജߥ
૞േᕈߣߒߡߩ․ᕈࠍ⊒ើߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬࿾૏߇㜞ߊߥࠆߎߣߪ‫ࠅࠃޔ‬ᒝߊࠫࠚࡦ
࠳࡯ߣ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ㑆ߩਇㆡวᕈ߇↢ߓߡߒ߹߁(Bowles et.al.,2005)‫ߩߘߚ߹ޕ‬࿾૏ߦ
߰ߐࠊߒ޿․ᕈ‫ޔ‬ᖱႎࠍᓧࠆᯏળ‫ޔ‬ᖱႎ✂ߣߒߡߩࡄࠗࡊࠍᜬߚߥ޿‫ࡊࠗࡄ̈ࠆࠁࠊ޿ޔ‬
࡜ࠗࡦ໧㗴㧔pipeline problem㧕
̉߇޽ࠆߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ኅᣖ࡮ኅᐸߩ⽿છᗵߣਔ┙ߩ⁜㑆ߢ㧦ࡢ࡯ࠢ࡮ࡈࠔࡒ࡝࡯࡮ࠦࡦࡈ࡝ࠢ࠻
㊄੗㧔2002㧕ߪ‫ޔ‬ኅᐸ߆ࠄⷐ᳞ߣ୘ੱߩࠠࡖ࡝ࠕ㐿⊒ᔒะ߇಴ળߞߚ㓙ߦ↢ߓࠆ⪾⮮ࠍ
ࡢ࡯ࠢࡈࠔࡒ࡝࡯࡮ࠦࡦࡈ࡝ࠢ࠻ߣ๭ࠎߢ޿ࠆ‫ޔࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ኅᐸߢߩᓎഀ߇⡯႐ߦ߅ߌࠆᓎ
ഀߩ㆐ᚑࠍ㒖ኂߒ‫ޔ‬⡯႐ߢߩᓎഀ߇ኅᐸߦ߅ߌࠆᓎഀߩ㆐ᚑࠍ㒖ኂߔࠆߎߣߢߎߩਔ⠪ߩ
⁜㑆ߢ↢ߓࠆࠬ࠻࡟ࡦߢ޽ࠆ‫▤ߦߊߣޕ‬ℂ⡯ߢ޽ࠇ߫‫ࠕ࡝ࡖࠠޔ‬ᔒะߪᒝߊ‫ޔ‬⡯႐ߢߩᓎ
ഀ߽⽿છ߇㊀ߊߥࠅ‫ߪ࠻ࠢ࡝ࡈࡦࠦޔ‬ᒝ߹ࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ߪ࠻ࠢ࡝ࡈࡦࠦߩߎߡߒߘޕ‬ኅᐸߢ
ߩ⽿ോࠍ㊀ⷐߣߺߥߔᗧ⼂ߩᒝߐ߇ߘࠇߦㅊ޿⸛ߜࠍ߆ߌࠆ㧔Bowles & McGinn‫ޔ‬2005)‫ޕ‬
ട⮮࡮㊄੗㧔2006㧕ߪ‫౒ޔ‬௛߈ኅᐸߢ઀੐ߣኅᐸߩਔ┙ߩ⪾⮮ߣߘߩኻಣⴕേߦߟ޿ߡ
ᬌ⸽ߒߚ‫઀ߪߢߎߎޕ‬੐ᓎഀ߆ࠄߩ࿶ജߣኅᐸᓎഀ߆ࠄߩ࿶ജ߇⍦⋫ߔࠆ႐วߦ↢ߓࠆ⪾
54
⮮ߢ޽ࠆ‫઀ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬੐߆ࠄߩⷐ᳞߇ኅᐸߢߩ㆐ᚑࠍ㒖ኂߔࠆߎߣߢ↢ߓࠆ‫઀ޟ‬੐̆ኅᐸ⪾
⮮‫ߩߘޔߣޠ‬෻ኻߩ‫ޟ‬ኅᐸ̆઀੐⪾⮮‫ޠ‬
‫ߩߘޔ‬ਔ⠪ߦ߆ߌࠆᤨ㑆߇ߥ޿ߎߣߢ↢ߓࠆ㨬ᤨ㑆
⪾⮮㨭‫ޔ‬
ߐࠄߦߪਔ⠪ߩ৻ᣇࠍㆬᛯߖߑࠆࠍᓧߥ޿ߎߣ߆ࠄ↢ߓࠆ
‫ޟ‬ㆬᛯ⪾⮮‫ޠ‬
߆ࠄᝒ߃ߚ‫ޕ‬
ኻ⽎⠪ߪ㧟㧜ઍߩ౒௛߈ߢሶߤ߽ࠍ଻⢒࿦ߦㅢࠊߖߡ޿ࠆ㧟㧜ઍߩ౒௛߈ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߢߎߎޕ‬
ߪ▤ℂ⡯ߣߩኻᔕߪߥ޿߇‫▤ޔ‬ℂ⡯ߢߪߎߩ⪾⮮ߪᒝߊߥࠆߣߪ޽ߞߡ߽‫ޔ‬ᒙ޿߽ߩߢߪ
ߥ޿ߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
㧔㧟㧕ᣂߚߥ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊℂ⺰߆ࠄᅚᕈ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ
⛔ว⊛࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊࡕ࠺࡞
␠ળߩᄌേߩߥ߆ߢ‫ޔ‬࿖㓙ൻ‫ޔ‬ᖱႎ࠹ࠢࡁࡠࠫ࡯ߩ⊒㆐‫ޔ‬ᄙ᭽ߥੱ‫ߩߣޘ‬㑐ࠊࠅߥߤ‫ޔ‬
⚵❱ߩౝᄖߩ㑐ଥߪ‫ޔ‬㓸࿅࡮⚵❱ࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⛽ᜬ࡮ᄌኈߐߖࠆ߆ߢ‫ߩࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬
޽ࠅᣇߪ㊀ⷐߥⷐ⺧ߣߥࠆ‫ޔߦࠄߐޕ‬୘ੱ࡟ࡌ࡞ߢ߽઀੐ߦኻߔࠆᗧ⼂ߩᄌൻ‫ߣ❱⚵ޔ‬୘
ੱߩ㑐ଥߩᄌൻ‫⥄❱⚵ߚ߹ޔ‬૕ߩ᭴ㅧᄌൻ߆ࠄߺࠆߣ‫ߦࠇߘޔ‬ኻᔕߒߚ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊℂ
⺰߇᳞߼ࠄࠇࠃ߁‫ᦨޕ‬ㄭߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ⺰ߩᄙ޿ߎߣ߽ߎߩㄝࠅߦ⿠࿃ߔࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ
޿‫ޕ‬
ߘߩ߭ߣߟߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬Bass(1985)㧘Bass & Riggio (2006)ߪ‫࡮❱⚵ޔ‬㓸࿅ߩലᨐᕈ߆ࠄ࡝
࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩⴕേ․ᕈߟ߹ࠅࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞߆ࠄℂ⺰᭴▽ࠍ⹜ߺߚ‫ࠍࠇߘߪࠄࠇ߆ޕ‬ᄌ㕟ဳ࡝
࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ㧔transformational leadership㧕ℂ⺰ߣߒߡឭ໒ߒߚ‫␠ޕ‬ળᄌേᕈߩ㜞޿⃻
ઍ␠ળߩ⚵❱૕ߢߪ‫࡮❱⚵ߪߣࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬㓸ว૕ࠍ৻ߟߩ߹ߣ߹ࠅߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᄖߩ␠
ળߩ㑐ଥᕈࠍ޿߆ߦ᭴▽ߔࠆ߆ߢ޽ࠅ‫ߩ❱⚵ߩ߼ߚߩߘޔ‬ᄌ㕟‫ߩ࡯ࡃࡦࡔޔ‬ᄌ㕟ࠍଦߔߎ
ߣࠍᒝ⺞ߔࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᄌ㕟ဳ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߣߪౕ૕⊛ߦߪ‫ޔ‬ㇱਅ߆ࠄା㗬ߣାછࠍᓧࠆߎ
ߣߦࠃߞߡࡠ࡯࡞ࡕ࠺࡞ߣߒߡ⥄りࠍ⥄ⷡ࡮⥄ᓞߐߖߡ޿ߊߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫࡯࡝ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬
࠳࡯ߪ⚵❱࡮㓸࿅ߩ⋡⊛࡮⋡ᮡࠍ᣿⏕ߦߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬㆐ᚑน⢻ߥࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ‫ࠍࡦ࡜ࡊޔ‬ឭ␜ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
߹ߚ⃻⁁ߦḩ⿷ߖߕ⛘߃ߕ⚵❱ࠍᚑഞߦዉߊࠃ߁ߦᄌ㕟ߔࠆ‫ߪߦࠇߘޕ‬ㇱਅࠍ㥏⥰ߒ‫ࡔޔ‬
ࡦࡃ࡯ߘࠇߙࠇߦㆡวߒߚ߆ࠇࠄߩജࠍ⊒ើߐߖ‫ޔ‬
߹ߚߐࠄߦജࠍߟߌࠆࠃ߁ߦଦߒዉߊ‫ޕ‬
ᣂߚߥࡆ࡚ࠫࡦࠍ૞ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᣂߚߥᢥൻߩഃㅧ‫ޔ‬ㇱਅߩ᰼᳞࡮ଔ୯࡮ାᔨߩ⒖ⴕ߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁
ߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߒ߆ߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᓟ‫ߩߎޔ‬ᄌ㕟⊛ߥ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߛߌߢߪߥߊ‫࡝ߣ࡯ࡃࡦࡔߩߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬
࡯࠳࡯㑆ߩ⋧੕੤឵⊛㑐ଥ߽㊀ⷐߣߩ⹺⼂߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬੤឵⊛ⴕേࠍട߃ߡ‫ߩ࡞࠺ࡕޔ‬ౣ᭴▽ࠍ
࿑ߞߚ‫⛔߇ࠇߎޕ‬ว⊛࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ㧔full range leadership :FRL㧕ߣߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬੤឵⊛࡝
࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߣߪ‫ޔ‬ㇱਅ࡮ࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߩ୘ੱ೑⋉ࠍᦨᄢߦߔࠆߚ߼ߩ੤឵㑐ଥࠍߟߊࠆߎߣ
ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ㇱਅߦኻߒߡ⽿છࠍ᣿⏕ߦߒ‫ߡߞߣߦ❱⚵ޔ‬ᱜᒰߣߐࠇࠆⴕേࠍଦߒ‫ߦࠇߘޔ‬෻
ߔࠇ߫ᜎุߔࠆߚ߼ߩ⛔೙▤ℂࠍߔࠆ‫ޔߦࠄߐޕ‬ዤᐲߢߪ‫ߡߒߣࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬ሽ࿷ߔ
ࠆ࠲ࠗࡊߣߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬᡼છဳ߽ട߃ߎࠇࠄߩⴕേ࡟ࡌ࡞ߣᲧセߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
⃻࿷ߎࠇࠄߪ Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire(MLQ)ߣߒߡⷙḰൻߐࠇߚዤᐲߣ
ߒ‫ ࠍࠇߎޔ‬7 ߟߩਅ૏ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߦಽߌ‫ޔ‬᷹ቯߩⷙḰߣߒߚ㧔Bass & Avolio, 1997㧧
55
Avolio ,2004)‫ޕ‬Ԙࠞ࡝ࠬࡑᕈ‫ޔ‬ԙԚℂᔨ⊛ᓇ㗀ߣߒߡߘߩାᔨߣⴕേ‫ޔ‬ԛേᯏߩ㥏⥰㧔 േ
ᯏࠍ㜞߼ࡔࡦࡃ࡯ࠍ㥏⥰ߔࠆࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߦ઀੐ߩᗧ๧ࠍ⺑߈‫ࠆ߿ޔ‬᳇ࠍ߅ߎߐߖࠆ㧕
‫ޔ‬Ԝ⍮⊛
ೝỗ‫ޔ‬ԝ୘ੱ⊛㈩ᘦ㧔;ࡔࡦࡃ࡯୘‫ߩޘ‬㆐ᚑ߿ᚑ㐳ࠍ⠨ᘦߒ‫ޔ‬ㆡಾߥഥ⸒ࠍߔࠆ㧕
‫ޔ‬Ԟ㓐઻
⊛ႎ㈽‫ޔ‬ԟⓍᭂ⊛ㅺ⣕ⴕേ▤ℂ‫ޔ‬Ԡฃኈ⊛ㅺ⣕ⴕേ▤ℂߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ℂ⺰߇ឭ⿠ߐࠇߡ‫ޔ‬
ࠫࠚࡦ࠳࡯ߣߩ㑐ㅪߢ߽ᄙߊߩታ⸽⊛⎇ⓥ߇㊀ߨࠄࠇߡ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬
ᅚᕈ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩᣇ߇ఝࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧫
Early ,Johannesen-Schmicdt & Engen(2003)ߪ‫ޔ‬1990 ᐕઍ߆ࠄ 2000 ᐕ߹ߢ‫࡝ߩߎޔ‬
࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ⛔วࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ↪޿ߚ⎇ⓥߢ‫౏ޔ‬㐿ߐࠇߚታ⸽⎇ⓥ㧠㧡ὐߩ࠺࡯࠲ߩౣᬌ⸛ࠍ
ⴕߞߚ‫ߪߢߎߎޕ‬ᣂߚߥ઒⺑ᄌᢙߦࠃߞߡߘࠇࠄߩᣢሽߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍౣಽᨆߔࠆᚻᴺ‫ߥߔޔ‬
ࠊߜࡔ࠲ಽᨆߢᬌ⸽ߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ਥⷐߥᄌᢙߪࠫࠚࡦ࠳࡯ߢ‫ࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬ਅ૏ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯߆ࠄ
ᕈᏅߩᣇะ(ലᨐࠨࠗ࠭)ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫⥄ߪ࠲࡯࠺ޕ‬Ꮖ⹏ଔ‫ઁޔ‬⠪(ㇱਅ)⹏ଔ߽
฽߹ࠇ‫❱⚵ߚ߹ޔ‬૕߽ࡆࠫࡀࠬ‫ޔ‬ᢎ⢒‫ޔ‬ቭᐡ㑐ଥߣᄙ᭽ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⚿ᨐߪᕈᏅ㑆ߦߪ᣿⏕ߥᏅ⇣߇␜ߐࠇߚ(࿑㧝)‫ޔߪߢ࡞ࠗ࠲ࠬࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޕ‬ᅚᕈ࡝
࡯࠳࡯ߪᄌ㕟ဳߩో૕ߢ㜞߆ߞߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ฦࠨࡉࠬࠤ࡯࡞ߢ߽㜞ߊ‫ࡑࠬ࡝ࠞޔ‬ᕈ‫ޔ‬േᯏߩ㥏
⥰‫ޔ‬⍮⊛ೝỗ‫ߡߒߘޔ‬୘ੱ⊛㈩ᘦߪߤࠇ߽ᅚᕈ࡝࡯࠳࡯ߢ᦭ᗧߦ㜞ߊߘߩⷐ⚛ࠍࠃࠅᒝߊ
଻᦭ߒߡ޿ߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬੤឵ဳߢߪᅚᕈ࡝࡯࠳࡯߇㓐઻⊛ႎ㈽ߢߪ᦭ᗧߦ㜞ߊ‫↵ޔ‬ᕈ࡝࡯࠳࡯
ߢᅚᕈ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠃࠅ㜞޿ߩߪ㧞ߟߩⓍᭂ⊛ߣฃኈ⊛ߩㅺ⣕ⴕേ▤ℂⷐ࿃߅ࠃ߮᡼છဳߢ޽
ߞߚ‫ߩߢ߹ࠇߎޕ‬⍮⷗ߢߪ‫ోޔ‬ᄌ㕟ဳ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞‫ޔ‬ᄌ឵ဳߩ㓐઻⊛࠲ࠗࡊߪ
⚵❱࡮㓸࿅ߩലᨐᕈߣࡊ࡜ࠬߩ⋧㑐ߦ޽ࠅ‫⋡ߩ❱⚵ޔ‬ᮡ޽ࠆ޿ߪ↢↥ᕈߣᒝߊ⚿߮ߟ޿ߡ
޿ߚ‫⋧ߩࠬ࠽ࠗࡑߚ߹ޕ‬㑐ߢߪᄌ឵ဳߩⓍᭂ⊛࡮ฃኈ⊛ㅺ⣕ⴕേ▤ℂߣ᡼છဳߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
56
Bass ࠄ㧔2006㧕ߪߎߩ⚿ᨐࠍᡷ߼ߡᬌ⸛ߒ‫⃻ߗߥޔ‬ઍ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ߇ᄌ㕟ဳ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ
ߢఝ૏ߦߥߞߚ߆ߩ⺑᣿ߣߒߡડᬺ࡮⚵❱ߦ߅ߌࠆ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ߩᄌኈࠍᜰ
៰ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߪ❱⚵ޕ‬୘ੱߩᚑ㐳ࠍḩ⿷ߐߖࠆߚ߼ߦㇱਅߘࠇߙࠇߩ᰼᳞ߦᓥߞߡ⢻ജࠍિ
߫ߒ⊒ើߔࠆࠃ߁ߦ⥄ⷡߐߖ‫ޔ‬
޽ࠆ޿ߪߘࠇࠍଦߔߎߣࠍᒝ⺞ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߘࠇߦߪ␠ળᗵฃᕈ‫ޔ‬
ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ࡮ࠬࠠ࡞߇᳞߼ࠄࠇ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߪߘߩ⢻ജߦఝࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ᅚᕈߪ㆏ᓼ
⊛ߢ‫౏ޔ‬ᱜࠍ㊀ࠎߓ߹ߚ⥄Ꮖᄺ઀⊛ߢ޽ߞߡᮭᆭߦߪ᜔ᵆߒߥ޿ߣ‫⃻ޕ‬ઍ␠ળߢߪ‫␠ޔ‬ળ࡮
ડᬺߩਅ૏㓸࿅ߪ࠴࡯ࡓߣߒߡഃㅧᕈࠍ㜞߼‫ޔ‬ᄖߩ਎⇇߳ߩ㑐ࠊࠅࠍᒝ߼ߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠃߩߘޕ‬
߁ߥ␠ળߪᄌ㕟ဳ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ߇⋧ᔕߒߊ߹ߚᅚᕈߦߣߞߡߪߘߩࠃ߁ߥ㓸࿅ߢߩ࡝࡯
࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ߪዉ౉ߒ߿ߔ޿‫ߣޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᓐࠄߪᒝ⺞ߒߡ‫␠ޔ‬ળߪฃߌ౉ࠇ߿ߔߊ
ߥߞߚߌߤ‫ߪߦࠇߘޔ‬ᅚᕈ৻ੱ৻ੱߩ᣿⏕ߥ⥄Ꮖਥᒛ‫⥄ޔ‬ᓞᕈ‫ޔ‬ᢎ⢒‫ࠕ࡝ࡖࠠޔ‬ᔒะ߇㆐
ᚑߐࠇࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߣ㧔P.124㧕
‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ⚿ᨐߪ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩᣇ߇⚵❱૕ߢߪఝࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣߩ⸽᣿ߢ޽ࠆ‫߆ߒޕ‬
ߒ‫ߗߥޔ‬ታ㓙ߩ႐ߢߪ‫ߩߘޔ‬ഀวߪૐߊ‫⹏ߚ߹ޔ‬ଔ߽ਇ቟ቯߥߩߛࠈ߁߆‫ߩߘޕ‬ℂ↱ߣߒ
ߡᕈߦ߅ߌࠆ࠳ࡉ࡞ࠬ࠲ࡦ࠳࡯࠼ߩ໧㗴ߛߣ⠨ኤߒߚ‫ߕ߹ޕ‬ᅚᕈ⥄りߦ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ⡯
ോ߳ߩぷふ߇޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬਄૏࡝࡯࠳࡯ߦ᣹ㅴߔࠆߎߣߢߪࠃ߶ߤߩ⏕ା߇ߥߌࠇ߫ߘࠇࠍฃߌ
౉ࠇߥ޿‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ᅚᕈ߳ߩ⹏ଔ߇↵ᕈߦᲧߴ෩ߒ޿߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫࡝ߩ❱⚵ߦ⊛⥸৻߫߃ߣߚޕ‬
࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬૞േᕈߩ߶߁߇౒หᕈࠃࠅ㊀ⷐߥᓎഀߣߩ⹺⼂߇ᒝ޿‫ߘޕ‬
ߎߢᅚᕈ߇ขࠅߦߊ޿૞േᕈ߆ࠄߩ⹏ଔߪૐߊߥࠅ߇ߜߛ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ᅚᕈ߳ߩ᣹ㅴ߳࠴ࡖࡦࠬ
ࠍਈ߃ࠆߎߣ߽ዋߥ޿‫ޕ‬
57
㧟 ␠ળᄌേߩߥ߆ߢߩᣂߚߥ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊᔒะ 㧔㧝㧕 ␠ળߩᄌൻߩߥ߆ߢ
␠ળ⁁ᴫߩᄌൻ㧦
ߎࠇ߹ߢᄙ᭽ߥ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊℂ⺰ߩℂ↱ߩ৻ߟߣߒߡ޽ߍࠄࠇࠆߩߪ‫࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬
ࡊߩ᭎ᔨ‫ޔ‬᭴ㅧ‫ޔ‬ലᨐ߇ᤨઍߩ․ᕈ‫␠ޔ‬ળߩ⁁ᴫߣኒធߦ⛊߹ࠅ‫ᤨߩߘޔ‬ઍ‫⁁ޔ‬ᴫ߇ߥߦ
ࠍ᳞߼ߡ޿ࠆ߆ߢ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ⺰߽ᄌኈߔࠆߚ߼ߣߐࠇߡ߈ߚ‫࠻ࠬࠗࠟ࠻ࠗࠕ࠷ޕ‬ℂ⺰
ߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ᤨޔ‬ઍᕈ‫␠ޔ‬ળߩᄌേߩߥ߆ߢߪ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊℂ⺰߽ᄌኈߔࠆߎߣ߇᳞߼ࠄࠇ
ߡ߈ߚ‫ⷞࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ߩ⺰ᧄޕ‬ὐ߆ࠄߪ‫੹ޔ‬࿁‫ޔ‬ὶὐࠍ⛉ߞߚ↥ᬺ⚵❱ߩ᭴ㅧᄌൻ‫ߘޔ‬
ߎߢੱ‫઀ߩޘ‬੐ߩ޽ࠅᣇ‫઀ޔ‬੐ᗧ⼂ߩᄌൻ‫ޔ‬ળ␠ߣߩ㑐ࠊࠅ߿㑐ଥᕈߥߤߩᄌൻߪ‫ߩߤޔ‬
ࠃ߁ߥ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ߇᳞߼ࠄࠇࠆ߆߽ᤨઍߩ෻ᤋߪᄢ߈޿㧔Bennis, 2007㧕
‫ޕ‬
⚵❱᭴ㅧߩᄌൻ㧦
Forsyth(2006)ߪડᬺߥߤ↥ᬺ⚵❱૕ࠍਛᔃߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ㄭᐕߩ⚵❱᭴ㅧߩᄌൻߦᵈ⋡ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇ߹ߢߩ⚵❱ߩ㓏ጀߪᄙጀ⊛ߢ‫ߩߘߚ߹ޔ‬㓏ጀᲤߩ࿾૏࡮ᮭ㒢࡮ᓎോߥߤ߇⚦ಽൻߐࠇ
ߚ⚵❱᭴ㅧߢ޽ߞߚ‫߇ࠇߘޕ‬ᄌൻߒᮭജߩ৻ᭂ㓸ਛߢߥߊ‫ޔߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬㓏ጀ߇ዋߥ޿᭴ㅧ‫ޔ‬
޿ࠊࠁࠆࡈ࡜࠶࠻ߥ⚵❱૕߇ᄙߊߥߞߚߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬࿕ቯߒߚ઀੐ߩ㓸࿅ߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬
⚵❱⋡ᮡߦะߌߡ‫ࠍࠇߘޔ‬㆐ᚑߔߴߊౕ૕⊛⋡ᮡ⸳ቯࠍ┙ߡ‫ߩߘޔ‬㆐ᚑߦᦨㆡߥ࠴࡯ࡓߩ
ߚ߼ߦࡔࡦࡃ࡯ࠍ൐ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᣂߚߥ㓸࿅ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆ‫⋡ߡߒߘޕ‬ᮡ㆐ᚑߒߚᓟߪߘߩ㓸࿅ߪ⸃ᢔ
ߔࠆߣ޿߁‫⊛ࡓ࡯࠴࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊޔ߫ࠊ޿ޔ‬㓸࿅߇Ⴧ߃ߚ‫࡯࠴࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬
ࡓߢ᳞߼ࠄࠇࠆ࡝࡯࠳࡯ߪߎࠇ߹ߢߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ߣߪ⇣ߥࠆ߽ߩߛࠈ߁‫ߪߦࠄߐޕ‬ᖱႎߩ࠹
ࠢࡁࡠࠫ࡯ൻ߇࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ޽ࠅᣇࠍᄌൻߐߖߚ‫ߪࠇߘޕ‬ㇱਅߣߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪ
ࡦ߇⋥ធ⊛ߦߥࠅ‫ߦߎߘޔ‬ᣂߚߥㇱਅߣߩ㑐ଥ߇᳞߼ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬ฎ޿࡝࡯࠳࡯
ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ᭽ᑼ߆ࠄߎߩⅣႺߦㆡวߒߚㇱਅߣߩ⋧੕㑐ଥ߇߽ߣ߼ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ
㧔P204㧕
‫ޕ‬
ߐࠄߦ⚵❱ߢߪ‫ߩߘޔ‬᭴ᚑߔࠆࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߪᄙ᭽ൻߒ‫ޔ‬ᄙ⒳ᄙ᭽ߥੱ᧚ࠍ᦭ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥ
ߞߚ‫ߦߚࠄ޽ޕ‬ડᬺ߇ขࠅ⚵ߺᆎ߼ߚߩߪ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޔ‬ᄙ᭽ߥੱ᧚ࠍᛴ߃ߚ⡯႐ߩ޽ࠅᣇ
㧔࠳ࠗࡃ࡯ࠪ࠹ࠖ㧕ߩ໧㗴߇޽ࠆ‫ޔߪߢߎߎޕ‬ᄙ᭽ߥ↢ᵴ⢛᥊‫ޔ‬ଔ୯ⷰ‫ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬⢻ജߥ
ߤࠍ฽߼ߘߩᄙ᭽ᕈࠍ⚵❱ߩ⪾⮮ߣߔࠆߩߢߥߊ‫ޔߒ߆↢ߦ❱⚵ߦ߆޿ࠍ⚛ⷐߩࠄࠇߘޔ‬
⚵❱⋡ᮡߦ❬ߍࠆ߆ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߢ߹ࠇߎޕ‬૗੐ߦ߅޿ߡ߽̈ឥߞߚ‫৻ޔ‬᭽⊛‫ߣߎߥ̉⊛৻↹ޔ‬
߇ఝవߐࠇߡ߈ߚࠊ߇࿖ߩ⚵❱᭴ㅧ‫ޔ‬ᗧ⼂ߦኻߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᄙ᭽ߥ⢛᥊ࠍᜬߟ␠ຬߣߩᗧᕁߩ⇹
ㅢ‫ޔ‬
ᜰ઎ߥߤⓍᭂ⊛ߥ⋧੕ߩ㑐ଥߩߚ߼‫ޔ‬
੹߹ߢએ਄ߦࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ߇ᔅⷐߣߥࠅ‫ޔ‬
ᣂߚߥ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ޽ࠅᣇ߇໧ࠊࠇࠆߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
௛ߊߎߣ‫ߩࠕ࡝ࡖࠠޔ‬ᗧ⼂ߩᄌൻ㧦
઀੐ߩ޽ࠅᣇߩᄌൻ㧔࿷ቛൕോ‫ࡓࠗ࠲ࠬࠢ࠶࡟ࡈޔ‬ൕോߥߤ㧕
‫઀ޔ‬੐ߣળ␠㧔⚵❱㧕ߩࠦ
58
ࡒ࠶࠻߿Ꮻዻߣ޿ߞߚ␠ળ⊛⹺⼂‫ޔ‬ଔ୯ⷰߩᄌൻߥߤ߇޽ࠆ‫ߩߎߦߊߣޕ‬஥㕙ߢߪᅚᕈߦ
ᄙ᭽ߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆߛࠈ߁‫৻ߢ߹ࠇߎޔߚ߹ޕ‬ቯᤨ㑆‫⋥ޔ‬ធߩⓨ㑆ࠍ౒᦭ߔࠆ⡯႐ߢߩ⡯
ോ߇೨ឭߢ޽ߞߚ߇‫ߥ࡞ࡖ࠴࡯ࡃޔ‬⡯႐ߢߪߎࠇ߹ߢߣ⇣ߥߞߚ㓸࿅วᗧߣ⋡ᮡ౒᦭‫ޔ‬ಝ
㓸ᕈ߇᳞߼ࠄࠇ‫ߩߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬⡯႐ⅣႺߩ޽ࠅᣇߪᄌࠊࠆߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
ߐࠄߦ઀੐ࠍ⛯ߌࠆߎߣߩࠠࡖ࡝ࠕᒻᚑߢߪᔅߕߒ߽‫․ޔ‬ቯߩડᬺߣߩ㑐ࠊࠅߢߪߥߊ
ߥࠆߛࠈ߁‫․ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ቯળ␠ߩࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻㧔޿ࠊࠁࠆળ␠ੱ㑆㧕߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬⡯ോ߇޽ࠆߩ
ߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬୘‫↢ߩੱޘ‬ᶦߩࠠࡖ࡝ࠕᒻᚑߩਛߢ‫ޔ‬ᒰ㕙ߩ⡯ോ࡮઀੐ࠍ⷗ࠆੱߚߜ߇Ⴧ߃ࠆ
ߛࠈ߁‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ਛߢߪ‫▤ޔ‬ℂ⡯޽ࠆ޿ߪ࠴࡯ࡓߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߪࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߩࠠࡖ࡝
ࠕࠍ⢒ߡ‫⥄ޔ‬ᓞ⊛ߦ઀੐ߦ┙ߜะ߆߁௛߈߆ߌߥߤ‫ࠅ޽ߩߘޔ‬ᣇ߽ᄌኈߔࠆߎߣߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
㧔㧞㧕࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߦ߅ߌࠆࠫࠚࡦ࠳࡯ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊ࡮ࡕ࠺࡞
ࠫࠚࡦ࠳࡯ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆⷐ࿃ߩᬌ⸛㧦
Chemers(2001)ߪߘࠇ߹ߢߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩᕈᏅߩ࡟ࡧࡘ࡯߆ࠄ‫ࠬࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬
࠲ࠗ࡞ߩᏅ⇣‫↥↢ޔ‬ᕈߩᏅ⇣ߪዊߐߊ‫ޔ‬ᕈᏅߦࠃࠆ㆑޿ߪขࠆߦ⿷ࠄߥ޿ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߒޕ‬
߆ߒߥߗߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯߇ዋߥ޿߆ߩℂ↱ߣߒߡ‫੍ߩߘߣࠣࡦࡇࠗ࠲ࠝ࡟࠹ࠬߥࡉࠖ࠹ࠟࡀޔ‬
᷹ߥߤ‫ߛ߹ߛ߹ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩ⢻ജࠍ߈ߜࠎߣ⹺⼂ߔࠆߚ߼ߩ␠ળ⊛⹺⼂ߣߒߡߩ㓚ኂ߇ᱷߞߡ
޿ࠆ㧔㨜.㧟㧞㧟㧕ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᄖ⊛ⷐ࿃ߣߒߡ‫ࠍࠇߘ߿❱⚵ޔ‬ขࠅᏎߊ␠ળߩ޽ࠅ
ᣇߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Bass ࠄ㧔2006㧕߽వߦ߽⸥ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ‫⃻ޔ‬ઍ␠ળߢߪ‫␠ޔ‬ળ࡮ડᬺߩਅ૏㓸
࿅ߪ࠴࡯ࡓߣߒߡഃㅧᕈࠍ㜞߼‫ޔ‬ᄖߩ਎⇇߳ߩ㑐ࠊࠅࠍᒝ߼ߡ޿ࠆ‫␠ߥ߁ࠃߩߘޕ‬ળߪᄌ
㕟ဳ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ߇⋧ᔕߒߊ߹ߚᅚᕈߦߣߞߡߪߘߩࠃ߁ߥ㓸࿅ߢߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊࠬ
࠲ࠗ࡞ߪዉ౉ߒ߿ߔߊ‫ޔ‬ታ㓙ߘߩ⡯ߦ޽ࠆᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߪఝࠇߚ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ࠍ
⊒ើߒߡ޿ࠆߣߎࠇ߹ߢ⍮⷗߆ࠄ⠨ኤߒߡ޿ࠆ‫੹߽ߦ߼ߚߩߘޕ‬ᓟ߹ߔ߹ߔᅚᕈ৻ੱ৻ੱ
߇⥄ⷡ⊛ߦ᣿⏕ߥ⥄Ꮖਥᒛ‫⥄ޔ‬ᓞᕈ‫ޔ‬ᢎ⢒࡮ࠠࡖ࡝ࠕᔒะ߇㆐ᚑߐࠇࠆߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߣㅀߴ
ߡ޿ࠆ‫ ޕ‬
Chemers ߽‫߅ߥ੹ޔ‬ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩኻߔࠆડᬺ࡮␠ળో૕ߩ஍ߞߚ⹺⼂ߩሽ࿷ࠍᜰ៰ߒߟ
ߟ‫৻ޔ‬ᣇߢ‫ߛ߹ޔ‬චಽߣߪ޿߃ߥ޿‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩ઀੐߳ߩേᯏ‫ࠕ࡝ࡖࠠޔ‬ᗧ⼂‫࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬
ࡊᔒะࠍᜰ៰ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬⠨ኤ߇⒟ᐲߩᏅߎߘ޽ࠇ‫߇ࠊޔ‬࿖ߩᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ࠍዋߥߊ
ߒ߹ߚਇ቟ቯߦߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߪផ᷹ߐࠇߡࠃ޿ߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋߥ޿ේ࿃ߣߒߡᄙߊߩⷐ࿃߇ឭ⿠ߐࠇߚ߇ߘࠇࠄࠍᢛℂߒ‫ⷐߩࠄࠇߘޔ‬
࿃㑆ߩ㑐ଥߣ㑐ଥߩᒝߐࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒ‫ࠆࠇߐߣࡊ࠶ࡖࠠ࡮࡯࠳ࡦࠚࠫޔ‬ේ࿃ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔ
ࠆ‫ⷐߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬࿃ࠍଢቱ⊛ߦ୘ੱౝⷐ࿃‫ⷐ❱⚵ޔ‬࿃ߣ␠ળⷐ࿃ߦಽߌ⛔ว⊛ࠫࠚࡦ࠳࡯ࠡ
ࡖ࠶ࡊ࡮ࡕ࠺࡞ߣߒߡឭ⿠ߒߚ(࿑㧞)‫ߕ߹ޕ‬୘ੱౝⷐ࿃ߣߒߡߪ‫ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬ᔒะᕈ‫ޔ‬
ࠠࡖ࡝ࠕᗧ⼂‫ࠕ࡝ࡖࠠޔ࠻ࠢ࡝ࡈࡦࠦ࡯࡝ࡒࠔࡈ࡮ࠢ࡯ࡢߪߦࠄߐޔ‬ᗧ⼂ߢ‫ߦࠄߐޔ‬ᄙ᭽
ߥㆬᛯ⢇ߢ޽ࠆ‫❱⚵ޕ‬஥߆ࠄߪ⹏ଔ࡮ᩏቯߩੑ㊀ⷙḰ(౏ᐔᕈ)‫ޔ‬ᯏળ‫ޔ‬೙ᐲߣߘߩታ㓙ߩ
ᵴ↪‫␠ߡߒߘޕ‬ળ⊛ⷐ࿃ߣߒߡߪ‫ߦࠣࡦࡇࠗ࠲ࠝ࡟࠹ࠬ࡯࠳ࡦࠚࠫޔ‬ኻߔࠆ⹺⼂‫␠ޔ‬ળᗧ
⼂ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪࠇߎߛ߹ߛ߹ߪߢࠣࡦࡇࠗ࠲ࠝ࡟࠹ࠬߩ࡯࠳ࡦࠚࠫߩߎޕ‬ᩮᒝ޿߽ߩ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
59
ߣߊߦࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯⹺⍮ߪᒝ޿߽ߩ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
୘ੱౝⷐ࿃
ࠠࡖ࡝ࠕᗧ⼂‫ޔ‬
ࡢ࡯ࠢ࡜ࠗࡈࡃ࡜ࡦ
ࠬ‫⛯⛮ޔ‬ᕈߣㆬᛯ⢇
␠ળⷐ࿃
࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ⚻㛎
␠ળ⊛ⷙ▸
␠ળᗧ⼂‫ࠞޔ‬
ࠫࠚࡦ࠳࡯ࠡࡖࡊ
࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ൻ
ડᬺᢥൻ ᯏળ
೙ᐲߣㆇ↪‫❱⚵ޔ‬᭴
ㅧ‫⹏ ޔ‬ଔၮḰ
⚵❱ⷐ࿃
࿑㧞㧧ࠫࠚࡦ࠳࡯ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊߩ⛔ว⊛ࡕ࠺࡞
ߒ߆ߒߎߩ㧟ߟߩⷐ࿃ߪ⋧੕ߦኒធߥ㑐ଥߦ޽ࠆ‫ޔ߫߃ߣߚޕ‬ᕈᏅߦࠃࠆ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋߥ
޿ℂ↱ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ൕ⛯ᐕᢙߩዋߥߐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᅚᕈ୘ੱߩൕ⛯ᐕᢙߩ⍴ߐߢߪ‫ߪࠇߘޔ‬නߦࠠࡖ
࡝ࠕᗧ⼂ߩૐߐ‫ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬ኅᐸߢߩ⽿ോߩᄢ߈ߐߛߌߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬ൕ⛯ߒ⛯ߌߡ޿ߊ⁁ᴫ߇
⢛᥊ߦ޽ࠆߣᗐቯߢ߈ࠆ‫ࡦ࡜ࡃࡈࠗ࡜ࠢ࡯ࡢࠆࠁࠊ޿ޔߦ߁ࠃߚ߈ߡࠇࠊ⸒߽ߢ߹ࠇߎޕ‬
ࠬߩ፣უߟ߹ࠅ‫ޔ‬ኅᐸߣ઀੐ߩਔ┙ߩ⪾⮮ߩᧃ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ࠕ࡝ࡖ߽ࠠߡߌ⛯ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޕ‬
ᒻᚑߦ❬߇ࠆ઀੐߇ਈ߃ࠄࠇߥߊ‫ޔ‬௛߈⛯ߌࠆേᯏࠍᄬߞߡߩㅌ⡯߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫⴫ޕ‬ጀ⊛
ߦߪ৻⷗‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ⥄りߩ໧㗴ߢ޽ࠆ߇ߘߩᇦ੺ߔࠆⷐ࿃ߢߪ⚵❱ߩ㑐ࠊࠅ߇ᷓ޿‫৻ߦࠄߐޕ‬
ᣇߢߪᐕᢙߪ޿ࠊ߫‫⛯⛮ޔ‬ᕈߢ޽ࠆ‫઀ߪࠇߎޕ‬੐ߦኻߔࠆኾ㐷ᕈ‫઀ޔ‬੐߳ߩ⥝๧࡮ࠦࡒ࠶
࠻ࡔࡦ࠻ߣ߽߆߆ࠊࠆ‫⛯⛮ޕ‬ᕈߪ߭ߣߟߩડᬺߩߥ߆ߢߩ⛮⛯ᕈߣ޿߁ࠃࠅ‫઀ޔ‬੐⥄૕ࠍ
⛮⛯ߔࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠕ࡝ࡖࠠࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᗧ⼂ߣߩ㑐ଥߢ޽ࠆ‫੹ߊࠄߘ߅ޕ‬ᓟ৻ߟߩ⚵❱ߩߥ
߆ߢኾ㐷ᕈࠍ⏴߈‫ࠍࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬⢒ᚑߒߡ޿ߊߩߢߪߥߊ‫઀ޔ‬੐⥄૕ࠍㅢߒߡ‫࡯࡝ޔ‬
࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊࠍ⢒ᚑߒߡ޿߈‫▤ޔ‬ℂ⡯ߣߒߡߩᓎഀ࡮࿾૏ࠍ₪ᓧߒߡ޿ߊߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ൕ
⛯ᐕᢙߣ޿ߞߚห৻⚵❱ౝߢߩ⛮⛯ᕈࠃࠅ‫઀ޔ‬੐ߩ⛮⛯ᕈߣߒߡߩࠠࡖ࡝ࠕᗧ⼂ߩᣇ߇໧
㗴ߦߥࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ߦߊߣޕ‬ᅚᕈߩ႐ว‫↵ޔ‬ᕈߣᲧセߒߡ‫ߩߎޔ‬ળ␠ߣߩ㑐ଥߩ⛮⛯ᕈ
60
ߩᗧ⼂ߪૐ޿߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬
㧔㧟㧕߹ߣ߼‫ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬ᢎ⢒ߦઍ߃ߡ㧦
ߎࠇ߹ߢߩᢥ₂ዷᦸ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋߥ޿ේ࿃ߩ߭ߣߟߣߒߡ‫ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬
ᔒะߩૐߐ߇ߞߚ‫ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ߩߎޕ‬ᔒะߪࠠࡖ࡝ࠕᗧ⼂ߣ㑐ㅪ߇ᒝ޿ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫੹ޕ‬
ᓟߎߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊࠍᢎ⢒࡮⢒ᚑ߆ࠄ⷗ߚ႐ว‫⊒ޔ‬㆐ㆊ⒟‫ޔ‬ᢎ⢒⺖⒟ߢߤߩࠃ߁ߦ૏⟎
ߠߌࠆ߆߇໧ࠊࠇࠆߛࠈ߁‫ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޕ‬ᢎ⢒ߪࠠࡖ࡝ࠕᢎ⢒ߩ৻Ⅳߣߒߡߥߐࠇࠆߎ
ߣ߇ലᨐ⊛ߛࠈ߁‫ࠕ࡝ࡖࠠޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᢎ⢒ࠍ⁜޿ዞ⡯ᵴേߣߒߡߢߪߥߊ‫↢ޔ‬ᶦߩ⥄Ꮖߩ
޽ࠅᣇࠍ໧߁ᢎ⢒ߩ৻Ⅳߣߒߡ૏⟎ߠߌߚ႐ว‫ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬ᢎ⢒߽߹ߚනߦ⚵❱ߣߊ
ߦડᬺߩ▤ℂ⡯ߦߛߌߦߘߩⷞὐࠍวࠊߖࠆߴ߈ߢߪߥ޿‫ⷞ⊛ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޕ‬ὐ߿ⴕὑ
ߪ␠ળߩ৻୘ੱߣߒߡࠃࠅᐢ޿␠ળ↢ᵴߦ߅޿ߡ㊀ⷐߥⷐ࿃ߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠆߴ߈ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ⾗⾰ߪߚߣ߃߫‫ޔ‬ฃኈ⊛ᘒᐲ‫ޔ‬ᒰ੐⠪ᗧ⼂‫₸ޔ‬వ‫ࠤ࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ࠻࡯ࡐࠨޔ‬
࡯࡚ࠪࡦ⢻ജߥߤߥߤ‫ߩߡߒߣ࡯࠳࡯࡝ޔ‬૏⟎ߠߌ߫߆ࠅߢߥߊ⥄ᓞߒߚ␠ળ⊛୘ੱߣߒ
ߡ㊀ⷐߥ⾗⾰ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߔߢߦ⻉ᄖ࿖ߢߪᣢሽߩ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊᢎ⢒ࡉࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ㧔ߚߣ߃߫‫ޔ‬Riggio, Ciulla, &
Sorenson,2003㧕߇޽ࠆ‫ࠍࠄࠇߎޕ‬ෳ⠨ߦࠊ߇࿖ߢߩㆡ↪ࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
߹ߚ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊᢎ⢒ߩౕ૕⊛ᣇᴺߩ৻ߟߣߒߡࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠠࡦࠣ߇޽ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ
޿‫ޕ‬
ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋߥ޿⡯႐ߢߪ‫ޔ‬
߹ߛ߹ߛ⋥ធ⊛ߥࡠ࡯࡞ࡕ࠺࡞ߣߥࠆኻ⽎⠪ߪዋߥ޿‫ޕ‬
ߘࠇ߇ࠠࡖ࡝ࠕߦ㑐ߔࠆᖱႎ߇ᓧࠄࠇߥߊ‫ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠳࡯࡝ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬௝‫ⴕߩߘޔ‬ὑࠍ⋥ធ
ߺࠆᯏળ߇ߥ޿ߎߣߦ߽ߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ߪߦࠄߐޕ‬዁᧪ߩ⥄Ꮖ௝ࠍ੍᷹ߒߚࠅ‫ᦼޔ‬ᓙߒߚࠅߢ
߈ߕ‫ޔ‬ਇ቟޽ࠆ޿ߪぷふߣߥࠆߎߣ߇ᄙ޿‫ࠆߔ࠻࡯ࡐࠨࠍߣߎߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ᚻᲑߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬
ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠠࡦࠣߩᵴ↪߇޽ࠅߘ߁ߛ(TinTin Htun,2003)‫ޕ‬ኻᄖ㑐ଥߣߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠠࡦ
ࠣ‫ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬ᄢቇߥߤ߇ߘߩᩭߣߥߞߡߩᖱႎ෼㓸ߥߤᒰ㕙ߩ⡯႐ࠍ⿧߃ߡ‫ޔ‬ᮮߩߟߥ߇
ࠅࠍᒝ߼ࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ઃ⸥㧧ᧄⓂߪ㧞㧜㧜㧣ᐕᐲ‫ޔ‬
ᣣᧄᅚሶᄢቇ㊀ὐൻ⾗㊄ߦࠃࠅߥߐࠇߚ⎇ⓥႎ๔ᦠࠍട╩‫ޔ‬
ୃᱜߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦߎߎޕ‬㑐ଥฦ૏ߦ⻢ᗧࠍ⴫ߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
61
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ᩏ‫ޠ‬
‫⽷ޔ‬࿅ᴺੱ㧞㧝਎♿⡯ᬺ⽷࿅
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‫⽷ޔ‬࿅ᴺੱ㧞㧝਎♿⡯ᬺ⽷࿅
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Ꮣ⾗ᢱ‫␠ޔ‬࿅ᴺੱㄘጊṪ᧛ᅚᕈ࡮↢ᵴᵴേᡰេදળ.
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ࡊߩ⹏ଔߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ‫ޔ‬ฬฎደᄢቇᢎ⢒ቇㇱ♿ⷐ‫ޔ‬33㧘229㧙246.
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㧔߶ࠎ߹ ߺߜߎ రᣣᧄᅚሶᄢቇੱ㑆␠ળቇㇱᢎ᝼㧕
64
The social psychological consideration for labyrinth
to women’s leadership in Japan
Homma, Michiko
Abstract
The purpose of this study is clarified the actual conditions that
block women’s leadership in Japan, then explain these gender gap for
social psychological perspective.
The results showed three gaps, that is, low experience, short
tenure and low leadership oriented reasons. These were analyzed by
social psychological viewpoint, that is schema, role congruity, or conflict
of work-life balance. These results were suggested that these reasons
were constructed with social, individual and organizational factors, and
those influence each interactive relationship.
65