平成24年度 FR4 研究プロジェクト報告
温暖化するシベリアの自然と人
−水環境をはじめとする陸域生態系変化への社会の適応
地球研プロジェクト C-07
┠ ḟ
ࡣࡌࡵ
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
ᷓᒣ ဴဢ
࠙ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ㸯㸸ᗈᇦࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࠚ
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
یG1a㸦ேᕤ⾨ᫍࢹ㸫ࢱࡼࡿᆅ⾲㠃ゎᯒࢳ㸫࣒㸧
G1a-1㸦ேᕤ⾨ᫍࢹ㸫ࢱࡼࡿᆅ⾲㠃ゎᯒࢳ㸫࣒㸧άືせ⣙ -------------------------------------------
5
ᒣཱྀ 㟹
ࢩ࣋ࣜᆅᇦࡢ᳜⏕ኚẼೃኚື࠾ࡼࡧே㛫άືࡢ㛵ಀ --------------------------------------- 7
ᒣཱྀ 㟹࣭㝞 Ꮫἰ
㝣ᇦ⏕≀ᅪࣔࢹࣝࡼࡿࢩ࣋ࣜᇦࡢᗈᇦ≀㉁࣭࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ᨭゎᯒ -------------------------- 12
బࠎ ᓫ༤࣭┦ᗞ ୍㍤
Ọஂᅵࡢ⼥ゎࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡌࡿὥỈ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21
㓇 ᚭ
G1a-2 㸦GOSAT ࢹ࣮ࢱゎᯒࢳ࣮࣒㸧άືせ⣙
Wetland classification of West Siberia based on Landsat
and its application for methane emission inventory in taiga zone ----------------------- 25
S. Maksyutov
Wetland classification of West Siberia based on Landsat and its application
for methane emission inventory in taiga zone -------------------------------------------------------- 27
S. Maksyutov, I. Kleptsova, M. Glagolev, H-S. Kim, E. Lapshina
یG1c㸦ࣟࢩᨻ⤒῭◊✲ࢳ࣮࣒㸧
ࢺࢼ࢝∾Ẹ⤒῭ࡢ ᬮࡢᙳ㡪యไኚᚋࡢࡑࡢᛂ
ؐࢩࢫࢸ࣒࣭ࢲࢼ࣑ࢵࢡࢫࣔࢹࣝࡼࡿ᥋㏆ؐ----------------------------------------------------- 32
ຍ㈡∎ ඃ࣭୰ᗉ㇂ ᰤኴ㑻
i
i
࠙ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ㸰㸸Ỉ࣭Ⅳ⣲ᚠ⎔ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࠚ --------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
یG2a㸦ྂ⎔ቃඖࢳ㸫࣒㸧
G2a㸦ྂ⎔ቃඖࢳ㸫࣒㸧άືせ⣙
㸫ᖺ㍯ྠయࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᮾࢩ࣋ࣜࢱ࢞ᯘࡢྂ⎔ቃඖ㸫
-------------------------------------- 45
ᮡᮏ ᩔᏊ࣭㒯 ᓧ࣭⡿ᘏ ோᚿ
ᶞᮌᖺ㍯ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᮾࢩ࣋ࣜࢱ࢞ᯘࡢ㐣ཤ 100 ᖺ㛫ࡢᅵተỈศ㔞ඖ ---------------------- 46
ᮡᮏ ᩔᏊ࣭㒯 ᓧ࣭⡿ᘏ ோᚿ
یG2b㸦⣲㐣⛬ほ ࢳ㸫࣒㸧
G2b㸦⣲㐣⛬ほ ࢳ㸫࣒㸧άືせ⣙ -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52
ኴ⏣ ᓅྐ
ᮾࢩ࣋ࣜࢱ࢞ᯘ࠾ࡅࡿ⩌ⴠࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡢỈ࣭Ⅳ⣲ᚠ⎔ ------------------------------------------ 54
ᑠ㇂ ள⏤⨾࣭ኴ⏣ ᓅྐ
ᮾࢩ࣭࣋ࣜࣞࢼᕝࡢኟᏘ᪥ὶ㔞ࡽ⟬ฟࡋࡓᖺ᭱⼥ゎ῝㸦AMTD㸧ࡢኚഴྥ ------------- 60
ᷓᒣ ဴဢ࣭Wilfried BRUTSAERT
یG2c㸦ࣔࢹࣜࣥࢢࢳ㸫࣒㸧
G2c㸦ࣔࢹࣜࣥࢢࢳ㸫࣒㸧άືせ⣙ ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69
ᒣᓮ ๛
㝣㠃ࣔࢹࣝ 2LM ࡼࡿᅵተỈศ࣭ ᗘࡢ㛗ᮇࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ ---------------------------------
71
ᒣᓮ ๛
ࣞࢼᕝἙᕝὶ㔞ࡑࢀࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢኚືせᅉࡘ࠸࡚ -------------------------------- 77
ᓥ ⿱
⎔ᴟ㝣ᇦ࠾ࡅࡿ㝣㠃ㅖ㐣⛬ࡢኚ --------------------------------------------------------------------- 84
ᮔ ᪿ⃝
ii
ii
Lena ᕝὶᇦࡢὶ㔞㈨ᩱࡽぢࡿὶฟ≉ᛶ ----------------------------------------------------------- 93
ඵ⏣ ⱱᐇ
ࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾ᆅ࠾ࡅࡿ᳜⏕ゎᯒ--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 98
ᒣᮏ ୍Ύ
࠙ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ㸱㸸ே㢮⏕ែࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࠚ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 101
یG3a㸦ị⤖Ỉ⎔ቃࢳ㸫࣒㸧
G3a㸦ị⤖Ỉ⎔ቃࢳ㸫࣒㸧άືせ⣙ ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 103
㧗 ᾈᶞ
᪂⪺ࣖࢡ࣮ࢳ⣬㸦2005 ᖺࠥ2009 ᖺ㸧ࡽࡳࡓᮇࣞࢼᕝỈ⣔ὥỈሗ----------------------- 104
㧗 ᾈᶞ
పᐦᗘᐮ෭ᆅᇦࡋ࡚ࡢࢩ࣋ࣜ㸸ᩥ⌮㐃ᦠ◊✲ࡢព⩏ ----------------------------------------- 117
ዟᮧ ㄔ
یG3b㸦㈨※ື≀◊✲ࢳ㸫࣒㸧
G3b㸦㈨※ື≀◊✲ࢳ㸫࣒㸧άືせ⣙ -------------------------------------------------------------------- 123
❧⃝ ྐ㑻
⾨ᫍࢹ࣮ࢱᇶ࡙ࡃ᳜⏕ኚࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾ᆅࡢ≧ἣ㛵ࡍࡿ⪃ᐹ----------------------------- 125
ྜྷ⏣ ╬
ࢧࣁඹᅜ࠾ࡅࡿࢺࢼ࢝∾Ẹࡢ⎔ቃㄆ㆑ࡘ࠸࡚ ؐ⬤ᙅᛶࣉ࣮ࣟࢳؐ --------------- 135
୰⏣ ⠜
⾨ᫍ㏣㊧ࡼࡿ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢほ ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 142
❧⃝ ྐ㑻࣭I. M. Okhloplov
ࢧࣁඹᅜ࠾ࡅࡿእ᮶࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺᑟධࡢᙳ㡪♫ⓗㄆ㆑ࡢኚᐜ---------------------------- 145
ụ⏣ ㏱
iii
iii
یG3c㸦⎔ቃㄆ㆑࣭ᨻ⟇◊✲ࢳ㸫࣒㸧
G3c㸦⎔ቃㄆ㆑࣭ᨻ⟇◊✲ࢳ㸫࣒㸧άືせ⣙ ---------------------------------------------------------- 149
⸨ཎ ₶Ꮚ
ࢩ࣭࣋ࣜࢧࣁඹᅜ࠾ࡅࡿ♫࣭Ẽೃኚ㏻
ؐ3 ࡘࡢᮧ࠾ࡅࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࢫࢱࢹؐ --------------------------------------------------------- 150
⸨ཎ ₶Ꮚ
㐺ᛂ࣭⬤ᙅᛶ◊✲ࡢ᪉ἲㄽⓗศ㢮 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 156
▼ ᩔ
᪉ࡢỈ࣭㞷࣭ịࡢࣇ࢛࣮ࢡࣟ ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 160
ᒣ⏣ ோྐ
࣮ࣜࣗࢺࣝࡢࣇ࢛࣮ࢡࣟ⮬↛㛵㐃ㄒᙡ --------------------------------------------------------- 168
Ọᒣ ࡺࡾ
ࢧࣁࡢࣇ࢛࣮ࢡࣟ--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 177
Ụ⏿ ⏕
࠾ࢃࡾ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 183
ᷓᒣ ဴဢ
iv
iv
ࡣࡌࡵ
ᷓᒣ ဴဢ
ே㛫ᩥ◊✲ᶵᵓ ⥲ྜᆅ⌫⎔ቃᏛ◊✲ᡤ
㸦ࢩ࣋ࣜࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮㸧
ᮏሗ࿌᭩ࡢෑ㢌ᙜࡓࡾࠊࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ┠ⓗᵓ㐀ࢆᥖࡍࡿࠋ
ࢩ࣋ࣜࡣ ᬮࡀ᭱ࡶ㢧ⴭ㐍⾜ࡍࡿண ࡉࢀࡿᆅᇦ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞Ẽ ࡢୖ᪼
ࡋ࡚⾲ฟࡍࡿ ᬮࡣࠊ▷ᮇⓗࡣ⇱‵₶ࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊỌஂᅵ㝣ᇦ⏕ែ
⣔ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࠋᮏ◊✲ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡛ࡣࠊேᕤ⾨ᫍࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࢩ࣋ࣜࡢỈ࣭Ⅳ
⣲ᚠ⎔ࡢ≉ᚩࢆಠ▔ⓗࡽ࠼ࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢኚືࡢ㏆ᮍ᮶ண ࢆ⾜࠸㸦ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ㸯㸸ᗈᇦࢢ
࣮ࣝࣉ㸧
ࠊỈ࣭Ⅳ⣲ᚠ⎔ࡢኚືせᅉࢆ⌧ᆅほ ࡽ᫂ࡽࡋ㸦ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ㸰㸸Ỉ࣭Ⅳ⣲ᚠ⎔
ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ㸧
ࠊ㒔ᕷ㎰ᮧࡢ᪉࠾࠸࡚ࠊỈ࣭Ⅳ⣲ᚠ⎔ࡢኚືࡸ♫ኚᑐࡋ࡚ேࠎࡀ
ࡢࡼ࠺㐺ᛂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࢆぢᴟࡵ㸦ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ㸱㸸ே㢮⏕ែࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ㸧
ࠊᚋࡢࡼ࠺㐺
ᛂࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡢࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ
ᮏሗ࿌᭩ࡀࠊ◊✲άືࡢグ㘓ࡋ࡚ᙺ❧ࡕࠊṧࡉࢀࡓ㸯ᖺ㛫ྥࡅ࡚ࡢ㊊ࡀࡾ࡞ࢀ
ࡤᖾ࠸࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
1
㻝
㹅㸯
࠙ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ㸯㸸ᗈᇦࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࠚ
G1a-1䠄ேᕤ⾨ᫍ䝕䞊䝍䛻䜘䜛ᆅ⾲㠃ゎᯒ䝏䞊䝮䠅άືせ⣙
ᒣཱྀ㻌 㟹
ྡྂᒇᏛᏛ㝔 ⎔ቃᏛ◊✲⛉ ᆅ⌫⎔ቃ⛉Ꮫᑓᨷ
1㻌 䛿䛨䜑䛻
G1a 䝏䞊䝮䛿䚸⌧ᅾ䛾䝅䝧䝸䜰ᆅᇦ䛻䛚䛡䜛Ỉ䞉Ⅳ⣲ᚠ⎔㐣⛬䜢䚸䛻⾨ᫍほ 䛸䝰䝕䝹䝅䝭䝳䝺䞊䝅
䝵䞁䛻䜘䛳䛶᫂䜙䛛䛻䛩䜛䛣䛸䜢┠ⓗ䛸䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹ᖺᗘ䜎䛷䛿䚸䐟䝅䝧䝸䜰ᆅᇦ䛾Ọஂᅵᖏ䛻⏕⫱䛩䜛
䜹䝷䝬䝒ᯘ䛾㞷ị䝥䝻䝉䝇䜢㝣ᇦ⏕≀ᅪ䝰䝕䝹䛷⌧䛩䜛䛣䛸䚸䐠㞷ị䝥䝻䝉䝇䛜Ⅳ⣲ᨭ䛻䛘䜛ᙳ
㡪䜢䝅䝧䝸䜰య䛷ホ౯䛩䜛䛣䛸䚸䐡ὥỈⓎ⏕䝯䜹䝙䝈䝮䜢ṇ䛧䛟⌮ゎ䛧䚸ὥỈ⿕ᐖつᶍ䛾✵㛫ኚ≉
ᛶ䜢ホ౯䛩䜛䛣䛸䚸䛾䠏Ⅼ䜢◊✲ㄢ㢟䛸䛧䛶ᥖ䛢䛶䛔䛯䚹䛧䛛䛧◊✲䛾㐍ᤖ䛻క䛔䚸⌧Ⅼ䛷䛿ḟ䛾䠏Ⅼ
䛜◊✲ㄢ㢟䛸䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹䐟䝅䝧䝸䜰ᆅᇦ䛾Ọஂᅵᖏ䛾㞷ị䝥䝻䝉䝇䜢㝣ᇦ⏕≀ᅪ䝰䝕䝹䛷⌧䛧䚸
㞷ị䝥䝻䝉䝇䛜Ⅳ⣲ᨭ䛻䛘䜛ᙳ㡪䜢䝅䝧䝸䜰య䛷ホ౯䛩䜛䛣䛸䚸䐠ὥỈⓎ⏕䝯䜹䝙䝈䝮䜢ṇ䛧䛟⌮
ゎ䛧䚸ὥỈ⿕ᐖつᶍ䛾✵㛫ኚ≉ᛶ䜢ホ౯䛩䜛䛣䛸䚸䐡䝅䝧䝸䜰ᆅᇦ䛾᳜⏕ኚ䛸Ẽೃኚື䛚䜘䜃ே
㛫άື䠄䝖䝘䜹䜲ᨺ∾➼䠅䛸䛾㛵ಀ䜢⾨ᫍほ 䜢䛳䛶ᗈᇦⓗ䛻ホ౯䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䛒䜛䚹
2㻌 ◊✲䛾㐍ᤖ≧ἣ䠄◊✲ᴫせ䠅
㻌
◊✲┠ⓗ䛻ྥ䛡䛶ᖺᗘ⾜䛳䛯◊✲ᴫせ䜢௨ୗ䛻グ䛩䚹
ୖグ䐟䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䚸㝣ᇦ⏕≀ᅪ䝰䝕䝹 BEAMS 䜢⏝䛔䛶 G2 䛻䜘䛳䛶ほ 䛜⾜䜟䜜䛶䛔䜛䝅䝧䝸䜰ᆅ
ᇦ䛾 SPA䚸ELG 䛾䝣䝷䝑䜽䝇䝃䜲䝖㛫䛷䚸Ỉ䚸Ⅳ⣲䝣䝷䝑䜽䝇䛾ẚ㍑䜢⾜䛳䛯䚹ELG 䛿 SPA 䛸ẚ䜉䛶䚸Ⅳ⣲䚸
Ỉ䝣䝷䝑䜽䝇䛜䛝䛔䛣䛸䛜ศ䛛䜚䚸䛭䜜䛮䜜᳜⏕㔞䛸㝆Ỉ㔞䛻㉳ᅉ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ศ䛛䛳䛯䚹ᗈᇦゎᯒ䛷䛿
Ọஂᅵ⼥ゎ䛻క䛖ᅵ୰䛾Ⅳ⣲㟢ฟ㔞䛾⟬ᐃ䜢⾜䛳䛯䚹䛭䛾⤖ᯝ䚸㐣ཤ 10 ᖺ㛫䛻䛚䛡䜛άືᒙ῝
ᗘ䛾ኚ䛻క䛖Ⅳ⣲㟢ฟ㔞䛿䚸⣧⏕ែ⣔⏕⏘㔞䛾⣙ 2.4ࠥ5.7 ಸ䛻┦ᙜ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ศ䛛䛳䛯䚹䛣䛾Ⳙ䛺
ᅵተⅣ⣲㔞䛾ቑຍ䛻䜘䛳䛶 ᬮ䛜ຍ㏿䛥䜜䜛䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䛯䜑䚸ᚋ䛿ᅵ䛛䜙㟢ฟ䛧䛯Ⅳ⣲䛜Ẽ
䜈ᨺฟ䛩䜛䜎䛷䛾䝯䜹䝙䝈䝮䜢䝰䝕䝹䛧䚸ゎᯒ䜢㐍䜑䛶䛔䛟ᚲせ䛜䛒䜛䚹
㻌 ୖグ䐠䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䚸䝺䝘ᕝὶᇦ䛷Ⓨ⏕䛩䜛䜰䜲䝇䝆䝱䝮ὥỈ䛾䝰䝙䝍䝸䞁䜾䛻ຍ䛘䛶䚸䜰䝷䝊䝲ᕝὶᇦ
䛷Ⓨ⏕䛩䜛Ọஂᅵ䛾⼥ゎ䛻䜘䜛ὥỈ䛾䝰䝙䝍䝸䞁䜾䜢⾜䛳䛯䚹䝬䜲䜽䝻Ἴ䝉䞁䝃䛾䝕䞊䝍䜢⏝䛔䜛䛣䛸
䛷䚸㞼䛾ฟ⌧㢖ᗘ䛜㧗䛔ᆅᇦ䛻䛚䛡䜛ὥỈ䛾ᵝᏊ䜢ᢕᥱ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䛯䚹䜰䝷䝊䝲ᕝὶᇦ䛷䛿ᆅᙧ䛾
㉳అ䛜䜋䛸䜣䛹䛺䛔䛯䜑䚸ἙᕝỈ䛜ୗὶ䜈䛸ὶ䜜䛶䛔䛟㏿ᗘ䛜㐜䛟䚸ෙỈ⿕ᐖ䛜㛗ᮇ䛻ཬ䜣䛰䚹䜰䝷䝊
䝲ᕝୗὶ䛾䜰䞁䝗䝸䝳䜴䞊䝅䝳䜻䝜ᮧ䛷䛿ෙỈ⿕ᐖ䛜 2 ᖺ㛫⥆䛔䛯䚹䜎䛯䚸ᕪศᖸ΅ SAR ゎᯒ䜢⾜䛖䛣䛸
䛷䚸Ọஂᅵ䛾⼥ゎᚋ䛾ᆅ┙ỿୗ㔞䜢ィ 䛧䛯䚹ෙỈ⿕ᐖ䛜㛗ᮇ䛻ཬ䜆䛸䛣䜝䛷䛿ᆅ┙ỿୗ㔞䛜䛝
䛟䚸Ọஂᅵ䛾ຎ䛸ὥỈ⿕ᐖ䛾㛵ಀ䜢᫂䜙䛛䛻䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䛯䚹
㻌 ୖグ䐡䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䚸䝅䝧䝸䜰ᆅᇦ䛾᳜⏕䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸2000 ᖺ௦䛻ኚ䛜䛒䛳䛯䛹䛖䛛䚸ኚ䛜䛒䛳䛯䛸䛩
䜜䜀䝖䝘䜹䜲ᨺ∾➼䛾ேⅭⓗ䛺せᅉ䛻䜘䜛ᙳ㡪䛜ぢ䜙䜜䜛䛛䛹䛖䛛䜢᳨ウ䛧䛯䚹⾨ᫍ䝕䞊䝍䛸䛧䛶 SPOT
Vegetation䚸Ẽೃ䝕䞊䝍䛸䛧䛶 CRU 䝕䞊䝍䝉䝑䝖䜢䛔䚸1999 ᖺ䡚2009 ᖺ䛾ᮇ㛫䛾ゎᯒ䜢⾜䛳䛯䚹䛭䛾
⤖ᯝ䚸す㒊䛾ᴟᾏἢᓊ䛸༡す㒊䛻ேⅭⓗ䛺ᙳ㡪䛻䜘䜛᳜⏕ኚᇦ䛾ೃ⿵䛜ᢳฟ䛥䜜䛯䚹๓⪅䛻䛴
䛔䛶䛿䚸ᆅୗ㈨※㛤Ⓨ䛾ᙳ㡪䛻䜘䜛ᅵᆅ⿕そኚ䛾ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜䛒䜛䚹୍᪉䚸䝖䝘䜹䜲ᨺ∾䛾ᙳ㡪䛷᳜⏕䛜
ῶᑡ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛸䛔䛖ሙᡤ䛿䚸䜎䛰☜ㄆ䛷䛝䛶䛔䛺䛔䚹
5
㻡
3㻌 ᚋ䛾ㄢ㢟䛸ᒎᮃ
㻌
ୖグ䐟䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䚸BEAMS 䝰䝕䝹䛾ᅵተỈศ㔞䛾᥎ᐃ⢭ᗘ䜢ྥୖ䛥䛫䜛ᚲせ䛜䛒䜛䚹ᚋ G2 䛸䜒
㆟ㄽ䛧䛺䛜䜙䝰䝕䝹䛾ᨵⰋ䜢㐍䜑䜛ணᐃ䛷䛒䜛䚹ᗈᇦゎᯒ䛷䛿ධຊ䝕䞊䝍䛻ᑐ䛩䜛䝰䝕䝹䛾ឤᗘゎᯒ
䜢⾜䛔䚸䝅䝧䝸䜰ᆅᇦ䛾⎔ቃኚື䛾せᅉ䛻䛴䛔䛶⪃ᐹ䜢⾜䛖䚹
㻌 ୖグ䐠䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䚸Ọஂᅵ䛜ຎ䛧䛶ᆅ┙ỿୗ䛧䛯䛸䛣䜝䛻䛿⼥ゎỈ䛜⁀䜎䜚䜔䛩䛟䛺䜛䚹䛭䛾䛯䜑䚸
ᬮ䛜䛣䛾䜎䜎㐍⾜䛧䛶䛔䛟䛸䚸ὥỈ⿕ᐖ䛾䛥䜙䛺䜛ᝏ䛜ண䛥䜜䜛䚹ᆅᙧせ⣲䛸ὥỈ䜢㛵㐃䛥䛫䛯
䝝䝄䞊䝗䝬䝑䝥䛾సᡂ䜢᳨ウ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸ᅇゎᯒ䛻⏝䛧䛯 ALOS/PALSAR 䛿 2011 ᖺ䛻㐠⏝䜢
Ṇ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛯䜑䚸䛾⾨ᫍ䝕䞊䝍䛾⏝䜒᳨ウ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䜎䛯䚸⾨ᫍ䝕䞊䝍䛛䜙ᚓ䜙䜜䛯⤖ᯝ䛾᳨ド䛜
ᚋ䛾ㄢ㢟䛸䛧䛶ṧ䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹䝻䝅䜰䛾◊✲ᶵ㛵䛸༠ຊ䛧䛶ゎᯒ䜢㐍䜑䜛ணᐃ䛷䛒䜛䚹
ୖグ䐡䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䚸䝖䝘䜹䜲ᨺ∾䛻䜘䜛᳜⏕ኚ䛜ᐇ㝿䛻䛒䜛䛾䛻䝕䞊䝍䜔ゎᯒᡭἲ䛾ၥ㢟䛷ᤊ䛘䜙
䜜䛶䛔䛺䛔䛾䛛䚸䛒䜛䛔䛿䝖䝘䜹䜲ᨺ∾䛻䜘䜛᳜⏕ኚ䜈䛾᫂░䛺ᙳ㡪䛿䛺䛔䛾䛛䚸⌧Ⅼ䛷䛿䜎䛰⤖
ㄽ䛿ฟ䛫䛺䛔䚹䛣䛾䛯䜑䚸ゎᯒ᪉ἲ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䚸ኟ䛾ᮇ䛾 NDVI 䜢䛖䛺䛹ᨵⰋ䜢⾜䛖ᚲせ䛜䛒䜛䚹䜎
䛯ゎᯒ⤖ᯝ䛿䚸⏝䛧䛯䝕䞊䝍䝉䝑䝖䛾⢭ᗘ䜔ᛶ㉁䛻䛝䛟ᙳ㡪䛥䜜䜛䛯䜑䚸ู䛾䝕䞊䝍䝉䝑䝖䜢⏝䛧
䛯᳨ウ䜒⾜䛳䛶䜏䜛ணᐃ䛷䛒䜛䚹
6
㻢
ࢩ࣋ࣜᆅᇦࡢ᳜⏕ኚẼೃኚື࠾ࡼࡧே㛫άືࡢ㛵ಀ
ᒣཱྀ 㟹 ྡྂᒇᏛᏛ㝔 ⎔ቃᏛ◊✲⛉
㝞 Ꮫἰ ிᖌ⠊Ꮫ
1 ࡣࡌࡵ
ᆅ⌫ ᬮࡢᙳ㡪ࡣࠊࢩ࣋ࣜࢆጞࡵࡍࡿ㧗⦋ᗘᆅᇦ⌧ࢀࡸࡍ࠸ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦IPCC,
2007㸧
ࠋ≉㝣ᇦ᳜⏕ࡣࠊ༙⌫㧗⦋ᗘᆅᇦ࡛ࡣ ᗘࡀࡁ࡞ไ⣙せᅉ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸦Nemani
et al., 2003㸧
ࠊ ᬮࡼࡗ࡚᳜⏕άືࡀ┒ࢇ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࠶ࡿ㸦Kawabata et al., 2001㸧ࠋ
୍᪉ࠊࢩ࣋ࣜᆅᇦ࡛ࡣࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀ᳜⏕ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶ
࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࢩ࣋ࣜᆅᇦࡢ᳜⏕ࡣࠊẼೃኚື࡞ࡢ⮬↛せᅉࠊࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾࡞ࡢேⅭⓗせ
ᅉࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࠊࡲࡓࡣ୧᪉ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲ࡣࠊࢩ࣋ࣜᆅᇦࡢ᳜⏕
ኚࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࠺ࠊኚࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡍࢀࡤࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾➼ࡢேⅭⓗ࡞せᅉࡼࡿኚࡀぢࡽࢀ
ࡿ࠺ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋゎᯒࡣࠊࡲࡔ㏵୰ẁ㝵࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᖺᗘᐇࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࢆண
ᐹⓗሗ࿌ࡍࡿࠋゎᯒᑐ㇟ᆅᇦࡣࠊ⦋ 45 ᗘ㹼80 ᗘࠊᮾ⤒ 60 ᗘ㹼180 ᗘࠊゎᯒᑐ㇟ᮇ㛫ࡣ 1999
ᖺ㹼2009 ᖺࡢ 11 ᖺ㛫࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2 ⏝ࢹ࣮ࢱ
2.1 ᳜⏕ᣦᩘ
᳜ ⏕ ኚ ࡢ ゎ ᯒ ࡣ ࠊ 1999 ᖺ 㹼 2009 ᖺ ࡢ ᮇ 㛫 ࡢ SPOT Vegetation ࡢ ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡓ
(http://www.spot-vegetation.com/㸧
ࠋ✵㛫ศゎ⬟ࡣ 1km ࡛ࠊ㞼⿕そࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ㍍ῶࡍࡿࡓࡵ 10 ᪥ẖࡢ
ྜᡂࣉࣟࢲࢡࢺ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᑐ㇟ᮇ㛫ࡢ NDVI ᖹᆒ್ࢆᅗ 1 ♧ࡍࠋす㒊ࡢ⦋ 60 ᗘ㏆ࡽ
༡ᮾ㒊ࡢ⦋ 50 ᗘ㏆ࡅ࡚ࠊNDVI ࡀ㧗࠸㡿ᇦࡀᖏ≧ᘏࡧ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢᖏ≧ࡢᆅᇦࡣࠊ
᳃ᯘࡢศᕸᇦ୍⮴ࡍࡿࠋNDVI ࡣࠊࡇࡢ᳃ᯘᇦࡽ༡ྥࡗ࡚ḟ➨పࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ≉ᴟ
ᾏἢᓊ༡す㹼༡㒊ࡢᶆ㧗ࡢ㧗࠸ᆅᇦ࡛ࡣࠊNDVI ࡢᖹᆒ್ࡀపࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡿࠋ
ᅗ 1 1999 ᖺࠥ2009 ᖺࡢࢩ࣋ࣜᆅᇦࡢ NDVI ᖹᆒ್㸦SPOT Vegetation ࢹ࣮ࢱ㸧ࠋ
7
㻣
1999 ᖺࠥ2009 ᖺࡢᮇ㛫ࡢ NDVI ࡢᖺᖹᆒ್ᖺ್᭱ࡢኚࢺࣞࣥࢻࢆᅗ 2 ♧ࡍࠋ
୧⪅ࢆẚ
㍑ࡍࡿࠊ୍⮴ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ሙᡤࡀఱ࢝ᡤぢࡽࢀࡿࠋඖࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠊ๓㏙ࡢࡼ࠺ 10 ᪥ẖࡢྜᡂࣉ
ࣟࢲࢡࢺ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊሙᡤࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ 10 ᪥㛫࡚㞼そࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓᮇ㛫ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿᛮࢃࢀࠊࡑࡢ
ࡼ࠺࡞ሙᡤࡢ NDVI ᖺᖹᆒ್ࡣపࡃ࡞ࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊᖺ್᭱ࡣࠊᖺᖹᆒ್ࡼࡾࡶ㞼⿕そ
ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣཷࡅࡃ࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ୧⪅ࡢ㐪࠸ࡣࠊ㞼⿕そࡢᙳ㡪ࡼࡿࡶࡢ᥎ᐃ
ࡉࢀࠊ㞼⿕そࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡃ࠸ᖺ್᭱ࡽồࡵࡓ NDVI ࡢኚഴྥࡢ࠺ࡀࠊẼೃኚືᑐ
ࡍࡿ᳜⏕ኚࢆᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞௬ᐃᇶ࡙ࡁࠊᅇࡢゎᯒ࡛ࡣ NDVI ࡢᖺ
್᭱ࢆ⏝ࡋࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊࢩ࣋ࣜᆅᇦ࡛᳜⏕ࡀᡂ㛗ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊࡽ⛅ࡢ▷࠸ᮇ㛫㝈ࡽࢀ
ࡿࡓࡵࠊኟ㸦࠼ࡤ 6 ᭶㹼8 ᭶㸧ࡢ NDVI 㝈ᐃࡋ࡚ࠊ⤒ᖺⓗ࡞ NDVI ኚࢆゎᯒࡍࡿ࠺ࡀࠊ
᳜⏕ኚẼೃኚືࡢ㛵ಀࢆṇ☜ᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᚋࡢ᳨ウㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᅗ 2 1999 ᖺࠥ2009 ᖺࡢࢩ࣋ࣜᆅᇦࡢ NDVI ࡢኚࢺࣞࣥࢻ㸦SPOT Vegetation ࢹ࣮ࢱ㸧ࠋ
ୖ㸸ᖺᖹᆒ್ࡢኚࢺࣞࣥࢻࠊୗ㸸ᖺ್᭱ࡢኚࢺࣞࣥࢻࠋ
2.2 Ẽೃࢹ࣮ࢱ
Ẽೃࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠊUniversity of East Anglia ࡢ Climate Research Unit㸦CRU㸧ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝ࡋࡓ
㸦Mitchell et al., 2003; http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/ja/data㸧
ࠋ✵㛫ศゎ⬟ࡣࠊ0.5 ᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅗ 3 1999
ᖺ㹼2009 ᖺࡢᮇ㛫ࡢẼ 㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢኚࢺࣞࣥࢻࢆ♧ࡍࠋẼ ࡣࠊᮾ㒊す㒊࡛ୖ᪼ഴྥࢆ
♧ࡋࠊ༡す㒊࡛పୗഴྥࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡣᮾ㒊࡛ቑຍࠊࡑࡢࡢᆅᇦ࡛ῶᑡഴྥࢆ♧ࡋ࡚
ࡼ࠺ぢ࠼ࡿࡀࠊయⓗ࡞ഴྥࡣ࠶ࡲࡾࡣࡗࡁࡾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋᅇࡣ CRU ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝ࡋࡓࡀࠊู
ࡢẼೃࢹ࣮ࢱࢭࢵࢺࢆ⏝࠸ࢀࡤࠊ⤖ᯝࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
8
㻤
ᅗ 3 1999 ᖺࠥ2009 ᖺࡢࢩ࣋ࣜᆅᇦࡢẼೃኚࢺࣞࣥࢻ㸦CRU ࢹ࣮ࢱࢭࢵࢺ㸧
ࠋ
ୖ㸸Ẽ ࠊୗ㸸㝆Ỉ㔞ࠋ
3 ᪉ἲ
ⱝᯘ㸦2007㸧ࡣࠊࣇ࡛ࣜ࢝ࡢ 1982 ᖺࡽ 2002 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ᳜⏕ኚࡢ࠺ࡕࠊᅵᆅ⏝ኚ
࡞ࡢேⅭⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪ࡼࡿࡶࡢࢆᢳฟࡋࡓࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡶࡇࡢ᪉ἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾➼ࡢே
Ⅽⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪ࡼࡿࢩ࡛࣋ࣜࡢ᳜⏕ኚࡢᢳฟࢆヨࡳࡓࠋᅗ 4 ゎᯒࡢࣇ࣮ࣟࢆ♧ࡍࠋ
ࡲࡎ 1999 ᖺࡽ 2009 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢẼ ࣭㝆Ỉ㔞 NDVI ࡢ㛫ࡢ┦㛵ࢆྛᆅⅬ㸦⏬⣲㸧ࡘ࠸࡚
ồࡵࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛┦㛵ࡀぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ᆅᇦࡣࠊゎᯒᑐ㇟ࡽ㝖እࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ㝖እࡋࡓᆅᇦ࡛ࡣࠊ
ேⅭⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪ࡼࡿኚࡀ↓࠸࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋẼ ࣭㝆Ỉ㔞᳜⏕ኚࡢ㛫┦㛵ࡀㄆࡵ
ࡽࢀ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇࡣࠊࡴࡋࢁேⅭⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪ࡼࡿ᳜⏕ኚࡀ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࠶ࡾᚓࡿࠋ
ࡋࡋࠊẼ ࣭㝆Ỉ㔞௨እࡢ⮬↛せᅉࡼࡿ᳜⏕ኚࡀ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓሙ
ྜࡣᅇࡢ᪉ἲ࡛ࡣேⅭⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪ࡼࡿ᳜⏕ኚࢆ㆑ู࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊゎᯒᑐ㇟ࡽእࡋࡓࠋ
ḟ 1999 ᖺ 2009 ᖺࡢ NDVI ࡢ್ࢆẚ㍑ࡋࠊ᳜⏕ࡢῶᑡࡋࡓᆅᇦࢆᢳฟࡍࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ NDVI
ࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᆅᇦࡣࠊᑐ㇟ࡽ㝖እࡋࡓࠋሙᡤࡼࡗ࡚ࡣேⅭⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪ࡼࡗ࡚᳜⏕ࡀቑຍࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿᛮࢃࢀࡿࡀࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣேⅭⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪ࡼࡿ᳜⏕ຎࢆᤊ࠼ࡿࡇࡀ┠ᶆ࡛
࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ᳜⏕ࡢῶᑡᇦࡢࡳᑐ㇟ࢆ⤠ࡗࡓࠋ᭱ᚋࠊ2009 ᖺࡢẼ ࣭㝆Ỉ㔞 NDVI ࡢ㛵ಀࡀࠊ
1999 ᖺ㹼2009 ᖺࡢᮇ㛫ࡢẼ ࣭㝆Ỉ㔞 NDVI ࡢ㛵ಀࡽ᭷ពእࢀࡿᆅᇦࢆᢳฟࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀ
ࡽࡢᆅᇦ࡛ࡣࠊẼೃࡀኚືࡍࢀࡤ(࠼ࡤẼ ࡀୖ᪼ࡍࢀࡤ)ࠊ᳜⏕ࡣቑ࠼ࡿ࠸࠺ഴྥࡀㄆࡵࡽ
ࢀ࡚࠸࡚ࠊ2009 ᖺࡣẼ ࡀୖ᪼ࡋࡓࡢ࡛᳜⏕ࡣቑ࠼ࡿࡣࡎ࡞ࡢࠊ㏫᳜⏕ࡀῶࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࡓ
ࡵࠊேⅭⓗᙳ㡪ࡼࡗ࡚᳜⏕ࡀῶᑡࡋࡓࡳ࡞ࡍࠋ
9
㻥
ᅗ 4 ேⅭⓗᙳ㡪ࡢ࠶ࡿᆅᇦᢳฟࡢࣇ࣮ࣟࢳ࣮ࣕࢺࠋⱝᯘ㸦2007㸧ࠋ
ᅗ 5 ேⅭⓗᙳ㡪ࡼࡿ᳜⏕ࡢῶᑡᆅᇦࢆᅗ 4 ࡢ᪉ἲ࡛ゎᯒࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ㸦᭷ពỈ‽ 5%㸧
ࠋ
ୖ㸸ᖺ᭱ NDVI ᖺᖹᆒẼ ࠋୗ㸸ᖺ᭱ NDVI 㝆Ỉ㔞ࠋ
10
㻝㻜
4 ⤖ᯝ
ᅗ 5 ♧ࡋࡓゎᯒ⤖ᯝࡼࢀࡤࠊேⅭⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪ࡼࡿ᳜⏕ῶᑡࡢೃ⿵ᇦࡋ࡚ᢳฟࡉࢀࡓሙᡤ
ࡣࠊす㒊༡す㒊ẚ㍑ⓗከࡃศᕸࡍࡿࠋᖺᖹᆒẼ 㝆Ỉ㔞ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓྛࠎࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊᚲࡎࡋ
ࡶ୍⮴ࡍࡿᚲせࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ୍⮴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿሙᡤࡶࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋす㒊ࡢᴟᾏἢᓊࡢᢳฟᆅᇦࡣࠊG3
ࡽࡢሗࡼࢀࡤࠊᆅୗ㈨※㛤Ⓨࡼࡿᙳ㡪ࡀᅵᆅ⿕そኚ⌧ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡋ
ࡑ࠺ࡔࡍࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢ᪉ἲࡀேⅭⓗ࡞᳜⏕ኚࡢ୍ࡘࢆᤊ࠼ࡓࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ
ᅗ୰ࡢࠕ㸩ࠖࡣࠊG3 ࡽᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡓࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾ࡢ࢟ࣕࣥࣉᆅࡢ⨨࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᢳฟᆅⅬࠕ㸩ࠖ
ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾ୍⮴ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ぢ࠼ࡿࠋࡓࡔࠕ㸩ࠖࡣࠊࢺࢼ࢝࢟ࣕࣥࣉᆅ࡚ࢆ⥙⨶ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ
ࠕ㸩ࠖ௨እࡢሙᡤࡀᢳฟࡉࢀ࡚ࡶᚲࡎࡋࡶ㛫㐪࠸ࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸ࠋᅗ 5 ࡢ⤖ᯝ
ࡽࡣࠊࡢࡇࢁࡣ᫂░ࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾ࡢᙳ㡪࡛᳜⏕ࡀῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ሙᡤࡣࠊࡲࡔ☜ㄆ࡛
ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋᚋࠊᢳฟࡉࢀࡓᆅⅬࡘ࠸࡚ࠊASTER㸦✵㛫ศゎ⬟ 15m㸧ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㧗࠸✵㛫ศゎ
⬟ࡢ⾨ᫍࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ☜ㄆࢆ⾜࠺ணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࢺࢼ࢝࢟ࣕࣥࣉᆅ࿘㎶ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊASTER
⏬ീࡼࡿ᳜⏕ࡢほ ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡳࡓࡀࠊࡢࡇࢁ᫂░࡞᳜⏕ຎࡣ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
5 ࠾ࢃࡾ
ࢩ࣋ࣜᆅᇦࡢ᳜⏕ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ2000 ᖺ௦ኚࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࠺ࠊኚࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡍࢀࡤேⅭⓗ
࡞せᅉࡼࡿኚࡀぢࡽࢀࡿ࠺ࢆ᳨ウࡋ࡚ࡳࡓࠋேⅭⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊ
ࡋ࡚ࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾ࡼࡿᙳ㡪࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢゎᯒ⤖ᯝࡼࢀࡤࠊす㒊࠾࠸࡚ᆅୗ㈨
※㛤Ⓨࡼࡿ᳜⏕ኚࢆᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾ࡼࡿ᳜⏕ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣࠊࡢ
ࡇࢁ᫂░ࡣᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾ࡼࡿ᳜⏕ኚࡀᐇ㝿࠶ࡿࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡸゎᯒ
ᡭἲࡢၥ㢟࡛ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾ࡼࡿ᳜⏕ኚࡢ᫂░࡞ᙳ㡪ࡣ࡞
࠸ࡢࠊ⌧Ⅼ࡛ࡣࡲࡔ⤖ㄽࡣฟࡏ࡞࠸ࠋゎᯒ᪉ἲࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ๓㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺ኟࡢᮇࡢ NDVI
ࢆ࠺࡞ࠊࡲࡔᨵⰋࡢవᆅࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓゎᯒ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ⏝ࡋࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࢭࢵࢺࡢ⢭ᗘࡸᛶ㉁
ࡁࡃᙳ㡪ࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊูࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢭࢵࢺࢆ⏝ࡋࡓ᳨ウࡶ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡳࡿணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
IPCC (2007): Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the
Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge
University Press, 996pp.
Kawabata, A., Ichii, K., and Yamaguchi, Y. (2001): Global monitoring of the interannual changes in
vegetation activities using NDVI and its relationships to temperature and precipitation. International
Journal of Remote Sensing, 22 (7), 1377-1382, 2001.
Mitchell, T. D., T. R. Carter, P. Jones, and M. Hulme (2003): A comprehensive set of climate scenarios for
Europe and the globe. Tyndall Centre Working Paper 55.
Namani, R.R., Keeling, C.D., Hashimoto, H., Jolly, W.M., Piper, S.C., Tucker, C.J., Myneni, R.B., and
Running, S.W. (2003): Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from
1982 to 1999, Science, 300, 1560-1563.
ⱝᯘ ឡ࣭బࠎᓫ༤࣭ᒣཱྀ 㟹 (2007)㸸 ࣇ࡛ࣜ࢝ࡢேⅭⓗᙳ㡪ࡼࡿ᳜⏕ῶᑡᇦࡢᢳฟ㸪
⏕◊ࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࣛࠕᏱᐂࡽࡢᆅ⌫⎔ቃࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢࠖ➨ 16 ᅇㄽᩥ㞟㸪51-52.
11
㻝㻝
㝣ᇦ⏕≀ᅪࣔࢹࣝࡼࡿࢩ࣋ࣜᇦࡢᗈᇦ≀㉁࣭࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ᨭゎᯒ
బࠎᓫ༤ ྡྂᒇᏛᏛ㝔 ⎔ቃᏛ◊✲⛉ ᆅ⌫⎔ቃ⛉Ꮫᑓᨷ
┦ᗞ ୍㍤ ྡྂᒇᏛᏛ㝔 ⎔ቃᏛ◊✲⛉ ᆅ⌫⎔ቃ⛉Ꮫᑓᨷ
1 ࡣࡌࡵ
༙⌫㧗⦋ᗘᆅᇦࡣ㐣ཤ୕༑ᖺ㛫࡛Ẽ ࣭ᆅ⾲㠃 ᗘࡢ᪼ ഴྥࡀ᭱ࡶ㢧ⴭ࡞ᆅᇦࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶
ࡿ㸦IPCC ➨ᅄḟሗ࿌᭩, 2007㸧
ࠋྠᆅᇦᅛ᭷ࡢ㞷ịࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀ᳜⏕⎔ቃࢆࡁࡃኚࡉࡏࠊࡑࢀ
ᛂ⟅ࡍࡿᙧ࡛⏕ែ⣔ᶵ⬟ࡸⅣ⣲ᚠ⎔ࡀኚࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Smith et al., 2008㸧ࠋࡲࡓࠊ༙⌫᪉ᯘࡣ
⌫ᆅ⾲㠃✚ࡢ 25%௨ୖࢆ༨ࡵࡿᗈ⠊ᅖࡢ᳃ᯘᖏ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ ᬮకࡗ࡚Ⅳ⣲ᨭ㔞ࡣࡁ
ࡃኚືࡋࠊࡑࡢኚືࡣࣇ࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡋ࡚⌫Ẽೃࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࣥࣃࢡࢺࢆ࠼ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ
Ẽೃኚືࢩ࣋ࣜᆅᇦࡢỈ࣭࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮࣭Ⅳ⣲ᚠ⎔ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࢆᢕᥱࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊ ᬮ࣓࢝ࢽ
ࢬ࣒ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿୖ࡛ᚲせྍḞࡔ࠸࠼ࡿࠋ
Ọஂᅵୖ࡛ኟᏘ⼥ゎࠊᏘ⤖ࡍࡿάືᒙࡢാࡁࡣࠊỌஂᅵᆅᖏࡢⅣ⣲ᚠ⎔ࢆ⌮ゎࡍ
ࡿୖ࡛㔜せࡀ࠶ࡿࠋỌஂᅵᆅᖏࡢỈᩥࠊ⏕ែࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣάືᒙෆ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊ᳜⏕ࠊᅵተ
ᚤ⏕≀άືࢆࡋ࡚Ⅳ⣲ᚠ⎔ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍ㸦Kane et al., 1991㸧
ࠋ㏆ᖺࠊࢩ࣋ࣜࡢάືᒙ
῝ᗘࡣ㐣ཤ 40 ᖺ㛫࡛⣙ 21cm ቑຍࡋࡓ࠸࠺ほ ᐇࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦Lemke et al., 2007㸧ࠋάືᒙỌஂ
ᅵࡢቃ⏺㠃࡛࠶ࡿάືᒙ῝ᗘࡢቑຍࡣࠊỌஂᅵࡢ⼥ゎࢆពࡍࡿࠋỌஂᅵᆅᖏ㈓␃ࡉࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿⅣ⣲㔞ࡣ⌫ᅵተࡢ⣙ 50%ࡶ┦ᙜࡍࡿ᥎ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊỌஂᅵࡢ⼥ゎࡣ
ከ㔞ࡢᅵተⅣ⣲ࡀẼᨺฟࡉࢀࠊẼೃࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆᣦࡍࡿ◊✲ࡶ
࠶ࡿ㸦Tarnocai et al., 2009㸧ࠋ୍᪉ࠊ ᬮࡼࡾ᳜⏕ࡢ⏕⫱⎔ቃ᮲௳ࡀኚࡋ࡚ගྜᡂάືࡀά
Ⓨࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ⏕ែ⣔ࡢⅣ⣲྾㔞ࡣቑຍࡍࡿ࠸࠺◊✲ࡶ࠶ࡿ㸦Trucco et al., 2012㸧
ࠋ ᬮ
࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆṇ☜ᢕᥱࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ẽ ᑐࡍࡿ⎔ቃᛂ⟅ࢆᐃ㔞ⓗホ౯ࡋࠊྠ
ᆅᇦࡢⅣ⣲ࣂࣛࣥࢫࢆᗈᇦࠊୟࡘᐃ㔞ⓗᢕᥱࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡇ࡛ࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊࢩ࣋ࣜᆅᇦࡢ ᬮࡀⅣ⣲࣭Ỉ࣭࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮࣭Ọஂᅵཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪
ࢆᗈᇦࠊୟࡘᐃ㔞ⓗホ౯ࡍࡿࠋࢩ࣋ࣜᆅᇦࡣཝࡋ࠸ほ ⎔ቃࡢࡓࡵࠊⅣ⣲ࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫࢆ㏻ᖺ
࡛ᗈᇦほ ࡍࡿࡇࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Fahnestock et al., 1998㸧ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊG1a ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡀ⊂⮬㛤Ⓨ
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㝣ᇦ⏕≀ᅪࣔࢹࣝ BEAMS㸦Sasai et al., 2005, 2011㸧㞷ịࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆᑟධࡋࠊᗈᇦ࡛ࡢ
≀㉁࣭࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ᨭゎᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࠋᨵⰋᆺ BEAMS ࡢฟຊ್ࡣࠊほ ᮲௳ࡢⰋ࠸ᮇྲྀᚓࡉࢀ
ࡓほ ࢹ࣮ࢱẚ㍑ࡋࠊࣔࢹࣝࡢጇᙜᛶࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋ᭱⤊ⓗࡣࠊBEAMS ࢆ⾨ᫍほ ࢹ࣮ࢱ
⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࠊࢩ࣋ࣜᇦࡢάືᒙศᕸࠊⅣ⣲ᨭ㔞ࠊᅵ୰ࡽ㟢ฟࡋࡓⅣ⣲㔞࡞ࢆ᥎ᐃࡍ
ࡿࠋ
2 ࣔࢹࣝ
㝣ᇦ⏕≀ᅪࣔࢹࣝ BEAMS ࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊձ⾨ᫍࢹ࣮ࢱࢆධຊ್ࡍࡿデ᩿ᆺࢱࣉࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶
ࡿࠊղ㝣ᇦ⏕ែ⣔ࡢⅣ⣲࣭Ỉ࣭࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ⌧࡛ࡁࡿࠊճග⏝ຠ⋡᳜≀⏕⌮Ꮫ
ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓගྜᡂࣔࢹࣝ㸦Farquhar et al., 1980㸧ࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡚ GPP ࢆ⟬ฟࡍࡿࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ᥇⏝
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋSasai et al. (2011)ࡽࡢᨵⰋⅬࡣࠊձ✚㞷ᒙࡢⅣ⣲ࣉ࣮ࣝࢆ㏣ຍࡋࠊղᅵተ
12
㻝㻞
ࡢỈࠊ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࣉ࣮ࣝࢆከᒙࡋࡓࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᅗ㸯㸧
ࠋỈࣉ࣮ࣝࡣ㸴ᒙࠊ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࣉ࣮ࣝࡣ
20 ᒙࡋࠊ㸯ᒙࡢཌࡉࡣ࡚ 50cm ࡋࡓࠋᅵተᒙ㛫ࡢ⇕㍺㏦㔞ࡣ୍ḟඖ⇕ఏᑟ᪉⛬ᘧࠊỈ㍺㏦
㔞ࡣࢲࣝࢩ࣮ࡢἲ๎ᇶ࡙ࡁィ⟬ࡍࡿࠋᅵተࡢయ✚ẚ⇕⇕ఏᑟ⋡ࡣྵỈ⋡ࠊ㏱ỈಀᩘࡣྵỈ
⋡ᅵተࢱࣉࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ౫Ꮡࡍࡿࠋάືᒙࡣࠊᆅ ኚక࠺ᅵተỈศࡢ┦ኚࡼࡗ࡚
⌧ࡋࡓࠋάືᒙ῝ᗘ㸦ALT: Active Layer Thickness㸧ࡣࠊ1 ᖺࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᆅ ࡀ 0r௨ୗ࡞ࡿᒙࡢ῝
ࡉᐃ⩏ࡋࡓࠋ
ᅗ㸯 ࣔࢹࣝᵓ㐀ᅗ㸸Ⅳ⣲ࣉࣟࢭࢫ㸦ᕥ㸧
ࠊỈ࣭࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࣉࣟࢭࢫ㸦ྑ㸧
Fahnestock et al. (2008)ࡢィ⟬ᘧࢆᇶࠊ㞷⿕そࡼࡿᅵተ྾㔞ไ㝈ࢆグ㏙ࡋࡓࠋᅵተ㠃ࡽࡢ
Ⅳ⣲ᨺฟ㔞(Rsoil)ࡣࠊᅵተ྾㔞㸦Rsresp㸧㞷⿕そ⋡㸦fsnow㸧ࡽ⟬ฟࡋࡓࠋ㞷㠃ࡽࡢⅣ⣲
ᨺฟ㔞㸦Rsnow㸧⟬ฟ࡛ࡣࠊⅣ⣲⃰ᗘ໙㓄ẚࡉࡏࡿᘧࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋ
Rsoil㸻Rsresp*(1-fsnow)
Rsnow㸻Ds *fp*(dc/dz)
Ds ࡣ✚㞷ᒙ࡛ࡢ CO 2 ᣑᩓಀᩘࠊc ࡣ✚㞷ᒙෆࡢⅣ⣲⃰ᗘࠊz ࡣ✚㞷῝ࠊfp ࡣ✚㞷ᒙࡢ✵㝽⋡࡛࠶
ࡿࠋ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞ᅵተࡽࡢᨺฟ㔞ࡣࠊRsoil Rsnow ࡢࡍࡿࠋ
Ọஂᅵࡢ⼥ゎక࠺ᅵⅣ⣲ࡢ㟢ฟ㔞ࢆ⟬ฟࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊᅵⅣ⣲ࣉ࣮ࣝ㸦PCP:Permafrost
Carbon Pool㸧ࢆసᡂࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ㸰㸧
ࠋ
ᅗ㸰 Ọஂᅵࡽ㟢ฟࡋࡓⅣ⣲㔞ࡢ⟬ฟ᪉ἲࡢᴫᛕᅗ
13
㻝㻟
Ỉ࣭࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࢧࣈࣔࢹ࡚ࣝ᥎ᐃࡉࢀࡓ ALT ࡀࠊ㐣ཤࡢ᭱άືᒙ῝ᗘ㸦ALTmax㸧ࡼࡾࡶ῝
ࡃ࡞ࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢ῝ࡉ┦ᙜࡍࡿᅵ୰ࡢⅣ⣲ࡀ㟢ฟࡍࡿࡼ࠺⌧ࡋࡓࠋᅵⅣ⣲ࡢ㟢ฟ㔞ࡣࠊ
⼥ゎࡋࡓᅵተࡢయ✚ᅵ୰ࡢⅣ⣲⃰ᗘࢆࡅ࡚ィ⟬ࡍࡿࠋ⼥ゎక࠸㟢ฟࡋࡓᅵተⅣ⣲ࡣࠊ௨
ୗࡢᘧࡽィ⟬ࡋࡓࠋ
if(ALT(t)-ALT(t-1) > 0)
else
PCP(t)=PCP(t-1) + d*( ALT(t)-ALT(t-1) )
PCP(t)=PCP(t-1)
d ࡣᅵ୰ࡢⅣ⣲⃰ᗘ࡛ࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ࣮ࣘࣛࢩỌஂᅵᆅᖏ࡛ほ ࡉࢀࡓ್㸦13, 21,
33kgC/m3㸧ࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀ⏝࠸࡚☜ᐃᛶࢆホ౯ࡋࡓ㸦Dutta et al., 2006㸧
ࠋ
3 ࣏ࣥࢺࢫࢣ࣮ࣝゎᯒ
3.1 ࣔࢹ᳨ࣝド
G2 ࡀほ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 2 ᆅⅬࡢࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫࢧࢺࢹ࣮ࢱࡼࡿࣔࢹ᳨ࣝドࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ᳨ドࢧࢺࡣࠊ
ࢫࣃࢫ࢝ࣖࣃࢵࢻ㸦SPAࠊ⦋ 62 ᗘ 15 ศࠊᮾ⤒ 129 ᗘ 37 ศ㸧࢚ࣞࢤ㸦ELGࠊ⦋ 60 ᗘ 1
ศࠊᮾ⤒ 133 ᗘ 49 ศ㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋSPA ࡢ᳜⏕✀ࡣ࣐࢝ࣛࢶ㸦ⴠⴥ㔪ⴥᶞᯘ㸧
ࠊELG ࡣ࣐࢝ࣛࢶ㸦ⴠ
ⴥ㔪ⴥᶞᯘ㸧࡛ࠊ୧ࢧࢺ࡛ほ ࡉࢀࡓẼ ࠊୗྥࡁ▷ἼᨺᑕࠊỈẼᅽࠊ㢼㏿ࠊࣝ࣋ࢻࠊᆅ
⾲㠃 ᗘࠊ
㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ 30 ศ್ࢆ㸯ࣨ᭶ᖹᆒ್ࠊ
ࡶࡋࡃࡣ✚⟬್ኚࡋ࡚ࠊ
ࣔࢹࣝධຊࡋࡓࠋfPARࠊ
LAI ࡣᐇ ࢹ࣮ࢱࡀධᡭ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊMODIS ࣉࣟࢲࢡࢺ㸦MOD15A1ࠊMYD15A2㸧ࡢ⾨ᫍ
ほ ್ࢆࡗࡓࠋ᳨ドࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡣࠊ20cm ῝ 120cm ῝ࡢᆅ ࠊ20cm ῝ࡢᅵተỈศ㔞ࠊ₯⇕ࠊ
GPPࠊNEP ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᳨ドᮇ㛫ࡣࠊSPA ࡀ 2004 ᖺ~2010 ᖺࠊELG ࡀ 2010 ᖺ࡛ࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡶほ ྍ⬟
࡞᳜⏕ࡢᡂ㛗ᮇ㸦4 ᭶㹼9 ᭶㸧ࡢࡳࢆᑐ㇟ࡍࡿࠋࣔࢹࣝࡢึᮇ᮲௳ࡋ࡚᳃ᯘࡢᶞ㱋ࢆ 30 ᖺ
௬ᐃࡋࠊィ⟬ἲࡼࡿ Spin-up ࡛ྛⅣ⣲ࠊỈࠊ⇕ࣉ࣮ࣝࡢึᮇ್ࢆồࡵࡓࠋ
SPA ELG ࠾࠸ࡿࣔࢹ᳨ࣝドࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸦ᅗ㸱㸧
ࠋ20cm ῝࠾ࡅࡿᆅ ࡢᏘ⠇ኚࠊ⤒ᖺኚ
ࡣࠊ୧ࢧࢺࡶᐇ ್Ⰻ࠸୍⮴ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ120cm ῝ࡢᆅ ࡣࠊSPA ࡢ⤒ᖺኚࢆᴫࡡ⌧࡛
ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊᏘ⠇ኚࡢᖜࡀࡸࡸࡁ࠸ࡇࡀࢃࡗࡓࠋELG ࡶኟᏘ㐣ホ౯࡞ࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿࡇࡽࠊࣔࢹࣝࡢᨵၿࡀᚲせࡔᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋSPA ࡢయ✚ྵỈ⋡ࡣࠊ2006ࠊ2007 ᖺࡢኟࡽ
⛅ࡅ࡚ࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ቑຍక࠺ᅵተỈศ㔞ࡢᛴ⃭࡞ቑຍࡀ⌧࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋELG ࡢయ✚ྵỈ⋡
ࡶ㐣ᑠホ౯ࡢഴྥ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢཎᅉࡋ࡚ࠊࣔࢹࣝෆ࡛ᐃ⩏ࡋࡓయ✚ྵỈ⋡ࡢ್᭱ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡘࡲࡾࠊ
ᅵተỈศ㔞ࡣᅵተࢱࣉࡈᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡓ✵㝽⋡ࢆୖᅇࡽ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ᐃ⩏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ
㐣࡞ᅵተỈศ≧ែࡢᅵተࢆ࠺ࡲࡃ⌧࡛ࡁ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋᚋࡣࠊ✵㝽⋡ࡢᐃ⩏᪉ἲࡸᅵ
ተࡢỈ㍺㏦ࡢィ⟬᪉ἲࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡃணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ₯⇕ࠊGPPࠊNEP ࡣࠊᏘ⠇ኚࠊ⤒ᖺ
ኚືࡶᴫࡡⰋ࠸୍⮴ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ┦㐪Ⅼࡋ࡚ࡣࠊSPA ࡢ GPP ࡀ 2004ࠊ2005ࠊ2006 ᖺࡢኟᏘ
ࡸࡸ㐣ᑠホ౯࡞ࡗࡓⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋGPP ධຊࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡛࠶ࡿ᪥ᑕ㔞ࡢ㛵ಀࡀ㛫ⓗᩚྜࡋ
࡞࠸ࡇࡽࠊᚋࡣឤᗘゎᯒ࡞ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚Ẽ ࡸỈ GPP ࡢ㛵ಀࢆㄪࠊᐃ⩏ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡢ
᭱㐺ࢆ⾜࠺ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᮏ᳨ド࠾ࡅࡿ᭱ࡢⅬࡣࠊ᪤Ꮡ◊✲ࡼࡾࡶከࡃࡢ㡯┠ࢆྠ᳨
ドࡋࡓࡇ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࠊỈࠊⅣ⣲ࣉࣟࢭࢫ㛫ࡢ┦స⏝ࡶྵࡵࠊࣔࢹ
ࣝࡀྛࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫࡢᏘ⠇ኚືࠊ⤒ᖺኚືࢆጇᙜ⌧࡛ࡁࡿࡇࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ୍⮴ࡀぢ
ࡽࢀࡓⅬࡣࠊᚋࡢㄢ㢟ࡋ࡚ࣔࢹࣝᵓ㐀ࡢᨵၿࡸࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡢ᭱㐺ࢆࡍணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
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ᅗ㸱 SPA㸦ୖ㸧 ELG㸦ୗ㸧࠾ࡅࡿ
20cm ῝ࠊ120cm ῝ࡢᆅ ࠊయ✚ྵỈ⋡ࠊGPPࠊNEP ࡢ᳨ド
3.2 ࢧࢺ㛫࡛ࡢẚ㍑
᳨ド⤖ᯝࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࠊᮏࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸࡚ SPA ELG ࡢࢧࢺ㛫ẚ㍑ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ୧ࢧࢺࡢࣇࣛ
ࢵࢡࢫࡢᖺ㛫✚⟬್ᖺᖹᆒࣉ࣮ࣝ㔞ࢆẚ㍑ࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ㸲㸧
ࠋ୧ࢧࢺࡢඹ㏻Ⅼࡋ࡚ࠊRa/GPP ẚ
ࡣ࠾࠾ࡼࡑ 0.54 ⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊ┦㐪Ⅼࡋ࡚ࡣⅣ⣲ࣉ࣮ࣝࠊࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫࡢ࠸
ࡎࢀࡶ SPA ࡼࡾ ELG ࡢ᪉ࡀࡁࡃࠊỈࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫࡶⓎ㔞ࢆ㝖ࡅࡤ ELG ࡢ᪉ࡀࡁ࡞್࡛࠶ࡿ
ࡇࡀࢃࡗࡓࠋELG ࡢ᪉ࡀ⯡ⓗ⏕ែ⣔άືࡣ┒ࢇ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ⏕≀ⓗࣉࣟࢭࢫࡉࢀࡿⅣ
⣲ࡢᚠ⎔㏿ᗘࡸᩓ㔞ࡣ ELG ࡢ᪉ࡀ㏿࠸ࡶࡢᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊⓎ㔞ࡣ≀⌮ࣉࣟࢭࢫᇶ࡙
ࡃࡓࡵࠊࡢࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫࡢഴྥࡀ␗࡞ࡗࡓ᥎ ࡉࢀࡿࠋⓎ㔞┤᥋ⓗᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡿ≀⌮ࣃ
࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡢ≉ᚩࢆㄪࡿࠊELG ࡢ᪉ࡀ SPA ࡼࡾࡶ㏻ᖺ࡛ỈẼᅽࡀ㧗࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊᅵተ
ẼࡢỈẼᅽ໙㓄ࡣ ELG ࡢ᪉ࡀᑠࡉ࠸ࡓࡵࠊELG ࡢⓎ㔞ࡣ SPA ࡼࡾࡶࡸࡸపࡃぢ✚ࡶࡽ
ࢀࡓ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊྛࣉ࣮ࣝࡢࣂࣛࣥࢫࢆࡳࡿࠊ᰿ࡢࣂ࣐࢜ࢫ㔞ࡀᖿẚ࡚ᑠࡉࡍ
ࡂࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࣂ࣐࢜ࢫ㔞ࡣࠊGPPࠊ྾ࠊࣜࢱ࣮㔞ࡢࣂࣛࣥࢫࡼࡗ࡚Ỵࡲࡿࡓࡵࠊ
ᚋࡣ㸱ࡘࡢࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫ㛵ࢃࡿᐃ⩏ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࢆㄪࠊ㐺ᐅ᭱㐺ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡃணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠ
ᵝࠊⓎᩓࡢࣂࣛࣥࢫࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ᳨ウࡀᚲせࡔᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋⓎ㔞ẚࠊᩓ㔞ࡣࡸࡸ
ᑠࡉࡍࡂࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᩓ㔞ࡣẼᏍࢥࣥࢲࢡࢱࣥࢫ✵ẼຊᏛⓗᢠࡢࣂࣛࣥࢫࡼࡗ࡚Ỵ
ࡲࡿࡀࠊGPP ࡢ᳨ドࡣᴫࡡၥ㢟࡞࠸ࡇࡽ✵ẼຊᏛⓗᢠㄢ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿ᥎ ࡉࢀࡿࠋ⟬ฟᘧ
ࡢᨵၿࡶྵࡵࠊ᮶ᖺᗘࡢㄢ㢟ࡍࡿࠋ
15
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ᅗ㸲 ࢧࢺ㛫ẚ㍑㸸Ⅳ⣲ᚠ⎔㸦ୖ㸧
ࠊỈᚠ⎔㸦ୗ㸧
4 ࢩ࣋ࣜᇦ࡛ࡢࣔࢹࣝゎᯒ
4.1 ࣔࢹࣝゎᯒ᮲௳
BEAMS ⾨ᫍほ ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊࢩ࣋ࣜᆅᇦࡢⅣ⣲࣭Ỉ࣭࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ᨭࡢᗈᇦゎᯒࢆ
⾜ࡗࡓࠋゎᯒᮇ㛫ࡣࠊ2001 ᖺ 1 ᭶ࡽ 2010 ᖺ 12 ᭶ࡲ࡛ࡢ 10 ᖺ㛫ࠊ㛫ゎീᗘࡣ 1 ᭶ࠊ✵㛫
ゎീᗘࡣ 10km×10km ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᑐ㇟㡿ᇦࡣࠊࢩ࣋ࣜࢆ୰ᚰࡋࡓ E60°ࠥW170°ࠊN35°ࠥN80°ࡢ
⠊ᅖ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣔࢹࣝධຊ್ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ⣔ิࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ LSTࠊfPARࠊLAIࠊୗྥࡁ▷Ἴᨺᑕ㛫ᅛ
ᐃࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ᳜⏕ศ㢮ᅗ MODIS ࣉࣟࢲࢡࢺࢆ⏝ࡋࠊ⿵ຓࢹ࣮ࢱࡋ࡚Ẽ ࠊỈẼᅽࠊ㢼㏿
ࡣ NCEP/NCAR ゎᯒࢹ࣮ࢱࠊẼ CO2 ⃰ᗘࡣ࣐࢘ࢼࣟࡢほ ࢹ࣮ࢱࠊᅵተࢱࣉࡣ FAO ࡢ
ࣥ࣋ࣥࢺ࣮ࣜࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ 㸦⾲㸯㸧ࠋẼ CO2 ⃰ᗘࢆ㝖ࡃࡍ࡚ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠊ✵㛫ゎീᗘࢆ
10km ࣓ࢵࢩࣗ๓ฎ⌮ࡋࠊ⣔ิࢹ࣮ࢱࡣ㛫ศゎ⬟ࢆ 1 ᭶ࡋࡓࠋẼ CO2 ⃰ᗘࡣ㡿ᇦ
୍࡛ᐃ್௬ᐃࡋ࡚ᗈᇦィ⟬ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋᅵᆅ⿕そᅗࡣࠊ᳜⏕ࡢᶵ⬟ࢱࣉẖ 17 ࢱࣉศ㢮ࡉ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࢆ 11 ࢱࣉ㞟ィࡋ࡚⏝ࡋࡓࠋ
16
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⾲㸯 ᗈᇦゎᯒ⏝࠸ࡓධຊࢹ࣮ࢱࢭࢵࢺ
ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ
ࢹ࣮ࢱࢭࢵࢺ
LST
MOD11A2, MYD11A2
fPAR, LAI
MOD15A2, MYD15A2
ࣝ࣋ࢻ
MCD43B3
Ẽ NCEP/NCAR Re-analysis
ୗྥࡁ▷Ἴᨺᑕ
MODIS PAR product
㢼㏿
NCEP/NCAR Re-analysis
‵ᗘ
NCEP/NCAR Re-analysis
㝆Ỉ㔞
GPCP version 2.2
Ẽ CO 2 ⃰ᗘ
Observation in Mauna Loa
ᶆ㧗
SRTM, GTOPO30, ASTER/GDEM
ᅵተࢱࣉ
FAO soil texture group
ᅵᆅ⿕そᅗ
MOD12Q1
4.2 άືᒙศᕸ
ࢩ࣋ࣜᇦࡢ 10 ᖺ㛫ࡢάືᒙ῝ᗘࡢ✵㛫ศᕸቑῶഴྥ
㸦⥺ᙧࢺࣞࣥࢻ㸧ࢆ᥎ᐃࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ㸳㸧ࠋ
῝ᗘศᕸࡣࠊẼ ࡢ⦋ᗘᖏࣃࢱ࣮ࣥ㢮ఝࡋ࡚すࡽ༡ᮾ᪉ྥኚࡋࡓࠋ῝ᗘ໙㓄ࡣ N50°
ࠥN60°ࡢ㛫࡛ࡣࡁ࠸ࡀࠊᴟᇦྥ࠺ᚑࡗ࡚⦆ࡸኚࡋࡓࠋᮏ◊✲࡛᥎ᐃࡉࢀࡓ࣮ࣘࣛ
ࢩ㝣ࡢỌஂᅵᆅᖏ㠃✚ࡣ 659.9 km2ࠊ᪤Ꮡ◊✲ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ Tarnocai et al. (2009)ࡢ 725.5
km2 ࡼࡾⱝᖸ㐣ᑠホ౯࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊᴫࡡጇᙜ࡞ぢ✚ࡶࡾࡔᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ10 ᖺ㛫ࡢάືᒙ
῝ᗘࡢቑῶศᕸࡣࠊࢩ࣋ࣜᮾ㒊࡛ࡣάືᒙ῝ᗘࡀቑຍࡋࠊ୰ࠊす㒊ᇦ࡛ࡣῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᮾ㒊
࡛ࡣᅵ⼥ゎࡀ㐍⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡸࠊᮾす࡛㏫ഴྥ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡗࡓࠋẼ ࡸ LST ࡢศᕸࡀ
ྠᵝࡢഴྥࢆ♧ࡍࡇࡽࠊᆅ⾲㠃ࡽࡢ⇕࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡀỌஂᅵࡲ࡛㍺㏦ࡉࢀࡿ㐣⛬ࠊཬࡧࡑ
ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿάືᒙࡢ✵㛫ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡣጇᙜ࡞ഴྥ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ᅗ㸳 10 ᖺ㛫ࡢάືᒙ῝ᗘࡢ✵㛫ศᕸ㸦ᕥ㸧ቑῶࢺࣞࣥࢻ㸦ྑ㸧
17
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4.3 Ⅳ⣲ᨭゎᯒ
ྠᵝࠊ10 ᖺ㛫ࡢᖺ㛫✚⟬ NEP ࡢ✵㛫ศᕸቑῶഴྥࢆ᥎ᐃࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ㸴㸧ࠋ᪉ᯘᖏ࡛ࡣ NEP
ࡀṇࠊᴟᇦࡢࢶࣥࢻࣛᆅᖏࡸᶆ㧗ࡢ㧗࠸ሙᡤࠊ᳜⏕ࡀ࡞ᆅᇦ࡛ࡣ㈇ࡢഴྥࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋᑐ㇟ᆅᇦ
యࡢ 2001ࠥ2010 ᖺࡢ NEP ᖺ㛫✚⟬್ࡣ 212.0MtC/year ࡛ࠊྠᆅᇦࡣࡇࡢ 10 ᖺ㛫ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚Ⅳ⣲
྾※࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇࡀࢃࡿࠋNEP ࡢቑῶഴྥ࡛ࡣࠊάືᒙ῝ᗘྠᵝᮾ㒊࡛ቑຍࠊ୰ࠊす㒊
࡛ῶᑡഴྥ࡞ࡗࡓࠋගྜᡂάືࡸ᳜⏕྾ࠊᅵተᚤ⏕≀άືᑐࡍࡿ ᗘไ㝈ࡀ㠀ᖖᙉ࠸ᆅ
ᇦ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡿࠊẼ ࡸ LST ᙉࡃᛂ⟅ࡋ࡚ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ഴྥ࡞ࡗࡓࡇࡣጇᙜࡔ
ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋᑐ㇟ᆅᇦయࡢቑῶഴྥࡣࠊ+5.9MtC/year ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㏆ᖺࠊྠᆅᇦࡢ㝣ᇦ⏕ែ⣔ࡣࡼ
ࡾࡁ࡞Ⅳ⣲྾※ࡋ࡚ᡂ㛗ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ᅗ㸴 10 ᖺ㛫ࡢ NEP ࡢ✵㛫ศᕸ㸦ᕥ㸧ቑῶࢺࣞࣥࢻ㸦ྑ㸧
ᬮక࠺ࢩ࣋ࣜᆅᇦࡢ⏕ែ⣔ᶵ⬟ࡢኚࢆᢕᥱࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊẼ ࠊᆅ ࠊGPPࠊ⏕ែ⣔
྾㔞㸦Re㸧ࡢ⤒ᖺኚࢆẚ㍑ࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ㸵㸧ࠋGPP Ẽ ࠊRe ᆅ ࡢ⤒ᖺኚࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀ㢮ఝࡋ
ࡓࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡇࡽࠊࢩ࣋ࣜᇦࡢ⏕ែ⣔ᶵ⬟ࡣ ᗘࡼࡗ࡚ࡁࡃኚࡍࡿࡇࡀ
ࢃࡗࡓࠋ᭦ࡣࠊᐮ෭ᅪࡢⅣ⣲ᚠ⎔ࢆᢕᥱࡍࡿୖ࡛ࠊගྜᡂάືᑐࡍࡿẼ ࢫࢺࣞࢫࡸ྾࣭
ᅵተศゎᑐࡍࡿ ᗘ౫Ꮡᛶࡣ㔜せ࡞ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡔ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ10 ᖺ㛫࡛ࡢ GPP ࡢቑຍ㔞ࡣࠊ
Re ࡢቑຍ㔞ࡼࡾࡶࡁ࠸ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊẼ ࡀගྜᡂཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪ࡣࠊᆅ ࡀ⏕ែ⣔ࡢ྾άືཬ
ࡰࡍᙳ㡪ࡼࡾࡁ࠸ࡇࡽࠊ ᬮࡢ㐍⾜ࡼࡾྠᆅᇦࡢ⏕ែ⣔ࡢⅣ⣲྾㔞ࡣቑࡍࡿ᪉ྥ
࠶ࡿࡇࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ᅗ㸵 GPP Ẽ 㸦ᕥ㸧
ࠊRe ᆅ 㸦ྑ㸧ࡢ⤒ᖺኚືࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡢẚ㍑
4.4 Ọஂᅵ⼥ゎక࠺ᅵተⅣ⣲ࡢ㟢ฟ㔞
άືᒙ῝ᗘࡢኚື㔞ࢆࡶࠊỌஂᅵᆅᖏᇦࡢᅵࡽ㟢ฟࡋࡓⅣ⣲㔞ࢆ⟬ฟࡋࡓࠋάື
ᒙ῝ᗘࡣ㐣ཤ 10 ᖺ㛫࡛ 1.6m ⛬ᗘ῝ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ᥎ᐃࡉࢀࠊᅵ୰ࡢⅣ⣲ᐦᗘࡢほ ್ᇶ࡙ࡃィ
⟬ࡼࢀࡤࠊ⣙ 4.1ࠥ9.8GtC ࡢⅣ⣲ࡀ㟢ฟࡋࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㟢ฟ㔞ࡣࠊ10 ᖺ㛫ࡢ✚⟬ NEP ࡢ⣙
2.4ࠥ5.7 ಸ┦ᙜࡍࡿࡇࡽࠊ⼥ゎᒙࡢᅵተᚤ⏕≀ࡀάⓎࡋ࡚ศゎࡀ㐍ࡵࡤࠊẼከ㔞ࡢ
ᐊຠᯝ࢞ࢫ㸦㓟Ⅳ⣲ࡸ࣓ࢱࣥ㸧ࡀᨺฟࡉࢀࡿࡇࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࠋᚋࡣࠊ㟢ฟࡋࡓⅣ⣲ࡀ
ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛⏕ែ⣔άືᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋࠊࡢ⛬ᗘẼᨺฟࡉࢀࡿࢆࣔࢹࣝグ㏙ࡋ
࡚࠸ࡃࡇࡀ ᬮ◊✲ࢆ㐍ࡵࡿୖ࡛㔜せࡔ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
18
㻝㻤
ᅗ㸶 㟢ฟࡋࡓᅵተⅣ⣲㔞άືᒙ῝ᗘࡢẚ㍑
5 ࡲࡵ
ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㝣ᇦ⏕≀ᅪࣔࢹࣝ BEAMS ᅵተ୰ࡢỈ࣭࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ከᒙ㍺㏦ࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ⤫ྜࡋࠊ
ࢩ࣋ࣜᆅᇦࡢỈ࣭࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮࣭Ⅳ⣲ࡢ┦స⏝ࢆホ౯ࡋࡓࠋࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫࢧࢺ࡛ࡢᐇ ್ࢆ⏝
࠸ࡓࣔࢹ᳨ࣝド࡛ࡣࠊᅵተ୰ࡢỈ࣭⇕㈓␃㔞ࡸྛࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫࡣᐇ ್ࡼ࠸୍⮴ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ
ࡀ ศ ࡗ ࡓࠋ ᗈᇦ ゎ ᯒࡢ ⤖ᯝ ࠊ 2001ࠥ 2010 ᖺ ࠾ࡅ ࡿ ࢩ࣋ ࣜ 㝣 ᇦ⏕ ែ⣔ ࡢ NEP ࡣ
212.0MtC/year ᥎ᐃࡉࢀࠊⅣ⣲ࡢ྾※ࡋ࡚స⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࠊࡑࡢ 10 ᖺ㛫࡛+5.9MtC/year
ࡢቑຍഴྥࢆ♧ࡋࠊ㏆ᖺࡼࡾᕧ࡞Ⅳ⣲྾※ࡋ࡚ᡂ㛗ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀศࡗࡓࠋྠᆅᇦࡢ⏕
ែ⣔άືࡣࠊ ᗘࡁࡃ౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ ᬮࡼࡗ࡚Ⅳ⣲྾㔞ࡀቑࡋ࡚࠸ࡃྍ⬟ᛶࡀ♧
၀ࡉࢀࡓࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊᅵࡢ⼥ゎࡼࡾ㐣ཤ 10 ᖺ㛫࡛ᅵ୰ࡽ 4.1ࠥ9.8GtC ࡶࡢⅣ⣲ࡀ㟢ฟࡋࡓ
⟬ᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋ ᬮࡼࡗ࡚᳜⏕ࡢⅣ⣲ᅛᐃ㔞ࡣቑຍࡍࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊྠᅵࡢ⼥ゎࡀಁ㐍ࡉ
ࢀࡿࠋ⌧ᅾࠊࢩ࣋ࣜ⏕ែ⣔ࡣⅣ⣲ࡢ྾※ࡋ࡚స⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢࡲࡲ ᬮࡀ⥔ᣢࡋࠊ
ᅵࡽ㟢ฟࡋࡓⳘ࡞Ⅳ⣲ࡀᚤ⏕≀άືࡼࡗ࡚ศゎࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡣⅣ⣲ࡢᨺฟ※
㌿ࡌࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡀணࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊᅵࡽ㟢ฟࡋࡓⅣ⣲ࡀẼᨺฟࡍࡿࡲ࡛ࡢືែ
ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇࡀࠊỌஂᅵࡀⅣ⣲ᚠ⎔ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪ࢆホ౯ࡍࡿୖ࡛㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᚋࡣ BEAMS ࡢධຊ್ᑐࡋ࡚ឤᗘゎᯒࢆ⾜࠸ࠊྛせ⣲ࡀỈ࣭⇕࣭Ⅳ⣲ᨭཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪ࢆ
ᐃ㔞ⓗホ౯ࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓᏘ⠇ኚࡸࠊ᳜⏕✀ࠊỌஂᅵศᕸ࡞╔┠ࡋ࡚ࡢඛ⾜◊✲ࢆཧ⪃
ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽᵝࠎ࡞どⅬࡽࢩ࣋ࣜ⏕ែ⣔ࡢ⌮ゎྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡓ࠸ࠋ
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
Dutta, K., Schuur, E. A. G., Neff, J. C. and Zimov, S. A., 2006, Potential carbon release from permafrost
soils of Northeastern Siberia. Global Change Biology, 12, 2336–2351.
Fahnestock, J. T., M. H. Jones, P. D. Brooks, D. A. Walker, and J. M. Welker, 1998, Winter and early spring
CO 2 efflux from tundra communities of northern Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 29,
023–29, 027.
Farquhar, G., S. von Caemmener, and J. Berry, 1980, A biochemical model of photosynthesis CO2 fixation
in leaves of C3 species. Planta, 149, 78– 90.
Kane, D, L., Hinzman, L. D. and Zarling, J. P., 1991, Thermal response of the active layer to climatic
19
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warming in a permafrost environment. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 19, 111-122.
Lemke, P., J. Ren, R.B. Alley, I. Allison, J. Carrasco, G. Flato, Y. Fujii, G. Kaser, P. Mote, R.H. Thomas and
T. Zhang, 2007: Observations: Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground. In: Climate Change 2007:
The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis,
K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United
Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
Sasai, T., K. Ichii, R. R. Nemani, and Y. Yamaguchi, 2005, Simulating terrestrial carbon fluxes using the
new biosphere model “biosphere model integrating eco-physiological and mechanistic approaches
using satellite data” (BEAMS). Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, G02014,
doi:10.1019/2005JG000045.
Sasai, T., N. Saigusa, K.N. Nasahara, A. Ito, H. Hashimoto, R.R. Nemani, R. Hirata, K. Ichii, K. Takagi,
T.M. Saitoh, T. Ohta, K. Murakami, Y. Yamaguchi, T. Oikawa, 2011, Satellite-driven estimation of
terrestrial carbon flux over Far East Asia with 1-km grid resolution,
Remote
Sensing
of
Environment, 115, 7, 1758-1771, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2011.03.007., 2011.6.
Smith N. V., S. S. Saatchi, and J. T. Randerson, 2004, Trends in high northern latitude soil freeze and thaw
cycles from 1988 to 2002. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 109, D12101,
doi:10.1029/2003JD004472.
Tarnocai, C., Canadell, J. G., Schuur, E. A. G., Kuhry, P., Mazhitova, G. and Zimov, S., 2009, Soil organic
carbon pools in the northern circumpolar permafrost region. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 23,
doi:10.1029/2008GB003327.
Trucco, C., E. A. G. Schuur, S. M. Natali, E. F. Belshe, R. Bracho, and J. Vogel, 2012, Seven-year trends of
CO2 exchange in a tundra ecosystem affected by long-term permafrost thaw. Journal of Geophysical
Research-Biogeosciences, 117, G02031, doi:10.1029/2011JG001907.
20
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G1a-2 䠄GOSAT 䝕䞊䝍ゎᯒ䝏䞊䝮䠅άືせ⣙
Wetland classification of West Siberia based on Landsat and its application for
methane emission inventory in taiga zone
S. Maksyutov
Quantification of the wetland methane emissions is complicated by large heterogeneity of the methane
emission rates and wetland landscapes. Wetland mapping is important component for assessing the global
methane emissions. West Siberia wetlands are the biggest wetland area in Eurasia, are situated in the high
latitudes experiencing enhanced rate of climate change. A number of wetland, vegetation and peat maps of
the West Siberia were developed in 1970s, but those are not easily applicable for methane emission
mapping due to use of the generalized classifications which do not reflect heterogeneity of the landscapes
at scales of less than 100 m. In this study, we developed a new wetland typology map based on Landsat
imagery and applied it to scaling up the CH4 fluxes measured by a static chamber method (Glagolev et al.,
2011). Taking into account relative abundance of different mire types a classification scheme oriented on
methane emission estimates was developed. It is based on earlier classifications and consists of the
simplest mire units or microlandscapes as the oligotrophic hollows, waterlogged hollows, forested bogs
and ridges, fens (including poor fens and swamps) and wetland lakes. Taiga zone of West Siberia was
chosen as a primary target for the land cover classification since its large wetland area. 68 Landsat scenes
were classified. Totally, wetland area was estimated at 55.7 Mha that is slightly higher as compared to the
earlier estimate of 51.5 Mha (Romanova’s et al., 1977). Methane emission rates vary strongly among the
microlandscapes. While the highest amounts are emitted by waterlogged hollows followed by fens, the
lowest rates are emitted by relatively «dry» landcover units such as forested bogs and ridges. According to
our estimates they account for only 3% of the regional flux despite occupying almost 40% of the total
wetland area. The oligotrophic and waterlogged hollows as parts of patterned bogs cover more than quarter
of the mire territory accounting for almost half of the total CH4 emission. Lakes are widespread over taiga
mire systems occupying 16% of the territory and contributing 15% of CH4 flux to the atmosphere. The rest
of the territory is mainly occupied by fens, poor fens and swamps (13%) contributing 33% of the total CH4
25
㻞㻡
flux. Applying the new map resulted in total methane emissions from taiga zone of 3.53 TgC•yr-1 which is
87% higher than the former estimates by Glagolev et al. (2011). This considerable revision is caused by the
changes in fractional coverages of methane emitting landscapes.
Glagolev M, Kleptsova I, Filippov I, Maksyutov S, Machida T. 2011. Regional methane emission from
West Siberia mire landscapes. ERL 6 045214. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045214
Romanova EA, Bybina RT , Golitsyna EF , Ivanova GM , Usova LI, Trushnikova LG. 1977. Wetland
typology map of West Siberian lowland scale 1:2500 000 GUGK: Leningrad, Russia
26
㻞㻢
Wetland classification of West Siberia based on Landsat and its application for
methane emission inventory in taiga zone
6Maksyutov1, ,Kleptsova2, 0Glagolev2,3, +6Kim1, (Lapshina2
1
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
2
Yugorsky State University, Khanty-Mansyisk, Russia;
3
Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
1. Introduction
A number of wetland maps are available for west Siberian wetlands. The map by Romanova et al. (1977)
appears to be most detailed among them. However the original version is not directly applicable for methane
emission inventory. The area fractions of wetland microlandscapes or basic wetland units with different methane
emission rates are necessary for total flux calculations, while the map by Romanova et al. (1977) includes only
wetland type mixtures composed of several microlandscape types without the information on its fractional
coverage. Peregon et al. (2009) complemented the map by estimating the fractional coverage using highresolution images for five test areas of a Landsat image size. However, field survey data revealed this approach is
not accurate enough and cannot substitute direct classification of West Siberia mires using Landsat imagery.
Thus the main goals of this study were: (1) to develop a new wetland map based on Landsat imagery; (2)
and to apply it for estimating the total CH 4 emission from the case study of middle taiga zone.
2.1 Materials
As a starting point for the land cover classification it was compulsory to develop a proper classification
scheme relevant to target purpose that is to improve methane emission estimations. It is necessary to have
knowledge about wetland type distribution at the study area. To accomplish the goal we carried out large-scale
field observations during 2007–11 summer–autumn periods that included both methane fluxes measurements and
studies of the representative mire landscapes within a series of key sites in middle taiga zone (Glagolev et al.,
2011).
Middle taiga zone was chosen as a case study since it has the largest area extent of mires and is the most
paludified zone in West Siberia. It belongs to raised patterned ridge-hollow landscape mire zone. Several types
of ridge-hollow complexes prevail at this area and commonly occupy watersheds. They seat upon a peat layer of
several meters deep which is composed by sphagnum peat with small addition of other plants. Since these
wetlands are growing on surface, a relief composed of well-developed central plateau with gentle slopes is formed.
Central plateau depressions with stagnant water usually include groups of secondary lakes. Dryer complexes
27
㻞㻣
consisting of narrow ridges and vast hollows instead of lakes occupy better drained gentle slopes. The most
drained sites are dominated by dwarf pines with shrubs and sphagnum mosses (“ryam”). Finally, poor fens and
fens are developed along the wetland edges and characterized by low lateral water flow and relatively high
nutrient availability (Kats and Neishtadt, 1963).
Relying on abundance of different mire types in middle taiga the following classification scheme was
developed. It consists of simplest peat land units or microlandscapes and is based on the classification by Peregon
et al. (2009):
x
Oligotrophic hollows: depressed parts of ridge-hollow, palsa complexes and open bogs;
x
Waterlogged hollows: depressed parts of ridge-hollow, palsa complexes and patterned fens with
high water table level;
x
Ryams: pine-dwarf shrubs-sphagnum communities;
x
Ridges: elevated parts of ridge-hollow complexes and patterned fens; vegetation cover similar with
ryams;
x
Fens: minerotrophic fens, poor fens and wooded swamps;
x
Lakes: primary and secondary lakes and rivers.
Microlandscapes are characterized by similar vegetation, water and nutrient conditions. Since these are the
main controlling methane emission factors, microlandscapes emit methane with the similar intensity, too. This
classification is applicable for the quantification and spatial extrapolation of any peat ecosystem characteristics
including methane emissions.
Since the majority of microlandscapes except ryams and large lakes can be recognized only using satellite
images of higher resolution than Landsat, we developed another classification scheme suitable for Landsat image
processing. This classification includes wetland complexes widely spread at West Siberian middle taiga and is
based on studies by Lapshina, (2003), Filippov and Lapshina, (2008).
2.2 Methods
Land cover classification
To map of West Siberian wetlands we used Landsat-5 and Landsat-7 images. Since the vegetation of West
Siberian plane includes various types of forests, meadow, burnings, agricultural fields and others, so for
prevention of misclassification, wetland environments were distinguished from other landscapes using Green-Red
(GRVI) and Normalized Difference (NDVI) vegetation indices (Motohka et al., 2010). Wetlands were
predominantly distinguished using GRVI, while NDVI were firstly used to make lake mask. Mask noises were
filtered in MatLab v. 7.11 (The MathWorks, Inc.; USA) using generalization algorithm.
Supervised classification of masked image was carried out in MultiSpec using 4̽5 and 3 spectral bands.
Different mire types were recognized by the relative position within a landscape, shape and its spectral signature.
As far as possible, different high-resolution images were used for classification and verification. To set test sites
and validate final map we used ground-truth data including detailed botanical descriptions with photographs of
each site; pH and electrical conductivity data were also used. Available cartographic materials and another
published data (Liss et al. 2001, Usova, 2009, Lapshina, 2004) were used for determination of ecosystem types,
28
㻞㻤
too. Pixels selected as test sites usually represented small pixel window with a homogeneous land cover type. For
rare classes (e.g., water), pixel sample points were chosen with many pixels in the window belonging to the same
class.
More than 50 land cover classes were discriminated during classification and further generalized to several
wetland types. Classification errors were calculated for test areas. When the error for any wetland type reached
20% original test areas were modified. Classified image was filtered using generalization algorithms.
Measurements were made by a static chamber method (Glagolev et al., 2011). The total methane emission
was estimated by multiplying the average emission rates of the mire micro-landscape types with the fractional
area coverage of each ecosystem types, and the periods of methane emission in each zone. Bc8 emission inventory
(Glagolev et al., 2011) was used for estimating total methane flux.
3. Results and discussion
Using the described approach, the map of West Siberia middle taiga mire landscapes was developed (Fig.
1). Total mire area appeared to be 20.2 Mha which is similar to the estimation of 19.5 Mha (Peregon et al., 2009).
Generally, wetland contours accurately match the same one from (Sheng et al., 2004).
It is generally known that the methane emission rates vary strongly among the individual land cover classes.
While the highest amounts are emitted by waterlogged hollows, followed by fens and poor fens, the lowest rates
are emitted by the classes with dry substrate characteristics as ryams and ridges (Table 1). Thereby despite the
huge areas of these landscapes they contribute annually only 0.04 MtC or 4% of the regional flux. At present time
methane emission from ryams and ridges are well known (Kleptsova et al., 2010; Glagolev et al., 2011) and since
these mires are not important at the regional scale, their further investigations are not urgent.
Figure 1. Map of West Siberia middle taiga mire landscapes.
29
㻞㻥
Comparison of wetland area fractions calculated using new map and a map by Romanova et al. (1977) with
fractional coverages by Peregon et al. (2009) and its application for CH 4 emission estimation are shown in Table
1. In this study we obtained 94% higher methane emissions from the middle taiga zone. Such considerable
estimation revision is directly related to the variations in relative area fractions of strongly and weakly emitting
landscapes. According to estimates by Peregon et al. (2009) ryams and ridges are fully dominating in the middle
taiga zone accounting for 75.8% of the mire area. Current study suggests that ryam and ridge areas are
considerably lower; these landscapes presently cover 50.7% of the mire area. Moreover, the ridge area didn’t
change while the ryam area decreased from 54% to 26%. Instead of it, fen and poor fen areas were increased in an
order of magnitude contributing an additional 0.33 MtC/yr to the regional flux. Compared to approach by
Romanova et al. (1977), the Landsat satellite imagery classification provides more efficient methodology. It
makes possible to designate even small areas of few pixel size (about 50-100 m) including fens and swamps.
Landsat imagery also provides a possibility to calculate vegetation indices and use them for distinguishing of high
and low productivity environments which provides more accurate assessment of its fractional area. Such approach
enlarges fen area up to 13.9% of total mire area.
Table 1. Comparison of wetland area fractions and its application for estimation of CH4 emission in middle taiga.
Mire microlandscape
Lakes and rivers
Waterlogged hollows
Oligotrophic hollows
Ridges
Ryams
Poor fens, fens and swamps
Total
CH 4 flux,
mgC/m2/h
0.49
4.72
2.76
0.13
0.03
3.22
Peregon et al., 2009
Area,
CH 4 flux,
%
km2
MtC/yr
7319.9
3.8
0.01
4884.7
2.5
0.09
33540.2
17.2
0.36
42327.4
21.7
0.02
105458.9 54.1
0.01
1468.8
0.8
0.02
195000.0 100.0
0.52
This study
2
Area, km
%
23563.7
9111.0
38675.3
49693.0
52912.4
28093.4
202356.8
11.6
4.5
19.1
24.6
26.1
13.9
100.0
CH 4 flux,
MtC/yr
0.04
0.17
0.42
0.03
0.01
0.35
1.01
The results of this study suggest that it is highly possible that the total methane emission from West Siberia
mires of 2.93 TgC·yr-1 (Glagolev et al., 2011) which was based on (Romanova et al. 1977; Peregon et al, 2009)
was underestimated and will increase after applying the new map. According to that estimate West Siberian mires
contribute only 2.4% of the global CH 4 emission from mires; it seems to be too small comparing with the wetland
area of 13% of the global mire area. We expect the increasing of the regional methane emission up with the
applying of new classification. So it will contribute to decreasing discrepancy between different estimates.
Applying the new map resulted in total methane emissions from taiga zone of 3.53 TgC•yr-1 which is 87% higher
than the former estimates by Glagolev et al. (2011). This considerable revision is caused by the changes in
fractional coverages of methane emitting landscapes.
Acknowledgments
We thank all participants in the field measurements of the 2007–12 summer–autumn periods. The Landsat
imagery was provided by UMD GLCF and USGS.
㻟㻜
30
References
1.
Filippov IV, Lapshina ED. 2008. Peatland unit types of lake-bog systems in the middle Priob’ie
(Western
Siberia). Transactions of UNESCO department of Yugorsky state university “Dynamics of
environment and global climate change” [Glagolev M.V., Lapshina E.D. (eds.)] 1 : 119-128.
2.
Glagolev M, Kleptsova I, Filippov I, Maksyutov S, Machida T. 2011. Regional methane emission from
West Siberia mire landscapes. Environmental Research Letters 6 045214. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045214.
3.
Kats NJ, Neishtadt MI. 1963. Wetlands. West Siberia [Rihter G.D. (ed.)] : 230-248. – In Russian.
4.
Kleptsova IE, Glagolev MV, Filippov IV and Maksyutov SS 2010 Methane emission from middle taiga
ryams and ridges of Western Siberia. Environmental Dynamics and Global Climate Change 1 : 56–64. – In
Russian with English abstract.
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Lapshina ED. 2004. Flora of South-East West Siberian mires. TSU Publ.: Tomsk, Russia. – In Russian.
6.
Liss O, Abramova L, Avetov N, Berezina N , Inisheva L , Kurnishkova T , Sluka Z, Tolpysheva T,
Shvedchikova N. 2001. Mire systems of West Siberia and its nature conservation importance. Grif and Co
Publ.: Tula, Russia. – In Russian.
7.
Motohka T, Nasahara K, Oguma H, Tsuchida S. 2010. Applicability of Green-Red Vegetation Index for
Remote Sensing of Vegetation Phenology. Remote Sensing 2 : 2369-2387.
8.
Peregon A, Maksyutov S, Yamagata Y. 2009. An image-based inventory of the spatial structure of West
Siberian wetlands. Environmental Research Letters 4 doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045014
9.
Romanova EA, Bybina RT , Golitsyna EF , Ivanova GM , Usova LI, Trushnikova LG. 1977. Wetland
typology map of West Siberian lowland scale 1:2500 000 GUGK: Leningrad, Russia
10. Sheng Y, Smith LC, MacDonald GM, Kremenetski KV, Frey KE, Velichko AA, Lee M, Beilman DW,
Dubinin P. 2004. A high resolution GIS-based invertory of the West Siberian peat carbon pool. Global
Biogeochem. Cycles 18 GB3004, doi:10.1029/2003GB002190.
31
㻟㻝
ࢺࢼ࢝∾Ẹ⤒῭ࡢ ᬮࡢᙳ㡪యไኚᚋࡢࡑࡢᛂ
ؐࢩࢫࢸ࣒࣭ࢲࢼ࣑ࢵࢡࢫࣔࢹࣝࡼࡿ᥋㏆ؐ
ຍ㈡∎ ඃ ி㒔ᏛᏛ㝔 ㎰Ꮫ◊✲⛉ ㈨※⎔ቃ⤒῭Ꮫᑓᨷ
୰ᗉ㇂ ᰤኴ㑻 ி㒔Ꮫ ㎰Ꮫ㒊 㣗ᩱ⎔ቃ⤒῭Ꮫ⛉ ࡣࡌࡵ
ᆅ⌫つᶍ࡛ ᬮࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿ⌧ᅾࠊᆅ᪉࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡶᵝࠎ࡞ᙳ㡪ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᬮࡣ㈨※ືែᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ ᬮࡀẼೃኚືࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋࠊ⪔సᆅࢆ◁₍
ᖏኚ࠼࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࠋᆅᇦࡢ᳜⏕ࢆኚࡉࡏࠊ␆⏘ᴗࡀᡴᧁࢆཷࡅࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ
ࡽࡢ㈨※ືែࡢᙳ㡪ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢᆅᇦ࡛⏕άࢆႠࡴேࠎࡣᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅྲྀࡾࡘࡘࡶ㏫ᙳ㡪ࢆ
࠼ࡿ࠸࠺㛵ಀࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿᆅᇦ࠾ࡅࡿ ᬮࡼࡿ㈨※ື≀ࡢືែࡑࢀࢆ⏝ࡍࡿே㛫⏕άࡢኚᐜࠊ
ཬࡧࡑࢀࡽࡢ┦ᙳ㡪࠸࠺ືⓗ㛵ಀࢆࠊ≉⤒῭ⓗ࣭ᩘ㔞ⓗഃ㠃ࡽᢅ࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᚋࡿ
ࡁ᪉⟇ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ᳨ウࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡍࡿࠋᑐ㇟ᆅᇦࡣࠊᮾࢩ࣋ࣜࡢࢧࣁඹᅜෆࡋࠊᑐ㇟
ࡍࡿேࠎࡣ᪉ඛఫẸࡢ୰࡛ࡶᨺ∾ࢆႠࢇ࡛࠸ࡿேࠎࡍࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛᪉ඛఫẸࡢᨺ∾Ẹࢆྲྀ
ࡾୖࡆࡿࡢࡣࠊᙼࡽࡢ⏕άࡀᐙ␆ࢺࢼ࣭࢝㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝㢗ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ㈨※ື
≀ࡢືែே㛫⏕άࡢኚᐜཬࡧࡑࢀࡽࡢ┦ᙳ㡪ࡀࡼࡾ⣧⢋࡞ᙧ࡛ྲྀࡾฟࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿᮇᚅ
ࡉࢀࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࢺࢼ࢝⏘ᴗࡣඛఫẸࡢ⏕ࡁᵝ῝ࡃ㛵ࢃࡾࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡣ
⏕⏘ᵝᘧ࡛࠶ࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⏕ࡁᵝ࡛࠶ࡿࡢࡔ࠸࠺ࠋࢺࢼ࢝⏘ᴗࢆኻ࠺࠸࠺ࡇࡣࠊࢺ
ࢼ࢝⫗ࡸࡑࡢࡢၟရࡀᾘ࠼ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊከࡃࡢᴟᩥࢆࡶኻ࠺࠸࠺ࡇ
ࢆᣦࡍࠋᙼࡽࡣࠊ ᬮࡼࡗ࡚㈨※ື≀ࡢືែᙳ㡪ࡀฟࡓ㝿ࠊࡼࡾࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿேࠎ
࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ே㛫⏕άࡢ⤒῭ⓗ࣭ᩘ㔞ⓗഃ㠃ࡢኚᩘࡋ࡚ࠊࢺࢼ࢝∾␆Ẹᩘࠊ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࠊ୍ே࠶
ࡓࡾධࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࠋ㈨※ືែࡢኚᩘࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࢥࢣࠊ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࠊ⫗㣗⋇ಶᩘࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᙼࡽࡀᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞Ⓨᒎࢆ㐙ࡆ࡚࠸ࡃࠊࡘࡲࡾࠊࢺࢼ࢝∾␆Ẹᩘࡢ⥔ᣢࡲࡓࡣቑຍࠊ୍
ே࠶ࡓࡾධࡢቑຍࠊ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡢ⥔ᣢࡲࡓࡣቑຍࠊࢆᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞ᙧ࡛ᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࡓࡵ
ࡣࠊࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᨻ⟇ࢆࢀࡤⰋ࠸ࡢࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌࡿࠋ
ඛ⾜◊✲
ࢯࣅ࢚ࢺẸᏛ࠾࠸࡚ࢩ࣋ࣜయࡢࢺࢼ࢝㣫⫱ࡣࠊࡑࡢ⏕⏘ᵝᘧࡢどⅬࡽࡁࡃ ࡘ
ࡢࢱࣉศࡅࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ ࡘࡣࠊD ࢶࣥࢻ࡛ࣛ⫗␆୰ᚰࡢつᶍ㣫⫱ࠊࡘࡲࡾ⏕⏘ࢆࡰ
㠃ⓗᐙ␆ࢺࢼ࢝౫Ꮡࡍࡿࢺࢼ࢝㣫⫱⏕⏘⤒῭࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡣࠊE ࢱ࡛࢞ࡢᑠつ
ᶍᙺ␆⏝ࢆ⾜࠸ࡘࡘࡶࠊ⏕⏘⤒῭ࡣ⊁⊟ẚ㔜ࢆ⨨ࡃᆺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᑐ㇟ᆅᇦ࡛࠶ࡿࢧࣁඹᅜ
࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊDࢶࣥࢻࣛつᶍ㣫⫱ᆺࡀᗈࡃ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
Dࢶࣥࢻࣛつᶍ㣫⫱ᆺ Eࢱ࢞ᑠつᶍᆺࡢ㐪࠸ࡣࠊ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝ࡀࠕ༙ᐙ␆࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ
-RKQ/..ORNYS
㧗㸦ࠊ 㡫㸧
32
࠺࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋDࢶࣥࢻࣛつᶍ㣫⫱ᆺ࡛ࡣᐙ␆ࡣ༑ศே័ࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ∾ኵࡣࠊ
ᨺ∾ᆅࡢᆅᙧ࣭⏕ែ⎔ቃࢆ⇍▱ࡋࠊᙼࡽࡀᐃࡋࡓᨺ∾㡿ᇦእࢺࢼ࢝ࢆ㏨ࡀࡉ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺㓄
⨨ࡍࡿࡇ࡛⩌ࡢ㍯㒌ࡀಖドࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇ࠺࠸ࡗࡓᙧែ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡼࡿ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ
࢝ࡢ㐃ࢀཤࡾ㸦㔝⏕㸧ࡀၥ㢟࡞ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊD ࢶࣥࢻࣛつᶍ㣫⫱ᆺࡣࡼࡾ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝
࡞ࡢ⮬↛㈨※ືែࡀ∾␆Ẹ⤒῭ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋࡸࡍ࠸ᵓ㐀ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊලయⓗ࡞ㄪᰝᑐ㇟ᆅᇦࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡀࠊྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞ၥ㢟ព㆑࡛ࢩ࣋ࣜࡢࢺࢼ࢝∾Ẹࡢ⤒
῭≧ἣࢆㄽࡌࡓㄪᰝ◊✲ࡋ࡚ࠊྠᚿ♫Ꮫࡢᐊ⏣ṊẶࡢ◊✲ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᙼࡣ ᖺ 7XYD ඹ
ᅜࡢ 7RG]KLQVNLL 㒆ࢆㄪᰝࡋࠊⱥᩥㄽᩥࡲࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௨ୗ࡛ࡑࡢẚ㍑᳨ウࡢࡓࡵࡢ㛵㐃
ሗࡋ࡚ࡑࡢෆᐜࢆせ⣙ࡋ࡚࠾ࡇ࠺ࠋ
࿘▱ࡢ㏻ࡾࠊࣟࢩ࡛ࡣࠊ ᖺᅜႠ㎰ሙࡣゎయࡉࢀᅜႠᴗ *83 ᨵ⤌ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊ
ࡑࡢከࡃࡣ⤒Ⴀⓗᅔ㞴┤㠃ࡋࠊ ᖺࡣಽ⏘ࡢ៧ࡁ┠㐼ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢከࡃࡣᮧႠᴗ
㸦083㸧ᘬࡁ⥅ࡀࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ㝿ࠊࢺࢼ࢝∾Ẹࡣࠊձ083 ࡢ୍ဨ࡞ࡿࠊղ⊂❧ࡢ∾
Ẹ࡞ࡿࡢ⮬⏤㑅ᢥ┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋṧࡾࡣࠊճᑗ᮶∾Ẹࢆ┠ᣦࡍ㟷ᖺࢆᩍ⫱ࡍࡿ∾Ẹ࡞ࡗ
ࡓࡾࠊࡲࡓࡣմẶ᪘ඹྠయࡢᵓᡂဨ࡞ࡿࠊࡢ㸲ࡘࡢ㢮ᆺศࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᐊ⏣Ặࡣࠊ7XYD ඹᅜࡢ 7RG]KLQVNLL 㒆ࡢࢺࢼ࢝∾Ẹࡢ⤒῭άື㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊඹ᭷㈨※ࡢ⏝
ᙧែつᐃࡉࢀࡿࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢほⅬࡽㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࿘▱ࡢ㏻ࡾࠊ
ࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢᝒࠖࡢ㆟ㄽ㸦+DUGLQ
*DUUHWYV(2VWURP㸧㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ◊✲⪅ࡢ㛫࡛ࡶㅖㄝࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶ⤫୍ࡉࢀࡓぢゎࡣ࡞
ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊࢩ࣋ࣜ࠾ࡅࡿୖグࡢẶ᪘ඹྠయࡢᴫᛕࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓඹ᭷㈨※ࡢ
⏝ᙧែࢆᕠࡿࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢᴫᛕࡣࡣ୍⮴ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊᗈ⩏ࡢඹ᭷㈨※⏝つᐃࡉࢀ
ࡓ♫⤒῭ⓗ㛵ಀࡢព࡛ఱࡽࡢㄽⅬࡢᩚ⌮ࡀ࡛ࡁࢀࡤᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᐊ⏣Ặࡢㄽᩥ࡛ࡣࠊ ᬮࡢᙳ㡪ࡣ᫂♧ⓗࡣྲྀࡾୖࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊࡴࡋࢁࠊࢯ㐃ᔂቯ࠸
࠺యไኚࡢᙳ㡪ࡢ᪉ࡀ㔜どࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏሗ࿌࠾࠸࡚ࡶࡇࡢ⥺ἢࡗ࡚యไኚࡢᙳ㡪ࡘ
࠸᳨࡚ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ ᬮࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ୰ᚰグ㏙ࡍࡿࠋ
ࢺࢼ࢝∾␆Ẹ⤒῭ࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒࣭ࢲࢼ࣑ࢵࢡࢫࣔࢹࣝ
ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࣭ࢲࢼ࣑ࢵࢡࢫࡣ
ィ㔞⤒῭ࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊࡁࡃศࡅ࡚ࠊḟࡢࡘูࡉࢀࡿࠋ୍ࡘࡣࠊつ⠊ⓗศᯒ㸦QRUPDWLYH
DQDO\VLV㸧࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡣᐇドⓗศᯒSRVLWLYHDQDO\VLV࡛࠶ࡿࠋ๓⪅ࡣࠊ୍ᐃࡢไ⣙᮲௳ࡢ
ࡶ࡛┠ⓗ㛵ᩘࡢᴟᡈ࠸ࡣᴟᑠࢆồࡵࡿࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡾࠊᚋ⪅ࡣࠊྛኚᩘࡢ┦౫Ꮡ㛵ಀࡢ
ᵓ㐀ࢆᢕᥱࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡣࠊࡉࡽྠ᪉⛬ᘧࣔࢹࣝࢩࢫࢸ࣒࣭ࢲࢼ࣑ࢵ
ࢡࢫࣔࢹู࡛ࣝࡁࡿࠋ୍⯡ࡢィ㔞⤒῭ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝከ⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊྠ᪉⛬ᘧࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡾࠊ
ࡇࡢሙྜࡣࠊศᯒᑐ㇟ྵࡲࢀࡿኚᩘࡢࢧࣥࣉࣝࢹ࣮ࢱࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࡀ๓ᥦ࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢ㝿ࠊ୍
ᐃᮇ㛫ࡢࢧࣥࣉࣝࢹ࣮ࢱࡽ᥎ᐃࡉࢀࡓᵓ㐀⮬యࡣᑗ᮶ⓗࡶ୍ᐃ࡛ኚ࠸࠺ᐃࡢࡶ࡛ண
ࢆ⾜࠺ࡢᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࢩࢫࢸ࣒࣭ࢲࢼ࣑ࢵࢡࢫࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊ୍ᮇ๓ࠊ⌧Ⅼࠊ୍ᮇඛࡢ㸱Ⅼ㛫
ࡢᘧయ⣔ࡢ㐃❧ᚤศ᪉⛬ᘧࢆྛⅬẖ㛫ࢆࡎࡽࡋ࡞ࡀࡽゎࡃ࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ᑗ᮶ண ࡍࡿⅬ
࡛ࡼࡾࣇࣞ࢟ࢩࣈࣝ࡞ᡭἲゝ࠼ࡿࠋศᯒᑐ㇟ྵࡲࢀࡿ」ᩘࡢኚᩘ㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ୍㒊ࡢࢹ࣮
ࢱࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡛ࡶ㐺⏝ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ࠶ࡿኚᩘ⣔ิ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࡑࢀࢆྍ⬟
࡞㝈ࡾ⌧࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺ኚᩘ㛫ࡢ㛵ಀᘧࡀ᥎ᐃࡉࢀࠊ
ࡲࡓࠊࢹ࣮ࢱࡢᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ኚᩘ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ
ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ࠶ࡿኚᩘ㛵ࡋ࡚᭱㝈ࣇࢵࢺࡍࡿࡼ࠺᥎ᐃࡉࢀࡓ㛵ಀᘧᩚྜࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࢹ࣮ࢱ
⮬㌟ࡀసᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃ࠸࠺ᡭἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ༢ᐃ㔞ⓗ࡞ኚᩘࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊᐃᛶⓗ࡞ኚᩘ
0XURWD7DPDUD
33
ࢆࡶྲྀࡾ㎸ࡵࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛㐺⏝⠊ᅖࡀᗈ࠸ࡇࡽࠊᩘ್ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆከ⏝ࡍࡿ⮬↛⛉Ꮫࡸ♫⛉Ꮫ
ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊᚰ⌮ᏛࡸṔྐᏛ࣭ே㢮Ꮫ࠸ࡗࡓேᩥ⛉Ꮫࡢศ㔝࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㐺⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᅗ ࣮࣐ࣟࢡࣛࣈࠕᡂ㛗ࡢ㝈⏺ࠖ
ᅇὀ┠ࡍࡿᮾࢩ࣋ࣜࡢࢺࢼ࢝∾␆Ẹ⤒῭ࡢண 㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᗄࡘࡢኚᩘࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡣᏑ
ᅾࡍࡿࡀࠊከࡃࡢኚᩘࡣࢹ࣮ࢱࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸≧ἣ࡛సᴗࡍࡿࡇࢆవ࡞ࡃࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓሙ
ྜࡶ㐺⏝ྍ⬟࡞ࡢࡀࠊ6' ࡢᙉࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࣔࢹࣝࡀఙ⦰ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺࣓ࣜࢵࢺࡣ࠶
ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ㠃ࠊྠ᪉⛬ᘧࣔࢹࣝࡢࡼ࠺ཝᐦ࡞⤫ィⓗ᳨ᐃࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࠸࠺ḞⅬࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࢩࢫࢸ࣒࣭ࢲࢼ࣑ࢵࢡࢫࡢᡭἲࡣࠊ ᖺ 0,7 ࡢࢪ࢙࣭ࣇ࢛ࣞࢫࢱ
࣮ᩍᤵࡀࠊࣥࢲࢫࢺ࣭ࣜࣝࢲࢼ࣑ࢵࢡࢫࡋ࡚⏘ᴗ㒊㛛㛫ࡢືⓗ᥎⛣ࢆண ࡍࡿᡭἲࡋ
࡚㛤Ⓨࡋࡓࡢࡀጞࡲࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊ࣮ࣂ࣭ࣥࢲࢼ࣑ࢵࢡࡋ࡚㒔ᕷࡢᡂ㛗㐣⛬ࡘ࠸࡚
ࡢண ࡶ㐺⏝࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺ᣑᙇࡉࢀࠊࡉࡽࠊ♫⤒῭⌧㇟㝈ࡽࡎ࠶ࡽࡺࡿయ⣔ࡢືែ㐣⛬
ࡢศᯒ㐺⏝ྍ⬟࡞ࡼ࠺ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡀࢩࢫࢸ࣒࣭ࢲࢼ࣑ࢵࢡࢫ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢᡭἲࡀὀ┠ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊ ࣮࣐࣭ࣟࢡࣛࣈࡀࠕᡂ㛗ࡢ㝈⏺ࠖࢆฟ∧ࡋࠊே㢮ࡀຠ⋡ᛶ
㏣ồᆺ࡛㈨※ᾉ㈝ⓗ࡞⌧ᅾࡢࡲࡲࡢ⏕άࢆாཷࡋ⥆ࡅࢀࡤࠊ ᖺࡣᆅ⌫ⓗつᶍ࡛ᡂ㛗ࡢ㝈⏺
┤㠃ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ᴟࡵ࡚ᝒほⓗ࡞㆙㚝ࢆ㬆ࡽࡋࡓࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ┤ᚋ࣭࢜ࣝࢩࣙࢵࢡࡸୡ
⏺ྠసࡼࡿ㣗ᩱ༴ᶵࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࡓࡵࠊࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝࡀ୍㌍ὀ┠ࢆᾎࡧࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣮࣐࣭ࣟࢡ
ࣛࣈࡣࠊࡉࡽࠊୡ⏺ࡀ㝈⏺ࡪࡘࡗࡓⅬ࡛ࠊᢏ⾡㐍Ṍ➼ࡼࡾ௬㈨※ࡀಸቑࡋ࡚㐺ษ࡞
ᑐ⟇ࡀ᥇ࡽࢀࡓࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᩘ༑ᖺ⛬ᗘࡢ㛫ࢆ✌ࡆࡿࡔࡅ࡛ఱࢀࡣ᪂ࡓ࡞㝈⏺┤㠃ࡋࠊࡑࢀ
ࡽ㏨ࢀࡽࢀ࡞࠸࠸࠺ண ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊ ᖺࡣࠕ㝈⏺ࢆ㉸࠼࡚ؐ⏕ࡁࡿࡓࡵࡢ㑅
ᢥؐࠖ
ࠊ ᖺࡧࠕᡂ㛗ࡢ㝈⏺ؐே㢮ࡢ㑅ᢥؐࠖࢆฟ∧ࡋࠊ㆙㚝ࢆⓎࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᙼࡽࡢ
ᙇࡣࠊ㣗ᩱ࣭㈨※ࡣ⟬⾡⣭ᩘⓗࡋቑຍࡋ࡞࠸ࡢᑐࡋ࡚ࠊேཱྀࡸබᐖ➼ࡢ⎔ቃ㈇Ⲵࡣᗄఱ
⣭ᩘⓗᣑࡍࡿ࠸࠺࣐ࣝࢧࢫⓗ㢟ࢆ⤌ࡳ㎸ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢⓎࡣࠊ᪥ࠊᮾࢩ࣋ࣜࡀ┤
㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿẼ㇟ኚཬࡧࡑࢀつᐃࡉࢀࡓ㈨※ࡢไ⣙ୗ࡛ࡢࢺࢼ࢝∾Ẹࡢ⤒῭ண ㏻ࡌࡿࡶ
ࡢࡀ࠶ࡿឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀࠊࡇࡢศᯒㄢ㢟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ6' ᡭἲࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓ୍ࡘࡢࡁ࡞⌮⏤
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
34
ࣔࢹࣝࡢタィ
ᅗ ືⓗ㛵ಀࡢᴫᛕᅗ㸦➹⪅సᡂ㸧
ࣔࢹࣝࡢᴫ␎ࡣᅗ ࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡋ࡚≉ ᬮ㛵㐃ࡍࡿࣀ࣮ࢻࡢᘧࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿࠊḟࡢ㏻ࡾ࡞ࡿࠋ
㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ฟ⏕⋡. & 㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ฟ⏕⋡ Ș㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ฟ⏕⋡ ᬮ. >@
⏕⫱≧ែ. ࢺࢼ࢝࠶ࡓࡾࢥࢣᤕ㣗. Ș⏕⫱≧ែ ᬮ.
>@
ࢥࢣᅇ. & ࢥࢣᅇ Șࢥࢣᅇ ᬮ.
>@
ྍ㣗ࢥࢣ⋡. ̽ Șྍ㣗ࢥࢣ⋡ ᬮ. >@
ᘧ>@ࡣࠊࢺࢼ࢝ฟ⏕⋡ࡀ ᬮࡢᙳ㡪ࡼࡾపୗࡍࡿሗ࿌ࢆඖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᘧ>@ࡣࠊ⏕⫱≧ែࢆࢺࢼ࢝ࡀᤕ㣗ࡋࡓࢥࢣࡢ㔞 ᬮࡼࡿయㄪᝏࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓࡶࡢ
௬ᐃࡋࡓࡇࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᘧ>@ࡣࠊ ᬮࡢᙳ㡪ࡼࡾࢥࢣࡢᅇ㏿ᗘࡀపୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿሗ࿌ࢆඖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᘧ>@ࡣࠊ ᬮࡢ㐍⾜ࡼࡾỌஂᅵࡀ⼥ゎࡋ⤖ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࢥࢣࡀịࡢ୰㛢ࡌ㎸ࡵࡽ
ࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠸ࠊ⏝ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࠸࠺ሗ࿌ࢆඖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺ࣔࢹࣝࡢ୰࡛ࡣᇶᮏⓗ⥺ᆺ㛵ಀࢆ௬ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ㜈್ࡢᏑᅾࡍࡿ⏕≀Ꮫⓗᅉ
ᯝ㛵ಀ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㐺ᙜ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊࡢᖹᆒẼ ࡀΥࡽΥୖ᪼ࡋ
ࡓࡁࠊΥࡽ Υ࣊ୖ᪼ࡋࡓࡢᙳ㡪ࡣࠊྠࡌ Υࡢୖ࡛᪼࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࡁࡉࡀ㐪࠺⪃࠼
ࡽࢀࡿࠋ⌧≧࡛ࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࡢࡁࡉࡢ㐪࠸ࡣ⪃៖ධࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋᖹᆒẼ ࣭ኟᖹᆒẼ
࣭ᖺ㛫㝆Ỉ㔞࡞ࡢせ⣲ࢆᑟධࡋࠊᐇ ࢹ࣮ࢱ⏕ែᏛ࣭⌮Ꮫⓗ᰿ᣐᇶ࡙࠸ࡓࣔࢹࣝࡢᵓ
⠏ࢆᚋࡢㄢ㢟ࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ∾␆Ẹࡢὶฟࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ୍ே࠶ࡓࡾධࡢࡳࢆၥ㢟ࡋࡓࡀࠊࡇ
ࡢⅬࡶ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾㄪᰝࡸࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ⤖ᯝ࡞ࢆά⏝ࡋࡼࡾ⌧ᐇ㏆࠸ࣔࢹࣝࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
せ⣲ྡࡢᮎᑿࡢ. ࡣࠊᘧᚑࡗ࡚㛫ࡀ -Ѝ.Ѝ/ ࡢ㡰࡛㐍ࡴ୰࡛ࡢⅬࡢ್ࢆ♧ࡍ
ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࣭ࢲࢼ࣑ࢵࢡࢫࡢグἲ
୰⏣ࠊ 㡫 ࡢࢢࣛࣇࢆㄞࡳྲྀࡗ࡚⏝ࡋࡓ
'DYLG0DUWKD
35
ࣔࢹࣝࡼࡿศᯒ
ศᯒᡭ㡰ࡣḟࡢ㏻ࡾࡍࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ⌧≧ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ࣮࣋ࢫࣛࣥࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆసᡂࡋࠊ
ࡑࡢ⌧ᛶࡢ᳨ウࢆ⾜࠺ࠋḟࠊ࣮࣋ࢫࣛࣥࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆእᤄࡋࡓࡶࡢࠊ୍㐣ᛶࡢ
௳ኚࡋ࡚ࡢయไኚࠊᣢ⥆ⓗ࡞௳ኚࡋ࡚ ᬮຍ㏿࣭⿵ຓ㔠ቑ㢠࣭⫗౯᱁ୖ᪼࡞
ࡢࢩࢼࣜ࢜ࡢୗ࡛࣮࣋ࢫࣛࣥࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆࢩࢼࣜ࢜ศᒱࡉࡏࡓࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢẚ
㍑ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࡽࠊ᭱ᚋ ⤖ㄽࢆ㏙ࡿࠋ
࣮࣋ࢫࣛࣥࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࣔࢹࣝࡢ⌧ᛶࡢ᳨ウ
ᐇ ್ࡢᚓࡽࢀࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࡣ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘ㸦ࠊ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘ㸦
㸧ࠊ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝⫗⏕⏘㸦 ᖹᆒ
ᖹᆒ ᖹᆒ ᖹᆒ ᖺ㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘ
ࡘ࠸࡚ᐇ ್࣮࣋ࢫࣛࣥࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡼࡿ᥎ィ್ࢆࢢࣛࣇ࡛ẚ㍑ࡍࡿࠊᅗ ࡢ㏻
ࡾ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᴫࡡⰋዲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝⫗⏕⏘ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᴫࡡⰋዲ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊࢯ㐃ᔂቯ௨㝆୍ே࠶ࡓࡾධࡀୗⴠࡋࠊእ㒊㈤㔠ࢆࡾ㎸ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ࠸ࡗࡓグ㏙ⓗ
ᐇࡢᩚྜᛶࡶ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ᅗ ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘ㸦ᐇ ್࣭᥎ィ್㸧
ྜྷ⏣ࠊ6DIURQRYࠊ-RKQ/..ORNYS
࣮࣋ࢫࣛࣥࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ⤖ᯝࡽ➹⪅సᡂ
ࢩࢼࣜ࢜ศᯒ
D ࣮࣋ࢫࣛࣥࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡼࡿᑗ᮶ண ࣔࢹࣝࡣ ᖺࡽ ᖺ㛫ࡢᮇ㛫㉮ࡽࡏࡿࡇࡍࡿࠋ࣮࣋ࢫࣛࣥࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ
ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࣭࢝㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡶ㢌ᩘࡀᑗ᮶ቑῶࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡍ
ࡇࡀ᥎ィࡉࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢቑῶࡣࡀ⤒ࡘࡘࢀᖜࡀࡼࡾࡁࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ⤖ᯝ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢቑῶせᅉࢆศᯒࡍࡿࠊ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡢቑῶࢆᕥྑࡍࡿࡢࡣ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝
㢌ᩘࡼࡿ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ㔝⏕࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢฟ⏕ᩘࡢቑຍ࣭ῶᑡ㐜ࢀ࡚㔝⏕ᩘ
ྜྷ⏣
6DIURQRY
㧗ࠊ 㡫 ࢢࣛࣇࢆㄞࡳྲྀࡗ࡚⏝ࡋࡓ
ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠕእ㒊㈤㔠ࠖ࠸࠺せ⣲ྡࢆࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ∾␆Ẹࡢ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝ᒕẅᩘࡸὶධὶฟ
㛵ࢃࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ᭱ప㝈ᚲせࡉࢀࡿධࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
36
ࡀቑῶࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢὶධὶฟࡢ㛫ࢬࣞࡀ㉳ࡇࡾࠊቑῶࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋ
E ࢯ㐃ᔂቯ࡞ࡋࡢࢩࢼࣜ࢜ศᯒ
୍ேᙜࡾධ㸦యไኚࢩࢼࣜ࢜㸧
ᅗ ୍ே࠶ࡓࡾධ㸦యไኚࢩࢼࣜ࢜㸧
ࢯ㐃ᔂቯࡣ᪉ඛఫẸࡢ⏕άቯ⁛ⓗ࡞ࢩࣙࢵࢡࢆ࠼ࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢ≧ἣࢆࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ
ࡼࡾ⌧ࡋࡓࡢࡀᅗ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡼࡿࠊయไኚࡀ㉳ࡇࡗࡓሙྜࡣࠊ୍ே࠶ࡓࡾධࡣ
▷ᮇ㛫ࡁࡃୗⴠࡋࡓᚋኚືࢆక࠸࡞ࡀࡽᅇᇶㄪࢆࡓࡿࡇࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋ᪉ࠊయไኚ
ࡀ࡞ࡗࡓሙྜࡶࠊࡼࡾ⦆ࡸ࡞ᙧ࡛ኚືࢆక࠸࡞ࡀࡽῶᑡࡋࠊᩘ༑ᖺᚋࡣྠᵝ࡞⤒㐣ࢆࡓ
ࡿࡇࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
F ᬮຍ㏿ࢩࢼࣜ࢜ࡢศᯒ
ᖺᗘ௨㝆࠾࠸࡚ࠊ ᬮᣦᶆࡢఙࡧࡀ ಸࠊ ಸ࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࢩࢼࣜ࢜ࢆᐃࡋࡓࠋ
ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡢືែࡣᅗ ࡢ㏻ࡾ࡞ࡿࠋ ᬮࡀຍ㏿ࡍࡿࠊ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝ࡣῶᑡࡋ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ
࢝ࡣቑຍࡍࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺⤖ᯝ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢᵝ࡞㐣⛬࡛ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ᅗ ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘ㸦࣮࣋ࢫࣛࣥࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩ࣭ࣙࣥ ᬮ ಸ࣭ ᬮ ಸ㸧
ᬮࡼࡗ࡚ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢฟ⏕⋡ࡣపୗࡋࠊṚஸ⋡ࡣୖ᪼ࡍࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇࢀࡣ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࣭࢝
㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ඹ㏻ࡢ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡾࠊ୧⪅ࡢ㢌ᩘࡢ㞳ࢆㄝ᫂ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁࠊ ᬮ࡛⏝ྍ⬟
⦪㍈ࡣ ᖺࢆᇶ‽ࡋࡓᐇ㉁౯᱁
37
࡞ࢥࢣࡢ㔞ࡢῶᑡࡋ⏕⫱≧ែࡀᝏࡍࡿࡇࡼࡿࠊࢺࢼ࢝ࡢయ㔜ῶᑡࡀ㔜せ࡞せ⣲࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᬮࡼࡿࢺࢼ࢝ࡢయ㔜ῶᑡࡣࠊ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࣭࢝㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ୧⪅㉳ࡇࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇ
ࢀࡣ㏫ࡢ㢌ᩘቑῶࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࠋ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢయ㔜ῶᑡࡣࠊ∾␆Ẹࡀධࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡓࡵᒕ
ẅᩘࢆቑຍࡉࡏࠊ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡢῶᑡࢆᣍࡃࠋ୍᪉ࠊ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢయ㔜ῶᑡࡣࠊ
ࡇࢀࢆᤕ㣗ࡍࡿ⫗㣗⋇ࡢ࢚ࢧࡢ㊊ࢆᣦࡋ⫗㣗⋇ࡢṚஸ⋡ࢆୖ᪼ࡉࡏࠊኳᩛࡀῶࡗࡓ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚
㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡣቑຍࡍࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡢቑຍࡼࡗ࡚㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ㐃ࢀཤࡾࡣቑຍࡋࠊࡼࡾ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝ࡀ
ῶᑡࡋ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡀቑຍࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࣂࣛࣥࢫࡢᔂࢀࡀࡲࡓ㔝⏕⋡ࢆୖ᪼ࡉࡏࡿ࠸ࡗࡓࠊ㈇
ࡢࢫࣃࣛࣝ㝗ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋ
࡞࠾ࠊ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢῶᑡࡼࡗ࡚∾␆Ẹࡢ୍ே࠶ࡓࡾධࡣῶᑡࡍࡿഴྥࢆ࡞ࡿࠋ㈨※⟶
⌮ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ∾␆Ẹࡢ⏕ά⥔ᣢ࠸࠺Ⅼ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ ᬮࡣࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆᣢࡘࡇࡀศࡿࠋ
G ⿵ຓ㔠ቑ㢠ࢩࢼࣜ࢜ࡢศᯒ
ḟࠊࢧࣁඹᅜࡼࡿࢺࢼ࢝∾␆Ẹࡢ⿵ຓ㔠ࡢቑ㢠ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࠋ ᖺᗘ௨㝆ࡽ┤᥋ᨭ
ᡶ࠸ࡢ⿵ຓ㔠ࢆࠊ୍ே࠶ࡓࡾධࡀࢯ㐃ᔂቯ௨๓ࡢỈ‽ࢆྲྀࡾᡠࡍ⛬ᗘࡢ ಸࠊࡑࡋ࡚ ಸࡍࡿࢩࢼࣜ࢜ࢆᐃࡋࡓࠋ
ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡢ᥎⛣ࢆᅗ ♧ࡍࠋ⿵ຓ㔠 ಸ࡛ࡣ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࣭࢝㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡶቑῶ
ࡢᖜࡀᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡿᏳᐃࡀ㉳ࡇࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ⿵ຓ㔠 ಸ࡛ࡣ㏫㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࣭࢝㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝
㢌ᩘࡶᖜῶᑡࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺⤖ᯝ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ᅗ ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘ㸦࣮࣋ࢫࣛࣥࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩ࣭ࣙࣥ⿵ຓ㔠 ಸ࣭⿵ຓ㔠 ಸ㸧
ࡇࢀࡣࠊከࡍࡂࡿ⿵ຓ㔠ࡣ㈨※ࡢຎࢆᣍ࠸࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡇࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⌧㇟ࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢ
㐣⛬ࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡲࡎࠊ┤᥋ᨭᡶ࠸ࡢ⿵ຓ㔠ࡼࡗ୍࡚ே࠶ࡓࡾධࡀቑຍࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ⿵ຓ㔠ࡢ㢠ࡀᙜࡁ
ࡍࡂࡓሙྜࠊ∾␆Ẹᩘࡢቑຍࢆᣍࡃࠋቑຍࡋࡓ∾␆Ẹࡼࡗ࡚㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢᒕẅ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝
ࡢ⊁⊟ᩘࡀቑ࠼ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ㢌ᩘࡀῶᑡࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋ
⿵ຓ㔠ቑ㢠ࡢࢩࢼࣜ࢜ศᯒ࡛ࡣࠊ⿵ຓ㔠ࡣ୍ே࠶ࡓࡾධࢆᢲࡋୖࡆࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊከࡍࡂࡿ⿵ຓ
㔠ࡣ㈨※ࡢຎࢆᣍ࠸࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡇ⤖ᯝ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ㐺ษ࡞Ỉ‽ࠊ୍ே࠶ࡓࡾධࡢቑຍࡼࡗ࡚
ᛴ⃭࡞∾␆Ẹࡢὶධࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡉ࡞࠸⛬ᗘࠊࡢ⿵ຓ㔠ࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
38
H ⫗౯᱁ᨭᣢࢩࢼࣜ࢜ࡢศᯒ
ࢺࢼ࢝⫗ᕷሙࡣ༑ศⓎ㐩ࡋ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊ
⫗౯᱁ࡣపࡃࡉ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࡲࡲ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࠋ
ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊ
ᨻᗓࡀᑟࡋ࡚ࢺࢼ࢝⫗ᕷሙࢆᩚഛࡋࠊ⫗౯᱁ࡀୖ᪼ࡍࡿࢩࢼࣜ࢜ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࠋ┤᥋ᨭᡶ࠸ࡢ⿵
ຓ㔠ẚ࡚ᕷሙࡢᩚഛࡼࡿゎỴࡣࠊ୍⯡ⓗࡣࡼࡾⰋ࠸⤖ᯝࢆ⏕ࡴᮇᚅ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ᖺᗘ
௨㝆ࡢ⫗౯᱁ࢆࢯ㐃ᮇࡢ౯᱁ᡠࡋࡓࢩࢼࣜ࢜ศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ
ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡣ⿵ຓ㔠ᨻ⟇ࢩࢼࣜ࢜ྠᵝᏳᐃࡢഴྥࢆぢࡏࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊ⿵ຓ㔠ቑ㢠⛬ᗘ
࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ୍ᗘቑῶࢆጞࡵࡓ㈨※ࢆ㐺ษ࡞࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ⟶⌮ࡍࡿࡢࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࡇࡀศࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡀቑῶࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ୍ே࠶ࡓࡾධࡶࡁࡃቑῶࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉
ࡍࠋ್ࡢ᥎⛣ࢆᅗ ♧ࡍࠋ⿵ຓ㔠ᨻ⟇ࡼࡾ୍ே࠶ࡓࡾධࢆࢯ㐃ᮇࡢỈ‽ᡠࡋࡓ⿵ຓ㔠ቑ㢠
ࢩࢼࣜ࢜ࡣᑐ↷ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᅗ ୍ே࠶ࡓࡾධ㸦࣮࣋ࢫ࣭⿵ຓ㔠 ಸ࣭⫗౯᱁ᨭᣢ㸧
ᕷሙࡢᩚഛࡼࡿ⫗౯᱁ࡢୖ᪼ࡣࠊ୍⯡ⓗࡣᕷሙࡼࡿゎỴࡢ࠺ࡀࡼࡾⰋ࠸⤖ᯝࢆ⏕ࡴ
ᮇᚅࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊணࡋ୍࡚ே࠶ࡓࡾධࡣ⿵ຓ㔠ᨻ⟇ẚ࡚ࡁࡃኚືࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋ୍ᗘ
ືࢆጞࡵࡓ㈨※ࢆ㐺ษ⟶⌮ࡍࡿࡢࡣ㠀ᖖ㞴ࡋ࠸ࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ⌧⾜ࡢࣔ
ࢹ࡛ࣝࡣࢺࢼ࢝⫗ᕷሙࡀ⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊࡓࡔ⫗౯᱁ࢆୖ᪼ࡉࡏࡿࡇࢆࠕᕷሙࡼ
ࡿゎỴࠖ⛠ࡍࡿࡣၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡏࡼࠊ⌧⾜ࡢࣔࢹࣝ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⏕
άࡢᏳᐃ࠸࠺ព࡛ࡣ⿵ຓ㔠㌷㓄ࡀୖࡀࡿ⤖ᯝ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
⤖ㄽ
ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ⤖ᯝ⪃ᐹࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚ࠊࢧࣁඹᅜ࠾ࡅࡿࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡀᚋࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣࢆ
㏄࠼ࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᑐᛂࢆࡿࡁࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࠋ
ࢯ㐃ᔂቯࡢᙳ㡪
ࢯ㐃ᔂቯࡣࠊ᪉ඛఫẸᑐࡍࡿ⿵ຓ㔠ࡢ⤥ࢆṆࡉࡏࠊᨻᗓࡢ᧦ࡋࡓࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡢࢫ࣌
ࢩࣕࣜࢫࢺࡢᅋయࡶゎయࡉࡏࠊࢯ㐃ᘧࡢࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ቯ⁛ⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡓࡇࡣ㛫㐪࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡋࡋࠊࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢ⤖ᯝࠊࢯ㐃ᔂቯࡀ㉳ࡇࡽ࡞ࡗࡓሙྜ࠾࠸࡚ࡶᚲࡎࡋࡶࡑࡢ⏕ά
ࡣỌ⥆ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࡇࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡓࠋ♫ⓗ࡞୍ⓗࢩࣙࢵࢡࡣࠊ⮬↛㈨※ືែ྾
ࡉࢀᖺࢆ⤒ࡿࡈ✜ࡸࢩࣙࢵࢡࡢᙳ㡪ࡀࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡶࡢᛮࢃࢀࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊࢩ࣑ࣗࣞ
࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ⤖ᯝࡼࡿ⮬↛㈨※ືែࡢᏳᐃࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋࡑࢀࡘࡽࢀ࡚∾␆Ẹ⤒῭ࡶᏳᐃ
39
࡞≧ἣ㝗ࡗࡓ࠸࠺ࡇࡔࡗࡓࠋ
ᬮࡢᙳ㡪
ᅇࡢ࣮࣋ࢫࣛࣥࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊ ᬮࡣࢥࢣࡢ⏕⫱ࡸࡑࡢࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢฟ
⏕⋡ࡸṚஸ⋡ࢇᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡉ࡞࠸ࣔࢹࣝ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࠊࢥࢣࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㨶ࡑࡢ
ࡶ㣗ࡍࡿ࡞ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢẼೃኚືᑐࡍࡿ㐺ᛂຊࡣࡁ࠸ࡓࡵࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ௬ᐃࡣ⌧ᐇࢆ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘ
ࡲ࡛ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ ᬮࡀ∾␆Ẹ⤒῭ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊࢥࢣࡢ⏕⫱ᝏ
ࡼࡿࢺࢼ࢝య㔜ࡢῶᑡ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡣࢥࢣࡢ⏕⫱ᝏࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࢇῶࡽ࡞
࠸ࡶࡢࡢࠊࢺࢼ࢝య㔜ࡀῶᑡࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾධࡢࡓࡵᒕẅࡍࡿࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡀቑ࠼ࠊࡑࡢ
ᚋ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝ࡣῶᑡࡋ୍ே࠶ࡓࡾධࡀୗⴠࡍࡿ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞ࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡢࡓࡵ
ࡣࡌࡵࠊࢧࣁඹᅜࡀᚋ ᖺ࡛㏄࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺≧ἣࡘ࠸࡚ᩚ⌮ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ
㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ ᖺ୍࡛᪦ᗏࢆᡴࡗࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊఱࡶᨻ⟇ࢆㅮࡌ࡞ࡅࢀࡤᗘ
ࡲࡓῶᑡࢆ⤒㦂ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㠀ᖖ㧗࠸ࠋ࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊቑ࠼⥆ࡅࡿ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡣࠊ㐃ࢀཤࡾࡢ
ព࡛ࡶࢥࢣᤕ㣗⪅ࡋ࡚ࡢ➇ྜࡢព࡛ࡶ㠀ᖖ༴㝤ࡔࡽࡔࠋ୍ᗘ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢῶᑡࡀጞ
ࡲࡿ 㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝ῶᑡЍධῶᑡЍពḧῶ㏥Ѝ㔝⏕⋡ୖ࣭᪼ฟ⏕⋡పୗЍ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝ῶ
ᑡ ࠸࠺㈇ࡢ㐃㙐㝗ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊ୍ᗘ㈨※ࣞ࣋ࣝࡀቑῶࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋጞࡵࡿ⮬↛
௵ࡏ࡛ࡣᏳᐃࡋࡓ≧ែᡠࡿࡇࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋ
ࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢῶᑡࢆ㜵ࡄࡇࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᨻ⟇ࡢ୍ࡘ
ࡋ࡚⿵ຓ㔠ࡢቑ㢠ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣࠊᨻᗓࡢ㈈ᨻⓗࡶࠊࡑࡋ࡚㔠㖹ⓗືᶵࡅࢆ↮
ᕳࡃ࠸࠺ព࡛ࡶࠊỌ⥆ⓗ࡞ᑐ⟇ࡣᡂࡾᚓ࡞࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁࠊ㔠㖹ⓗືᶵࡅᝨࢃࡉ࡞࠸ᨻᗓ
ࡼࡿ┤᥋タഛᢞ㈨ࡸࠊ⫗㣗⋇⊁⊟࣭㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝⊁⊟࡞ቑ࠼ࡿ⬣ጾᑐࡋ࡚⾜ࡁ㐣ࡂࡓቑຍ
ࡣῶᑡࡉࡏࡿࣥࢭࣥࢸࣈࢆࠊ⾜ࡁ㐣ࡂࡓῶᑡࡣῶᑡࢆ㜼Ṇࡍࡿࣥࢭࣥࢸࣈࢆ㐺ษ࡞⿵
ຓ㔠࡞ࡼࡗ࡚ㄏᑟࡍࡿࡇࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡣࢯ㐃ᔂቯᚋ⊁⊟ᑐࡍࡿ⿵ຓ㔠ࡀ㏵ษࢀࡓࡓࡵ⟶⌮ࢆࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸≧
ែ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡃࠊࢧࣁඹᅜࡣࣟࢩࡢᅜᅵࡢࡓࡗࡓ ࡢ㠃✚࡛࠶ࡾ࡞ࡀࡽ㠀ᖖከ
ࡃࡢ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࢆಖᣢࡍࡿ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ᐦ㞟ᆅ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡢ⟶⌮ࡣᛴົ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋ
⫗㣗⋇ࡶṧᛕ࡞ࡀࡽୖ᪼ࡢഴྥࢆぢࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢧࣁඹᅜࡣ࣑࢜࢜࢝⊁⊟ᑐࡋ࡚⿵ຓ㔠ࢆᣐ
ฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ┠❧ࡗࡓຠᯝࡀ࡞࠸ࡇࡣ➨❶࡛ᘬ⏝ࡋࡓࠋ∾␆Ẹࡣᒕẅእࡢ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝
ῶᑡࢆ࡚㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡼࡿ㐃ࢀཤࡾᖐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ࣑࢜࢜࢝ࡼࡿᤕ㣗ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࡔࢁ
࠺ࠋ⊁⊟ᑐࡍࡿ⿵ຓ㔠ᨻ⟇ࡀຠࢆᡂࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸⌧≧࠾࠸࡚ࠊ᭷ຠ࡞ࡢࡣ࢚ࢧ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㔝
⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ㢌ᩘࢆ⟶⌮ࡍࡿࡇࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡢ⟶⌮ࡀᚲせ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࢃࡅࡔࡀࠊࡇࢀࡶࢺࢼ࢝⫗ᕷሙࡢⓎ㐩
Ѝࢺࢼ࢝⫗౯᱁ࡢୖ᪼ ࡼࡗ࡚㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝⊁⊟ࡢࣥࢭࣥࢸࣈࢆ᪉ྥ࡙ࡅࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ
ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
࠾ࢃࡾ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢ⪃ᐹࡽࠊᨻ⟇ᥦゝࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ
ࡲࡎࠊ⌧≧࠾࠸࡚ࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡢ୍ே࠶ࡓࡾධࡀᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞ࣞ࣋ࣝࢆࡾ㎸ࢇ࡛ᒃࡿࡢࡣ
ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆ┤᥋ᨭᡶ࠸ࡢ⿵ຓ㔠࡛⿵ࡍࡿࠋ
ḟࠊ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡣࡇࢀࡽᖜࢆࡁࡃࡋ࡞ࡀࡽቑῶࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇࡀணࡉࢀ
40
ࡿࡀࠊධᏳᐃࡢࡓࡵࡣ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࢆᏳᐃࡉࡏࡓ࠸ࠋࡇࡢ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡢຍ㏿ࡍࡿ
ቑῶ⌧㇟ࡣࠊ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡀቑῶࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀཎᅉ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝
ࡢቑῶࡼࡗ࡚㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ㐃ࢀཤࡾࡀቑῶࡋࠊ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡢືែᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡢቑῶࡣ࣑࢜࢜࢝ࡢቑῶࡉ࠼ᣍ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ≧ἣࢆᡴ◚ࡍࡿ
ࡓࡵࠊᨻᗓࡀࠊ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡀቑຍࡋࡍࡂ࡚࠸ࡿࡣῶᑡࡉࡏࡿࣥࢭࣥࢸࣈࢆࠊ⾜
ࡁ㐣ࡂࡓῶᑡࡣῶᑡࢆ㜼Ṇࡍࡿࣥࢭࣥࢸࣈࢆ㐺ษ࡞⿵ຓ㔠࡞ࡼࡗ࡚ㄏᑟࡍࡿࡇࡀ⪃
࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡀᏳᐃࡋࠊ㐜ࢀ࡚㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡀᏳᐃࡋࡓ≧ἣ࡞ࢀࡤࠊ┤᥋ᨭᡶ࠸ࡢ
⿵ຓ㔠ࢆྲྀࡾࡸࡵ࡚ࢺࢼ࢝⫗ᕷሙࢆᩚഛࡋࠊ⫗౯᱁ࡢୖ᪼ࡼࡗ୍࡚ே࠶ࡓࡾධࢆᣢ⥆ྍ⬟
࡞ࣞ࣋ࣝಖࡘࠋ⿵ຓ㔠ࡣ㈈ᨻᑐࡍࡿ㈇ᢸ࡞ࡿࡓࡵࠊ᭱⤊ⓗࡣᕷሙࡀゎỴࡍࡿ᪉⟇ࡀⰋ
࠸ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
ᑠ⋢ 㝧୍ ࠗ%$6,& ࡼࡿࢩࢫࢸ࣒࣭ࢲࢼ࣑ࢵࢡࢫ࠘ඹ❧ฟ∧ࠋ
㧗 ᾈᶞ ࠗᴟࡢ∾␆Ẹࢧࣁ࠘ᇽࠋ
ࢻࢿ࣭ࣛ+࣭࣓ࢻ࢘ࢬ ࠗᡂ㛗ࡢ㝈⏺࣮࣐࣭̿̿ࣟࢡࣛࣈࠕே㢮ࡢ༴ᶵ࣏࣮ࠖࣞࢺ̿̿࠘ࢲ
ࣖࣔࣥࢻ♫ࠋ
୰⏣ ⠜ ࠕࢧࣁඹᅜ࠾ࡅࡿࢺࢼ࢝∾␆Ẹ⎔ቃኚ㸸ࢺ࣏ࣥ㒆ࡢࡼࡾࠖ
ࠗᖹᡂ
ᖺᗘ )5 ◊✲ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺሗ࿌ ᬮࡍࡿࢩ࣋ࣜࡢ⮬↛ே 㸫Ỉ⎔ቃࢆࡣࡌࡵࡍ
ࡿ㝣ᇦ⏕ែ⣔ኚࡢ♫ࡢ㐺ᛂ࠘⥲ྜᆅ⌫⎔ቃᏛ◊✲ᡤࠋ
ྜྷ⏣ 㝣 ࠕࢧࣁඹᅜ㒊࠾ࡅࡿࢺࢼ࢝㣫⫱Ẹ⎔ቃኚࠖ
ࠗᖹᡂ ᖺᗘ )5 ◊
✲ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺሗ࿌ ᬮࡍࡿࢩ࣋ࣜࡢ⮬↛ே 㸫Ỉ⎔ቃࢆࡣࡌࡵࡍࡿ㝣ᇦ⏕ែ⣔ኚ
ࡢ♫ࡢ㐺ᛂ࠘⥲ྜᆅ⌫⎔ቃᏛ◊✲ᡤࠊ 㡫ࠋ
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5HSXEOLFµ ⤒῭Ꮫㄽྀ㸦ྠᚿ♫Ꮫ㸧
ࠊ➨ ᕳ➨ ྕࠊ ᖺ㸵᭶ ᪥ࠋ
906DIURQRY:LOGUHLQGHHURI<DNXWLD5DQJLIHU9RO1R
41
㹅㸰
࠙ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ㸰㸸Ỉ࣭Ⅳ⣲ᚠ⎔ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࠚ
G2a㸦ྂ⎔ቃඖࢳ࣮࣒㸧άືせ⣙
ؐᖺ㍯ྠయࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᮾࢩ࣋ࣜࢱ࢞ᯘࡢྂ⎔ቃඖؐ
ᮡᮏ ᩔᏊ ᾏ㐨Ꮫ Ꮫ㝔ᆅ⌫⎔ቃ⛉Ꮫ◊✲㝔
㒯 ᓧ ᾏ㐨Ꮫ Ꮫ㝔⎔ቃ⛉Ꮫ㝔
⡿ᘏ ோᚿ 㬆㛛ᩍ⫱Ꮫ
G2a ྂ⎔ቃඖࢳ࣮࣒ࡣࠊᖺ㍯ࢆ⏝࠸࡚㐣ཤ 100 ᖺࡢᮾࢩ࣋ࣜᆅᇦࡢ⎔ቃࢆඖࡍࡿࡇࢆ
┠ⓗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ࠾࠸࡚᥇ྲྀࡋࡓ࣐࢝ࣛࢶᖺ㍯ࡢᖜⅣ⣲ྠయẚࢆ⏝࠸࡚㐣ཤ
100 ᖺ㛫ࡢᅵተỈศࢆඖࡋࡓࠋຍ࠼࡚ࠊᖺ㍯ᖜⅣ⣲ྠయẚࡢ㛵ಀࡣࠊ⇱ࡼࡾ⏕㛗ࡀไ
㝈ࡉࢀࡿሙྜࡣ㈇ࡢ┦㛵ࢆ♧ࡍࡀࠊ᪥ᑕࡢ㊊࡞⇱௨እࡢཎᅉ࡛⏕㛗ࡀไ㝈ࡉࢀࡿሙྜ
ࡣ㈇ࡢ┦㛵ࡀᔂࢀࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊඖࡋࡓᅵተỈศࡢಙ㢗ᛶࢆホ౯ࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡘ࠸࡚
᳨ウࡋࠊ1930 ᖺ௨๓ぢࡽࢀࡿప ࡞ᮇ㛫㸦ኳࡶకࡗࡓ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸧ࠊⅣ⣲ྠయẚࡀ
⇱௨እࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡋࠊᅵተỈศࡢ᥎ᐃ್ࡀ㐣ホ౯࡞ࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ
ࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ࡛ࡢᖺ㍯ᖜⅣ⣲ᏳᐃྠయẚࡼࡿᅵተỈศඖຍ࠼ࠊࣟࢩᴟᅪࡢࢳࣙࢡ
ࣝࢲࠊ࠾ࡼࡧᒣᓅࢱ࢞⨨ࡍࡿ࢘ࢫࢳ࣐࡛ࣖࡶᖺ㍯ࢧࣥࣉࣝࢆ᥇ྲྀࡋࠊゎᯒࢆ㐍ࡵࡓࠋ࢘ࢫ
ࢳ࣐ࣖࡢᖺ㍯ᖜⅣ⣲ྠయẚࡢ㐣ཤ 150 ᖺ㛫ࡢゎᯒࢆ㐍ࡵࠊ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ␗࡞ࡿࡇࢀࡽ 2 ᆅⅬ࠾
࠸࡚࣐࢝ࣛࢶࡢ⎔ቃᖏࡍࡿᛂ⟅ࢆẚ㍑ࡋࡓࠋ୧ᆅⅬࡶ⇱ࡣ࣐࢝ࣛࢶࡢ⏕㛗ࢆไ㝈ࡍࡿせᅉ
࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡼࡾ⇱ࡋࡓẼೃᖏ࠶ࡿࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ࡛ࡣࠊኟࡢẼ ⏕㛗㔞㈇ࡢ┦㛵ࡀぢࡽࢀࠊ
ኟࡢ㧗 ࡀ⇱ࢆಁ㐍ࡋࠊ⏕㛗ࢆไ㝈ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊẚ㍑ⓗ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢከ࠸࢘ࢫࢳ࣐࡛ࣖࡣࠊ㐣ཤ
࠾࠸࡚ࡣኟࡢ㧗 ࡼࡿ⏕㛗ࡢไ㝈ࡣ㢧ⴭ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ᭱㏆ࡢ 30 ᖺࢆぢࡿࣖ
ࢡ࣮ࢶࢡࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ࢘ࢫࢳ࣐ࣖ࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㧗 ࡼࡿ⇱ࢫࢺࣞࢫࡀ⏕㛗㔞ࢆไ㝈ࡋጞࡵ࡚
࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ࠾ࡼࡧࢳࣙࢡࣝࢲ࡛᥇ྲྀࡋࡓ࣐࢝ࣛࢶᯤṚᮌࡢゎᯒࡶ㐍ࡵ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᯤṚ࠸
ࡓࡗࡓࢫࢺࣞࢫࡢᒚṔࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮾࢩ࡛࣋ࣜࡣẼ ୖ᪼ຍ࠼࡚ࠊỌஂᅵ
ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᨩࡼࡿᅵተỈศࡢኚࠊᴟ➃࡞⇱ࡸ‵₶࡞ࠊࢱ࢞ᯘ⏕ែ⣔ࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛ཷ
ࡅ࡚ࡁࡓኚࡼࡾࡉࡽཝࡋ࠸⎔ቃኚືࡉࡽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋඖࡋࡓᅵተỈศࡢኚ
࣐࢝ࣛࢶࡢⅣ⣲ྲྀࡾ㎸ࡳ㔞ࡢኚࢆࢫࢺࣞࢫࡢᒚṔ࠶ࢃࡏ࡚ゎᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡃணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
45
㻠㻡
ᶞᮌᖺ㍯ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᮾࢩ࣋ࣜࢱ࢞ᯘࡢ
㐣ཤ 100 ᖺ㛫ࡢᅵተỈศ㔞ඖ
ᮡᮏ ᩔᏊ ᾏ㐨Ꮫ Ꮫ㝔ᆅ⌫⎔ቃ⛉Ꮫ◊✲㝔
㒯 ᓧ ᾏ㐨Ꮫ Ꮫ㝔⎔ቃ⛉Ꮫ㝔
⡿ᘏ ோᚿ 㬆㛛ᩍ⫱Ꮫ
1 ࡣࡌࡵ
༙⌫㧗⦋ᗘᇦᗈࡀࡿᮾࢩ࣋ࣜࢱ࢞ᯘࡣⴠⴥ㔪ⴥᶞ࡛࠶ࡿ࣐࢝ࣛࢶࡀඃ༨ࡍࡿ᳃ᯘᆅ
ᖏ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢᗈ࡞㠃✚ࡼࡾࠊ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࠊỈࠊⅣ⣲ᚠ⎔ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚⌫ⓗ࡞Ẽೃࡁ࡞ᙳ
㡪ࢆ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ (Bonan et al., 1992)ࠋࡲࡓࠊ㏆ᖺࡢࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫほ ࡼࡾࠊࢱ࢞ᯘࡣ᳃ᯘࡢ≧ែ
ࡼࡗ࡚Ⅳ⣲ࡢᨺฟ※ࡶࠊ྾※ࡶᡂࡾᚓࡿࡇࡀሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ(Lindroth et al., 1998㸹
Valentini et al., 2000)ࠋᆅ⌫ࡢⅣ⣲㈓ⶶᗜࡋ࡚㔜せ࡞ࡇࡢ᳃ᯘᖏࡣỌஂᅵᖏࠊཬࡧෆ㝣ᛶࡢ⇱
Ẽೃᖏᗈࡀࡿ᳃ᯘᆅᖏ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᆅ⌫ ᬮࡢᙳ㡪ࢆࡁࡃཷࡅࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀᨾࠊࡇ
ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢱ࢞ᯘࡢ⌧ᅾࡢ≧ἣࢆᢕᥱࡋࠊ㐣ཤࡢ⎔ቃࡸ᳜⏕ࡼࡿⅣ⣲ᅛᐃ㔞ࡢኚືࢆඖࡍࡿ
ࡇࡣ⌫ࡢẼೃࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ⌮ゎᙺ❧ࡘ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ᮾࢩ࣋ࣜࡢࡼ࠺࡞⇱Ẽೃᖏ⏕⫱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ᳜≀ࡣ⇱ࢫࢺࣞࢫࡉࡽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊࡑ
ࢀࡼࡾ⏕㛗㔞ࡀไ㝈ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊᖺ㍯ゎᯒ࡛ࡣࠊᖺ㍯ᖜኟࡢẼ ࡢ┦㛵ࡀከᩘሗ࿌ࡉࢀࠊኟࡢẼ ࡀ㧗ࡃ⏕㛗ᮇ㛫ࡀ㛗࠸⏕㛗ࡀⰋ࠸ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ
(Barber et al., 2000)ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ20 ୡ⣖୰㡭ࡽࠊ༙⌫㧗⦋ᗘᇦ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࣐࢝ࣛࢶࡢ⏕㛗
㔞Ẽ ࡢ┦㛵ࡀᝏࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀሗ࿌ࡉࢀ(D'Arrigo et al., 2008)ࠊ⇱ࡼࡿࠊỈࢫࢺࣞࢫ
ࡀ 1 ࡘࡢཎᅉ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ(Briffa et al., 1998)ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᮾࢩ࣋ࣜࢱ࢞ᯘ࡛
ࡣࠊỈศ⎔ቃࡀᶞᮌࡢⅣ⣲ᅛᐃ㔞ࢆつᐃࡋ࡚ࡁࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡇࡢᆅᇦࡢ
㐣ཤࠊ⌧ᅾࠊཬࡧᑗ᮶ࡢⅣ⣲ᚠ⎔ࢆゎ᫂ࡍࡿࡓࡵỈᚠ⎔ࡢ⌮ゎࡣḞࡏ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ
ᮾࢩ࡛࣋ࣜࡢᅵተỈศほ ࡣⰋࡃᩚഛࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡣゝ࠼ࡎࠊ20 ᖺ௨ୖࡢほ グ㘓ࢆᣢࡘほ ࢧࢺࡣࡰᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊᮾࢩ࣋ࣜࢱ࢞ᯘࡢỈ࣭Ⅳ⣲ᚠ⎔ࢆࡼࡾṇ☜ᢕᥱࡍࡿࡓ
ࡵࡣࠊࣉࣟ࢟ࢩ࣮ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࡼࡾ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞㐣ཤࡢᅵተỈศ⎔ቃࡢඖࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢᆅᇦࡢ㐣ཤࡢỈศ⎔ቃࡢඖࢆ⾜࠺ࡓࡵࠊࡲࡎᅵተỈศ➼ࡢ⌧ሙほ ࢹ࣮
ࢱࡀࡑࢁ࠺⣙ 10 ᖺศࡢᖺ㍯ࡢⅣ⣲ྠయẚᅵተỈศࡢ㛵ಀࢆㄪࠊࡑࢀᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ㐣ཤ 100 ᖺ
㐳ࡗ࡚ᅵተỈศ㔞ࢆ᥎ᐃࡋࠊࡑࡢጇᙜᛶࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡋࡓࠋ㻌
2 ◊✲ᑐ㇟ᆅᇦ᪉ἲ
2.1 ◊✲ᑐ㇟ᆅᇦᶞᮌᖺ㍯ࢧࣥࣉࣝ᥇ྲྀ
46
㻠㻢
ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊࣞࢼᕝ୰ὶᇦ⨨ࡍࡿࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕷ⾤ࡼࡾす 20km ࡢ᳃ᯘᆅᖏ࠶ࡿࢫࣃࢫ
࢝ࣖࣃࢵࢻᐇ㦂ᯘ(ࣟࢩ⛉Ꮫ࢝ࢹ࣑࣮ᐮ෭ᅪ⏕≀Ꮫ◊✲ᡤ) (62rN, 129rE)࠾࠸࡚ᶞᮌᖺ
㍯ࢧࣥࣉࣝࡢ᥇ྲྀࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ
2.3 ᖺ㍯ᖜィ Ⅳ⣲Ᏻᐃྠయẚศᯒ
᥇ྲྀࡋࡓ࣐࢝ࣛࢶ⌧⏕ᮌࡢᖺ㍯ࢧࣥࣉࣝࡣ࣐ࢡ࣓࣮ࣟࢱࡁᐇయ㢧ᚤ㙾ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ᖺ㍯ᖜࢆ ᐃࡋࠊITRDB(International Tree-Ring Data Bank)ࡢᶆ‽ᖺ㍯᭤⥺ẚ㍑ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ᖺ௦ࢆỴᐃࡋࡓࠋ
ᶞᮌᖺ㍯G13C ࡽ㐣ཤ 100 ᖺ㛫ࡢᅵተỈศ㔞ࢆ᥎ᐃࡍࡿࡓࡵࢫࣃࢫ࢝ࣖࣃࢵࢻᐇ㦂ᯘ࡛᥇ྲྀ
ࡋࡓ⌧⏕ᮌ 8 ಶయࡢ୰ࡽᖹᆒⓗ࡞ᖺ㍯ᖜኚືࢆ♧ࡍ 4 ಶయࢆྠయ ᐃ⏝㑅ᢥࡋࡓࠋྠయ
ᐃࡣࠊᾏ㐨ᏛᏛ㝔ᆅ⌫⎔ቃ⛉Ꮫ◊✲㝔ࡢඖ⣲ศᯒィ㉁㔞ศᯒィdeltaV,ࢧ࣮ࣔࣇࢵ
ࢩ࣮ࣕࢧ࢚ࣥࢫࢆ⏝࠸࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋศᯒࡣࠊ࣑ࣀ㓟ࡢࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻDL-Ala G13C=-23.4͙
ཬࡧࠊTyrG13C=-26.4͙ࢆ⏝࠸ࠊศᯒ⢭ᗘࡣ±0.1͙࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊᖺ㍯G13C࠼ࡿ1850ᖺ௨㝆ࡢẼCO 2 ࡢG13C್ࡢపୗࠊཬࡧẼCO 2 ⃰ᗘୖ᪼ࡼࡿᙳ
㡪ࢆྲྀࡾ㝖ࡃࡓࡵࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࠊMcCaroll and Loader. (2004)ࠊTreydte et al. (2001) ᚑ࠸ࠊᖺ㍯G13C
ࢡࣟࣀࣟࢪ࣮⿵ṇࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ
2.4 Ẽ㇟Ỉᩥࢹ࣮ࢱ
ᮏሗ࿌᭩࡛ࡣࠊẼ㇟Ỉᩥࢹ࣮ࢱࡋ࡚㝆Ỉ㔞ࠊᅵተỈศ㔞ࡢ 2 ࡘࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㝆
Ỉ㔞ࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠊCRU ࡢࢢࣜࢵࢻࢹ࣮ࢱ (1908-1949) (Hulme et al., 1998)ࠊཬࡧ BMDS (Baseline
Meteorological Data in Siberia Version 5.0 ) (Yabuki et al., 2011)ࡢࢫࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢹ࣮ࢱ (1950-2008)ࢆ
⏝࠸ࡓࠋ
ᅵተỈศ㔞ࡣࠊᮏほ ࢧࢺࡢ࣐࢝ࣛࢶᯘタ⨨ࡋࡓ TDR (Moisture Point, Environmental Sensors
Inc..Canada) ࡢ ࣐ ࢽ ࣗ ࣝ ほ ࡢ ⤖ ᯝ ࠊ ࢱ ࣡ ࣮ ࢧ ࢺ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ⮬ ື ᐃ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ (ACOS:
Automatic Climate Observation System)ࡢ TDR ࡢ⤖ᯝࡽ᥎ᐃࡉࢀࡓ್(Sugimoto et al., 2003;
Sugimoto et al., ᢞ✏‽ഛ୰)ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋTDR ࡢ࣐ࢽࣗࣝ ᐃࡼࡿᅵተỈศࡣࠊ ᐃ῝ᗘࡀࠊ0-15,
15-30, 30-60, 60-90, 90-120cm ࡢ 5 ῝ᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋTDR ࡢほ ⤖ᯝࡽᅵተỈศࢆィ⟬ࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡢヲ
⣽ࡣࠊSugimoto et al. (2003)㏙ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
3 ⤖ᯝ࣭⪃ᐹ㸸ᖺ㍯G13Cࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ㐣ཤ100ᖺ㛫ࡢᅵተỈศ㔞ඖ
᪩ᮦࠊᬌᮦࡢᖺ㍯G13C್ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀ๓ᖺࠊཬࡧᙜᖺࡢኟᚋ༙(7/15-8/31)ࡢᅵተỈศ㔞㈇ࡢ┦㛵
ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ(r=-0.81, p<0.01; r=-0.81, p<0.01)ࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ㐣ཤࡢᅵተỈศ㔞ࢆ᥎ᐃࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ᪩ᮦ
ᬌᮦࡽ1ᖺ㍯ࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡢ㝿ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿᖺࡢᬌᮦࠊ⩣ᖺࡢ᪩ᮦࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡿࡢࡀጇᙜ࡛
࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠋ࠶ࡿᖺࡢᬌᮦ⩣ᖺࡢ᪩ᮦࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࠊᖺ㍯ᖜᖹᆒࡢᮦᐦᗘ࡛㔜ࡳࡅ
ࡋ࡚ィ⟬ࡋࡓ1ᖺ㍯ࡢG13C್ࡣኟᚋ༙ࡢᅵተỈศ㔞㠀ᖖ㧗࠸㈇ࡢ┦㛵ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ (r=-0.90,
p<0.01)ࠋḟࠊ㐣ཤ100ᖺࡢᅵተỈศ㔞ࢆ᥎ᐃࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊୖ㏙ࡓ᪉ἲ࡛ィ⟬ࡋࡓ1ᖺศࡢᖺ
㍯G13C್㐣ཤ10ᖺศࡢほ ᅵተỈศ㔞ࡢᅇᖐ┤⥺ᘧࢆồࡵࡓࠋ
47
㻠㻣
SWC 0-60cm = (-62.0) × (į13C tree-ring ) + (-1307.8)
ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊSWE 0-60cm ࡣ0-60cmࡢỈ
100
200
50
100
250
(1998-2007)㛗ࡃࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᖺ㍯
200
150
ࡢඖ್ࡣጇᙜ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ
4
0
100
-4
-8
50
-12
2010
2000
1990
1980
1970
1960
1950
0
(1966-2007) ࡀⰋ ࠸୍⮴ ࢆ♧ ࡋࡓ
ࡇࡽ(r=0.55; P<0.001)ࠊᮏ◊✲
8
zu
1940
ࡼࡿᅵተỈศ㔞ィ⟬⤖ᯝ
12
E
1910
ࣔࢹࣝ(2LM; Yamazaki et al., 2007)
5HFRQVWUXFWHG
6:(FP
PP
ศ 㔞 ࡢ ᰯ ṇ ᮇ 㛫 ࡣ 10 ᖺ 㛫
0
-XO\3'6,
0
ኚືྠࢧࢺࡢ1ḟඖ㝣㠃㐣⛬
300
150
࡛࠶ࡿࠋᖺ㍯G13C್ほ ᅵተỈ
G13C್ࡽඖࡋࡓᅵተỈศ㔞ࡢ
400
1930
ྜࢃࡏࡽồࡵࡓ1ᖺ㍯ࡢG13C್
D
1920
ࡿᖺࡢᬌᮦ⩣ᖺࡢ᪩ᮦࡢ⤌ࡳ
5HFRQVWUXFWHG
6:(FP
PP
ᅵተỈศ㔞(mm)ࠊ G13C tree-ring ࡣ࠶
200
3UHFLSLWDWLRQPP
ᙜ㔞࡛⾲ࡋࡓኟᚋ༙(7/15-8/31)ࡢ
250
<HDU$'
ᅗ1: ᖺ㍯į13C䛛䜙ඖ䛧䛯ᅵተỈศ㔞䠄ᐇ⥺䠅䛸
ᖺ✚⟬㝆Ỉ㔞䠄◚⥺䠅(a)䚸7᭶䛾PDSI 䠄◚⥺䠅(b)
ุ᩿ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ᖺ㍯G13C್ࡽඖࡋࡓ㐣ཤ100ᖺ㛫ࡢᅵተỈศ㔞ࡣᖺ✚⟬㝆Ỉ㔞㸦๓ᖺ8᭶~ᙜᖺ7᭶㸧(r=0.44;
P<0.01)ࠊཬࡧ7᭶ࡢPalmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) (r=0.37; P<0.01)ࡶⰋ࠸ኚືࡢ୍⮴ࢆ♧ࡋ
ࡓ(ᅗ1)ࠋඖᅵተỈศ㔞๓ᖺ8᭶ࡽᙜᖺ7᭶ࡢᮇ㛫࡛ィ⟬ࡉࢀࡓ✚⟬㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢⰋ࠸┦㛵㛵ಀ
ࡣࠊᅵተỈศ㔞ࡀᙜᖺࡢኟࡢࡳ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ๓ᖺኟᚋ༙ࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢᙳ㡪ࡶࡁࡃཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ♧
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲ࢧࢺࡣࠊỌஂᅵᖏ⨨ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ࠶ࡿᖺࡢኟᚋ༙ࡢᅵተỈศࡣ
Ꮨࡣ⤖ࡋࠊ⩣ᖺࡢࡈࢁࡲ࡛ಖᣢࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ࠶ࡿᖺࡢᅵተỈศ㔞ࡣࡑࡢᖺࡢ㝆Ỉ
㔞ࡢࡳ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ๓ᖺࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢᙳ㡪ࡶࡁࡃཷࡅࡿ(Sugimoto et al., 2003; Ohta et al., 2008)ࠋ
↛ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡼࡾヲ⣽ඖᅵተỈศ㔞ᖺ✚⟬㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢኚືࢆぢ࡚࠸ࡃࠊ1920-1930ᖺࡢ
ᮇ㛫୧⪅㞳ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀศࡿ(ᅗ1aࡢⅬ⥺࡛ᅖࡲࢀࡓᮇ㛫)ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࡑࡢᮇ㛫
ࡣ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡀᑡ࡞࠸ࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎࠊඖᅵተỈศ㔞ࡣ㐣ཤ100ᖺ㛫ࡢᖹᆒ್ࡼࡾࡶ㧗ࡃぢ✚ࡶࡽࢀࡓࠋ ࡇࡢᮇ㛫ࡢᖺ㍯G13CࡢᅵተỈศࣉࣟ࢟ࢩ࣮ࡋ࡚ࡢᛶ⬟ࢆホ౯ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ㐣ཤ100ᖺ㛫ࡢᖺ㍯
ᖜG13Cࡢ㛵ಀᛶࢆㄪࡓ(ᅗ2b)ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᖺ㍯ᖜᖺ㍯į13Cࡢᅇᖐ┤⥺ᘧࢆồࡵᖺ㍯į13C =
í1.06 ×ᖺ㍯ᖜí22.15, r2 = 0.24ࠊᖺ㍯G13Cࡢᅇᖐ┤⥺ᘧࡽࡢ᥎ᐃ್ᐇ ್ࡢZ scoreࡢᕪ
(Z Dž 13 C-rw ) ࢆ௨ୗࡢᘧࡽồࡵࡓࠋ
Z Dž 13 C-rw Dž13C rw - Dž13C rw ) / SD rw – Dž13C ob - Dž13C ob ) / SD ob
㻠㻤
48
--$
7HPSHUDWXUH
DQRPDO\
4
D
ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊį13C rwį13C ob ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࠊ
ᖺ㍯į13Cࡢ᥎ᐃ್ᐇ ್࡛࠶ࡾࠊୖ
2
ࡁࣂ࣮ࡣゎᯒᮇ㛫㸦1908-2007㸧ࡢᖹᆒ್
0
ࢆ♧ࡍࠋSD rw SD ob ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࠊį13C rw ࠊ
-2
ᶞᮌᡂ㛗㔞ࡀỈศ⎔ቃࡼࡾつᐃࡉࢀ
E
-3
1919-1925 ᖺࡢᮇ㛫(ᅗ 2 ࡢⅬ⥺࡛ᅖࡲࢀ
2010
ಀࡀᔂࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉ࠊ
2000
-2
1990
㞳ࢀࡿࠊᖺ㍯ᖜG13C ࡢ㈇ࡢ┦㛵㛵
1980
-1
1970
2003)ࠋᅗ 2b ࠾࠸࡚ࠊZ Dž 13 C-rw ࡀ 0 ࡽ
1960
0
1950
ࢆ♧ࡍࡇࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿ(Kagawa et al.,
1940
1
1930
࡚࠸ࡿࡣࠊᖺ㍯ᖜG13C ࡣ㈇ࡢ┦㛵
1920
2
1910
Zį13C-rw
3
į13C ob ࡢᶆ‽೫ᕪ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᅗ䠎: ኟᏘ(6-8᭶)䛾Ẽ ೫ᕪ䛸䛭䛾11ᖺ⛣ືᖹᆒ(a)䚸ᖺ㍯ᖜ䛛䜙
᥎ᐃ䛧䛯ᖺ㍯į13C䛸ᐇ ್䛾Z score䛾ᕪ䚸ཬ䜃䛭䛾5ᖺ⛣ື
ᖹᆒ(ヲ⣽䛿䝔䜻䝇䝖䜢ཧ↷䠅(b)
ࡓᮇ㛫)ࡣࠊZ Dž 13 C-rw ࡢ 5 ᖺ⛣ືᖹᆒ್ࡀ
㐃⥆ࡋ࡚ 1㸦1 ᶆ‽೫ᕪ㸧ࢆ㉸࠼࡚࠾ࡾࠊ
ࡑࡢࡅ㞳ࢀࡀ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀศࡿࠋ
ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ1919-1925 ᖺࡢᮇ㛫ࡣࠊ┦ᑐⓗ
ᖺ㍯ᖜࡀ⊃ࡃࠊį13C ࡀపࡗࡓࡇࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊప ཬࡧప᪥ᑕ㔞ࡼࡾᶞᮌࡢගྜᡂ㏿ᗘ
ࡀపୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠊࡇࡢ㛵ಀᛶࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿࠋ1919-1925 ᖺࡢᮇ㛫ࡣࠊኟᮇ㸦6-8 ᭶㸧ప ࡛࠶ࡿᖺࡀ㐃⥆ࡋ࡚⥆࠸ࡓᮇ㛫࡛࠶ࡾ(ᅗ 2a)ࠊప ཬࡧప᪥ᑕ㔞ࡼࡿගྜᡂ㏿ᗘࡢపୗࡀ㉳ࡇ
ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡣ༑ศ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
1900 ᖺ௦๓༙ࡣ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢほ ࢹ࣮ࢱࡶࡁ࡞☜ᐇᛶࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊඖᅵተỈศ㔞㝆Ỉ㔞
ࡢ 1920-1930 ᖺࡢ㞳ࡘ࠸࡚ṇ☜ゝཬࡍࡿࡇࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᖺ㍯ᖜ į13C ್
ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࡽࠊ1919-1925 ᖺࡢᮇ㛫ࡣࠊᖺ㍯ į13C ࡢỈศ⎔ቃࣉࣟ࢟ࢩ࣮ࡋ࡚ᛶ⬟ࡀࡢᮇ㛫
ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ຎࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᅵተỈศ㔞ࡀ㐣ホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿䚸1919-1925 ᖺ䛾 6 ᖺ㛫䜢㝖䛟㐣ཤ 94 ᖺ㛫䛻䛚䛔䛶ಙ㢗ᛶ䛾㧗䛔ᅵተỈศ㔞䜢ඖ䛧䚸
㐣ཤ 14 ᖺ㛫䛾ほ グ㘓䜢⣙ 7 ಸ䛾㛗䛥䛻ᘏ㛗䛧䛯䚹ඖ䛧䛯ᅵተỈศ㔞䜢ᇶ䛻䚸㛗ᮇⓗ䛺ほⅬ䛛䜙ᮏ
䝃䜲䝖䛷ほ 䛥䜜䛯᭱㏆䛾ᅵተỈศ㔞ኚື䜢ぢ䜛䛸䚸2002-2003 ᖺࡢ⇱࣋ࣥࢺࡣ㐣ཤ 100 ᖺ㛫࡛᭱
つᶍ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊྠ⛬ᗘࡢ࣋ࣥࢺࡀ 1940 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࡶ㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࠊཬࡧ 2006-2007 ᖺࡢ
‵₶࣋ࣥࢺࡣ㐣ཤ 100 ᖺ㛫࡛㝿❧ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
4 ࡲࡵ
ᮾ䝅䝧䝸䜰୰ኸ㒊䛻⨨䛩䜛䝲䜽䞊䝒䜽 (62N, 129E) 䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸䜹䝷䝬䝒ᖺ㍯ į13C ࡽ㐣ཤ 100 ᖺ㛫
䛾ᅵተỈศ㔞䜢᥎ᐃ䛧䚸2002-2003 ᖺࡢ⇱࣋ࣥࢺࡣ㐣ཤ 100 ᖺ㛫࡛᭱つᶍ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊྠ⛬
ᗘࡢ࣋ࣥࢺࡀ 1940 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࡶ㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࠊཬࡧ 2006-2007 ᖺࡢ‵₶࣋ࣥࢺࡣ㐣ཤ 100
ᖺ㛫࡛㝿❧ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
49
㻠㻥
ᖺ㍯ᖜį13Cࡢ㛵ಀᛶࢆㄪࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ㐣ཤ100ᖺ㛫ࡢඖ್ࡢಙ㢗ᛶࢆホ౯ࡋࠊ1919-1925ᖺࡢ
ᮇ㛫ࡣప ཬࡧప᪥ᑕ㔞ࡼࡿ࣐࢝ࣛࢶࡢගྜᡂ㏿ᗘపୗࡢᙳ㡪ࡀᖺ㍯į13C⌧ࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᅵተ
Ỉศ㔞ࡀ㐣ホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࡀ♧ࡍࡼ࠺ࠊᖺ㍯ᖜᖺ㍯į13Cࡢ㛵
ಀᛶࡽᖺ㍯ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡢྂ⎔ቃࣉࣟ࢟ࢩ࣮ᛶ⬟ࢆ㐣ཤ㐳ࡗ࡚ホ౯ࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ
㐣ཤࡢẼ㇟ࢹ࣮ࢱࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ᮇ㛫㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊඖ್ࡢホ౯ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊᖺ㍯ྂẼೃᏛࡢࡉ
ࡽ࡞ࡿⓎᒎࡶࡁࡃ㈉⊩ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᚋࠊࡼࡾヲ⣽ゎᯒࢆ㐍
ࡵ࡚࠸ࡃணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
5 ᚋࡢணᐃ
ᖺ㍯į13Cࡽඖࡋࡓ㐣ཤ100ᖺ㛫ࡢᅵተỈศ㔞ࢆArctic Oscillation (AO)ࡸNorthern hemisphere
Annular Mode (NAM)࠸ࡗࡓẼೃࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱẚ㍑ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ㛵ಀᛶࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ
ẼೃᏛⓗ࡞ほⅬࡽᅵተỈศ㔞ࡢኚືࢆホ౯ࡋࡓ࠸⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽࡣࠊඖᅵተỈศ㔞
⌧⏕ᮌཬࡧᯤṚᮌࡢᖺ㍯ᖜࢹ࣮ࢱࠊཬࡧᯤṚᮌࡢᖺ㍯į13C್ࡢẚ㍑࣭ゎᯒࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ࣐࢝ࣛࢶࡢ
Ⅳ⣲ᅛᐃ⬟ཬࡧᯤṚ࣋ࣥࢺᅵተỈศ⎔ቃࡢ㛵ಀᛶࠊ≉ᖺ㍯ゎᯒࡽ㐣ཤ100ᖺ㛫࡛᭱つ
ᶍぢ✚ࡶࡽࢀࡓ2006-2007ᖺࡢ‵₶࣋ࣥࢺࡀ࣐࢝ࣛࢶࡢⅣ⣲ᅛᐃ⬟ࠊཬࡧᯤṚ࣋ࣥࢺ࠼
ࡓᙳ㡪ࢆホ౯ࡋࡓ࠸⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᘬ⏝ᩥ⊩
Barber, V. A., Juday, G. P., and Finney, B. P., 2000. Reduced growth of Alaskan white spruce in the twentieth
century from temperature-induced drought stress. Nature 405, 668-673.
Bonan, G. B., Pollard, D., and Thompson, S. L., 1992. Effect of boreal forest vegetation on global climate. Nature
359, 716-718.
Briffa, K. R., Schweingruber, F. H., Jones, P. D., Osborn, T. J., Shiyatov, S. G., and Vaganov, E. A., 1998. Reduced
sensitivity of recent tree-growth to temperature at high northern latitudes. Nature 391, 678-682.
D'Arrigo, R., R. Wilson, B. Liepert, B, and P. Cherubini (2008), On the 'Divergence Problem' in Northern Forests: A review of the tree-ring evidence and possible causes, Global and Planetary Change,
60, 289-305.
Hulme, M., T. J. Osborn, and T. C. Johns (1998), Precipitation sensitivity to global warming: Comparison
of observations with HadCM2 simulations, Geophys. Res. Letts., 25, 3379-3382.
Kagawa, A., Naito, D., Sugimoto, A., and Maximov, T. C., 2003. Effects of spatial and temporal variability
in soil moisture on widths and delta C-13 values of eastern Siberian tree rings. Journal of
Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 108, 4500, doi:10.1029/2002JD003019
Lindroth, A., Grelle, A., and Moren, A. S., 1998. Long-term measurements of boreal forest carbon balance reveal
large temperature sensitivity. Global Change Biology 4, 443-450.
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McCarroll, D. and Loader, N. J., 2004. Stable isotopes in tree rings. Quaternary Science Reviews 23, 771-801
Ohta, T., T. C. Maximov, A. J. Dolman, T. Nakai, M. K. van der Molen, A. V. Kononov, A. P. Maximov,
T. Hiyama, Y. Iijima, E. J. Moors, H. Tanaka, T. Toba, and H. Yabuki (2008), Interannual
variation of water balance and summer evapotranspiration in an eastern Siberian larch forest over a
7-year period (1998-2006), Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 148, 1941-1953.
Sugimoto, A., Naito, D., Yanagisawa, N., Ichiyanagi, K., Kurita, N., Kubota, J., Kotake, T., Ohata, T., Maximov, T.
C., and Fedorov, A. N., 2003. Characteristics of soil moisture in permafrost observed in East Siberian taiga
with stable isotopes of water. Hydrological Processes 17, 1073-1092.
Treydte, K., Schleser, G. H., Schweingruber, F. H., and Winiger, M., 2001. The climatic significance of delta C-13
in subalpine spruces (Lotschental, Swiss Alps) - A case study with respect to altitude, exposure and soil
moisture. Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology 53, 593-611.
Valentini, R., Matteucci, G., Dolman, A. J., Schulze, E. D., Rebmann, C., Moors, E. J., Granier, A., Gross, P.,
Jensen, N. O., Pilegaard, K., Lindroth, A., Grelle, A., Bernhofer, C., Grunwald, T., Aubinet, M., Ceulemans,
R., Kowalski, A. S., Vesala, T., Rannik, U., Berbigier, P., Loustau, D., Guomundsson, J., Thorgeirsson, H.,
Ibrom, A., Morgenstern, K., Clement, R., Moncrieff, J., Montagnani, L., Minerbi, S., and Jarvis, P. G.,
2000. Respiration as the main determinant of carbon balance in European forests. Nature 404, 861-865.
Yabuki, H., Park, H., Kawamoto, H., Suzuki, R., Razuvaev, V.N., Bulygina, O.N., and Ohata, T. (2011): Baseline
Meteorological Data in Siberia (BMDS) Version 5.0, RIGC, JAMSTEC, Yokosuka, Japan, distributed by
CrDAP, Digital media.
Yamazaki, T., T. Ohta, R. Suzuki, and T. Ohata (2007), Flux variation in a Siberian Taiga forest near
Yakutsk estimated by a one-dimensional model with routine data, 1986-2000, Hydrological
Processes, 21, 2009-2015.
51
㻡㻝
G2b㸦⣲㐣⛬ほ ࢳ࣮࣒㸧άືせ⣙
ኴ⏣ ᓅྐ
ྡྂᒇᏛᏛ㝔 ⏕㎰Ꮫ◊✲⛉
1 ┠ⓗ
G2b ࢳ࣮࣒ࡣࠊ⌧ᅾࡢᮾࢩ࣋ࣜ࠾ࡅࡿỈ㺃Ⅳ⣲ᚠ⎔㐣⛬ࢆࠊ⌧ᆅほ ᇶ࡙࠸࡚᫂ࡽ
ࡍࡿࢆ┠ⓗࡋ࡚⦅ᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢෆᐜࡣࠊձᮾࢩ࣋ࣜỌஂᅵᖏ⨨ࡍࡿ࣐࢝ࣛࢶ
ᯘࡢẼ㇟㺃Ỉᩥ≉ᛶࡢᢕᥱࠊ≉‵₶ࢫࢺࣞࢫᑐࡍࡿ࣐࢝ࣛࢶᯘࡢᛂ⟅≉ᛶࡢᢕᥱࠊղ㞷㠃⇕ᨭ
Ỉᨭࠊ≉㞷㠃ࡽࡢ᪼⳹Ⓨ㔞ࡢᐃ㔞ⓗᢕᥱࠊճỌஂᅵᖏࡢᆅୗỈືែࡢᢕᥱἙᕝὶฟ㔞
ࡢ㛵ࡢᢕᥱࠊࡢ㸱Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᖺᗘࡣࠊձࠊճࡘ࠸࡚ෆᐜࢆሗ࿌ࡍࡿࠋ
2 ◊✲ࡢ㐍ᤖ≧ἣ
ୖグձࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ(YKS)㏆㑹ࡢ Spasskaya Pad(SPA)࠾࠸࡚ࡣ 15 ᖺ㛫ࡢỈ㺃Ⅳ⣲
ᨭࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡀࡑࢁ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ SPA ࠾ࡅࡿỈ㺃Ⅳ⣲ᨭ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊỈᨭ㔞ࡀ 2007 ᖺ
ࡽᅵተỈศ㸫Ⓨᩓ㔞㛵ಀࡢపୗࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠾ࡾࠊⅣ⣲ᨭ㔞㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ 2008 ᖺࡽᅵተ
Ỉศ㸫ගྜᡂࡢ㛵ಀࡢపୗࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢኚࡣࠊୖᒙᮌ㸦࣐࢝ࣛࢶ㸧࡛ࡢపୗࡀ㢧ⴭ࡛
࠶ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊୗᒙ᳜⏕࡛ࡣⓎᩓ㔞ࠊගྜᡂ㔞ࡶࡸࡸቑຍࡋࡓࡼࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊపୗᮇ 1
ᖺࡢ time lag ࡀ࠶ࡿⅬ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࡲࡔ⪃៖୰࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊSPA Elgeeii(ELG)ࡢ 2009-2012
ᖺ࠾ࡅࡿẚ㍑࡛ࡣࠊⓎᩓ㔞ࡣ SPA ELG ࡢ㛫࡛ᕪࡣᑠࡉ࠸ࡢᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ⣧୍ḟ⏕⏘㔞ࡣ SPA
ࡼࡾࡶ ELG ࡢ᪉ࡀࡁࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ⩌ⴠࡢගྜᡂ㔞ࡀࠊⴥ㔞ࠊ≉ୖᒙᮌࡢⴥ㔞ᨭ
㓄ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ㸰ࢧࢺ㛫࡛ࡢಶⴥගྜᡂࡢගᛂ⟅ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿࠊ࣐࢝ࣛࢶࡢᛂ
⟅᭤⥺࡛ࡣ㐪࠸ࡀぢࡽࢀࡎࠊ࢝ࣥࣂࡢᛂ⟅᭤⥺࡛ࡣᙅග᮲௳࡛ ELG ࡛ࡢගྜᡂࡀࡁࡗࡓࠋ⩌
ⴠගྜᡂࡢගᛂ⟅ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿࠊSPA ࡛ࡣᙅග࡛ࡢึᮇ໙㓄ࡀࡁࡃᙉග᮲௳࡛㣬ࢆࡍࡿ͆࢝ࣥ
ࣂᆺ͇ࡢᛂ⟅᭤⥺࡛࠶ࡾࠊELG ࡛ࡣᙅග࡛ࡢึᮇ໙㓄ࡀᑠࡉࡃᙉග᮲௳࡛㣬ࢆࡋ࡞࠸࣐͆࢝ࣛࢶ
ᆺ͇ࡢᛂ⟅᭤⥺࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ㐪࠸ࡣࠊ⩌ⴠࡢᶞ✀ᵓᡂࠊᶞෙᵓ㐀ࡢ㐪࠸ࡼࡾࠊᶞ✀ࡈࡢගྜ
ᡂࡢᐤᗘࡀ㐪࠺ࡇࡼࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ୖグճࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᮾࢩ࣭࣋ࣜࣞࢼἙୖὶࡢ 4 ࡘࡢࢧࣈὶᇦ࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ 1950 ᖺࡽ 2008 ᖺ
ࡲ࡛ࡢὶ㔞ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࠊኟᏘࡢᇶᗏὶ㔞ኚࢆᅵࡢ⼥ゎ⤖క࠺άືᒙ῝ࡉࡢኚ㛵ಀ࡙
ࡅࠊỌஂᅵࡢ⼥ゎ㏿ᗘࢆࢧࣈὶᇦࢫࢣ࣮࡛ࣝ᥎ᐃࡋࡓࠋゎᯒࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᑐ㇟ࡋࡓᮇ㛫ࡢᖹᆒⓗ
ഴྥࡋ࡚ࠊࣞࢼἙୖὶᇦࡢ㐃⥆Ọஂᅵᇦ࡛ᖺ㛫 0ࠋ3cm ࡽ 1cm ࡢྜ࡛ࠊࣝࢲࣥᕝୖὶ
ࡢ㐃⥆Ọஂᅵᇦ࡛ࡑࡢ༙ศ⛬ᗘࡢྜ࡛ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀάືᒙࡀ῝ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊᅵࡀ⼥ゎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿุ
᩿ࡉࢀࡓࠋゎᯒᮇ㛫ࢆ⣙ 20 ᖺ㛫ࡈ༊ษࡗࡓሙྜࠊ1950 ᖺࡽ 1970 ᖺࡅ࡚ࡣάືᒙࡀὸ
ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ
ᚋ༙ࡢ 1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡣࠊ
ᖺ㛫 2cm ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࢀ௨ୖࡢྜ࡛άືᒙࡀ῝ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊ
ᅵࡀᛴ⃭⼥ゎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡗࡓࠋ
52
㻡㻞
3 ᚋࡢணᐃㄢ㢟
ձ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊSPA ELG ࡛ࡢほ ࡀ㐍ࡴࡼࡾࠊᮾࢩ࣋ࣜ࠾ࡅࡿỈ㺃⇕ᚠ⎔ࡢ≉ᛶ
ᑐࡋࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ᒎ㛤ࡀணࡉࢀࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ‵₶ࢫࢺࣞࢫ㛵ࡋ࡚ SPA ELG ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿࡼ
ࡾࠊ࣐࢝ࣛࢶᯘࡢ‵₶㛵ࡍࡿ≉ᛶࡀຍࢃࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᮾࢩ࣋ࣜ୰ὶ㒊࠾ࡅࡿ᳃
ᯘ⏕ែ⣔ࡢኚࠊ≉‵₶Ỉ㺃Ⅳ⣲㺃࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ᚠ⎔ࡢ≉ᛶࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡿࡇࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ճ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࣞࢼἙୖὶࡢ㸲࢝ᡤࡘ࠸࡚άືᒙཌἙᕝὶ㔞᫂☜࡞㛵ಀࡀぢࡽࢀࠊ≉ࡇ
ࡇ 20 ᖺࢃࡓࡗ࡚ࡣάືᒙࡀᛴ⃭⼥ゎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊὶฟ㔞࡞ࡢ
ࡼ࠺࡞㛗ᮇࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᢅ࠺ࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡼࡾ㛗ᮇࡢ⎔ቃࢹ࣮ࢱࡀᵓ⠏ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡋࡋࠊᅵᒙࡢ⼥ゎ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊձࠊճࡢ⤖ᯝࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿࠊձ࡛ࡣ YKS ࿘㎶࠾ࡅࡿ 2005
ᖺ௨㝆ࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢኚືࡀཎᅉ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊճ࠾ࡅࡿཎᅉ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ 1990 ᖺࡽࡢ㐃⥆ⓗ࡞
ᅵᒙࡢ⼥ゎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
୧⪅ࡣሙᡤࡼࡿ㐪࠸ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢⅬ㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡀᚲせ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ղ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᮏᖺᗘࡣࡲࡵࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊ⇕ᨭゎᯒࢆࡍࡍࡵ᪼⳹Ⓨ㔞ࡢ⼥㞷⇕㔞༨
ࡵࡿྜࢆ⟬ฟࡍࡿࡶࠊ1998 ᖺࡢ⤖ᯝࡢẚ㍑ࢆᮇᚅࡋࡓ࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊ⡿ࠊḢࡢẚ㍑ࡶ
ᚅࡕᮃࡲࢀࡿࠋ
53
㻡㻟
ᮾࢩ࣋ࣜࢱ࢞ᯘ࠾ࡅࡿ⩌ⴠࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡢỈ࣭Ⅳ⣲ᚠ⎔
ᑠ㇂ள⏤⨾ ྡྂᒇᏛᏛ㝔 ⏕㎰Ꮫ◊✲⛉
ኴ⏣ ᓅྐ ྡྂᒇᏛᏛ㝔 ⏕㎰Ꮫ◊✲⛉
1 ࡣࡌࡵ
࣮ࣘࣛࢩ㧗⦋ᗘᆅᇦࡢ᪉ᯘᖏࡣ⌫⾲㠃✚ࡢ25㸣௨ୖࢆࡋࡵࠊ⌫ࡢẼೃࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᙳ㡪ࡀࡁ࠸ࡇ
ࡽࠊࡇࡢᆅᇦศᕸࡍࡿ᳃ᯘࡢ⎔ቃᛂ⟅ࡢ≉ᛶࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࡞࡛ࡶᮾࢩ࣋ࣜࡢ᳃ᯘࡣࠊⓎ
ᩓࢆࡋ࡚▷࠸ኟᏘᖺ㛫200-300mmᑡ࡞࠸㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ᮲௳ୗ࡛⏕⫱ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣᅵࡢ⼥ゎỈࢆ⏝ࡍࡿ୍
᪉࡛ࠊⓎᩓࢆࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢᆅᇦ≉ᚩⓗ࡞Ỉᚠ⎔ࡢᙧᡂ㔜せ࡞ᙺࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸦Ohta et al.,
2008㸧ࠋࣞࢼᕝἢᓊࡢ㒔ᕷࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ࿘㎶ࡢ᳃ᯘᆅᇦࢆ୰ᚰ1990ᖺ௦ࡽ᪥⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ࠊほ ⓗ◊✲ࡀ㐍ࡵ
ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡃ࣐࢝ࣛࢶࢆయࡋࡓ᳃ᯘ࠾ࡅࡿỈ࣭⇕࣭Ⅳ⣲ࡢ≉ᛶࡀ᫂ࡽࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡉࡽ
ࡇࡢᆅᇦ࡛ ᬮࡀ㐍⾜ࡋࡓሙྜࡣࠊ㝆Ỉࠊ⼥㞷ࡢᮇࡸ㔞ࠊἙᕝࡢ⤖ࠊᅵࡢ⼥ゎ࡞Ỉᚠ⎔ᙳ㡪ࡀཬ
ࡪ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࠊỈ⎔ቃࡢኚᑐࡍࡿ᳃ᯘ⩌ⴠࡢᛂ⟅ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
㏆ᖺࠊほ ᆅⅬࡢ࿘㎶ࡢ᳃ᯘ࡛ࡣࠊᆅ ࡢୖ᪼ᅵተỈศࡢቑຍࡀほ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Iijima et al., 2010㸧ࠋࡲࡓ
ྠ2007ᖺኟᏘࡼࡾิ≧࣐࢝ࣛࢶࡀᯤṚࡍࡿ⌧㇟ࡀ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Iwasaki et al., 2010㸧ࠋࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡSpasskaya
Padࢧࢺ࡚᳃ᯘほ ࢱ࣮࣡࿘㎶࡛ᯤṚᮌࡢᩘࢆィୖࡋࡓࡇࢁࠊ2008ᖺࡣ10m௨ୖࡢ࣐࢝ࣛࢶ169ᮏ୰16ᮏ
ࡢᯤṚᮌࡀࡳࡘࡾࠊࡉࡽ2012ᖺ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣ34ᮏࡀᯤṚࡲࡓࡣᮍ╔ⴥ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Ito et al, 2012㸧ࠋࡲࡓࠊࡘ࡚ࡣ
ࢥࢣࣔࣔࡀ༟㉺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓᯘᗋ᳜⏕ⲡᮏᛶ᳜≀ࡀቑຍࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊୗᒙ᳜⏕ࡀኚࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦Ito et al, 2012㸧ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊỈ⎔ቃࡢኚࡀ⌧ᐇࡋࡓࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ࡛ࡢ᳃ᯘ⏕ែ⣔ࡢ⎔ቃᛂ⟅
ࢆㄪᰝࡍࡿࡶࠊ⎔ቃኚࡀ㉳ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸᳃ᯘࡢẚ㍑ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊᮾࢩ࣋ࣜࡢ࣐࢝ࣛࢶᯘỈᚠ⎔ࡢ㛵
ಀࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡍࡿࠋ
2 ◊✲ᑐ㇟ᆅᇦ᪉ἲ
2.1 ◊✲ᑐ㇟ᆅᇦ
๓㏙ࡢࡼ࠺ࠊᮾࢩ࣋ࣜࡢࣞࢼᕝὶᇦࡢ᳃ᯘᖏ࡛ࡣᖺ㛫㝆Ỉ㔞ࡀ 200-300mm ᑡ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ༡㒊ࡢᒣἢ࠸
ࡽᖹᆅྥࡗ࡚㝆Ỉ㔞ࡀῶᑡࡍࡿ✵㛫ศᕸࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ㐪࠸ࡼࡿ᳃ᯘࡢ㐪࠸ࢆࡳࡿࡇࡢ
࡛ࡁࡿ㸰ᆅⅬࢆ㑅ᐃࡋࡓࠋ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢᑡ࡞࠸ᆅᇦࡢ᳃ᯘࡋ࡚ࣞࢼᕝ㸦ὶᇦ㠃✚ 2,460,000km2㸧ࡢ୰ὶᇦ⨨
ࡍࡿࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕷ⾤ࡼࡾす 20km ࡢ᳃ᯘᆅᇦ࠶ࡿ Spasskaya Pad㸦SP㸧ࢧࢺ㸦62°15´18ÝNࠊ129°14´29ÝE㸧
ࠊ
ẚ㍑ⓗ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢከ࠸ᆅᇦࡢ᳃ᯘࡋ࡚ࣝࢲࣥᕝ(ࣞࢼᕝࡢᨭὶ)ὶᇦࡢ࢘ࢫࢳ࣐ࣖ༡す 60km ࡢ Elgeeii㸦EG㸧
ࢧࢺ㸦60°00´56ÝNࠊ133°49´28ÝE㸧ࢆẚ㍑ᑐ㇟ᆅᇦࡍࡿࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡶᖹᆠᆅࡢ᳃ᯘ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࿘㎶ࡢᆅᙧࡀࡸ
ࡸ␗࡞ࡿࠋSpasskaya Pad ࡣࣞࢼᕝᮏὶࡢᕥᓊࡢἙᕝపᆅࢆ๓㠃ࡶࡘẁୣୖ❧ᆅࡋἙᕝࡽ 15km(పᆅẁ
ୣࡢቃ⏺ࡽࡣ⣙ 5km)ࡢ㊥㞳࠶ࡿࠋElgeeii ࡣࣞࢼᕝὶᇦ༡㒊ࡢᒣᓅᆅᇦ㏆ࡃࠊࣝࢲࣥᕝᕥᓊࡢ⣙ 1.5km
Ἑᕝࡋ࡚᳃ᯘࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ
1986-2004 ᖺ࠾ࡅࡿᖹᆒᖺ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀ 230mmࠊ
290mmࠊ
ᖹᆒẼ ࡣ-8.7Υࠊ
-8.8Υ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Suzuki et al., 2007㸧
ࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡢ᳃ᯘࡶ࣐࢝ࣛࢶ㸦Larix cajanderi Mayl㸧ࡀୖᒙࢆࠊ࢝ࣥࣂ㸦Betula pendula
Roth㸧ࡸࣖࢼࢠ㸦Salix bebbiana Sarg.㸧ࡀ୰ୗᒙࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿࠋ ࣐࢝ࣛࢶḟࡄ➨ᶞ✀ࡣ SP ࡛ࡣ࢝ࣥࣂࠊEG
࡛ࡣࣖࢼࢠ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ2009㸫10 ᖺࡢㄪᰝࡼࡿࠊ࣐࢝ࣛࢶࡢ❧ᮌᐦᗘࡣ SP ࡛ 700 ᮏ/haࠊEG ࡛ 1040 ᮏ/haࠊ1.2m
௨ୖࡢࣖࢼࢠ࢝ࣥࣂ➼ࡶྵࡵࡿ SP ࡛ 1800 ᮏ/haࠊEG ࡛ 2600 ᮏ/ha ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᯘෙࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿ࣐࢝ࣛࢶࡢᶞ
㻡㻠
54
㧗ࡣ SP ࡛⣙ 20mࠊEG ࡛⣙ 25m ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⩌ⴠࡢ Plant area index㸦᳜≀య㠃✚ᣦᩘ㸧ࡣࠊ SP ࡛ 1.4ࠊEG ࡛ 2.1ࠊ
ᯘᗋ᳜⏕㸦30cm ௨ୗ㸧ࡢ Leaf area index㸦ⴥ㠃✚ᣦᩘ㸧ࡣ SP ࡛ 1.5ࠊEG ࡛ 0.8 ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⩌ⴠ PAI ࡣྛࢧ
ࢺࡢほ ࢱ࣮࣡࿘㎶㸶Ⅼ࡛ࡢ Plant canopy analyzer ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓィ ್ࡢᖹᆒࠊᯘᗋ LAI ࡣྛࢧࢺ࡛ 5-8 Ⅼࡢ
50×50cm ࡢ༊⏬ࢆタᐃࡋࠊ༊⏬ෆࡢ᳜≀ࢆสࡾྲྀࡗ࡚㠃✚ࢆ ᐃࡋࠊ༊⏬ࡢᖹᆒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2.2 ᪉ἲ
Spasskaya Pad Elgeeii ࡢ᳃ᯘෆタ⨨ࡉࢀࡓẼ㇟ほ ࢱ࣮࣡࠾࠸࡚ࠊᶞෙୖᯘෆ࡛ࡢẼ㇟࣭Ỉᩥࢹ࣮ࢱ
ࡀ ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋゎᯒ⏝࠸ࡿ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱ㡯┠ࡣ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿ㸸⩌ⴠୖ࡛ࡢ⇕࣭ỈẼ࣭㓟Ⅳ⣲ࣇ
ࣛࢵࢡࢫࠊ㝆Ỉ㔞ࠊ⩌ⴠෆእ࡛ࡢᨺᑕࠊẼ ࠊ‵ᗘࠊ㢼㏿ࠊᆅ୰ࡢ ᗘࠊᅵተỈศࠊᆅ୰⇕ὶ㔞ࠋSpasskaya Pad
࡛ࡣᯘෆ࡛ࡶྠᵝࡢࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫ ᐃࢆࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⩌ⴠୖ࡛ ᐃࡋࡓࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫࡽᯘෆࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫࢆᕪࡋᘬࡃ
ࡇ࡛ࠊୖᒙ᳜⏕ࡼࡿࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫࢆศ㞳ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ ᐃࢹ࣮ࢱࡣ 30 ศᖹᆒ್ࡀグ㘓ࡉࢀࠊ
㐺ᐅࠊᖹᆒ್ࢆィ⟬ࡋ࡚ゎᯒ⏝࠸ࡿࠋ⇕ࠊỈẼ㸦Ⓨᩓ㸧
ࠊ㓟Ⅳ⣲ࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫࡣ ┦㛵ἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚ ᐃ
ࡍࡿࠋᏘࡢᐮ෭⎔ቃୗ࡛ࡢほ ᐇࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ 4㸫10 ᭶ࡢ 6㸫㸵ࣨ᭶㛫ࢆほ ᮇ㛫ࡍࡿࠋ㓟
Ⅳ⣲ࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫࡣࠊ⩌ⴠࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡢ྾㔞㸦ᨺฟ㸧ගྜᡂ㔞㸦྾㸧ࡢᕪ࡛࠶ࡿࠊṇࡢ㓟Ⅳ⣲྾
㔞ࢆ⾲ࡍࠋࡇࢀࢆ྾㔞ගྜᡂ㔞ศ㞳ࡋ࡚ゎᯒ⏝࠸ࡓ㸦ศ㞳᪉ἲࡣ Stoy et al 2006 ࡞ࢆཧ⪃ࡋࡓ㸧
ࠋ
2011 ᖺ 7-8 ᭶ 2012 ᖺ 6 ᭶ࡣࠊ୧ࢧࢺ࡚࣏࣓࣮ࣟࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࡓಶⴥࡢගྜᡂ ᐃࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ࣐࢝ࣛࢶ
࢝ࣥࣂࡢ㸰ᶞ✀ࢆᑐ㇟ࠊගไᚚୗ࡛ࡢษࡾᯞ ᐃࢆᐇࡋ࡚ග-ගྜᡂ᭤⥺ࢆసᡂࡋࡓࠋ
3 ⤖ᯝ࣭⪃ᐹ
3.1 Spasskaya Pad ࡛ࡢỈ࣭Ⅳ⣲ᚠ⎔ࡢ㛗ᮇኚື
◊✲ᑐ㇟ᆅࡢ࣐࢝ࣛࢶᯘ࠾ࡅࡿỈ࣭Ⅳ⣲ᚠ⎔Ỉ⎔ቃࡢ㛵ಀࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡲࡎࠊ2005 ᖺࡽ 2008 ᖺᅵ
ተỈศࡢቑຍࡀ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ Spasskaya Pad ࡛ࡣࠊኟᏘࡢ⩌ⴠⓎᩓ㔞㸦௨ୗࠊⓎᩓ㔞㸧ࡀ 2007 ᖺࠊ⩌ⴠග
ྜᡂ㔞㸦௨ୗࠊගྜᡂ㔞㸧ࡀ 2008 ᖺࡽపୗࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ 1ࠊ2㸧
ࠋࡃ 2007-8 ᖺࡢ 7 ᭶࠾࠸࡚ࠊⓎᩓ㔞ࡢ
పୗࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓ㸦ᅗ 3㸧
ࠋⓎᩓಀᩘ㸦ᐇⓎᩓ㔞ࢆẼ᮲௳ࡔࡅ࡛Ỵࡲࡿ࣏ࢸࣥࢩࣕࣝⓎ㔞࡛ᇶ‽ࡋࡓࡶ
ࡢ࡛ࠊⓎྍ⬟࡞ᅵተỈศ㔞ࡸ᳜≀άືࡼࡿⓎᩓࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࢆ⾲ࡍ㸧ࡣ 1998 ᖺࡽ 2006 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡣᅵ
ተỈศṇ┦㛵ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ2007-8 ᖺࡣᅵተỈศࡀ 2005-6 ᖺྠ⛬ᗘࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊⓎᩓಀᩘࡀపୗࡋࡓ
㸦ᅗ 4㸧
ࠋࡲࡓࠊ⩌ⴠࢥࣥࢲࢡࢱࣥࢫࡶ 2006 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡣቑຍࡋࡓࡀࠊ2007-2011 ᖺࡣῶᑡࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ 5㸧
ࠋࡑࡋ࡚
ගྜᡂ㔞ᅵተỈศࡢ㛵ಀࡣ 2008 ᖺࡽࡑࢀ௨๓ࡢ㛵ಀ␗࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡗࡓ㸦ᅗ 6㸧
ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊⓎᩓ
㔞ᅵተỈศࡢ㛵ಀࠊගྜᡂ㔞ᅵተỈศࡢ㛵ಀࡢኚࡣ㸯ᖺࡢࢱ࣒ࣛࢢࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓࠋ
Ⓨᩓ㔞ගྜᡂ㔞ࡶ⏕ែ⣔ࡢ㔞ࡢኚືẚ࡚ࠊୗᒙ࣭ᯘᗋ࠾ࡅࡿኚືࡣᑠࡉࡃ㸦ᅗ 1ࠊ2㸧
ࠊ
⏕ែ⣔ࡢኚືࡣࠊ࠾ࡶୖ࣭୰ᒙࡢᙳ㡪⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋIijima et al. (2012) ࡢほ ࡼࡿࠊࢱ࣮࣡ࣉࣟࢵࢺ
ෆࡢ࣐࢝ࣛࢶࡢ࠺ࡕࠊⴥࡢኚⰍࡸᮍ╔ⴥࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿಶయࡢᩓ㔞ࡀࠊ࡞ಶయࡢᩓ㔞ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚పୗࡋ࡚
࠾ࡾ, ࢲ࣓࣮ࢪࢆཷࡅࡓ࣐࢝ࣛࢶࡢⓎ⬟ຊࡢపୗࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㐣࡞ᅵተỈศࡀᅵተ୰ࡢ㏻Ẽᛶపୗ
㸦Iwasaki et al., 2010㸧ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊ࣐࢝ࣛࢶ᰿ࡢ྾Ỉᶵ⬟ࢆపୗࡉࡏ࡚ẼᏍ㛢㙐ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋࠊᩓ㔞ගྜᡂ
ࢆపୗࡉࡏࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ࣐࢝ࣛࢶࡣ⇱ᙉ࠸ࡀ‵₶ࡣᙅ࠸ᶞ✀࡛࠶ࡿࡇ㸦Miyahara et al. 2004㸧ࡽ
ᙳ㡪ࡀฟࡸࡍ࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊほ ࢧࢺ࿘㎶ࡢୗᒙ᳜⏕ࡣ 2005-6 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡣࢥࢣࣔࣔࡀ୰ᚰ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ
ࡀࠊ
᭱㏆ᩘᖺࡢ㛫⪏‵ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿⲡᮏࡀධࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
2012 ᖺኟᏘ࡛ࢱ࣮࣡࿘㎶ࡢ 50×50m ࣉࣟࢵࢺ࡛ 15%
㸦33 ᮏ㸧ࡢ࣐࢝ࣛࢶࡀᮍ╔ⴥ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᯤṚࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊୗᒙ฿㐩ࡍࡿ᪥ᑕ㔞ࡀቑ࠼ࡓࡇ࡛ࠊୗᒙ⩌ⴠࡀάⓎ
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀཎᅉࡢࡦࡘ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ගྜᡂ㔞ࡀⓎᩓ㔞ࡼࡾࡶ㢧ⴭ࡞పୗࢆࡳࡏࡓࡇࡢ⌮⏤ࡢࡦࡘࡣࠊ⏕ែ⣔ࡢ㔞ࡋࡵࡿୗᒙ࣭ᯘ
ᗋࡢᐤࡢ㐪࠸࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋSpasskaya Pad ࠾ࡅࡿ⏕ែ⣔༨ࡵࡿୗᒙ࣭ᯘᗋࡢẚ⋡ࡣගྜᡂ㔞࡛
ࡣ 20-30㸣ࠊⓎᩓ㔞࡛ࡣ 50-60㸣࡛࠶ࡾࠊගྜᡂ㔞ẚ࡚Ⓨᩓ㔞ࡢୗᒙ᳜⏕ࡼࡿᐤࡀࡁ࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡓ
㻡㻡
55
ࡵࠊୗᒙ࡛ࡣගྜᡂ㔞ࠊⓎᩓ㔞ࡶ 2005 ᖺ௨㝆ࡣቑഴྥ࠶ࡿࡀࠊୖᒙࡢගྜᡂ㔞ࡢపୗࡣ⏕ែ⣔ࡢ
ගྜᡂ㔞ࡢపୗࡋ࡚⌧ࢃࢀࡿࡀࠊⓎᩓ㔞ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣୗᒙⓎᩓ㔞ࡀ࣐࢝ࣛࢶᩓ㔞ࡢపୗࢆ⿵࠸ࠊ⏕ែ
⣔ࡢⓎᩓ㔞ࡣపୗࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊගྜᡂⓎᩓࡢẚ࡛࠶ࡿỈ⏝ຠ⋡ࡣࠊ2005 ᖺ௨㝆ࡣ
ῶᑡࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚࠾ࡾ㸦2007 ᖺࡔࡅ୍ⓗቑຍ㸧
ࠊ᳃ᯘ⏕ែ⣔ࡢỈ࣭Ⅳ⣲ࡢࣂࣛࣥࢫࡀኚࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ
♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ET (mmd-1)
3
2
1
0
98
00
02
04
06
08
10
12
ᅗ 1 ⩌ⴠගྜᡂ㔞㸦GPP㸧ࡢᖺኚ㸦6-8 ᭶ᖹᆒ್㸧 ᅗ 2 ⩌ⴠⓎᩓ㔞㸦₯⇕㸧ࡢᖺኚ㸦6-8 ᭶ᖹᆒ್㸧
Ɣ⏕ែ⣔ Ÿୖᒙ᳜⏕ Ŷᯘᗋ㸩ୗᒙ᳜⏕ Ɣ⏕ែ⣔ Ÿୖᒙ᳜⏕ Ŷᯘᗋ㸩ୗᒙ᳜⏕
0.45
Whole ecosystem
0.4
E/Ep
0.1
0
May
2005
June
2006
July
2007
Aug.
2008
'09
'07
'98
'04
'03
'01
'11
0.25
50
Sep.
2009
'08
'10
0.35
0.3
'06
'05
-1
E(mm hr )
0.2
100
150
200
250
Soil Water Content in 0-50cm depth in JJA
2010
(mm)
ᅗ 3 ⏕ែ⣔ࡽࡢⓎᩓ㔞㸦᭶ᖹᆒ್㸧 ᅗ 4 ⾲ᒙ 0-50cm ࡢᅵተỈศ㔞Ⓨᩓಀᩘࡢ
㛵ಀ㸦6-8 ᭶ᖹᆒ್㸧2011 ᖺࡣ 7-8 ᭶ࠋ
0.005
0.004
'09
'10
'04
'08
'98
0.003
㻣
'05 '06
GPP (Pmol m-2 s-1)
-1
GS (m sec )
'01
'07
'03
'11
0.002
50
100
150
SWC0-50 (mm)
200
06
㻢㻚㻡
07
05
㻢
09
04
㻡㻚㻡
08
㻡
10
㻠㻚㻡
㻠
250
㻝㻡
㻞㻡
㻟㻡
㻠㻡
SWC0-50cm (%)
ᅗ 5 ⾲ᒙ 0-50cm ࡢᅵተỈศ㔞Ⓨᩓಀᩘࡢ㛵ಀ ᅗ 6 ⾲ᒙ 0-50cm ࡢᅵተỈศ㔞ගྜᡂ㔞㸦GPP㸧ࡢ
㸦6-8 ᭶ᖹᆒ್㸧2011 ᖺࡣ 7-8 ᭶ࡢ㛵ಀ 㛵ಀ㸦6-8 ᭶ᖹᆒ್㸧
㻡㻢
56
3.2 Spasskaya Pad Elgeeii ࡛ࡢỈ࣭Ⅳ⣲ᚠ⎔ࡢẚ㍑
2010-11 ᖺࡢኟᏘࡢ⏕ែ⣔ࡢගྜᡂ㔞ࡣ EG ࡢ࠺ࡀࡁࡃࠊ
Ⓨᩓ㔞࡛ࡣ 2 ࢧࢺࡢ㐪࠸ࡀᑠࡉࡗࡓ
㸦ᅗ
7㸧
ࠋࡑࡢཎᅉࡋ࡚ࠊẼ㇟᮲௳ࠊᅵተỈศ᮲௳ࠊ᳜≀ࡢάᛶᗘࡢ㐪࠸ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊẼ㇟᮲௳ࡢ㐪࠸ࡣᑠࡉ
ࡃ㸦ᅗ 7㸧ගྜᡂ㔞ࡢ㐪࠸ࡢせᅉࡣ᳜≀㔞ࡢ㐪࠸㸦EG ࡛ࡣ SP ࡢ⣙ 1.5 ࡢ PAI㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ගྜᡂ㔞ࡢẼ㇟᮲௳ࡢ㛵ಀࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿࠊEG ࡛ࡣ㧗 ⇱᮲௳࠾࠸࡚ගྜᡂ㔞ࡀపୗࡋࡓࡀࠊSP ࡛ࡣ
ࡑࡢഴྥࡣࡳࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓ㸦ᅗ 8a,8b㸧
ࠋSP ࡛ࡣᙉග᮲௳࡛ࡣගྜᡂ㔞ࡀ㣬ࡍࡿࡢᑐࡋ࡚ࠊEG㸦ࡃ 6
᭶㸧࡛ࡣග㣬ࡏࡎගྜᡂࡀቑຍࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ 9㸧
ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⩌ⴠࡢせᶞ✀࡛࠶ࡿ࣐࢝ࣛࢶ࢝ࣥࣂࡢಶⴥࣞ࣋
ࣝࡢගྜᡂගᛂ⟅᭤⥺ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿࠊ࢝ࣥࣂࡣගྜᡂ᭷ຠᨺᑕ㔞ࡀ⣙ 500ȝmol m-1 s-1 ࡛ගྜᡂ㔞ࡀࡰ୍ᐃ
࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊ࣐࢝ࣛࢶࡣගྜᡂ㔞ࡢග㣬ࡀ᫂☜࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࣐࢝ࣛࢶ࢝ࣥࣂࡢ≉ᚩࡣ୰ኸࢩ࣋
ࣜࡢ࣐࢝ࣛࢶ࡛ࡶほ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Koike et al., 2010㸧
ࠋࡲࡓ,ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᶞ✀ࡈ 2 ࢧࢺ㛫࡛ẚ㍑ࡍࡿࠊ
࢝ࣥࣂ࡛ࡣ EG ࡛ࡣ SP ẚ࡚ᙅග᮲௳࡛ࡢගྜᡂᛂ⟅ࡀࡁࡃࠊ࣐࢝ࣛࢶ࡛ࡣࡑࡢ㐪࠸ࡣᑠࡉࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ
ࡇࡼࡾࠊEG ࡛ࡣ SP ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚࣐࢝ࣛࢶࡼࡿ CO2 ྾ࡢᐤࡀࡁ࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ2 ࢧࢺࡶୖᒙᶞ
ෙࡣ࣐࢝ࣛࢶࡼࡾᵓᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊSP ࡛ࡣ࣐࢝ࣛࢶࡢᶞᮌᐦᗘࡣᑠࡉࡃࠊࡲࡓࡑࡢ୍㒊㸦33 ᮏࠊࣉࣟࢵ
ࢺ୰ 15%㸧ࡀᯤṚ࣭ᮍ╔ⴥ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡽ࣐࢝ࣛࢶࡢᐤࡀ┦ᑐⓗᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㸰ࢧࢺࡢᯘ
ෆࡢග⎔ቃࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿ SP ࡛ࡣ EG ࡼࡾࡶᶞෙ㏱㐣᪥ᑕ㔞ࡀከ࠸ࡇࡽࠊSP ࡛ࡣ୰࣭ୗᒙࡢ࢝ࣥࣂࡢάᛶ
ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࡇࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ගྜᡂ㔞㸰ࢧࢺ㛫࡛ࡢ㐪࠸ࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࡢᑐ↷ⓗࠊⓎᩓ㔞ࡢ㐪࠸ࡣᑠࡉࡗࡓࠋほ ᮇ㛫࠾ࡅࡿ
㸰ࢧࢺ࡛ࡢኟᏘ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ㐪࠸ࡀᑠࡉࡗࡓࡇࡀࡑࡢ࡞ཎᅉ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊᯘᗋⓎࡀ⏕ែ⣔
Ⓨᩓ㔞ࡋࡵࡿྜࡀ SP ࡛ࡣ 50-60㸣࡛࠶ࡿࡢᑐࡋ࡚ EG ࡛ࡣ 20-40㸣࡛࠶ࡾࠊගྜᡂ㔞ᩓ㔞ࡀẚ
㛵ಀ࠶ࡿ௬ᐃࡍࡿࠊᶞᮌࡢᩓ㔞ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆᯘᗋⓎࡀ⿵ࡗ࡚Ỉᨭࡢᆅᇦ㛫ᕪࢆᑠࡉࡃࡋࡓ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ
Ⓨᩓ㔞 (mm ᭶-1)
ࡿࠋ
㝆Ỉ㔞 (mm ᭶-1)
s-1)
-2
33)'˩PRO P V
ගྜᡂ㔞(Pmol m
Ẽ (䉝)
2009
2010
2011
2009
2010
2011
ᅗ 7 Ẽ ࠊPPFDࠊ㝆Ỉ㔞ࠊⓎᩓ㔞ࠊගྜᡂ㔞ࡢᏘ⠇ኚ㸦㝆Ỉ㔞Ⓨᩓ㔞ࡣ᭶✚⟬್ࠊࡣ᭶ᖹᆒ್㸧
㯮Ⰽࡣ SPࠊⓑⰍࡣ EG ࡢ ᐃ್ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ
㻡㻣
57
*33˩PRO P V
*33˩PRO P V
㺦䂸 ഒ
⮶㺦殌ぽ K3D
⦿䂸Pഒ
⏘⚗㒟㦘╈㟍⺓摞˩PRO P V
ᅗ 8 ගྜᡂ㔞Ẽ ࠊẼ㣬ᕪࠊගྜᡂ᭷ຠᨺᑕ㔞ࠊᆅ ࡢ㛵ಀࠋ GPP ྛ⎔ቃせ⣲ࡢ 30 ศ್ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ
ᩓᕸᅗࡢ GPP ୖ 5%ࢆྛ⎔ቃせ⣲ࡘ࠸࡚༊㛫ᖹᆒࡋࡓࡶࡢࠋ㯮Ⰽࡣ EGࠊ⅊Ⰽࡣ SP ࡛ࡢ ᐃ್ࠊ࢚࣮ࣛࣂ
࣮ࡣᶆ‽೫ᕪࢆ♧ࡍࠋ
30
Elgeeii䠄6᭶䠅
25
20
2010
15
2011
10
5
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
ගྜᡂ᭷ຠᨺᑕ㔞(Pmol m-2 s-1)
ග
ྜ
ᡂ
྾
㔞
(Pmol m-2 s-1)
(Pmol m-2 s-1)
ග
ྜ
ᡂ
྾
㔞
30
Spasskaya Pad 䠄6᭶䠅
25
20
15
2009
10
2010
5
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
ගྜᡂ᭷ຠᨺᑕ㔞(Pmol m-2 s-1)
ᅗ 9 ගྜᡂ㔞ගྜᡂ᭷ຠᨺᑕ㔞ࡢ㛵ಀ㸦30 ศ್㸧ࣉࣟࢵࢺࡢⰍࡢ㐪࠸ࡣᖺࡢ㐪࠸ࢆ⾲ࡍࠋ
4 ࠾ࢃࡾ
ᮾࢩ࣋ࣜࡢ࣐࢝ࣛࢶᯘ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⎔ቃኚືࡃỈ⎔ቃࡢኚືࡀỈ࣭Ⅳ⣲ᚠ⎔ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪ࢆ᫂ࡽࡍ
ࡿࡇࡀᮏ◊✲ࡢ┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊձ㏆ᖺࠊᅵተࡢ‵₶ࡉࡽࡉࢀࡓ Spasskaya pad ࡛ࡢ 10 ᖺ௨ୖࡢ㛗
ᮇࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝ࡋࡓỈ࣭Ⅳ⣲ᚠ⎔ࡢ㛗ᮇኚືࡑࡢᙳ㡪ࡍࡿせᅉࢆゎ᫂ࡍࡿࡇࠊղ㝆Ỉࡸᅵተ⎔ቃࡢ␗࡞ࡿ
ᆅᇦࡢ᳃ᯘ(Elgeeii Spasskaya Pad)࡛ࡢỈ࣭Ⅳ⣲ᚠ⎔ࡢ▷ᮇኚືࡑࡢᙳ㡪ࡍࡿせᅉẚ㍑ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡢ 2 ࡘ
ࡢㄢ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚◊✲ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋSpasskaya Pad ࡛ࡣࠊᅵተࡢ‵₶క࠸Ⓨᩓ㔞ࡸගྜᡂ㔞ࡢపୗࡀࡳࡽ
ࢀࡓࡀࠊୖᒙ㸦࣐࢝ࣛࢶ㸧࡛ࡢపୗࡀ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡿ୍᪉࡛ୗᒙ᳜⏕࡛ࡣపୗࡣࡳࡽࢀࡎࠊࡃୗᒙ᳜⏕ࡢᐤ
ࡢࡁ࠸Ⓨᩓ㔞ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⏕ែ⣔ࡢ㔞ࡀ⥔ᣢࡉࢀࡓࠋElgeeii Spasskaya Pad ࡢẚ㍑࡛ࡣࠊ⩌ⴠᵓ㐀
ࡢ㐪࠸㸦⩌ⴠෆࡢᶞ✀ࡢ✵㛫ศᕸࡸ㸧ࡼࡾ,⏕ែ⣔ගྜᡂࡢ⎔ቃᛂ⟅㐪࠸ࡀ⌧ࢃࢀࡿࡇࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
㻡㻤
58
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ⎔ቃᛂ⟅ࡣᶞ✀ࡸ⩌ⴠෆࡢ✵㛫ᵓ㐀ࡼࡗ࡚⌧ࢃࢀ᪉ࡀ␗࡞ࡾࠊ⏕ែ⣔ࡢ㔞ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰ
ࡍࡇࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚ࠊ⎔ቃኚືᑐࡍࡿ᳃ᯘᛂ⟅ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ▱ぢࢆࡲࡵ࡚ࠊᚋࡢᮏᆅᇦ
࡛ࡢ᳃ᯘ⏕ែ⣔ࡀࡢࡼ࠺⎔ቃᛂ⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡢࢆ᫂ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
Brando, P. M., Nepstad, D. C., Davidson, E. A., Trumbore, S. E., Ray, D., and Camargo, P., 2008. Drought effects on
litterfall, wood production and belowground carbon cycling in an Amazon forest: results of a throughfall reduction
experiment. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 363, 1839-1848.
Iijima, Y., Fedorov, A. N., Park, H., Suzuki, K., Yabuki, H., Maximov, T. C., and Ohata, T., 2010. Abrupt increase in soil
temperature following increased precipitation in a permafrost region, central Lena river basin, Russia. Permafrost and
Periglac. Process, 21, 30-41.
Iijima, Y., Fedorov, A.N., Ohta, T., Kotani, A., Maximov, T.C., 2012: Recent hydrological and ecological changes in
relation to permafrost degradation under increased precipitation in eastern Siberian boreal forest. Proc. the
Tenth Int. Conf. on Permafrost, 161-166.
Ito, S., Ohta, T., Kotani, A., Maximov, T.C., Kononov, A.V., and Maximov, A.P., 2012. Variability analysis of
evapotranspiration in an eastern Siberian larch forest over a 11-year period (1998-2011). Proc. the 1st Int. Conf.
on Global Warming and the Human-Nature Dimension in Siberia, 144-147.
Iwasaki, H., Saito, H., Kuwao, T., Maximov, T. C., and Hasegawa, S., 2010. Forest decline caused by high soil water
conditions in a permafrost region. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 301-307.
Koike, T., Mori, S., Zyryanova, O.A., Kajimoto, T., Matsuura, Y., and Abaimov, A.P., 2010: Photosynthetic
charcteristics of trees and shrubs growing on the north- and south-facing slopes in central Siberia. Osawa, A., et
al. , ed.: Permafrost Ecosystems: Siberian Larch Forest. Ecol. studies. Springer, vol. 209, 273-287.
Miyahara, M., Takenaka, C., Kuwada, T., Ohta, T., and Maximov, T.C., 2004: How much does cowberry
transpiration contribute to evapotranspiration in larch forest? Proc. Int. Semi-open Workshop “C/H2O/Energy
Balance and Climate over Boreal Regions with Special Emphasis on Eastern Eurasia”, 99-102.
Ohta, T., Maximov, T.C., Dolman, A.J., Natai, T., van der Molen, M.K., Kononov, A.V., Maximov, A.P., Hiyama, T.,
Iijima, Y., Moors, E.J., Tanaka, H., Toba, T., and Yabuki, H., 2008. Interannual variation of water balance and
summer evapotranspiration in an eastern Siberian larch forest over a 7-year period (1998–2006). Agric. For.
Meteorol., 148, 1941–1953.
Stoy, P. C., Katul, G. G., Siquerira, M. B. S., Juang, J.-Y., Novick, K. A., Uebelherr, J. M., and Oren, R., 2006. An evaluation
of models for partitioning eddy covariance-mesured net ecosystem exchange into photosynthesis and respiration.
Agric. For. Meteorol., 141, 2-18.
Suzuki, R., Razuvaev, V. N., Bulygina, O. N., and Ohata, T., 2007. Baseline Meteorological Data in Siberia Version
4.1,Institute of Observational Research for Global Change.Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and
Technology,Yokosuka, Japan.
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ᮾࢩ࣭࣋ࣜࣞࢼᕝࡢኟᏘ᪥ὶ㔞ࡽ⟬ฟࡋࡓ
ᖺ᭱⼥ゎ῝㸦AMTD㸧ࡢኚഴྥ
ᷓᒣ ဴဢ
ே㛫ᩥ◊✲ᶵᵓ ⥲ྜᆅ⌫⎔ቃᏛ◊✲ᡤ
Wilfried BRUTSAERT ⡿ᅜ ࢥ࣮ࢿࣝᏛ
1 ࡣࡌࡵ
༙⌫㧗⦋ᗘᇦࡣᆅ⌫ ᬮࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ᭱ࡶཷࡅࡸࡍ࠸ண ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ
㸦࠼ࡤ IPCC, 2007㸧ࠊ
⌫ᖹᆒࡢẼ ୖ᪼⋡ࡼࡾࡶ㧗࠸Ẽ ୖ᪼⋡ࡀほ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Serreze et al., 2000; Hinzman
et al., 2005㸧
ࠋ ᬮࡣỌஂᅵᇦࡢᆅ ୖ᪼ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ㸦࠼ࡤ Romanovsky et al.,
2002㸧
ࠊάືᒙࡢ῝ࡉ㸦ཌࡉ㸧ᖺ᭱⼥ゎ῝㸦annual maximum thawing depth; AMTD㸧ࢆ
ኚࡉࡏࡿࠋᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡀᑐ㇟ࡍࡿࣞࢼᕝ୰ὶᇦ࣭ࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ㏆㑹ࡢࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫࣔࢽࢱ
ࣜࣥࢢࢧࢺ㸦Spasskaya Pad㸧࡛ࡣࠊ2005 ᖺ㹼2008 ᖺࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ቑຍ㉳ᅉࡋࡓ AMTD ࡢቑ
ຍ㸦῝㸧ࡀほ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Ohta et al., 2008; Iijima et al., 2010㸧ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺
࡞ほ ࡣࠕⅬ࡛ࠖ⾜ࢃࢀࠊほ Ⅼࡀ༑ศ࡛࠶ࡾ㛗ᮇほ ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࡇ➼ࡼࡾࠊ
50 ᖺ㹼100 ᖺつᶍ࡛ࡢ AMTD ࡢኚഴྥࢆࠕ㠃࡛ࠖᢕᥱࡍࡿࡇࡣኚ㞴ࡋ࠸≧ἣ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡇ࡛ᡃࠎࡣࠊἙᕝὶᇦࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡢ AMTD ࡢ㛗ᮇኚഴྥࢆࠊኟᏘἙᕝὶ㔞㸦ኟᏘ᪥ὶ㔞㸧
ࡢ㛗ᮇほ ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊᇶᗏὶ㔞ゎᯒࡼࡾ᥎ᐃࡍࡿࡇࢆヨࡳࡓࠋᮏ◊✲ࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡢ◊✲
࡛ࡣ㠀⤖Ἑᕝὶᇦ㐺⏝ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓᇶᗏὶ㔞ゎᯒ㸦Brutsaert, 2008; 2010; 2012㸧ࢆỌஂᅵ
ᖏࡢ ᬮᏘࡢἙᕝὶᇦ㐺⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ㠀⤖ᆅୗỈࡢᖏỈᒙཌࢆάືᒙཌぢ❧࡚ࠊࡑࡢ⤒
ᖺኚഴྥࢆㄪࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡋࡓࠋ࡞࠾ࠊᮏ◊✲ᡂᯝࡣࡍ࡛ AGU㸦American Geophysical
Union㸧Ⓨ⾜ࡢ JGR㸦Journal of Geophysical Research㸧ㄅᥖ㍕῭ࡳ㸦Brutsaert and Hiyama,
2012㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏሗ࿌ࡣࡑࡢ㔜せ࡞࣏ࣥࢺࢆヂࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2 ◊✲᪉ἲ
2.1 ゎᯒ᪉ἲ
2.1.1 ᇶᗏὶ㔞ゎᯒ
ὸᒙᆅୗỈࡢᖏỈᒙ㸦ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣάືᒙ㸧ࡢ㝆Ỉ㉳※ࡢỈࡢὶධࡀ↓࠸ሙྜࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ↓㝆
㞵ᮇ㛫࠾ࡅࡿἙᕝὶ㔞ࡣࠊᇶᗏὶ㔞㸦base flow㸧࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣపὶ㔞㸦low flow㸧ྥࡗ࡚ᣦᩘ
㛵ᩘⓗῶ⾶㸦ࡲࡓࡣῶỈ㸧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜࡢἙᕝὶ㔞ࡣḟᘧ࡛⾲⌧࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
y
y0 exp t K (1)
ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊy ࡣὶ㔞ࢆὶᇦ㠃✚࡛㝖ࡋࡓ್㸦ẚὶ㔞㸧ࠊy 0 ࡣ௵ពࡢ้ t = 0 ࠾ࡅࡿẚὶ㔞ࠊK ࡣ
ὶᇦࡢ㈓␃㐜ࢀࢆ⾲ࡍಀᩘ㸦㈓␃ಀᩘࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣῶỈಀᩘࡢ㏫ᩘ㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ↓㝆㞵⥅⥆ᮇ㛫୰
ᇶᗏὶฟࡋ࡚ᚎࠎἙᕝὶࢀฟࡿ㝣Ỉ㈓␃㔞㸦S㸧ࡣࠊ
S
Ky
(2)
࡛⾲⌧࡛ࡁࡿࠋ㝣Ỉ㈓␃㔞 S ࡣࠊ㏱Ỉᒙ㸦ᖏỈᒙࡢୗ➃࡞ࡿᇶ┙㸸ᮏ◊✲ࡢሙྜࠊάືᒙୗ
60
㻢㻜
➃ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣỌஂᅵୖ➃㸧ୖࡢᖏỈᒙ㸦άືᒙ㸧ࡢཌࡉ㸦Ȟ 0 㸧౫Ꮡࡋࠊ௨ୗࡢᘧ࡛⾲⌧࡛ࡁ
ࡿࠋ
K0
S / ne
(3)
ࡇࡇ࡛ n e ࡣỈྍ⬟㛫㝽⋡㸦᭷ຠ㛫㝽⋡ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣẚ⏘ฟ⋡㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
άືᒙࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿᅵተࡢ㏱Ỉಀᩘ㸦hydraulic conductivity㸧
ࠊỈྍ⬟㛫㝽⋡ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ὶᇦࡢ
ᖹᆒⓗ࡞ὶ㊰ᐦᗘ㸦drainage density㸧ࡀ⼥ゎ῝ࡢ㛫ኚᙳ㡪ࡉࢀ࡞࠸௬ᐃ࡛ࡁࡿሙྜࠊ
άືᒙࡢཌࡉ㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ AMTD㸧ࡢ㛫ኚࡣ௨ୗࡢ(4)ᘧ(5)ᘧ࡛⾲⌧࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
dK 0
dt
K0 r dy
(4)
2 yr dt
ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊȞ 0r ࡣࡑࡢὶᇦࡢ AMTD ࡢ௦⾲್ࠊy r ࡣ AMTD ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿᮇ㸦ᬌኟ㹼ึ⛅㸧ࡢἙᕝ
ὶ㔞㸦ᇶᗏὶ㔞㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋᑐ㇟ࡍࡿὶᇦࡢ㈓␃ಀᩘ K ᭷ຠ㛫㝽⋡ n e ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿሙྜࠊḟᘧ
ࡼࡾ AMTD ࡢ㛫ኚࡀィ⟬࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
dK 0
dt
K dy
2ne dt
(5)
ୖグ(4)ᘧ(5)ᘧࡣࠊᇶᗏὶ㔞ࡢ㛫ኚ㸦dy/dt㸧ࡽ AMTD ࡢ㛫ኚ㸦dȞ 0 /dt㸧ࢆồࡵ
ࡓࠋ(2)ᘧࡽࡶ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡼ࠺ࠊẚὶ㔞 y ㈓␃ಀᩘ K ࡣ࠶ࡿᐃᖖⓗ࡞㝣Ỉ㈓␃㔞ᑐࡋ࡚㏫
ẚࡢ㛵ಀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ㈓␃ಀᩘࡢ㛫ኚ㸦dK/dt㸧࡛ㄝ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࢀࡤࠊ(4)ᘧࡣḟᘧ࡛⾲
⌧࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
dK 0
dt
K0 r dK
(6)
K r dt
ࡇࡇ࡛ K r ࡣࠊࡑࡢὶᇦࡢ AMTD ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿᮇࡢ㈓␃ಀᩘࡢ௦⾲್࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2.1.2 ὶᇦỈᨭゎᯒ
Ọஂᅵᇦ࠾ࡅࡿ㝣ᇦỈᨭࡣࠊ㠀ᅵᇦ࠾ࡅࡿὶᇦỈᨭࠊỌஂᅵୖ➃࠾ࡅࡿ⼥
ゎỈ㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⤖Ỉ㸧ࢆຍࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡞ࡾࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺⾲⌧࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
P E R T
ne
dK 0
dt
(7)
ࡇࡇ࡛ P ࡣᑐ㇟ࡍࡿὶᇦෆࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ࠊྠࡌࡃ E ࡣⓎᩓ㔞ࠊR ࡣࡑࡢὶᇦࡽࡢἙᕝὶฟ㔞ࠊ
T ࡣᅵୖ➃࡛⏕ࡌࡿ⼥ゎỈ㔞㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⤖Ỉ㔞㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㠀ᅵᇦ࡛㝣Ỉ㈓␃㔞ኚືࡀ↓࠸
ሙྜࠊP㸫E㸻R ࡞ࡿࠋᅵᇦ࡛ࡣࠊ⼥ゎỈ㔞㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⤖Ỉ㔞㸧T ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣ AMTD
ࡢ㛫ኚࡽὴ⏕ࡍࡿࠋ
㝣ᇦỈᨭࢆᐃ㔞ホ౯ࡍࡿሙྜࠊἙᕝὶฟ㔞ࡢほ ್ࡼࡾ R ࡀࠊẼỈᨭἲࡼࡾṇ㝆
Ỉ㔞㸦P㸫E㸧ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿ㸦ᓥ, 2012 ࡢሗ࿌ࢆཧ↷㸧
ࠋẼゎᯒࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ㉁ࡢၥ㢟ࡣṧࡉࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊP㸫E㸫R ࡢ⤒ᖺኚഴྥࢆㄪࢀࡤࠊ(7)ᘧࡼࡾ⼥ゎỈ㔞㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⤖Ỉ㔞㸧T
ࡢ⤒ᖺኚഴྥࢆホ౯ࡍࡿ୍ຓ࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊᡃࡀᅜࡢゎᯒࢹ࣮ࢱ㸦JRA-25;
Onogi et al., 2007㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ẼỈᨭἲࡼࡾィ⟬ࡉࢀࡓ 1979 ᖺ㹼2008 ᖺࡢṇ㝆Ỉ㔞㸦P
㸫E㸧ࢆࠊἙᕝὶฟ㔞ࡢほ ್ R ẚ㍑ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾ㸦Oshima and Hiyama, 2012㸧ࠊᇶᗏὶ
㔞ゎᯒ࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓᅵ⼥ゎ㸦⤖㸧㔞ࡢጇᙜᛶࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓࠋ
61
㻢㻝
2.2 ◊✲ᑐ㇟ὶᇦ
ᑐ㇟ࡋࡓἙᕝὶᇦࡣࠊࣞࢼᕝࡢୖ୰ὶᇦࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿ 4 ࡘࡢᨭὶᇦ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦⾲㸯㸧ࠋ4 ᨭὶᇦ
ࡶὶᇦேཱྀࡣᑡ࡞ࡃࠊྲྀỈ࡞ࡼࡿ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ே㛫άືࡢᙳ㡪ࡣ㝈ࡾ࡞ࡃ↓ど࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࡢ
ὶᇦ㠃✚ࡣ 115 103 km2 㹼 770 103 km2 ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᚑ᮶ࠊୖ㏙ࡢᇶᗏὶ㔞ゎᯒࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀ
࡚ࡁࡓὶᇦ㠃✚㸦1 㹼 100 103 km2㸧ẚ⣙ 1 ࣮࢜ࢲ࣮ࡁ࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎᇶᗏὶ
㔞ゎᯒࡀ㐺⏝࡛ࡁࡿ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ
ᖏᇦࡸ⇕ᖏᇦẚࠊ
ኟᏘ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶẚ㍑ⓗ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡀᑡ࡞࠸ࡇࠊ
ࡑࡋ࡚άືᒙࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿᅵተࡢ㏱Ỉಀᩘὶ㊰ᐦᗘࡢ✚ࡀࠊᚑ᮶ࡢ◊✲࡛ᑐ㇟ࡉࢀࡓὶᇦ
ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡽࡎࠊ⮬ᕫ┦ఝᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ヲ⣽ࡣ Brutsaert and Hiyama, 2012 ࢆཧ↷㸧ࠋ
4 ᨭὶᇦࡣỌஂᅵࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋすഃ 2 ὶᇦ㸦Upper Lena Olyokma㸧ࡢᅵ㠃✚ẚ⋡ࡣ
⣙ 70%ࠊᮾഃ 2 ὶᇦ㸦Aldan-1 ࠾ࡼࡧ Aldan-2㸧ࡢࡑࢀࡣ⣙ 92%࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Ye et al., 2009㸧
ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ
Olyokma㸦O㸧ࡣ Upper Lena㸦UL㸧ࡢ୍㒊ࠊAldan-1㸦A1㸧ࡣ Aldan-2㸦A2㸧ࡢ୍㒊࡞ࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋ
⾲㸯 ◊✲ᑐ㇟ὶᇦ
Upper Lena (UL)
Olyokma (O)
Aldan-1 (A1)
Aldan-2 (A2)
ὶ㔞ほ Ⅼ
Solyanka
Kudu-Kel
Ochotski
Perevoz
Verkhoyanski
Perevoz
ほ Ⅼࢥ࣮ࢻ
3036
3169
3225
3229
ὶᇦ㠃✚㸦km2㸧
770,000
60.483rN
120.700rE
115,000
59.367rN
121.317rE
514,000
61.867rN
135.500rE
696,000
63.317rN
132.017rE
⦋ᗘ
⤒ᗘ
2.3 ⏝ࢹ࣮ࢱ
ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ⾲㸯♧ࡋࡓἙᕝὶ㔞ほ Ⅼ࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ 1950 ᖺࡽ 2008 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ᪥ὶ㔞ࢹ࣮ࢱ
ࢆ⏝ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ࠺ࡕ 1950 ᖺࡽ 2003 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠊᾏὒ◊✲㛤Ⓨᶵᵓ㸦JAMSTEC㸧ࡢ
ᆅ⌫⎔ቃኚື㡿ᇦ㸦RIGC㸧࡛㞟ࡉࢀࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࢆࠊ⥲ྜᆅ⌫⎔ቃᏛ◊✲ᡤ㸦RIHN㸧ࡢඹྠ◊
✲ዎ⣙ᇶ࡙ࡁ⏝ࡋࡓࠋ2000 ᖺࡽ 2008 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ New Hampshire
Ꮫࡀ web ࡛බ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ R-Arctic Net㸦http://rims.unh.edu/data/station/list.cgi?col=1ࠊ࠶ࡿ
࠸ࡣࠊhttp://www.r-arcticnet.sr.unh.edu/v4.0/index.html㸧ࡶేࡏ࡚⏝ࡋࡓࠋ
ࡲࡓ๓㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊࣞࢼᕝὶᇦࡢṇ㝆Ỉ㔞㸦P㸫E㸧ࢆồࡵࡿࡓࡵࠊᡃࡀᅜࡢゎᯒࢹ࣮
ࢱ㸦JRA-25; Onogi et al., 2007㸧ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓẼỈᨭゎᯒ㸦Oshima and Hiyama, 2012㸧ࡢ⤖ᯝ
ࢆཧ↷ࡋࡓࠋ
3 ⤖ᯝ
3.1 ᇶᗏὶ㔞㈓␃ಀᩘࡢ⤒ᖺኚື
୍⯡ࠊ᪥ὶ㔞ࢹ࣮ࢱࡣ ᐃㄗᕪࡀྵࡲࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗ࡃࠊ(4)ᘧ(5)ᘧࡼࡿ AMTD ࡢ
㛫ኚ㸦ィ⟬್㸧ᙳ㡪ࡀฟࡿࡇࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊᇶᗏὶ㔞ࡋ࡚᪥ὶ㔞ࡢ
5 ᪥⛣ືᖹᆒ್㸦y L5 㸧ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋᅗ㸯ࠊὶᇦ A2 ࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ y L5 ࡢ⤒ᖺኚືࢆ♧ࡍࠋ
62
㻢㻞
ᅗ㸯 ࣞࢼᕝࡢᨭὶ࣭ࣝࢲࣥᕝ࠾ࡅࡿኟᏘࡢᇶᗏὶ㔞
㸦5 ᪥⛣ືᖹᆒ࡛ࡢ᪥ὶ㔞 y L5 㸸mm day-1㸧ࡢ⤒ᖺኚື
㸦Brutsaert and Hiyama, 2012 ࡢ Figure 2 ࢆಟṇ㸧
ࠋ
ᅗ㸰 ࣞࢼᕝ࣭4 ᨭὶᇦࡢ㈓␃ಀᩘ㸦K㸸day㸧ࡢ༑ᖺ༢ࡢ⤒ኚ
㸦Brutsaert and Hiyama, 2012 ࡢ Figure 4 ࢆಟṇ㸧ࠋ
63
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ᅗ㸯ࡽࠊᇶᗏὶ㔞ࡣᖺࠎኚືࢆక࠸࡞ࡀࡽ༑ᖺ⛬ᗘࡢࡁ࡞ኚືࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ
ࢃࡿࠋ1950 ᖺࡽ 2008 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ㛗ᮇ㸦59 ᖺ㛫㸧ࡢᇶᗏὶ㔞ࡢኚഴྥ㸦ᅗ㸯ࡢᐇ⥺㸸dy L5 /dt㸧
ࡣ 0.000977mm d-1 a-1࡛࠶ࡾࠊⱝᖸࠊቑຍഴྥࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
୍᪉ࠊ(6)ᘧࢆ⏝࠸࡚ AMTD ࡢ㛫ኚࢆィ⟬ࡍࡿሙྜࠊ㈓␃ಀᩘࡢ㛫ኚ㸦dK/dt㸧ࡀᚲせ
࡞ࡿࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊἙᕝὶ㔞ࡽὶᇦࡢ㈓␃ಀᩘ㸦K㸧ࢆ⟬ฟࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ࠶ࡿỴࡲࡗࡓᡭ
ἲࡣᚑ᮶ࡢ◊✲ぢฟࡏ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊy㸻㸫K (dy/dt) ࡢࣉࣟࢵࢺࡢໟ⤡⥺ࡽ K ࢆ
ồࡵࡓ㸦Brutsaert and Hiyama, 2012 ࡢ Figure 3 ཧ↷㸧ࠋྛᖺ 5 ᭶㹼9 ᭶ࡢ y L5 ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ᚓࡽࢀ
ࡓ㈓␃ಀᩘ K ࡢ༑ᖺᖹᆒ್ࢆᅗ㸰♧ࡍࠋA2 ࡢ 1960 ᖺ௦㹼1980 ᖺ௦ࠊࡑࡢࡢὶᇦࡢ 1960
ᖺ௦ࢆ㝖ࡁࠊK ࡣ 2000 ᖺ௦ྥࡅ࡚ῶᑡഴྥࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
3.2 AMTD ࡢ㛗ᮇኚഴྥ㸦ࢺࣞࣥࢻ㸧
(4)ᘧࡽ AMTD ࢆồࡵࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࠊȞ 0r 㸦AMTD ࡢὶᇦ௦⾲್㸧 y r 㸦AMTD ࡀᚓࡽࢀ
ࡿᬌኟ㹼ึ⛅ࡢᇶᗏὶ㔞㸧ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋȞ 0r ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㏆ᖺࡢ◊✲㸦Ohta et al., 2008; Iijima
et al., 2010㸧࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓほ ್ࡽࠊȞ 0r 㸻1.88 m ࢆ௦ධࡋࡓࠋy r ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ4 ᨭὶᇦࡈ
y L5 ࡢ༑ᖺᖹᆒ್㸦Brutsaert and Hiyama, 2012 ࡢ Table 2 ཧ↷㸧ࢆ௦ධࡋࡓࠋ
୍᪉(5)ᘧࡽ AMTD ࢆồࡵࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࠊn e 㸦Ỉྍ⬟㛫㝽⋡㸧 K㸦㈓␃ಀᩘ㸧ࡀᚲせ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋK ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᅗ㸰♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺༑ᖺᖹᆒ࡛ࡢ⣔ิ್ࡀྛὶᇦ࡛ᚓࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀ
ࡽࡢྛᮇ㛫ࡢᖹᆒ್㸦Brutsaert and Hiyama, 2012 ࡢ Table 3 ཧ↷㸧ࢆ௦ධࡋࡓࠋ୍᪉ n e ࡢὶ
ᇦ௦⾲್ࢆᚓࡿࡇࡣ㠀ᖖ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ n e ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡢ◊✲㸦Brutsaert and Lopez,
1998; Brutsaert, 2008㸧ࢆཧ⪃ࠊn e 㸻0.01 ࡋࡓࠋ
᭱ᚋ(6)ᘧࡽ AMTD ࢆồࡵࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡣࠊȞ 0r ࡶ K r㸦AMTD ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿᮇࡢ
㈓␃ಀᩘࡢὶᇦ௦⾲್㸧ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᅗ㸰࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ್ࢆ࠼ࡓࠋ
ᅗ㸱 (4)ᘧࡽィ⟬ࡉࢀࡓ 4 ᨭὶᇦ࠾ࡅࡿ AMTD㸦ὶᇦ௦⾲್㸸cm a-1㸧ࡢࢺࣞࣥࢻ
㸦Brutsaert and Hiyama, 2012 ࡢ Figure 5 ࢆಟṇ㸧
ࠋ
64
㻢㻠
ᅗ㸲 (5)ᘧࡽィ⟬ࡉࢀࡓ 4 ᨭὶᇦ࠾ࡅࡿ AMTD㸦ὶᇦ௦⾲್㸸cm a-1㸧ࡢࢺࣞࣥࢻ
㸦Brutsaert and Hiyama, 2012 ࡢ Figure 6 ࢆಟṇ㸧
ࠋ
ᅗ㸳 (6)ᘧࡽィ⟬ࡉࢀࡓ 4 ᨭὶᇦ࠾ࡅࡿ AMTD㸦ὶᇦ௦⾲್㸸cm a-1㸧ࡢࢺࣞࣥࢻ
㸦Brutsaert and Hiyama, 2012 ࡢ Figure 7 ࢆಟṇ㸧
ࠋ
65
㻢㻡
(4)ᘧࠊ(5)ᘧࠊ(6)ᘧࡽᚓࡽࢀࡓ༑ᖺ้ࡳ࡛ࡢ AMTD ࡢኚഴྥࢆᅗ㸱ࠊᅗ㸲ࠊᅗ㸳♧ࡍࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊᑐ㇟ᮇ㛫㸦1950㹼2008 ᖺ㸧࠾ࡅࡿ 4 ᨭὶᇦࡈࡢὶᇦ௦⾲್ࢆ⾲㸰♧ࡍࠋ(6)ᘧ
ࡼࡿィ⟬⤖ᯝࡣࠊ(4)ᘧࡸ(5)ᘧࡼࡿィ⟬⤖ᯝẚ࡚㐣ホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ࣮࢜ࢲ࣮ⓗࡣ
ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
ᖹᆒⓗ࡞ഴྥࡋ࡚ࠊࣞࢼᕝୖὶᇦࡢ㐃⥆Ọஂᅵᇦ㸦UL O㸧࡛ࡣᖺ㛫 0.3cm ࡽ 1cm
ࡢྜ࡛ࠊࣝࢲࣥᕝୖὶࡢᐮ෭࡞㐃⥆Ọஂᅵᇦ㸦A1 A2㸧࡛ࡣࡑࡢ༙ศ⛬ᗘࡢྜ࡛ࠊࡑ
ࢀࡒࢀ⼥ゎ῝ࡀቑຍ㸦άືᒙୗ➃ࡢᅵࡀ⼥ゎ㸧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡿࠋ
⾲㸰 ྛᨭὶᇦࡢ 1950㹼2008 ᖺࡢ AMTD ࡢኚഴྥ㸦cm a-1㸧
UL
O
A1
A2
4 ᨭὶࡢᖹᆒ
(4)ᘧ
0.245
0.770
0.255
0.159
0.357
(5)ᘧ
0.506
0.641
0.285
0.226
0.414
(6)ᘧ
1.089
0.767
0.462
0.556
0.718
4 ⪃ᐹ
Brutsaert and Hiyama (2012) ࡛㆟ㄽࡋࡓㄽⅬࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢ 3 Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
1) ㈓␃ಀᩘ KࠊỈྍ⬟㛫㝽⋡ n e ࠊὶᇦࡢ AMTD ࡢ௦⾲್Ȟ 0r ࠊࡢጇᙜᛶ
2) 㝣ᇦỈᨭ㸦(7)ᘧ㸧ẼỈᨭࡢẚ㍑
3) (4)ᘧࠊ(5)ᘧࠊ(6)ᘧࡢ୰࡛ࠊࡢ᪉ἲࡀ᭱ࡶඃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
1) ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ4 ᨭὶᇦࡢᖹᆒ್ࡀ K㸻41s10 ᪥࡛࠶ࡾࠊᚑ᮶ࡢ◊✲㸦Brutsaert, 2008; 2010;
2012㸧ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ྠ⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࠊn e ࡢὶᇦ௦⾲್ࢆᚓࡿࡇࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࡀࠊᚑ᮶ࡢ◊✲ẚ㍑
ࡋࡓୖ࡛ n e 㸻0.01 ࡣጇᙜ࡞್࡛࠶ࡿࡇࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࣞࢼᕝὶᇦ࡛ࡣȞ 0r =2 m ࡀ㐺ᙜ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࠊ
➼ࢆᣦࡋࡓࠋ
2) ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊẼゎᯒࢹ࣮ࢱࡢಙ㢗ᛶ㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࢆ㐍ࡵࡿᚲせࡣ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊẼỈ
ᨭἲ࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓṇ㝆Ỉ㔞㸦P㸫E㸧Ἑᕝὶฟ㔞㸦R㸧ࢆẚ㍑ࡋࡓ◊✲㸦Fukutomi et al., 2003;
Oshima and Hiyama, 2012㸧ࡀࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ AMTD ࡢ㛫ኚ㸦dȞ 0 /dt㸧ࢆᣦ♧ࡍࡿࡇ
ࢆ㏙ࡓࠋࡲࡓ᭱㏆ࡢࣞࢼᕝ୰ὶᇦ࠾ࡅࡿ⼥ゎ῝ࡢほ ್㸦Ohta et al., 2008; Iijima et al.,
2010㸧ࡽࡶࠊ2000 ᖺ௦ࡢᛴ⃭࡞ AMTD ࡢቑຍࡀࠊᮏ◊✲ࡼࡗ࡚ὶᇦ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡶࡅࡽࢀ
ࡿࡇࢆ㏙ࡓࠋ
3) ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᪉ἲㄽࡀ☜ᐃࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ dK/dt ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ᪉ἲ㸦(6)ᘧ㸧ࡼࡾࡶࠊᐇ ࢹ࣮ࢱ
㸦dy L5 /dt㸧ࢆ┤᥋ᢅ࠼ࡿ᪉ἲ㸦(4)ᘧ(5)ᘧ㸧ࡢ᪉ࡀ☜ᐇᛶࡣప࠸ࡇࠊࡑࡋ࡚㈓␃ಀᩘ K
Ỉྍ⬟㛫㝽⋡ n e ࡢ☜ᐇᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵ(4)ᘧࡢ᪉ࡀࡼࡾ☜ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࠊ➼ࢆ㏙ࡓࠋ
5 ࠾ࢃࡾ
ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊኟᏘࡢ㸦Ἑᕝ⾲㠃ࡀ⤖ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ᮇ࡛ࡢ㸧ᇶᗏὶ㔞ኚࢆࠊ⼥ゎ࣭⤖క
66
㻢㻢
࠺ᖺ᭱⼥ゎ῝㸦AMTDࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣኟᏘࡢάືᒙ῝ࡉ㸧ࡢ㛫ኚ㛵ಀ࡙ࡅࠊࡑࡢ⤒ᖺኚഴ
ྥࢆࣞࢼᕝࡢᨭὶᇦࢫࢣ࣮࡛ࣝ᥎ᐃࡋࡓࠋᮾࢩ࣭࣋ࣜࣞࢼᕝୖὶࡢ 4 ࡘࡢᨭὶ࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ 1950
ᖺࡽ 2008 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢὶ㔞ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ⤖ᯝࠊᑐ㇟ࡋࡓᮇ㛫㸦59 ᖺ㛫㸧ࡢᖹᆒⓗഴྥࡋ
࡚ࠊࣞࢼᕝୖὶᇦࡢ㐃⥆Ọஂᅵᇦ࡛ᖺ㛫 0.3cm ࡽ 1cm ࡢྜ࡛ࠊࣝࢲࣥᕝୖὶࡢᐮ෭
࡞㐃⥆Ọஂᅵᇦ࡛ࡣࡑࡢ༙ศ⛬ᗘࡢྜ࡛ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ AMTD ࡀቑຍ㸦άືᒙୗ➃ࡢᅵࡀ⼥
ゎ㸧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊゎᯒᮇ㛫ࢆ⣙ 20 ᖺ㛫ࡈ༊ษࡗࡓሙྜࠊ๓༙ࡢ 1950 ᖺࡽ 1970 ᖺ
ࡅ࡚ࡣ AMTD ࡀῶᑡࡋ㸦άືᒙୗ➃ࡢᅵተࡀ⤖ഴྥ࠶ࡾ㸧
ࠊᚋ༙ࡢ 1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡣࠊ
ᖺ㛫 2cm ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࢀ௨ୖࡢྜ࡛ AMTD ࡀᛴ⃭ቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡗࡓࠋ
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
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perspective. Water Resources Research, 44, W02409, doi:10.1029/2007WR006518.
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doi:10.1007/s00704-009-0180-3.
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storage conditions. Ecohydrology, 5, 541-549, doi:10.1002/eco.263.
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streamflow measurements with an application in eastern Siberia. Journal of Geophysical Research,
117, D22110, doi:10.1029/2012JD018344.
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in the southern Great Plains. Water Resources Research, 34, 233-240, doi:10.1029/97WR03068.
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balance components in three major river basins of northern Eurasia. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 4,
283-296, doi:10.1175/1525-7541(2003)4<283:IVOSWB>2.0.CO;2.
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Hollister, R.D., Hope, A., Huntington, H.P., Jensen, A.M., Jia, G.J., Jorgenson, T., Kane, D.L., Klein,
D.R., Kofinas, G., Lynch, A.H., Lloyd, A.H., McGuire, A.D., Nelson, F.E., Oechel, W.C., Osterkamp,
T.E., Racine, C.H., Romanovsky, V.E., Stone, R.S., Stow, D.A., Sturm, M., Tweedie, C.E., Vourlitis,
G.L., Walker, M.D., Walker, D.A., Webber, P.J., Welker, J.M., Winker, K.S. and Yoshikawa, K.
(2005): Evidence and implications of recent climate change in northern Alaska and other arctic
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Iijima, Y., Fedorov, A.N., Park, H., Suzuki, K., Yabuki, H., Maximov, T.C. and Ohata, T. (2010): Abrupt
increases in soil temperatures following increased precipitation in a permafrost region, central Lena
River Basin, Russia. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 21, 30-41.
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Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel
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996pp.
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Hiyama, T., Iijima, Y., Moors, E.J., Tanaka, H., Toba, T. and Yabuki, H. (2008): Interannual variation
67
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of water balance and summer evapotranspiration in an eastern Siberian larch forest over a 7-year
period (1998-2006). Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 148, 1941-1953.
Onogi, K., Tsutsui, J., Koide, H., Sakamoto, M., Kobayashi, S., Hatsushika, H., Matsumoto, T., Yamazaki,
N., Kamahori, H., Takahashi, K., Kadokura, S., Wada, K., Kato, K., Oyama, R., Ose, T., Mannoji, N.
and Taira, R. (2007): The JRA-25 reanalysis. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 85,
369-432, doi:10.2151/jmsj.85.369.
ᓥ⿱(2012): ࣞࢼᕝࡢἙᕝὶ㔞ࡢᏘ⠇ኚ࣭⤒ᖺኚືࡑࢀࡽࡢẼỈᚠ⎔ࡢ㛵ಀ㸬⸨ཎ₶
Ꮚ࣭ᷓᒣဴဢ ⦅: ᖹᡂ 23 ᖺᗘ FR3 ◊✲ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺሗ࿌ࠗ ᬮࡍࡿࢩ࣋ࣜࡢ⮬↛
ே ̿Ỉ⎔ቃࢆࡣࡌࡵࡍࡿ㝣ᇦ⏕ែ⣔ኚࡢ♫ࡢ㐺ᛂ㸦ᆅ⌫◊ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ C-07㸧࠘㸪
⥲ྜᆅ⌫⎔ቃᏛ◊✲ᡤ㸪78-84㸬
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those relationships with atmospheric water cycle. Proc. 1st Internat. Confer. Global Warming and
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records: Indicators of climate change. Eos Trans. AGU, 83, 589, doi:10.1029/2002EO000402.
Serreze, M.C., Walsh, J.E., Chapin, F.S., Osterkamp, T., Dyurgerov, M., Romanovsky, V., Oechel, W.C.,
Morison, J., Zhang, T. and Barry, R.G. (2000): Observational evidence of recent change in the
northern high-latitude environment. Climatic Change, 46, 159-207, doi:10.1023/A:1005504031923.
Ye, B., Yang, D., Zhang, Z. and Kane, D.L. (2009): Variation of hydrological regime with permafrost
coverage over Lena Basin in Siberia. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, D07102,
doi:10.1029/2008JD010537.
68
㻢㻤
G2c㸦ࣔࢹࣜࣥࢢࢳ࣮࣒㸧άືせ⣙
ᒣᓮ ๛
ᮾᏛᏛ㝔 ⌮Ꮫ◊✲⛉ ᆅ⌫≀⌮Ꮫᑓᨷ
1 ᙜึࡢ┠ⓗ
ᮏᖺᗘ G2c㸦ࣔࢹࣜࣥࢢࢳ࣮࣒㸧ࡋ࡚ᥖࡆࡓ┠ⓗࡣ௨ୗࡢ࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋձ㝣㠃ࣔࢹࣝࡼࡿᅵተỈศ࣭
ᗘኚືࡢ᳨ウࠊղ㝣㠃㐣⛬ࣔࢹࣝࡢᨵⰋࠊճࣔࢹࣝࡢ┦ẚ㍑ࠊմὶฟࣔࢹࣝィ⟬ࡢᮇ㛫ᘏ㛗⡆␎ࠊ
յᴟἙᕝὶᇦ࠾ࡅࡿ㐣ཤࡢỈᨭࡢኚື࠾ࡼࡧᙳ㡪ᅉᏊࡢホ౯ࠊնࣞࢼᕝ࠾ࡅࡿἙᕝὶ㔞ࡢ⤒ᖺ
ኚẼỈᚠ⎔ࡢ㛵ಀࠋղࠊճࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᖺᗘࠊ┠❧ࡗࡓ㐍ᒎࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
2 ◊✲ࡢ㐍⾜≧ἣ
㝣㠃ࣔࢹࣝ 2LM ࣮ࣝࢳࣥẼ㇟ࢹ࣮ࢱࡼࡾࠊࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡຍ࠼࢘ࢫࢳ࣐ࣖ࠾ࡅࡿ㛗ᮇࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩ
ࣙࣥࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊィ⟬ࡉࢀࡓᅵተỈศࡣ 10 ᖺ⛬ᗘࡢ࿘ᮇࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋ2006 ᖺࠊ2007
ᖺࡣ㐣ཤ 40 ᖺ㛫࡛᭱㧗࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ2008 ᖺࡣࡸࡸῶᑡࡋࡓࠋ࢘ࢫࢳ࣐ࣖ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ 2005 ᖺ௨㝆ࠊᅵ
ተỈศࡣቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᴟ➃࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᅵተỈศࡢᙳ㡪ࡣࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ࡛ 8 ᖺ⛬ᗘࠊ࢘
ࢫࢳ࣐࡛ࣖ 6㹼7 ᖺ࡛ࡰᾘ⁛ࡋࡓ㸦ᒣᓮ㸧ࠋ
ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ᚓࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿἙᕝὶ㔞㈨ᩱࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊLena ᕝὶᇦࡢὶฟ≉ᛶࠊὶ㔞ࡢᖺࠎኚືࡸᏘ⠇ኚື
≉ᛶࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊLena ᕝୗὶᇦࢆ㝖ࡃୖὶࡢ 3 ὶᇦࡍ࡚࡛㏆ᖺὶ㔞ࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ
ࠊ2 ࣨ᭶༢ࡢᏘ⠇ⓗ࡞ὶ㔞㓄ศ࡛ࡳࡿࠊLena ᕝୖὶᇦࠊAldan ᕝὶᇦࡢὶ㔞ቑຍࡣ⼥㞷ᮇ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶
ࡿࡇࠊࢲ࣒ᘓタ๓ᚋ࡛ὶᇦࡢὶ㔞ᑐࡍࡿྛᨭὶᇦࡽࡢὶฟࡢᐤ⋡ࡀ≉ᮇࡁࡃኚࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿࡇ࡞ࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓ㸦ඵ⏣㸧ࠋ
㝣㠃㐣⛬ࣔࢹࣝ CHANGE ࡼࡿ㐣ཤ 109 ᖺ㛫ࡢࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡼࡾࠊ⎔ᴟ㝣ᇦ࠾ࡅࡿㅖࣉࣟࢭ
ࢫࡀ᫂ࡽኚࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ≉ࠊẼ ୖ᪼ࡀⴭࡋࡗࡓ 1980 ᖺ௨㝆ࠊ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸
ࡓࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊ✚㞷῝ࡣῶᑡഴྥࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊάືᒙࡣẼ ୖ୍᪼⮴ࡋ࡚ቑຍࢺࣞࣥࢻࢆ
♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊⓎᩓ㔞ࡶቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊ᭱㏆ 20 ᖺ㛫࡛ࡣ⡿ࡢ୍㒊ᆅᇦ࡛άືᒙࡀ⌧㇟ഴ
ྥ࠶ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣᮇࡢ㢧ⴭ࡞✚㞷῝ࡢῶᑡᅵተỈศࡢపୗࡀཎᅉ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㸦ᮔ㸧ࠋ
ࣞࢼᕝὶᇦࢆᑐ㇟Ẽ㝣ᇦỈᚠ⎔ゎᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝࠊࣞࢼᕝࡢὶ㔞ࡣṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢኚືࡼࡃᑐᛂࡋࠊ
ྠὶᇦࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ኚືࡢᙳ㡪ࢆࡁࡃཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡗࡓࠋ࢚ࢽࢭᕝ࢜ࣅᕝ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊὶࡢ
ࢲ࣒ࡢᙳ㡪Ọஂᅵศᕸࡢ㐪࠸ࡼࡾࠊὶ㔞ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ㛫ࣛࢢࡀࣞࢼᕝࡼࡾࡶ㛗࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࡉࡽࠊኟᏘࣞࢼᕝࡢὶ㔞ࡣᖹᆒ㢼క࠺ỈẼ㍺㏦ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶࡽࡉࢀࡿṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡀࡁࡃᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ㏆ᖺࡢኚࡣపẼᅽάືక࠺ỈẼ㍺㏦ࡼࡿᙳ㡪ࡶࡳࡽࢀࡓࠋࢩ࣋ࣜ 3 Ἑᕝ࠾
ࡅࡿ㐣ཤࡢᖺᖹᆒὶ㔞ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡣ㢧ⴭ࡞ࢺࣞࣥࢻࡣࡳࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓ㸦ᓥ㸧ࠋ
ࢩ࣋ࣜᇦ࠾ࡅࡿࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾ࡼࡿ᳜⏕ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆẚ㍑᳨࣭ウࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊᐙ␆ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ࢟ࣕࣥࣉ
ᆅࢆᑐ㇟ࠊMODIS ⾨ᫍ⏬ീࡼࡿ✵㛫ゎᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋᇦෆᖹᆒ᭱ NDVI ࡢᖺኚ᭷ព࡞ࢺࣞࣥࢻ
ࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊSakha-Olenek ࡛ࡣࢇࡢᆅⅬ࡛ῶᑡഴྥࠊSakha-SebyanKyuelj ࡛ࡣࢇࡢᆅ
69
㻢㻥
Ⅼ࡛ቑຍഴྥࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊSakha-Olenek ࡛ࡣ 2004 ᖺࡢᖺẚᇦෆᖹᆒ᭱ NDVI ࡢపୗࡀぢ
ࡽࢀࡓ㸦ᒣᮏ㸧ࠋ
70
㻣㻜
㝣㠃ࣔࢹࣝ 2LM ࡼࡿᅵተỈศ࣭ ᗘࡢ㛗ᮇࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ
ᒣᓮ ๛
ᮾᏛᏛ㝔 ⌮Ꮫ◊✲⛉ ᆅ⌫≀⌮Ꮫᑓᨷ
1
ࡣࡌࡵ
ᮾࢩ࣋ࣜࡢࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ㏆㑹ࡢࢱ࢞ᯘ㸦ࢫࣃࢫ࢝ࣖࣃࢵࢻ㸧࡛ࡣ 1998 ᖺ௨᮶ࠊࢱ࣮࣡ࡼࡿẼ㇟࣭
Ỉᩥほ ࡀ࠾ࡇ࡞ࢃࢀࠊ15 ᖺ㏆࠸ࢹ࣮ࢱࡀ✚ࡉࢀࡓࠋ2004 ᖺ௨㝆ࠊᅵተỈศ ᗘࡀ㢧ⴭୖ᪼ࡋࠊ
ኟᮇࡢᅵ⼥ゎᒙࡀཌࡃ࡞ࡿ≧ἣࡀฟ⌧ࡋࡓ (Ohta et al., 2008; Iijima et al., 2010)ࠋࢱ࣮࣡タ⨨๓ࡢ⇕࣭Ỉ
ᨭࡢ≧ἣࢆ▱ࡿࡇࡣࠊ⌧≧ࡢ⌮ゎࡸᑗ᮶ࢆண ࡍࡿୖ࡛⯆῝࠸ࠋ
㝣㠃㐣⛬ࣔࢹࣝࡣẼ㇟せ⣲ࢆධຊࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊᵝࠎ࡞㝣㠃≧ែࡘ࠸࡚ࠊẼࡢỈࡸ⇕ࡢ
㔞ࡸᅵተࡢỈศ࣭ ᗘࢆィ⟬࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ㸯ḟඖ㝣㠃㐣⛬ࣔࢹࣝ 2LM ࢆ⏝࠸ࠊࢱ࣮࣡ほ 㛤ጞ௨๓
ࡉࡢࡰࡾࠊỈ࣭⇕ᨭࡢ㛗ᮇࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢሗ࿌࡛ࡣ≉ᅵࡸ᳜≀άືࡢ㘽ࢆ
ᥱࡿᅵተ╔┠ࡍࡿࠋ࣮ࣝࢳࣥẼ㇟ࢹ࣮ࢱࢭࢵࢺ㸦BMDS ver.5㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ࠾ࡼࡧ࢘ࢫࢳ࣐
ࣖࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽࠊᅵተỈศึᮇ್ࡢᙳ㡪ࡸࠊ㏆ᖺࡢ㐣‵㛵ࡍࡿ⪃ᐹࡶຍ࠼ࡓࠋ
2 ࣔࢹࣝ
⏝ࡋࡓ㝣㠃ࣔࢹࣝࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ◊✲ྠࡌࡃ 2LM ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊ᳜⏕࣭✚㞷࣭ᅵተࡢ୕ࡘ
ࡢࢧࣈࣔࢹࣝࡽ࡞ࡿࠋ᪥ᑕࠊ㛗ἼᨺᑕࠊẼ ࠊẚ‵ࠊ㢼㏿ࠊ㝆Ỉ㔞ࢆධຊࡋࠊ✚㞷࣭ᅵተࡢ ᗘࡸỈ
ศࠊẼ࣭᳜⏕࣭ᅵተྛᒙ㛫ࡢࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫࢆィ⟬࡛ࡁࡿ (Yamazaki, 2001; Yamazaki et al., 2004)ࠋᅗ㸯
᳜⏕✚㞷ࡢࢧࣈࣔࢹࣝࡢᴫᛕᅗࢆ♧ࡍࠋ᳜⏕ࡣⴥࡢ㒊ศࢆୖୗ 2 ᒙศࡅࡓ⇕ᨭࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋ✚
㞷ࡣ✚㞷῝ᛂࡌ࡚ᒙࡢᩘࢆቑࡸࡍከᒙࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࠊᐮ෭ᆅ࡛༟㉺ࡍࡿࡋࡶࡊࡽࡵ㞷ࢆ⾲⌧࡛ࡁࡿࠋᅵተ
ࡣẚ㍑ⓗࢩࣥࣉࣝ࡞ከᒙࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࠊ㸫1 㹼 0 Υ ࠾࠸࡚ぢࡅࡢ⇕ᐜ㔞ࢆࡁࡃࡍࡿᙧ࡛ᅵተࡢ⼥
ゎ࣭⤖ࡢ₯⇕ࢆィ⟬ࡍࡿࠋ㏱Ỉᒙࢆ 2 m ௬ᐃࡋࠊྛᒙࡽࡢὶฟᡂศࡀవỈࡋ࡚ィ⟬ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
㻌㻌
ᅗ 1㻌 㝣㠃䝰䝕䝹 2LM 䛾ᴫᛕᅗ䚹ᕥ䠖᳜⏕䝃䝤䝰䝕䝹䚸ྑ䠖✚㞷䝃䝤䝰䝕䝹䚹
71
㻣㻝
3 ࢹ࣮ࢱ
ࢩ࣋ࣜࡢ࣮ࣝࢳࣥẼ㇟ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆࡲࡵࡓ Baseline Meteorological Data in Siberia (BMDS) ࡢ᭱᪂∧
(ver. 5) ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ (Yabuki et al., 2011)ࠋᮾࢩ࣋ࣜࡢ㸰ࡘࡢほ ࢱ࣮࣡㏆࠸ࠊࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ㸦⦋ 62.0 ᗘࠊ
ᮾ⤒ 129.7 ᗘࠊᶆ㧗 101 m㸧࢘ࢫࢳ࣐ࣖ㸦⦋ 60.4 ᗘࠊᮾ⤒ 134.5 ᗘࠊᶆ㧗 170 m㸧ࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓࠋ୧
ᆅⅬࡶ 1950 ᖺࡽ 2008 ᖺࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡀ㘓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢ࠺ࡕ᪥↷㛫ࢆྵࡵࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࡀ⏝࡛
ࡁࡿࠊࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ 1966㹼2008 ᖺࠊ࢘ࢫࢳ࣐ࣖ 1960㹼2008 ᖺࢆィ⟬ᮇ㛫ࡋࡓࠋࣔࢹࣝᚲせ࡞᪥ᑕ㔞
ୗྥࡁẼᨺᑕ㔞ࡣ BMDS ྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ᪥↷㛫➼ࡽ᥎ᐃࡋࡓࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡࡢ
1983 ᖺࡣ㢼㏿ࢹ࣮ࢱࡀḞᦆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊࡢᖺࡽồࡵࡓ᭶ᖹᆒ㢼㏿ࢆ௦⏝ࡋࡓࠋ୧ᆅⅬࡶ
BMDS ver.5 㘓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿỈẼᅽࡣࠊ1984 ᖺࡲ࡛⣔⤫ⓗ㧗࠸್࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ 1984 ᖺ
ࡲ࡛ࡣ᭱ᑠ‵ᗘ᭱㧗Ẽ ࡽỈẼᅽࢆィ⟬ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡓࠋࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡣࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ
Spasskaya Pad ࡢࢱ࢞ᯘࢆᐃࡋ࡚ࠊYamazaki et al. (2007) ྠᵝᐇ㦂ᘧࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕷෆ
ࡢ ᐃ್ࢆࢱ࢞ୖࡢ᥎ᐃ್ኚࡋࡓࠋ࢘ࢫࢳ࣐ࣖࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ኚࡣ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
ᅵተࡢ ᗘỈศࡢึᮇ್ࡣࠊᒙయ✚ྵỈ⋡ 0.2 ࡋࡓ௬ࡢึᮇ್୍࡛ᗘ㉮ࡽࡏ࡚ 1986 ᖺ 1 ᭶ 1 ᪥
ࡢィ⟬್ࢆタᐃࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽࠊࡶ࠺୍ᗘ㉮ࡽࡏ࡚ 1999㹼2008 ᖺࡢྛᖺ 1 ᭶ 1 ᪥ࡢ 10 ಶࡢึᮇ್ࢆసࡗ
ࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽ 10 ಶࡢึᮇ್ࡽࡑࢀࡒࢀ㉮ࡽࡏࡿࡇࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ⤖ᯝᑐࡍࡿึᮇ
್タᐃࡢᙳ㡪ࢆぢࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
4 ⤖ᯝ
4.1 ࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ
ᅗ 2 ࣔࢹࣝィ⟬࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ῝ࡉ 0 - 2 m ࡢ✚⟬ᅵተỈศ㔞ࡢ⣔ิࢆ♧ࡍࠋᅗ୰ࡢ⣽⥺ࡣ 10 ㏻ࡾࡢ
ึᮇ್ࡽጞࡵࡓࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢィ⟬⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡋࠊኴ⥺ࡣࡑࡢᖹᆒ್࡛࠶ࡿࠋᖹᆒ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣᖺࡍ࡛♧
ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࡰྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍⯡⼥㞷ᮇቑຍࡋ࡚ࡑࡢᚋῶᑡࡋࠊ⛅ࡧቑຍࡋ࡚ᮇࡣࡰ୍ᐃ
್ࢆ♧ࡍኚࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ1979 ᖺࡸ 2006 ᖺࡢࡼ࠺ࠊኟࡢ⤊ࢃࡾࡁࡃቑຍࡋ࡚㧗࠸ᅵተ
Ỉศࡢ≧ែ࡛ࢆ㏄࠼ࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ㛗ᮇⓗࡣ 10 ᖺᙉࡢ࿘ᮇⓗ࡞ኚࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ぢ࠼ࡿࠋ2006 ᖺ
ࡽ 2008 ᖺࡅ࡚ࡣ㐣ཤ 40 ᖺ㛫࡛᭱ࡶ㧗࠸Ỉ‽࠶ࡿࠋึᮇ್ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣ 8 ᖺ⛬ᗘ࡛ᾘ⁛ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㼠㼛㼠㼍㼘㻌㼟㼛㼕㼘㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻜㻙㻞㼙㻌㻌㻔㼙㼙㻕
㻢㻜㻜
㻡㻜㻜
㻠㻜㻜
㻟㻜㻜
㻞㻜㻜
㻝㻜㻜
㻜
㻢㻢 㻢㻤 㻣㻜 㻣㻞 㻣㻠 㻣㻢 㻣㻤 㻤㻜 㻤㻞 㻤㻠 㻤㻢 㻤㻤 㻥㻜 㻥㻞 㻥㻠 㻥㻢 㻥㻤 㻜㻜 㻜㻞 㻜㻠 㻜㻢 㻜㻤
ᅗ 2 ࣔࢹࣝࡼࡿᅵተỈศ㔞㸦ࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ㸧ࠋ0 㸫 2 m ࡢ✚⟬್ (mm)ࠋ⣽⥺㸸ྛึᮇ್㸦10 ㏻ࡾ㸧
ࡢ⤖ᯝࠋኴ⥺㸸ᖹᆒ್
72
㻣㻞
㼟㼛㼕㼘㻌㼠㼔㼍㼣㻘㻌㼟㼚㼛㼣㻌㼐㼑㼜㼠㼔㻌㻌㻔㼏㼙㻕
㻝㻜㻜
㻡㻜
㻜
㻙㻡㻜
㻢㻢
㻢㻤
㻢㻥
㻣㻝
㻣㻟
㻣㻡
㻣㻣
㻣㻥
㻤㻝
㻤㻟
㻤㻡
㻤㻣
㻤㻥
㻥㻝
㻥㻟
㻥㻡
㻥㻣
㻥㻥
㻜㻝
㻜㻟
㻜㻡
㻜㻣
㻙㻝㻜㻜
㻙㻝㻡㻜
㻙㻞㻜㻜
㻙㻞㻡㻜
㻙㻟㻜㻜
ᅗ 3 ࣔࢹࣝࡼࡿࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡࡢᅵተ⼥ゎ῝㸦㉥㸧✚㞷῝㸦㟷㸧ࠋ
ᅗ 3 ࡣࣔࢹࣝィ⟬ࡼࡿࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡࡢᅵተ⼥ゎ῝㸦㉥㸧✚㞷῝㸦㟷㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ2005 ᖺ௨㝆ࠊ⼥ゎ῝
ࡢቑຍࡀ㢧ⴭ࡛ࠊ
2008 ᖺࡣ㐣ཤ 40 ᖺ㛫࡛᭱ࡶ῝ࡃࡲ࡛⼥ゎࡋࡓ≧ἣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
1980 ᖺࠊ
2000 ᖺࡶ 2008
ᖺࡣཬࡤ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢ⼥ゎ῝ࡀ῝ࡃィ⟬ࡉࢀࡓࠋほ ࡼࡿ 1998㹼2003 ᖺࡢ⼥ゎ῝ࡣ 127 cm ⛬ᗘ࠸
ࢃࢀ (Ohta et al., 2008)ࠊィ⟬⤖ᯝࡣࡸࡸࡁࡵ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅵተ≀⌮≉ᛶࡢ࠼᪉࡞ၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿ
ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
4.2 ࢘ࢫࢳ࣐ࣖ
ᅗ 4 ῝ࡉ 0 - 2 m ࡢ✚⟬ᅵተỈศ㔞ࡢィ⟬⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡍࠋ2005 ᖺ௨㝆ቑຍഴྥ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ
ᴟ➃࡞ቑຍࡣ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋึᮇ್ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣࠊ6㹼7 ᖺ࡛ぢࡽࢀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡẚᙳ㡪ࡢ
⥅⥆ᮇ㛫ࡣࡸࡸ▷࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣ࢘ࢫࢳ࣐ࣖࡢ᪉ࡀࠊ㞵㔞ࡀከࡃᅵተỈศࡢึᮇ್ࡀ㧗࠸ࡓࡵ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
୍⯡ࠊᅵተỈศࡀ㣬㐩ࡍࡿᅵተỈศࡢᒚṔࡣࢡ࣮ࣜࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ‵₶࡞ᅵተࡢ᪉ࡀึᮇ್ࡢ
ᙳ㡪ࢆᘬࡁࡎࡾࡃ࠸ࠋ1965 ᖺࡽ 1985 ᖺࡅ࡚ࡣࠊᅵተỈศ㔞ࡢ್ࡀࡸࡸ㧗࠸ഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ
ᮇ㛫ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ๓㏙ࡢࡼ࠺ỈẼᅽࢆู㏵ồࡵ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᐇ㝿ࡢഴྥ࡛࠶ࡿࡣὀព῝ࡃ᳨ウࡍࡿᚲせ
㼠㼛㼠㼍㼘㻌㼟㼛㼕㼘㻌㼣㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻜㻙㻞㼙㻌㻌
㻔㼙㼙㻕
ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
㻤㻜㻜
㻣㻜㻜
㻢㻜㻜
㻡㻜㻜
㻠㻜㻜
㻟㻜㻜
㻞㻜㻜
㻝㻜㻜
㻜
㼁㼟㼠㻹㼍㼥㼍
㻢㻜
㻢㻡
㻣㻜
㻣㻡
㻤㻜
㻤㻡
㻥㻜
ᅗ 4 ᅗ 2 ྠࡌ㸦࢘ࢫࢳ࣐ࣖ㸧ࠋ
73
㻣㻟
㻥㻡
㻜㻜
㻜㻡
㼟㼛㼕㼘㻌㼠㼔㼍㼣㻘㻌㼟㼚㼛㼣㻌㼐㼑㼜㼠㼔㻌㻌㻔㼏㼙㻕
㻝㻡㻜
㼟㼛㼕㼘㻌㼠㼔㼍㼣㻌㻔㼏㼛㼚㼠㻕
㻝㻜㻜
㻿㼚㼛㼣㻌㼐㼑㼜㼠㼔㻌㻔㼏㼛㼚㼠㻕
㻡㻜
㻜
㻙㻡㻜 㻢㻜
㻢㻞
㻢㻠
㻢㻢
㻢㻤
㻣㻜
㻣㻞
㻣㻠
㻣㻢
㻣㻤
㻤㻜
㻤㻞
㻤㻠
㻤㻢
㻤㻤
㻥㻜
㻥㻞
㻥㻠
㻥㻢
㻥㻤
㻜㻜
㻜㻞
㻜㻠
㻜㻢
㻜㻤
㻙㻝㻜㻜
㻙㻝㻡㻜
㻙㻞㻜㻜
㻙㻞㻡㻜
㻙㻟㻜㻜
㻙㻟㻡㻜
㻙㻠㻜㻜
ᅗ 5 ࣔࢹࣝࡼࡿ࢘ࢫࢳ࣐ࣖࡢᅵተ⼥ゎ῝㸦㉥㸧✚㞷῝㸦㟷㸧ࠋ
ᅗ 5 ࡣ࢘ࢫࢳ࣐ࣖࡢᅵተ⼥ゎ῝✚㞷῝࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢘ࢫࢳ࣐࡛ࣖࡶ 2005 ᖺ௨㝆ࠊ⼥ゎ῝ࡢቑຍഴྥࡀぢ
ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡẚࡿࠊ⼥ゎ῝ࡢኚືࡀࡁࡃࠊ㐣ཤࡶᩘᅇྠ⛬ᗘࡢቑຍࡀぢࡽࢀ
ࡿࠋኚືࡀࡁ࠸⌮⏤ࡢ 1 ࡘࡣࠊ࢘ࢫࢳ࣐ࣖࡢ࡛ࡣ῝ࡉ 2㹼4 m ࡰ 0 Υࡢᒙࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵࠊኟࡢ⼥
ゎࡀࡇࡢ㒊ศ㐩ࡍࡿ୍Ẽ⼥ゎ῝ࡀࡁࡃ࡞ࡿࡇࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
5 ⪃ᐹ
2004 ᖺ௨㝆ࡢᅵተỈศ ᗘࡢୖ᪼ࠊ⼥ゎ῝ࡢቑຍ㛵ࡍࡿ⪃ᐹࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ୍ᖺࡢሗ࿌࡛ࠊ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ
ࡿせᅉࡣኟࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞 (⛅ࡢྵỈ⋡) ࡢቑຍึࡢ㝆㞷(✚㞷῝)ࡢቑຍ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ࠺ࡕึࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ
ቑຍࡀຠ࠸࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࡇࢆ㏙ࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࢹ࣮ࢱᮇ㛫ࢆ 2008 ᖺࡲ࡛ᘏࡤࡋ࡚ᨵࡵ᳨࡚ウࡍ
ࡿࠋ
ᅗ 6 ࡣࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ࠾ࡅࡿྛᖺࡢኟึࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ1966 ᖺࡽ 2008 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡣࠊኟ
ᮇ (5㹼9 ᭶) ࡣᖹᆒ 181 mm (ᶆ‽೫ᕪ 50 mm)ࠊึ (10, 11 ᭶) ࡣᖹᆒ 40 mm (ᶆ‽೫ᕪ 16 mm) ࡢ㝆Ỉ
㔞࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ2003 ᖺ 2005㹼2007 ᖺࡢኟ 2004㹼2006 ᖺࡢึࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡀከ࠸ࡇࡀࢃࡿࠋࣔࢹࣝ
ࡼࡿᖺ᭱⼥ゎ῝๓ᖺࡢኟᮇ (5㹼9 ᭶) ࠾ࡼࡧ๓ᖺࡢึ (10, 11 ᭶) ࡢほ ࡼࡿ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ
㻟㻡㻜
㻟㻜㻜
㻞㻡㻜
㻞㻜㻜
㻝㻡㻜
㻝㻜㻜
㻡㻜
㻜
㻹㼍㼥㻙㻿㼑㼜
㻻㼏㼠㻙㻺㼛㼢
㻝㻥㻢㻢
㻝㻥㻢㻣
㻝㻥㻢㻤
㻝㻥㻢㻥
㻝㻥㻣㻜
㻝㻥㻣㻝
㻝㻥㻣㻞
㻝㻥㻣㻟
㻝㻥㻣㻠
㻝㻥㻣㻡
㻝㻥㻣㻢
㻝㻥㻣㻣
㻝㻥㻣㻤
㻝㻥㻣㻥
㻝㻥㻤㻜
㻝㻥㻤㻝
㻝㻥㻤㻞
㻝㻥㻤㻟
㻝㻥㻤㻠
㻝㻥㻤㻡
㻝㻥㻤㻢
㻝㻥㻤㻣
㻝㻥㻤㻤
㻝㻥㻤㻥
㻝㻥㻥㻜
㻝㻥㻥㻝
㻝㻥㻥㻞
㻝㻥㻥㻟
㻝㻥㻥㻠
㻝㻥㻥㻡
㻝㻥㻥㻢
㻝㻥㻥㻣
㻝㻥㻥㻤
㻝㻥㻥㻥
㻞㻜㻜㻜
㻞㻜㻜㻝
㻞㻜㻜㻞
㻞㻜㻜㻟
㻞㻜㻜㻠
㻞㻜㻜㻡
㻞㻜㻜㻢
㻞㻜㻜㻣
㻞㻜㻜㻤
㻼㼞㼑㼏㼕㼜㼕㼠㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻔㼙㼙㻕
ㄪࡓࡇࢁᅗ 7 ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋኟᮇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡼࡾࡶึ㝆Ỉ㔞⼥ゎ῝ࡀࡼ࠸┦㛵ࢆᣢࡘࡇࡀࢃࡿࠋ
ᅗ 6 ࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ࠾ࡅࡿኟึࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ࠋ㉥㸸ኟ㸦5㹼9 ᭶㸧ࠊ㟷༳㸸ึ㸦10㹼11 ᭶㸧ࠋ
74
㻣㻠
㻟㻜㻜
㻞㻡㻜
㻞㻡㻜
᭱ᅵተ⼥ゎ῝ 㻔㼏㼙㻕
᭱ᅵተ⼥ゎ῝ 㻔㼏㼙㻕
㻟㻜㻜
㼥㻌㻩㻌㻜㻚㻞㻝㻜㻣㼤㻌㻗㻌㻝㻞㻤㻚㻜㻤
㻾㼽㻌㻩㻌㻜㻚㻝㻝㻜㻢
㻞㻜㻜
㻝㻡㻜
㼥㻌㻩㻌㻝㻚㻝㻟㻞㻞㼤㻌㻗㻌㻝㻞㻜㻚㻤㻠
㻾㼽㻌㻩㻌㻜㻚㻟㻞㻟㻡
㻞㻜㻜
㻝㻡㻜
㻝㻜㻜
㻝㻜㻜
㻜
㻡㻜
㻝㻜㻜
㻝㻡㻜
㻞㻜㻜
㻞㻡㻜
㻜
㻟㻜㻜
㻞㻜
㻠㻜
㻢㻜
㻤㻜
๓ᖺ㻝㻜㻙㻝㻝᭶䛾㝆Ỉ㔞 㻔㼙㼙㻕
๓ᖺ 㻡㻙㻥᭶䛾㝆Ỉ㔞 㻔㼙㼙㻕
ᅗ 7 ࣔࢹࣝࡼࡿᖺ᭱⼥ゎ῝㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ㛵ಀࠋᕥ㸸๓ᖺࡢኟᮇ (5㹼9 ᭶) ࡢほ 㝆Ỉ㔞ࠊྑ㸸๓ᖺ
ࡢึ (10, 11 ᭶) ࡢほ 㝆Ỉ㔞ࠋ㉥ࡣ 2005 ᖺ௨㝆ࠋ
ḟࠊ2005 ᖺࡽ 2007 ᖺࡢึࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ኟᮇࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀᖹᆒ್⨨ࡁ࠼ࡿᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜ࡗ
ࡓࠋ2005㹼2007 ᖺࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡣኟᮇ࣭ึࡶᖹᖺࡼࡾከ࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࡢ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡣ㝆Ỉ㔞ࢆῶᑡࡉࡏࡿ
ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋᅗ 8 ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡍࠋኟᮇࡢ㝆Ỉࢆ⨨ࡁ࠼࡚ࡶ⼥ゎ῝ࡣ┠❧ࡗࡓኚࡀ⏕ࡌ࡞ࡗ
ࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊึࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ࢆ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡿࠊኟᮇࡢ⼥ゎ῝ࡀ 20㹼70 cm ᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋึࡢ㝆Ỉࢆ⨨ࡁ
࠼ࡿࠊ✚㞷῝ࡀ 2005㹼2006 ᖺࡢ 2006㹼2007 ᖺࡢࡣ 20 cm ⛬ᗘῶᑡࡋࡓࠋᏘࡢ✚㞷㔞ῶᑡ
ࡼࡾࠊᅵተࡀຠᯝⓗ෭༷ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡀ⼥ゎ῝ࡢపୗࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇࡽ㏆ᖺ
ࡢ⼥ゎ῝ࡢቑຍࡣึࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢቑຍࡀຠ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡿࠋὀ┠ࡍࡁⅬࡋ࡚ࠊ2007㹼
2008 ᖺࡢ✚㞷㔞ࡣึࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ࢆኚ࠼ࡓᐇ㦂࡛ࡶࢇኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊ2008 ᖺࡢ⼥
ゎ῝ࡣ 50 cm ⛬ᗘῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠸ࡕᅵተࡢỈศ࣭ ᗘ≧ἣࡀኚࢃࡿࡑࡢᙳ㡪ࡣ⩣ᖺ௨
㼟㼛㼕㼘㻌㼠㼔㼍㼣㻘㻌㼟㼚㼛㼣㻌㼐㼑㼜㼠㼔㻌㻌㻔㼏㼙㻕
㝆ࡶᣢࡕࡇࡉࢀࡿࡇࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㻝㻜㻜
㻡㻜
㼟㼛㼕㼘㻌㼠㼔㼍㼣㻌㻔㼏㼛㼚㼠㻕
㻲㻹㻱㻌㼟㼛㼕㼘㻌㼠㼔㼍㼣
㻿㻹㻱㻌㼟㼛㼕㼘㻌㼠㼔㼍㼣
㻿㼚㼛㼣㻌㼐㼑㼜㼠㼔㻌㻔㼏㼛㼚㼠㻕
㻲㻹㻱㻌㻿㼚㼛㼣㻌㼐㼑㼜㼠㼔
㻿㻹㻱㻌㻿㼚㼛㼣㻌㼐㼑㼜㼠㼔
㻜
㻙㻡㻜
㻙㻝㻜㻜
㻙㻝㻡㻜
㻙㻞㻜㻜
㻙㻞㻡㻜
㻙㻟㻜㻜
㻞㻜㻜㻟㻛㻝㻛㻝
㻞㻜㻜㻠㻛㻝㻛㻝
㻞㻜㻜㻡㻛㻝㻛㻝
㻞㻜㻜㻢㻛㻝㻛㻝
㻞㻜㻜㻣㻛㻝㻛㻝
㻞㻜㻜㻤㻛㻝㻛㻝
ᅗ 8 㝆Ỉ㔞ࡀ⼥ゎ῝ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪ࠋ2005㹼2007 ᖺࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ࢆᖹᆒ್⨨ࡁ࠼ࡓࠋ
FME: 10ࠊ11 ᭶ࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ࢆ⨨ࡁ࠼ࠋSME: 5㹼9 ᭶ࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ࢆ⨨ࡁ࠼ࠋcont: ᐇ㝿ࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡼࡿィ⟬ࠋ
75
㻣㻡
6 ࠾ࢃࡾ
㝣㠃ࣔࢹࣝ 2LM ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ࢘ࢫࢳ࣐ࣖ࠾ࡅࡿ㛗ᮇࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࣖࢡ࣮
ࢶࢡ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊィ⟬ࡉࢀࡓᅵተỈศࡣ 10 ᖺ⛬ᗘࡢ࿘ᮇࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋ2006 ᖺࠊ2007 ᖺࡣ㐣ཤ 40 ᖺ㛫
࡛᭱㧗࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ2008 ᖺࡣࡸࡸῶᑡࡋࡓࠋ࢘ࢫࢳ࣐ࣖ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ 2005 ᖺ௨㝆ࠊᅵተỈศࡣቑຍ
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᴟ➃࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᅵተỈศࡢᙳ㡪ࡣࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ࡛ 8 ᖺ⛬ᗘࠊ࢘ࢫࢳ࣐࡛ࣖ
6㹼7 ᖺ࡛ࡰᾘ⁛ࡋࡓࠋ
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
Iijima, Y., Fedorov, A.N., Park H., Suzuki, K., Yabuki, H., Maximov, T.C., Ohta, T., 2010: Abrupt increase in soil
temperature following increased precipitation in a permafrost region, the central Lena River basin, Russia.
Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 21, 30-41.
Ohta, T., Maximov, T.C., Dolman, A.J., Natai, T., van der Molen, M.K., Kononov, A.V., Maximov, A.P., Hiyama,
T., Iijima, Y., Moors, E.J., Tanaka, H., Toba, T., Yabuki, H., 2008: Interannual variation of water balance and
summer evapotranspiration in an eastern Siberian larch forest over a 7-year period (1998–2006). Agric. For.
Meteorol. 148, 1941–1953.
Yabuki, H., Park, H., Kawamoto, H., Suzuki, R., Razuvaev, V.N., Bulygina, O.N., and Ohata, T. (2011): Baseline
Meteorological Data in Siberia (BMDS) Version 5.0, RIGC, JAMSTEC, Yokosuka, Japan, distributed by
CrDAP, Digital media.
Yamazaki, T., 2001: A one-dimensional land surface model adaptable to intensely cold regions and its applications
in Eastern Siberia. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 79, 1107-1118.
Yamazaki, T. H. Yabuki, Y. Ishii, T. Ohta and T. Ohata, 2004: Water and Energy Exchanges at Forests and a
Grassland in Eastern Siberia Evaluated using a One-dimensional Land Surface Model. J. Hydrometeorology, 5,
504-515.
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ࣞࢼᕝἙᕝὶ㔞ࡑࢀࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢኚືせᅉࡘ࠸࡚
ᓥ ⿱
ே㛫ᩥ◊✲ᶵᵓ ⥲ྜᆅ⌫⎔ቃᏛ◊✲ᡤ
1 ࡣࡌࡵ
ᮾࢩ࣋ࣜࢆὶࢀࡿࣞࢼᕝࡣ㸪ὶᇦఫẸࡢ
⏕άࡗ࡚ࡢ㔜せ࡞ᙺຍ࠼㸪ᴟᾏ
ὶධࡍࡿࡁ࡞ῐỈࡢ౪⤥※࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪
ᴟᾏࡢᾏị⏕ᡂࡸᾏὒᚠ⎔㛵ࢃࡿᴟ
ᾏῐỈᨭࡗ࡚㔜㔞࡞ᙺࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪㐣ཤᩘ༑ᖺࡽ᭱㏆ࡲ࡛ࡢ
ࣞࢼᕝἙᕝὶ㔞ࡢኚືせᅉࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡓ
ࡵ㸪ᖺᗘᘬࡁ⥆ࡁ㸪ࡇࡢὶᇦ࠾ࡅࡿ
Ẽ㝣ᇦỈᚠ⎔㛵ࡍࡿゎᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋᖺᗘ
ᅗ 1 ࢩ࣋ࣜ୕Ἑᕝ㸪ࣞࢼᕝ㸪࢚ࢽࢭ
ࡣ≉㐣ཤ 30 ᖺ㛫ࡢࣞࢼᕝἙᕝὶ㔞ṇ
ᕝ㸪࢜ࣅᕝࡢὶᇦࠋⰍࡣᶆ㧗㸦༢ࡣ m㸧
㸪
㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ⤒ᖺኚືࡢ㛵ಀࢆㄪ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡢኚ
㸨༳ࡣἙཱྀ᭱ࡶ㏆࠸ほ Ⅼࢆ♧ࡋ㸪Ⰽࡁ
ືせᅉࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓࠋ
ࡢᐇ⥺ࡣ TRIP ࢹ࣮ࢱ㸦Oki and Sud 1998㸧
ࢩ࣋ࣜ୕Ἑᕝ㸦ᅗ 1㸧ࡢὶ㔞ࡣᴟᾏ
ᇶ࡙ࡃྛὶᇦࡢ⠊ᅖࢆ♧ࡍࠋ
ὶࢀࡿἙᕝὶ㔞ࡢ⣙ 60%ࢆ༨ࡵ㸪ࡉࡽ
ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ᾏὶࢆྵࡵࡓᴟᾏ౪⤥ࡉࢀࡿῐỈὶධ㔞ࡢ⣙ 20%┦ᙜࡍࡿ㸦Dickson et al.
2007 Serreze et al. 2006 ࡢ⤖ᯝᇶ࡙ࡃぢ✚ࡶࡾ㸧ࠋࡇࡢ࠺ࡕࣞࢼᕝࡢὶ㔞ࡣῐỈὶධ㔞ࡢ⣙
7㸣࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚㸪ࣞࢼᕝࢆྵࡵࡓࢩ࣋ࣜ୕Ἑᕝࡢὶ㔞ࡣᴟᾏὶධࡍࡿࡁ࡞ῐỈࡢ౪
⤥※࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᴟᾏῐỈᨭࡢ୍⩼ࢆᢸ࠺ࠋᴟᾏῐỈᨭࡣ㸪ᴟᾏࡢᾏị⏕ᡂࡗ࡚㔜せ
࡞ᙺࢆᯝࡓࡍࠋᾏịࡣ㸪㧗࠸ࣝ࣋ࢻࡢࡓࡵ᪥ᑕࢆᑕࡋ㸪Ẽᾏὒ㛫ࡢ⇕ࡢࡸࡾྲྀࡾࢆጉࡆ
ࡿ᩿⇕ᮦ࡞ࡾ㸪ࡲࡓᾏịࡢ⏕ᡂ⼥ゎࡢሙᡤࡀ␗࡞ࢀࡤ⇕ሷศࢆ㓄ศࡋ㸪㍺㏦ࡍࡿ࠸ࡗ
ࡓẼೃࢩࢫࢸ࣒࠾ࡅࡿᙺࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦ᓥ 2003㸧
ࠋᴟᾏࡣࡰ㛢ࡌࡓᾏ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪࿘ᅖࡢἙᕝ
ࡽὶ㔞ࡋ࡚㸪Ẽࡽ㝆Ỉ㔞Ⓨ㔞ࡢᕪ㸦ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞㸧ࡋ࡚ῐỈࡀὶධࡋ㸪ࡲࡓኴᖹὒࡸ
すὒᴟᾏࡢ㛫ࡢሷศᕪࡼࡗ࡚ᾏὶక࠺ῐỈࡢὶฟධࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢῐỈὶධࡣ
ᴟᾏࡢ⾲ᒙపሷศᒙࢆᙧᡂࡋ㸪ୗᒙࡢΰྜࢆጉࡆࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᾏịࡀ⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡸࡍ࠸≧ែࢆసࡗ
࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Alekseev et al. 2000㸧
ࠋࡉࡽ㸪ࡇࡢᴟᾏῐỈᨭ࠾ࡅࡿすὒᴟᾏࡢ㛫࡛ࡢᾏ
ὶࡣῐỈࡢࡸࡾྲྀࡾࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ᾏὒᚠ⎔ࡶ㛵ࢃࡿࠋ
ࢩ࣋ࣜ୕Ἑᕝࡢࣞࢼᕝ㸪࢚ࢽࢭᕝ㸪࢜ࣅᕝࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓẼ㝣ᇦỈᚠ⎔㛵ࡍࡿゎᯒࡣ
ᗄࡘࡢඛ⾜◊✲࡛⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸦Fukutomi et al. 2003, Serreze et al. 2003 ࡞㸧㸪ࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ࿘
㎶࡛㢧ⴭ࡞㝣ᇦỈᚠ⎔ࡀほ ࡉࢀ㸦Ohta et al. 2008, Iijima et al. 2010, 㓇 2010 ࡞㸧
㸪ࡲࡓᴟᾏ
ᾏịࡀᴟ➃ῶᑡࡋࡓ㸦Comiso 2012 ࡞㸧2000 ᖺ௦༙ࡤ௨㝆ࡢゎᯒࡣࢇ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪᭱㏆බ㛤ࡉࢀࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࢆྵࡵ 6 ࡘࡢẼゎᯒࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱᮇ㛫
ࢆᘏ㛗ࡋ࡚ㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ
77
㻣㻣
2 ⏝ࢹ࣮ࢱゎᯒ᪉ἲ
⏝ࢹ࣮ࢱゎᯒ᪉ἲࡣᖺᗘࡰྠᵝ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᖺᗘࡢሗ࿌᭩㸪ᓥ 2012 ࢆཧ↷㸧ࠋἙᕝ
ὶ㔞㝆Ỉ㔞ࡣ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀ ArcticRIMS GPCC㸦Schneider et al. 2011㸧ࡢ᭶ᖹᆒࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝ࡋ
ࡓࠋᖺᗘࡣ JRA-25/JCDAS ࡢẼゎᯒࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀ㸪ᖺᗘࡣ᪂ࡓ 5 ࡘࢆຍ࠼
࡚ィ 6 ࡘࡢẼゎᯒࢹ࣮ࢱ㸦JRA25㸪ERA40㸪ERAI㸪NCEP2㸪CFSR㸪MERRA㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢヲ⣽
ࡣ http://reanalyses.org/ࢆཧ↷㸧ࢆ⏝࠸㸪୕ἙᕝὶᇦࡢỈᨭゎᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢẼゎ
ᯒࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪㖄┤✚⟬ࡋࡓỈẼࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫࢆ⟬ฟࡋ㸪ẼỈᨭἲᇶ࡙࠸࡚ṇ㝆Ỉ
㔞ࢆぢ✚ࡶࡗࡓ㸦Oshima and Yamazaki 2004, 2006, Tachibana et al. 2008㸧
ࠋ㝣㠃ࡢỈᨭ࠾࠸࡚㸪
ὶᇦయ࡛✚⟬ࡋࡓṇ㝆Ỉ㔞㸦P-E㸧ࡣὶᇦࡢỈࡢࣥࣉࢵࢺ࡞ࡾ㸪Ἑཱྀ࡛ࡢἙᕝὶ㔞㸦R㸧
ࡣ࢘ࢺࣉࢵࢺ࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪㛗ᮇᖹᆒ࡛ࡣ୧⪅ࡀࡰࣂࣛࣥࢫࡍࡿࠋ
㸦1㸧
R|P E
ࡇࡢ㛵ಀࢆ☜ࡵࡿࡓࡵ㸪ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡣὶᇦෆ࡛㠃✚㔜ࡳࡅᖹᆒࡍࡿࡇ࡛ὶᇦᖹᆒࡢṇ㝆
Ỉ㔞ࢆ⟬ฟࡋ㸪Ἑᕝὶ㔞ࡣἙཱྀ᭱ࡶ㏆࠸ほ Ⅼࡢὶ㔞ࢆὶᇦ㠃✚࡛ࡗ࡚ὶᇦᖹᆒࡢἙᕝὶฟ
㔞ࢆ⟬ฟࡋ࡚㸪୧⪅ࢆẚ㍑ࡋࡓ㸦Tachibana et al. 2008㸧
ࠋࡲࡓ㸪ẼỈᨭ࡛ࡣ㛗ᮇᖹᆒࡢṇ㝆
Ỉ㔞ࡣỈẼࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫ᮰ࣂࣛࣥࢫࡍࡿࠋ
㸦2㸧
P E | qv
ࡇࡢ㛵ಀࡽṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍỈẼ㍺㏦ࢆㄪ㸪ࡉࡽࡑࡢ≉ᚩࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪
㸦2㸧ᘧྑ㎶ࡢ㔞ࡢỈẼࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫ᮰ࢆᖹᆒⓗ࡞㢼ࡼࡗ࡚ỈẼࡀ㐠ࡤࢀࡿᐃᖖᡂศ㸪
⛣ືᛶ㧗పẼᅽάືకࡗ࡚ỈẼࡀ㐠ࡤࢀࡿᨐᡂศࡢ 2 ᡂศࢃࡅ࡚㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡢᐤࢆㄪ
ࡓ㸦Oshima and Yamazaki 2004, 2006, Tachibana et al. 2008㸧ࠋ
qv
㸦3㸧
q v qcvc
3 ⤖ᯝ
ᖺᗘࡢሗ࿌᭩㸦ᓥ 2012㸧࡛ࡣࣞࢼᕝὶ
ᇦ࡛ࡢ㛗ᮇᖹᆒࡢỈᨭ࠾ࡼࡧᏘ⠇ኚ㛵
ࡍࡿ⤖ᯝࢆ୰ᚰ⤂ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀࡽ㔜
」ࡍࡿ㒊ศࡶ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪௨ୗ࡛ࡣࡑࡢᚋࡢゎᯒ
ࡽ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝࢆ୰ᚰ⤂ࡍࡿࠋ
Winter P-E Summer P-E㻌
3.1 㛗ᮇᖹᆒࡢẼ㝣㠃ỈᨭᏘ⠇ኚ
ࢩ࣋ࣜ୕Ἑᕝ࠾ࡅࡿ㛗ᮇ㛫ᖹᆒ
㸦1980 ᖺࡽ 2008 ᖺࡲ࡛㸧ࡢṇ㝆Ỉ㔞
Ἑᕝὶ㔞ࡢ㸦1㸧ᘧࡢ㛵ಀࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓࠋ6 ࡘࡢ
Ẽゎᯒࢹ࣮ࢱࡽぢ✚ࡶࡗࡓṇ㝆Ỉ㔞
ࡣ㸪ὶ㔞ᑐࡋ࡚ࣞࢼᕝ࡛-23㹼-10%㸪࢚ࢽࢭ
ᕝ࡛-24㹼-5%㸪࢜ࣅᕝ࡛-20㹼21%ࡢᕪࡀ࠶
ࡗࡓࠋྠࡌᡭἲ࡛Ἑᕝࢆㄪࡓඛ⾜◊✲࡛
ࡣ㸪୧⪅ࡁ࡞ᕪࡀ࠶ࡿ⤖ᯝ㸦Serreze et al.
2003, Tachibana et al. 2008㸧ࡸṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡀ㈇
Spring R㻌
Autumn R㻌
ᅗ 2 ࣞࢼᕝࡢὶ㔞㸦R㸪㯮⥺㸧ṇ㝆Ỉ
㔞㸦P-E㸪⅊Ⰽ⥺㸧ࡢᏘ⠇ኚࠋᲬࢢࣛࣇࡣ
㝆Ỉ㔞㸦P㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ1980 ᖺࡽ 2008 ᖺࡲ
࡛ 29 ᖺ㛫ࡢ᭶ࡈࡢᖹᆒ್ࢆ♧ࡍࠋP-E ࡣ
JRA25 ᇶ࡙ࡃࠋ༢ࡣ mm/yearࠋᶓ㍈ࡢ
▮༳ࡣ㸪⛅ࡢ R ࠾ࡼࡧኟࡢ P-E
ᐃࡵࡓࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᮇ㛫ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ
78
㻣㻤
࡞ࡿ⤖ᯝ㸦Masuda et al. 2001㸧ࡀሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀࡽẚࢀࡤᮏ◊✲ࡢぢ✚ࡶࡾࡣẚ㍑
ⓗⰋࡃ୍⮴ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ Trenberth et al.㸦2011㸧ࡣ㸪Ẽࢆࡋ࡚ᾏὒࡽ㝣ᇦ㐠ࡤࢀ
ࡿỈẼ㍺㏦╔┠ࡋ㸪
⌫Ỉᚠ⎔ࡢᵓᡂせ⣲ࡘ࠸࡚ 8 ࡘࡢẼゎᯒࢹ࣮ࢱࢆẚ㍑ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪
㝆Ỉ㔞ࡸⓎ㔞ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ㛫ࡢࡤࡽࡘࡁࡣࡁ࠸ࡶࡢࡢ㸪ࡑࢀࡽẚ࡚ỈẼࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫࡣࢹ࣮
ࢱ㛫࡛Ⰻࡃ୍⮴ࡍࡿࡇࡀᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤖ᯝࡽ㸪ᮏ◊✲࡛᥇⏝ࡋࡓẼゎᯒࢹ
࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࡓẼỈᨭᇶ࡙ࡃṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢぢ✚ࡶࡾࡣ୕Ἑᕝࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᗈᇦࡢẼ㝣ᇦỈ
ᨭゎᯒ࠾࠸࡚᭷ຠ࡞ᡭἲ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢṇ㝆Ỉ㔞Ἑᕝὶ㔞ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚Ꮨ⠇ኚࢆㄪࡓࠋඛ⾜◊✲࡛ࡶ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿࡼ࠺㸦Fukutomi et al. 2003, Serreze et al. 2003 ࡞㸧
㸪࠸ࡎࢀࡢἙᕝ࠾࠸࡚ࡶὶ㔞ࡣࡢἙᕝ
ị✚㞷ࡢ⼥ゎకࡗ࡚ 6 ᭶್᭱ࢆ♧ࡍࡢᑐࡋ࡚㸪ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡣ 7 ᭶ᴟᑠ࡞ࡿ㸦ᅗ 2
ࡣࣞࢼࡢ⤖ᯝࠋ࢚ࢽࢭ࢜ࣅࡢ⤖ᯝࡣ┬␎㸧
ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᴟᑠࡣኟⓎᩓ㔞ࡀࡁࡃ㸪㝆Ỉ㔞
༉ᩛࡍࡿࡁࡉ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢᴟᑠࡀ 7 ᭶⌧ࢀࡿࡇࡣ 3
ࡘࡢἙᕝ࡛ඹ㏻ࡍࡿࡀ㸪ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢᏘ⠇ኚࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢἙᕝ࡛ᑡࡋࡎࡘ␗࡞ࡿࠋ୍
᪉㸪㝆Ỉ㔞ࡣ 3 ࡘࡢἙᕝ࡛ࡰྠࡌᏘ⠇ኚࣃࢱ࣮࡛ࣥ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢࡇࡽ㸪ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ
Ꮨ⠇ኚࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡢ㐪࠸ࡣ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢὶᇦ
࠾ࡅࡿⓎᩓ㔞ࡢᏘ⠇ኚࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡢ㐪࠸ࡀᫎ
ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢⓎᩓ㔞ࡣὶᇦࡈࡢࣇ࢙ࣀ
ࣟࢪ࣮㸦᳜≀Ꮨ⠇㸧ࡢ㐪࠸ࡀᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼
ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
3.2 Ἑᕝὶ㔞ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ⤒ᖺኚື
Ἑᕝὶ㔞ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ⤒ᖺኚືࡢ㛵ಀࡘ࠸
࡚ࡣ㸪୕Ἑᕝࡀᗈ࠸ὶᇦ㠃✚ࢆᣢࡕ㸪ࡲࡓᏘ
ࡣἙᕝࡀ⤖ࡋ㸪㝆Ỉࡀ✚㞷࡞ࡿࡓࡵ㸪୧
⪅ࡢ㛫ࣛࢢࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚ゎᯒࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇ
ࢀࡽࡢὶᇦ࡛ࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ᭶ᖹᆒẼ ࡀ 10 ᭶ị
Ⅼୗ࡞ࡿࡢ࡛㸪
๓ᖺ 10 ᭶ࡽᙜᖺ 9 ᭶ࡲ࡛ࢆỈ
ᩥᖺᐃࡵ㸪ࡇࡢᮇ㛫ᖹᆒࢆᖺᖹᆒࡢṇ㝆Ỉ㔞
ᐃ⩏ࡋ࡚⟬ฟࡋࡓࠋᖺᖹᆒࡢἙᕝὶ㔞ࡣᙜᖺ 1
᭶ࡽ 12 ᭶ࡲ࡛ࡢᖹᆒ್ࡋࡓࠋ㐣ཤ 30 ᖺ㛫ࡢ
ᖺᖹᆒࡢἙᕝὶ㔞ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ⤒ᖺኚືࢆẚ㍑
ࡍࡿ㸪ࣞࢼᕝ࡛ࡣᙉ࠸ṇ┦㛵ࢆ♧ࡋ㸪ᖜࡶྠ
⛬ᗘࡢࡁࡉ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪
୧⪅ࡀⰋࡃ୍⮴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ
㸦ᅗ
3a㸧
ࠋ୍᪉㸪࢚ࢽࢭᕝ࢜ࣅᕝ࡛ࡣ┦㛵ࡀᙅࡃ㸪
ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡼࡾࡶὶ㔞ࡢᖜࡀᑠࡉࡃ㸪୧⪅ࡎ
ࢀࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓ㸦ᅗ 3b 3c㸧
ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤖ᯝࡣ㸪ࣞ
ࢼᕝ࡛ࡣỈᩥᖺࡢ 1 ᖺ㛫ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡋ࡚౪⤥
ࡉࢀࡓỈࡀ㸪ࡑࡢᚋࡢ 1 ᖺ㛫࡛Ἑཱྀࡽᴟᾏ
ὶฟࡍࡿࡢᑐࡋ࡚㸪࢚ࢽࢭᕝ࢜ࣅᕝ࡛ࡣࡼ
ࡾ㛗࠸㛫ࢆࡅ࡚Ἑཱྀࡽὶࢀฟࡿゎ㔘ࡍࡿ
ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᚋ⪅ࡢ㛫ࣛࢢࡢཎᅉࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪
࢚ࢽࢭᕝ࢜ࣅᕝࡢὶࡣࢲ࣒ࡀᏑᅾࡋ㸪ὶ
㔞ࡀࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ㸪ࡲࡓỌஂᅵ
79
㻣㻥
ᅗ 3 㸦a㸧ࣞࢼᕝ㸪㸦b㸧࢚ࢽࢭᕝ㸪
㸦c㸧࢜ࣅᕝ࠾ࡅࡿ㐣ཤ 30 ᖺ㛫ࡢᖺᖹ
ᆒࡢἙᕝὶ㔞㸦R㸪㯮⥺㸧ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞
㸦P-E㸪⅊Ⰽ⥺㸧ࡢ⤒ᖺኚືࠋR ࡢᖺᖹ
ᆒ್ࡣᙜᖺ 1 ᭶ࡽ 12 ᭶ࡲ࡛ࡢᖹᆒ
ࡋ㸪P-E ࡢᖺᖹᆒ್ࡣ㛫ࣛࢢࢆ⪃៖ࡋ
࡚๓ᖺ 10 ᭶ࡽᙜᖺ 9 ᭶ࡲ࡛㸦Ỉᩥᖺ㸧
ࡢᖹᆒࡋ࡚⟬ฟࡋࡓࠋP-E ࡣ JRA25
ᇶ࡙ࡃࠋ༢ࡣ mm/yearࠋྛᅗࡢྑୗ
ࡢᩘ್ࡣ┦㛵ಀᩘ㸦CC㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ศᕸࡀࢩ࣋ࣜࡢᮾす࡛␗࡞ࡿࡇࡀᙳ㡪ࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺
୕Ἑᕝࡢṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ὶ㔞ࡢ㛵ಀࡣ
㛫ࣛࢢࡣ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪࠸ࡎࢀࡢἙᕝ࠾࠸࡚
ࡶὶ㔞ኚືࡣṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢኚືࡀࡁࡃᙳ
㡪ࡍࡿࡇࡀࢃࡗࡓࠋ
ᗄࡘࡢඛ⾜◊✲࡛ࡣࢩ࣋ࣜࡢἙᕝὶ㔞
ࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢᣦࡶ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ᑡ࡞ࡃ
ᅗ 4 ᅗ 3a ྠᵝࠋࡓࡔࡋ㸪ࣞࢼᕝ࠾ࡅࡿ
ࡶ㐣ཤ 30 ᖺ㛫ࡢᖺᖹᆒࡢἙᕝὶ㔞ṇ㝆
㐣ཤ 70 ᖺ㛫ࡢἙᕝὶ㔞㸦R㸪㯮⥺㸧㝆Ỉ㔞
Ỉ㔞ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㢧ⴭ࡞ቑῶࡢࢺࣞࣥࢻࡣࡳࡽ
㸦P㸪⅊Ⰽ⥺㸧ࡢᖹᖺ೫ᕪ㸦ᮇ㛫ᖹᆒࡽ
ࢀ࡞࠸㸦ᅗ 3㸧
ࠋࣞࢼᕝࡢὶ㔞ࡣ 2005 ᖺࡽ
ࡢᕪ㸧ࡘ࠸࡚ࠋ༢ࡣ mm/yearࠋᅗྑୗࡢ
2008 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡁ࡞್ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪⏝࡛ࡁ
ᩘ್ࡣ┦㛵ಀᩘ㸦CC㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡿࢹ࣮ࢱᮇ㛫ࡀ 2008 ᖺࡲ࡛࡛᭱ᚋࡀṇࡢ
┦࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ୍ぢቑຍࢺࣞࣥࢻࡢࡼ࠺ࡳ࠼ࡿࡀ㸪
ࡇࢀࡣぢࡅୖࡢࢺࣞࣥࢻ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᅗ
3a㸧
ࠋࡇࡢὶ㔞ኚືᑐᛂࡍࡿṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࢆࡳࡿ 2008 ᖺ௨㝆ࡣୗࡀࡾ㸪2009 ᖺ 2010 ᖺࡣᖹ
ᖺ୪ࡳࡢ್࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪㐣ཤ 30 ᖺ㛫࡛㢧ⴭ࡞㛗ᮇࢺࣞࣥࢻࡣࡳࡽࢀ࡞࠸㸦ᅗ 3a㸧
ࠋࣞࢼᕝ࠾
ࡅࡿ㐣ཤ 70 ᖺ㛫ࡢἙᕝὶ㔞㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ㛵ಀ࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸦ᅗ 4㸧㸪㐣ཤ 30 ᖺ㛫ࡢἙᕝὶ㔞ṇ㝆
Ỉ㔞ࡢ⤖ᯝ㸦ᅗ 3a㸧ྠᵝ㢧ⴭ࡞㛗ᮇࢺࣞࣥࢻࡣࡳࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㛗ᮇኚഴྥࡢ
≉ᚩࡣ࢚ࢽࢭᕝ࢜ࣅᕝ࡛ࡶྠᵝ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦ᅗࡣ┬␎㸧
ࠋࡲࡓ㸪ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ┦㛵ಀᩘ
ࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡢἙᕝ࠾࠸࡚ࡶᙉ࠸ࡇࡽ㸪Ⓨᩓ㔞ࡢ⤒ᖺኚືࡣᑠࡉ࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
3.3 ࣞࢼᕝἙᕝὶ㔞ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢኚືせᅉ
๓⠇࡛㏙ࡓࡼ࠺㸪ᖺᖹᆒࡢࣞࢼᕝࡢὶ㔞ኚືࡣṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡀࡁࡃᙳ㡪ࡍࡿࡇࡀࢃ
ࡗࡓࡢ࡛㸪ḟࡑࢀࡽࡢኚືࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍỈẼ㍺㏦ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋࡓࠋᖺᗘሗ࿌ࡋࡓࡼ࠺ṇ
㝆Ỉ㔞ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍỈẼ㍺㏦ࡢሙࡣᏘ⠇ࡈ␗࡞ࡿ㸦ᓥ 2012㸧ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ḟᏘ⠇ࡈࡢὶ
㔞ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢᑐᛂ㛵ಀࢆㄪࡓࠋTachibana et al.㸦2008㸧ྠࡌᡭἲ࡛㸪ࣞࢼᕝࡢὶ㔞ṇ
㝆Ỉ㔞ࢆẚ㍑ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪ኟࡢṇ㝆Ỉ㔞⛅ࡢὶ㔞㸦CC = 0.85㸧
㸪ࡢṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢὶ㔞
㸦CC = 0.72㸧ࡀ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀᙉ࠸┦㛵㛵ಀࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ 5㸧ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ྛᏘ⠇ࡢ⤌ྜࡏ࡛ὶ㔞ࡢ⤒
ᖺኚືࡣṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸦2㸧ᘧ♧ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺㸪ࡇࡢṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡣὶᇦయ
࡛ࡢỈẼࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫ᮰ࡰ➼ࡋ࠸ࠋࡉࡽ㸦3㸧ᘧࡢࡼ࠺㔞ࡢỈẼࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫࡣᖹᆒ
ⓗ࡞㢼ࡼࡗ࡚ỈẼࡀ㐠ࡤࢀࡿᐃᖖᡂศ㸪⛣ືᛶ㧗పẼᅽάືకࡗ࡚ỈẼࡀ㐠ࡤࢀࡿᨐ
ᡂศࡢ㸰ࡘࡢᡂศࢃࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀᇶ࡙ࡁ㔞ࡢỈẼࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫ᮰ᑐࡍࡿ 2 ࡘࡢᡂ
ศࡢᐤࢆㄪࡿ㸪ኟᏘࣞࢼᕝࡢ㔞ࡢỈẼࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫ᮰ࡣᐃᖖᡂศࡢ┦㛵ࡀᙉࡃ㸦CC
= 0.78㸧
㸪ᐤࡀࡁ࠸ࠋࡋࡋ㸪ᗄࡘࡢᖺ㸦ṇ೫ᕪ㸸1982㸪1989㸪2000㸪2005㸪2006㸪2007 ᖺ㸪
㈇೫ᕪ㸸1995㸪1998㸪2002 ᖺ㸧࡛ࡣᨐᡂศࡼࡿࡁ࡞ᐤࡶࡳࡽࢀ㸪ᐃᖖᡂศࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ㔞
ࡢỈẼࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫ᮰ࡢ⤒ᖺኚືࢆㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ࡞࠸㒊ศࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦ᅗ 5㸧
ࠋࡑࢀࡽࡢᖺࡢṇ㝆Ỉ㔞
ࡢኚࡣ㸪పẼᅽάືࡢఱࡽࡢኚ㸦ᙉࡉࡸ⤒㊰㸪࿘ᮇ࡞㸧ࡀᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ♧၀ࡉ
ࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓ᪥ᖹᆒࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆゎᯒࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪ࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ࡛‵₶≧ែࡀ⥆࠸ࡓ 2005 ᖺ 2006
ᖺࡢኟࡣᙉ࠸㝆Ỉ㔞ࡀከࡗࡓ୍᪉࡛㸪2007 ᖺࡣᐃᖖᡂศࡼࡿᐤࡀࡁࡗࡓ㸦ᅗ 5㸧
ࠋࡼ
ࡗ࡚㸪ᖺࡼࡗ࡚㔞ࡢỈẼࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫ᮰ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍỈẼ㍺㏦ࡢ≉ᚩࡣ␗࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺
࡞ỈẼ㍺㏦ࡢ㐪࠸ࡣᏘ⠇ࡸ᭶ࡈࡶ␗࡞ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
80
㻤㻜
ᅗ 6 ᅗ 3a ྠࡌࠋࡓࡔࡋ㸪ኟᏘࣞࢼᕝ
ὶᇦ࠾ࡅࡿ㔞ࡢỈẼࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫ
᮰㸦㉥◚⥺㸧ࡑࡢᐃᖖᡂศ㸦⥳⥺㸧㸪ᨐ
ᡂศ㸦ࣆࣥࢡ⥺㸧ࡘ࠸࡚ࠋ㸦2㸧ᘧࡢ
ࡼ࠺㸪㉥◚⥺ࡢỈẼࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫ᮰ࡣ
ᅗ 4 ࡢ⅊Ⰽ◚⥺࡛♧ࡋࡓ P-E ࡰ➼ࡋ
࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣ JRA25 ᇶ࡙ࡃࠋ༢ࡣ
mm/yearࠋ
ᅗ 5 ᅗ 3a ྠࡌࠋࡓࡔࡋ㸪ࣞࢼᕝ
࠾ࡅࡿᖺᖹᆒ್ຍ࠼㸪Ꮨ⠇ࡈࢃࡅ
ࡓἙᕝὶ㔞
㸦R㸪
㯮⥺㸧
ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞
㸦P-E㸪
⅊Ⰽ⥺㸧ࡘ࠸࡚ࠋᖺᖹᆒࡢ R P-E
ࡣᐇ⥺࡛♧ࡋ㸪ᅗ 3a ྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
Ꮨᖹᆒࡢ R Ꮨᖹᆒࡢ P-E ࡣⅬ⥺㸪⛅
Ꮨᖹᆒࡢ R ኟᏘᖹᆒࡢ P-E ࡣ◚⥺࡛♧
ࡍࠋࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᏘ⠇ࡣᅗ 2 ࡢ▮༳࡛♧ࡋ
ࡓᮇ㛫࡛࠶ࡿࠋP-E ࡣ JRA25 ᇶ࡙ࡃࠋ
༢ࡣ mm/yearࠋ
4 ࡲࡵᚋࡢㄢ㢟
ࣞࢼᕝὶᇦࢆᑐ㇟Ẽ㝣ᇦỈᚠ⎔ゎᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪ࣞࢼᕝࡢὶ㔞ࡣṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢኚືⰋ
ࡃᑐᛂࡋ㸪ྠὶᇦࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ኚືࡢᙳ㡪ࢆࡁࡃཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡗࡓ㸦ᅗ 3a 4㸧
ࠋ࢚ࢽࢭ
ᕝ࢜ࣅᕝ࠾࠸࡚ࡶὶ㔞ኚືࡣ㝆Ỉ㔞ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ຍ࠼࡚ὶࢲ
࣒ࡀᏑᅾࡋ㸪Ọஂᅵศᕸࡀ㐪࠺ࡓࡵ㸪ὶ㔞ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ㛫ࣛࢢࡀࣞࢼᕝࡼࡾࡶ㛗࠸⪃
࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋຍ࠼࡚㸪୕Ἑᕝࡢὶ㔞ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ⤯ᑐ㔞ࡸᏘ⠇ኚࡣⓎᩓ㔞ࡢࢩ࣋ࣜᮾ
す࡛ࡢ㐪࠸ࡀ㛵ࢃࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪᳜⏕άືࡢᆅᇦᕪࡸࡑࢀక࠺ᩓࡢ㐪࠸ࡀᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽ
ࢀࡿࠋኟᏘࣞࢼᕝࡢὶ㔞ࡣᖹᆒ㢼క࠺ỈẼ㍺㏦ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶࡽࡉࢀࡿṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡀࡁࡃᙳ㡪
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀ㸪㏆ᖺࡣపẼᅽάືక࠺ỈẼ㍺㏦ࡼࡿᙳ㡪ࡶࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࢩ࣋ࣜ୕Ἑᕝ࠾ࡅࡿ㐣ཤ 30 ᖺࡢᖺᖹᆒὶ㔞ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞㸪࠾ࡼࡧ㐣ཤ 70 ᖺ㛫ࡢኚᖹᆒ
ὶ㔞㝆Ỉ㔞ࡣ㢧ⴭ࡞㛗ᮇࢺࣞࣥࢻࡣࡳࡽࢀ࡞࠸㸦ᅗ 3 4㸧ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢኚᩘࡣ㸪㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ኚ
ഴྥࡼࡾࡶ㸪⮬↛ࡢෆ㒊ኚື㉳ᅉࡍࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ⤒ᖺኚືࡢᖜࡀࡁ࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪◊
✲ࡢࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺࡼࡗ࡚⏝ࡍࡿゎᯒࢹ࣮ࢱࡢᮇ㛫ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡀ㸪⟬ฟࡍࡿᮇ㛫ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣቑຍࡸ
ῶᑡࡢࢺࣞࣥࢻࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ぢࡅୖࡢࢺࣞࣥࢻ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪ࡇࡢⅬὀពࡋ࡚ኚ
ഴྥࡢゎᯒࢆ⾜࠸㸪㆟ㄽࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
㐣ཤ 30 ᖺࡢࣞࢼᕝࡢὶ㔞ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ⤒ᖺኚືࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡢ⌮ゎࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓࡀ㸪ࡑ
ࢀࡽࡢᆅᇦⓗ࡞㐪࠸ࡸపẼᅽάືࡢ㛵ಀࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡉࡽㄪࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࣞࢼᕝࡢὶ
㔞ࡸṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡳࡽࢀࡓ 2005㸪2006㸪2007㸪2008 ᖺࡢኚ㸦ᅗ 3㹼6㸧ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪పẼᅽά
ືࡢ㛵ಀࡸࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ࡛ほ ࡉࢀࡓ㝣ᇦỈᚠ⎔ኚࡢ㛵ಀࢆᚋㄪᰝࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ㏆ᖺኚࡢ
ㄪᰝ࡛ࡣࢩ࣋ࣜ࠾ࡅࡿẼೃᖹᆒሙᖹᖺ೫ᕪ࣐ࢵࣉࢆ᭶ࡈసᡂࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪⌧ᅾ‽ẁ㝵࡛
࠶ࡿࡀᚋࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡢሗᥦ౪ࡢࡓࡵࡶ HP ࡛බ㛤ࡍࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓ㸪㛗ᮇᖹᆒࡢ㝣ᇦỈᨭゎᯒ࡛ࡣὶ㔞ṇ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡀࣂࣛࣥࢫࡍࡿጇᙜ࡞⤖ᯝࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓ
81
㻤㻝
ࡀ㸪᭱㏆ Zhang et al.㸦2012㸧ࡣྠᵝࡢゎᯒࡼࡗ࡚୧⪅ࡀᐃ㔞ⓗ㠀ᖖⰋࡃ୍⮴ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࢆሗ
࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ᙼࡽࡀ᥇⏝ࡋࡓィ⟬᪉ἲࡸࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ✀㢮㸪ࡲࡓඖ࡞ࡿほ ࢹ
࣮ࢱࡢࣂࢫࡘ࠸࡚ᚋ᳨ウࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
Alekseev, G. V., L. V. Bulatov, and V. F. Zakharov, 2000: Fresh water freezing/melting cycle in the Arctic
Ocean, in The Fresh Water Budget of the Arctic Ocean, edited by E. Lewis, 589 – 608, Kluwer
Acad., Boston, Mass.
Comiso, J.C., 2012: Large Decadal Decline of the Arctic Multiyear Ice Cover. Journal of Climate, 25,
1176–1193. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00113.1
Dickson, R., B. Rudels, S. Dye, M. Karcher, J. Meincke and I. Yashayaev, 2007: Current estimates of
freshwater flux through Arctic and subarctic seas, Progress In Oceanography, 73, 3-4, 210-230,
doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2006.12.003.
Fukutomi, Y., H. Igarashi, K. Masuda and T. Yasunari, 2003: Interannual Variability of Summer Water
Balance Components in Three Major River Basins of Northern Eurasia. Journal of
Hydrometeorology, 4, 283–296.
Iijima, Y., A.N. Fedorov, H. Park, K. Suzuki, H. Yabuki, T.C. Maximov and T. Ohata, 2010: Abrupt
increases in soil temperatures following increased precipitation in a permafrost region, central Lena
River basin, Russia. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 21: 30–41. doi:10.1002/ppp.662.
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Hiyama, Y. Iijima, E.J. Moors, H. Tanaka, T. Toba and H. Yabuki, 2008: Interannual variation of
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(1998-2006). Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 148 :1941-1953.
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Network. Earth Interactions, 2, 1-37.
Oshima, K., and K. Yamazaki, 2004: Seasonal Variation of Moisture Transport in the Polar Regions and
the Relation with Annular Modes. Polar Meteorology and Glaciology, 18, 30-53.
Oshima, K., and K. Yamazaki, 2006: Difference in seasonal variation of net precipitation between the
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ᓥ⿱㸪2012㸸ࣞࢼᕝࡢἙᕝὶ㔞ࡢᏘ⠇ኚ࣭⤒ᖺኚືࡑࢀࡽࡢẼỈᚠ⎔ࡢ㛵ಀ㸬ᖹᡂ
23 ᖺᗘ FR3 ◊✲ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺሗ࿌㸪 ᬮࡍࡿࢩ࣋ࣜࡢ⮬↛ே㸫Ỉ⎔ቃࢆࡣࡌࡵࡍ
ࡿ㝣ᇦ⏕ែ⣔ኚࡢ♫㐺ᛂ㸦ᆅ⌫◊ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ C-07㸧
㸪⦅㞟㸸⸨ཎ₶Ꮚ㸪ᷓᒣဴဢ㸪
2012 ᖺ 3 ᭶㸬
ᓥ୍㑻, 2003㸸༡ὒᇦࡢほ ࡢ㔜せᛶ, 2002 ᖺᏘ᪥ᮏẼ㇟Ꮫࢩ࣏ࣥࢪ࣒࢘ࠕ21 ୡ⣖ࡢ
ᴟᇦ⛉Ꮫ̿࡞ࡐ༡ᴟほ ࡞ࡢࠖࡢሗ࿌, ኳẼ, 50, 604-609.
㓇ᚭ㸪2010㸸ᆅ⌫ ᬮࡼࡿࣞࢼᕝὶᇦࡢὥỈ⿕ᐖࡢᣑ㸫Ᏹᐂࡽࡢ┘ど㸬Arctic Circle㸪
77㸪14-17㸬
Serreze, M. C., A. P. Barrett, A. G. Slater, R. A. Woodgate, K. Aagaard, R. B. Lammers, M. Steele, R.
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83
㻤㻟
⎔ᴟ㝣ᇦ࠾ࡅࡿ㝣㠃ㅖ㐣⛬ࡢኚ
ᮔ ᪿ⃝
ᾏὒ◊✲㛤Ⓨᶵᵓ
1 ࡣࡌࡵ
㏆ᖺ ᬮࡼࡾᅵෆࡢᆅ ࡀ 0.5ࠥ2.0Υቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ㸦Solomon et al., 2007㸧ࠊ1990 ᖺ
௨㝆άືᒙࡀ῝ࡃ࡞ࡿഴྥ࠶ࡿࡇࡀほ ࡼࡾ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᛴ㏿ࡍࡿᆅ⾲㠃ᅵࡢ⼥ゎ
ࡼࡾ‵ᆅࡢᣑࡸࡑࢀక࠺ᆅᙧཬࡧ᳜⏕ࡢ᧠ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓ㸦Iijima et al., 2010㸧
ࠋࡲࡓࠊ21
ୡ⣖࠾࠸࡚ᅵࡣ⌧ᅾࡼࡾ 7Ѹ90㸣⦰ᑠࡍࡿࡇࠊάືᒙࡀ 40Ѹ100㸣ቑຍࡍࡿࡇࢆࣔࢹࣝࡀண
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Schaefer et al., 2011㸧ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ほ ཬࡧࣔࢹࣝ◊✲ࡣᴟᅵࡀ⌧ᅾᛴ⃭࡞ኚࡢ
ᒁ㠃࠶ࡿࡇࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᚋࡢ᭦࡞ࡿኚࢆᣦࡍࡿࠋ
ᅵపୗࡣ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘண ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊᅵࡀࡢࡃࡽ࠸పୗࡍࡿࡢࠊࡲࡓάືᒙࡣ
ࡢࡃࡽ࠸῝ࡃ࡞ࡿࡢࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ☜ᐃᛶࡣࡲࡔࡁ࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࡑࡢ☜ᐃᛶࢆῶࡽࡍࡇ
ࠊᅵపୗࡀ┦స⏝ཬࡧࣇ࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚㝣㠃ㅖ㐣⛬ཬࡰࡍࡑࡢḟⓗᙳ㡪ࢆᐃ㔞
ⓗホ౯ࡍࡿࡇࡑࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒㛵ࡍࡿ▱ぢࡀᙉࡃồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊᮏᖺᗘ࡛ࡣ㝣㠃㐣
⛬ࣔࢹࣝ CHANGE㸦Park et al., 2011㸧ࡼࡿᅵኚືཬࡧ㝣㠃ㅖ㐣⛬㛵ࡍࡿࣔࢹࣝࡢ⤖ᯝࢆグ
㏙ࡍࡿࠋࣔࢹࣝࡣ⦋ 45r௨ୖࡢ⎔ᴟ㝣ᇦ 1901Ѹ2009 ᖺࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓࠋ
2 CHANGE ࣔࢹࣝࡢᴫせཬࡧࢹ࣮ࢱ
CHANGE ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ࣭✵㛫ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝ࠾࠸࡚ᅵተѸ᳜⏕ѸẼࢩࢫࢸ࣒㛫ࡢỈࠊ⇕ཬࡧ CO 2 ࣇࣛ
ࢵࢡࢫࢆホ౯ࡍࡿ㝣㠃㐣⛬ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫࡣẼ㇟᮲௳ࠊ⎔ቃཬࡧᆅ⾲㠃≧ែ
ࡁࡃ౫Ꮡࡍࡿࠋ≉ࠊᏘ⠇ⓗཬࡧேⅭⓗᙳ㡪ࡼࡿ᳜⏕ᵓ㐀ࡢኚࠊ✚㞷ࡢ᭷↓ࡼࡿᆅ⾲
㠃≧ែࡢኚࡣࣝ࣋ࢻࠊ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ᨭཬࡧⓎᩓࡁࡃᙳ㡪ࡍࡿࠋᆅ⾲㠃ࡢ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ཬ
ࡧỈᨭࡣ᳜≀ࡢගྜᡂ㐣⛬ࡶᙳ㡪ࡋࠊࡑࡢᙳ㡪ࡣࡧ᳜⏕ᵓ㐀ࣇ࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡉࢀࡿࠋග
ྜᡂࣉࣟࢭࢫࠊ᳜⏕ືែࣔࢹࣝཬࡧ᳜≀ࡢ⏕ែ⏕⌮Ꮫࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓࡇࡼࡗ࡚ CHANGE
ࡣᆅ⾲㠃≧ែࡢኚື㝣㠃ㅖ㐣⛬㛫ࡢ┦స⏝ཬࡧࣇ࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࢆホ౯ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋィ
⟬ᑐ㇟ᆅᇦࡢ⎔ቃẼ㇟᮲௳㐺ࡋࡓ᳜⏕ࢱࣉࢆࣔࢹࣝࡀᢳฟࡋࠊࡑࡢᵓ㐀ࡢ࣭✵㛫ኚ
㝣㠃ㅖ㐣⛬㛫ࡢ㛵ಀࢆࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢺࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇࡀࠊ᳜⏕ࢱࣉࡸⴥ㠃✚ᣦᩘ࡞ࢆ᪤್ࡋ࡚
࠼ࡿᚑ᮶ࡢࣔࢹࣝࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ᳜⏕ືែࣔࢹࣝࡽ᥎ᐃࡉࢀࡿ᰿⣔ᵓ㐀ࡢኚື
84
㻤㻠
ᩓࢆ࢝ࢵࣉࣜࣥࢢࡋࡓࡇࡶᚑ᮶ࣔࢹࣝࡽⓎᒎࡋࡓࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
Ḣᕞࡢᆺࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡛࠶ࡿ WATCH ࡀᥦ౪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 0.50.5rࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡢ⌫Ẽ㇟ࢹ࣮ࢱ
ࢭࢵࢺࢆࣔࢹࣝࡢධຊ್ࡋ࡚⏝ࡋࡓࠋධຊせ⣲ࡋ࡚ࡣẼ ࠊ㝆Ỉ㔞ࠊ᪥ᑕ㔞ࠊẚ‵ࠊ⾲㠃
Ẽᅽཬࡧ㢼㏿࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢭࢵࢺࡣ 1901ࠥ2009 ᖺ㛫࡛᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿࠋほ ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࡢ᭶
༢ࡢࢢࣜࢵࢻࢹ࣮ࢱࢭࢵࢺ࡛࠶ࡿ CRU TS2.1 TS3.1 ࡢࡶ࡛ ERA-40ࠊࡲࡓ ERA-Interim ࢆ⤫
ྜࡋ࡚ෆᤄࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋGPCC ࡢ⿵ṇἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢᦆኻ㔞ࢆ⿵ṇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
3.1 Ẽ 㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢᏘ⠇࣭⤒ᖺኚ
⎔ᴟ㝣ᇦ࠾ࡅࡿẼ 㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ 1901Ѹ2009 ᖺ㛫ࡢ⤒ᖺኚࢆᅗ 1 ࡛♧ࡍࠋẼ 㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ
୧⪅ࡶቑຍࢺࣞࣥࢻࢆ♧ࡍࠋ109 ᖺ㛫࡛Ẽ ࡣ 1.3Υ㸦r = 0.60, P㸺0.0001㸧
ࠊ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡣ 76mm㸦r =
0.85, P㸺0.0001㸧ࡢቑຍࡀぢ✚ࡶࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ୧⪅ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ⤒ᖺኚࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆ♧ࡍࠋ㝆Ỉ
㔞ࡣ 1960 ᖺ௦ࡲ࡛ⴭࡋ࠸ቑຍഴྥࢆ♧ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ௨㝆ῶᑡࡋ࡚ 1990 ᖺࡽࡧቑຍࡋ࡚‵₶࡞
⎔ቃࢆᙧᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ1951Ѹ2009 ࡢᮇ㛫࠾࠸࡚⦋ 55r௨ୖࡢ㝣ᇦࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡀ⣙ 5㸣ቑຍࡋࡓ
ࡇࡀศࡗࡓ㸦Walsh, 2011㸧ࠋቑຍࢺࣞࣥࢻࡢ୰ࠊ2000 ᖺ௦ࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢቑຍࡣⴭࡋ࠸㸦ᅗ 1㸧
ࠋ
1951Ѹ2009 ࡢᮇ㛫୰ࠊ450 mm ௨ୖࡢ㝆Ỉࡀ࠶ࡗࡓୖ㸳ᖺࡀ 2000 ᖺ௦㸦2000ࠊ2002ࠊ2005ࠊ2007ࠊ
2008㸧㞟୰ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࡀศࡗࡓࠋ
ᅗ 1㸬1901Ѹ2009 ᖺ㛫࠾ࡅࡿᖺᖹᆒẼ 㸦㉥Ⰽ㸧ᖺ㝆Ỉ㔞㸦㟷Ⰽ㸧ࡢ⤒ᖺኚࠋ
➨୍ࡢᴟ ᬮᮇゝࢃࢀࡓ 1940 ᖺ௦Ẽ ୖ᪼ࡀ᫂ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊᐮ෭࣮࣌ࢬධࡗ
࡚ 1980 ᖺ௦ࡽࡧ ᬮ࣮࣌ࢬኚࢃࡿኚືࢆ♧ࡍࠋ1980 ᖺ௨㝆ࡢẼ ୖ᪼ࡢ໙㓄ࡣ㠀ᖖ
85
㻤㻡
ᛴ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ30 ᖺ㛫⣙ 1.0ΥࡢẼ ୖ᪼ࡀぢ✚ࡶࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢቑຍࡣࠊBekryaev et al. (2010)ࡀ⦋
59r௨ୖࡢ㝣ᇦࡢほ ࢹ࣮ࢱ㸦1979Ѹ2008 ᖺ㸧ࡢゎᯒࡽᚓࡓ 1.85Υࡢቑຍẚ࡚ప࠸ࠋ୧⪅
㛫ࡢᕪࡣゎᯒࡢᑐ㇟ࡋࡓ㡿ᇦࡢ㐪࠸ࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣすࢩ࣋ࣜࡢ୍㒊࣮ࣚ
ࣟࢵࣃࢆᑐ㇟እࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
3.2 ኚࡍࡿ✚㞷⎔ቃ
ィ⟬ࡢᑐ㇟࡞ࡗࡓ 1901Ѹ2009 ᖺ㛫࠾࠸࡚࣮ࣘࣛࢩ⡿ࡢ✚㞷῝ࡣቑຍࢺࣞࣥࢻࢆ♧ࡍ
ࡀࠊᮇ࠾࠸࡚୧⪅ࡣⱝᖸ␗࡞ࡿኚືࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆ⾲ࡍ㸦ᅗ 2㸧
ࠋ࣮ࣘࣛࢩ࡛ࡣ 1940 ᖺࡽᛴ
⃭ቑຍࡋ࡚ 1960 ᖺ௦್᭱㐩ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ௨㝆ῶᑡഴྥ࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ⡿ࡢ✚㞷῝ࡣቑຍ
ࢺࣞࣥࢻࢆ♧ࡍ୰࡛ 1992 ᖺࣆ࣮ࢡ㐩ࡍࡿࠋ1901Ѹ1992 ᖺ㛫࡛⣙ 20cm ࡢ✚㞷ቑຍࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡋࡋࠊ1990 ᖺ௨㝆࣮ࣘࣛࢩྠᵝ✚㞷῝ࡣῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋPark et al.㸦2012b㸧ࡼࡿゎᯒ
࡛ࡣ 1979Ѹ2006 ᖺ㛫࣮ࣘࣛࢩ⡿࡛ࡑࢀࡒࢀᖺ㛫 0.08cmࠊ0.2cm ࡢῶᑡࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡇࡀศ
ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ 1979Ѹ2009 ᖺ㛫࠾࠸࡚࣮ࣘࣛࢩ࡛ 0.05cmࠊ⡿࡛ 0.01cm ࡢ✚㞷
ῶᑡࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ୧⪅ࡢ◊✲㛫ࡢࢺࣞࣥࢻࡢ㐪࠸ࡣᑐ㇟ᮇ㛫ཬࡧ㡿ᇦࡢ㐪࠸ࡼࡿࡶࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ
ࡿࠋẼ ୖ᪼ࡀ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ 1980 ᖺ௨㝆ࠊ୧㝣ࡢ✚㞷῝ࡣ☜ῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊ1901
Ѹ2009 ᖺࡢ㛗ᮇኚືࡢ୰࡛ 1980Ѹ2009 ᖺ㛫ࡢ୧㝣ࡢ✚㞷῝ࡣᖹᆒࡲࡓࡣࡑࡢ௨ୖࡢ≧ែࢆಖࡗ
࡚࠸ࡓࡇࡀศࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇࡣᮇࡢ✚㞷῝ࡣ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡁࡃᙳ㡪ࡉࢀࡓࡇࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿ㸦Park
et al., 2012㸧ࠋ
ᅗ 2㸬⡿࣮ࣘࣛࢩ࠾ࡅࡿ✚㞷῝ࡢ⤒ᖺኚࠋ
86
㻤㻢
3.3
ᬮࡋ࡚࠸ࡃᅵ
άືᒙࡢኚືࡣ ᬮᑐࡍࡿᅵࡢኚࢆ⾲ࡍ୍ࡘࡢᣦᶆ࡛࠶ࡿࠋάືᒙࡣኟᮇࡢẼ ኚື
ᙉࡃᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿࠋẼ ୖ᪼ࡀ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ 2000 ᖺ௦୍㒊ࡢᆅᇦࢆ㝖ࡃከࡃࡢᆅᇦ࡛⼥ゎ῝
ࡀ῝ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ᅗ 3㸧
ࠋࡑࡢቑຍࡣࡢ 2 ᮇ㛫ẚ࡚ࡼࡾ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㐃⥆ᅵᖏࠊ≉
ᅵቃ⏺ᇦ࡛ቑຍࡀⴭࡋ࠸ࠋࡑࡢᆅᇦ࡛άືᒙࡀᖹᆒࡼࡾ㸯m ௨ୖ῝ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓሙᡤࡶከࡃ࠶ࡿࠋ
≉ࠊすࢩ࣋ࣜ࢝ࢼࢲᮾ㒊࡛㢧ᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ୍㒊ࡢᆅᇦ࡛ࡣᅵࡀᾘኻࡋ
࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࡇࡀྍどⓗ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ1901Ѹ2009 ᖺ㛫࡛ᅵ⦰ᑠ⣼✚㠃✚ࡣ⣙ 1.0 km2106࡛࠶
ࡗࡓࠋLawrence et al.㸦2011㸧ࡣ㐣ཤ 100 ᖺ㛫㸦1889Ѹ1989 ᖺ㸧࡛ 1.1 km2106ࡢᅵ㠃✚ࡀ⦰ᑠࡋ
ࡓࡇࢆሗ࿌ࡋࡓࠋ
ᅗ 3㸬୕ࡘࡢᮇ㛫࠾ࡅࡿάືᒙࡢ೫ᕪ㸦cm㸧ࢆ⾲ࡍࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊ೫ᕪࡣ 1901Ѹ2009 ᖺ㛫ࡢᖹᆒ
ᑐࡍࡿࡑࢀࡒࢀᮇ㛫ࡢᖹᆒࡢᕪ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᅗ 4㸬୕ࡘࡢᮇ㛫ᑐࡋ࡚㠀ᅵᆅᇦ࠾ࡅࡿᮇࡢ⤖῝ࡢ೫ᕪ㸦cm㸧ࢆ⾲ࡍࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊ೫ᕪ
ࡢồࡵ᪉ࡣᅗ 3 ྠᵝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
87
㻤㻣
ᮇ࠾࠸࡚ᅵᇦࢆྵࡵࡓ㠀ᅵᇦࡢᅵተࡶ⤖ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖῝ࡣᆅᇦࡢᆅ⾲㠃≧ែཬࡧ
Ẽೃࡼࡗ࡚␗࡞ࡿࠋᅗ 4 ࡣ㠀ᅵᇦ࠾ࡅࡿ୕ࡘࡢᮇ㛫ࡢ⤖῝ࡢ೫ᕪࢆ⾲ࡍࠋᖺ௦ࡢ⤒㐣
ࡶ⤖῝ࡀὸࡃ࡞ࡿഴྥࡀⴭࡋ࠸ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊ࣐ࢼࢫࡣ⤖῝ࡀὸࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡇࢆពࡍࡿࠋ
2001Ѹ2009 ᖺࡢ⤖῝ࡣࡢᮇ㛫ẚ࡚᫂ࡽὸ࠸ࠋᮇࡢẼ ୖ᪼ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ✚⟬ᐮᗘࡢ
ῶᑡࡢᙳ㡪ࢆᫎࡍࡿࠋ⤖῝ࡢῶᑡࡣᅵᖏࡢቃ⏺ᇦ࡛ࡼࡾ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡿࠋZhang et al.㸦2003㸧
ࡣ༢⣧࡞ィ⟬᪉ἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚༙⌫࠾ࡅࡿ⤖㠃✚ࡣ 48.1106 km2࡛࠶ࡿ᥎ᐃࡋࡓࠋ㝣㠃㐣⛬
ࣔࢹࣝࢆ╔ࡋࡓẼೃࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸ࡓィ⟬࡛ࡣ㐣ཤ 100 ᖺ㛫࡛ 1.1106 km2ࡢ⤖㠃✚ࡀῶᑡࡋ
ࡓࡇࡀศࡗࡓ㸦Lawrence et al., 2011㸧ࠋࡲࡓࠊ21 ୡ⣖ᮎ࠾ࡅࡿ⤖㠃✚ࡣ⌧ᅾࡼࡾ 9Ѹ16㸣ῶ
ᑡࡍࡿࡑࡢࣔࢹࣝࡀண ࡋࡓࠋ
ᅗ 5㸬࣮ࣘࣛࢩ⡿࠾ࡅࡿ 1901Ѹ2009 ᖺ㛫ࡢάືᒙࡢ⤒ᖺኚࠋ
άືᒙࡢ✵㛫ศᕸࡢ⤒ᖺኚ㸦ᅗ 3㸧ࡀ♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࣮ࣘࣛࢩ⡿ࡢ୧㝣ࡢάືᒙࡣ᫂
ࡽቑຍഴྥ࠶ࡿ㸦ᅗ 5㸧ࠋάືᒙࡣ 1940 ᖺ௦ࡲ࡛ቑຍࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢᚋపୗࡋ࡚ 1970 ᖺ௦
᪂ࡓቑຍࡍࡿࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆ♧ࡍࠋ1970 ᖺ௨㝆ࡢቑຍ໙㓄ࡣ୧㝣ࡶ㠀ᖖᛴ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ1971Ѹ2009
ᖺ㛫࠾ࡅࡿάືᒙࡢቑຍࡣ࣮ࣘࣛࢩ࡛ 50cmࠊ⡿࡛ 30cm ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢቑຍࡣ 1901Ѹ1945
ᖺ㛫ẚ࡚㠀ᖖࡁ࠸ࠋ୍᪉ࠊ2000 ᖺ௨㝆ࡢ⡿ࡢάືᒙࡣ࣮ࣘࣛࢩ␗࡞ࡗ࡚ⱝᖸ
≧ែ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢཎᅉࡋ࡚✚㞷῝ኟᮇࡢẼ ࡢపୗࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ1901Ѹ2009 ᖺ㛫ࡢάືᒙ
ࡢቑຍࡣ࣮ࣘࣛࢩ࡛ 35cmࠊ⡿࡛ 30cm ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋάືᒙࡢቑຍഴྥࡣほ ࡸࣔࢹࣝࡽࡶ☜
ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࠋZhang et al.㸦2005㸧ࡣ Lena ὶᇦෆࡢ 17 ࣨᡤࡢᆅ ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚ 1956Ѹ1990 ᖺ㛫
88
㻤㻤
࠾࠸࡚άືᒙࡣ 32cm ቑຍࡋࡓࡇࡀศࡗࡓࠋ✚⟬ᬮᗘࢆ⏝࠸ࡓィ⟬࡛ࡣ࣮ࣘࣛࢩࡢ 3 ὶᇦ
㸦Ob, Yenisey, Lena㸧࠾࠸࡚ 1980 ᖺ௨㝆άືᒙࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࢆ Zhang et al.㸦2005㸧ࡀሗ
࿌ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊPark et al.㸦2012a㸧ࡶ㝣㠃㐣⛬ࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸࡚࣮ࣘࣛࢩࡢἙᕝὶᇦࡢάືᒙࡀቑ
ຍഴྥ࠶ࡿࡇࢆሗ࿌ࡋࡓࠋOsterkamp㸦2007㸧ࡣࣛࢫ࢝ෆ㝣ࡢ Healy ࠾࠸࡚ 2000 ᖺ௨㝆
ࡢᆅ పୗࢆほ ࡋࠊࡑࡢపୗࡣ✚㞷῝ࡢῶᑡࡼࡿᙳ㡪࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀศࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊ2100 ᖺ
࠾࠸࡚άືᒙࡣ⌧ᅾࡼࡾ 30Ѹ300cm ቑຍࡍࡿ ᬮࡢᐇ㦂⤖ᯝࢆ Schaefer et al.㸦2011㸧ࡀࡲࡵ
ࡓࠋ
3.4
Ⓨᩓ㔞ࡢ࣭✵㛫ኚ
Ⓨᩓ㔞ࡣẼࡽࡢせồᑐࡍࡿᆅ⾲㠃ࡢᛂ⟅ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᆅ⾲㠃ࡽࡢỈศᦆኻ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅵ
ተỈศࠊⴥ㠃✚ᣦᩘཬࡧẼᏍࢥࣥࢲࢡࢱࣥࢫ࡞ࡀⓎᩓ㔞ࡢ࣭✵㛫ኚືᙳ㡪ࡍࡿ㸦Eugster et
al., 2000㸧
ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊⓎᩓ㔞ࡣ✵㛫ⓗ࡞㠀ᆒ㉁ᛶࡀࡁ࠸ࠋᅗ 6 ࡛ࡣ୕ࡘࡢᮇ㛫࠾ࡅࡿⓎ
ᩓ㔞ࡢ೫ᕪศᕸࢆ⾲ࡍࠋ᭱㏆ 10 ᖺ㛫࡛ࡣᆅᇦ࠾࠸࡚Ⓨᩓ㔞ࡢቑຍࡀ┠❧ࡘࠋ≉ࠊάືᒙ
㸦ᅗ 3㸧㝆Ỉ㔞㸦ᅗ 1㸧ࡢቑຍࡀ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡗࡓすࢩ࣋ࣜ࢝ࢼࢲᮾ㒊࡛Ⓨᩓ㔞ࡢࡁ࠸ቑ
ຍࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࠋᖺ㛫 40 mm ௨ୖࡢቑຍࡀ༡ࡢᆅᇦ࡛ᗈࡃⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࢩ࣋ࣜࡢⓎᩓ㔞ࡣ
1941Ѹ1950 ᖺ௦ቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊ1971Ѹ1980 ᖺ௦࠾࠸࡚ࡣᑐῶᑡࡀࡁ࠸ࠋ୍᪉ࠊ
ᴟᮾࢩ࣋ࣜࣛࢫ࢝ࡢⓎᩓ㔞ࡢ㛫ኚືࡣࡢᆅᇦẚ࡚┦ᑐⓗࡁࡃࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ
Ẽ ࡀࡁࡃపୗࡋࡓ 1970 ᖺ௦࠾࠸࡚㸦ᅗ 1㸧⎔ᴟ㝣ᇦࡢⓎᩓ㔞ࡣ᭱ᑠ್ࢆ♧ࡍ㸦ᅗ 7㸧ࠋ
ࡑࡢᚋࠊⓎᩓ㔞ࡣቑຍࡋ࡚ 2005 ᖺ᭱㐩ࡍࡿࠋⓎᩓ㔞ࡢቑຍࡣẼ 㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢቑຍࡢᙳ
㡪࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡼࡾẼ ᐦ᥋࡞㛵ಀ࠶ࡿࡇࡀศࡗࡓࠋ
ᅗ 6㸬୕ࡘࡢᮇ㛫࠾ࡅࡿኟᮇ㸦6Ѹ8 ᭶㸧ࡢⓎᩓ㔞ࡢ೫ᕪࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊ೫ᕪࡢồࡵ᪉ࡣᅗ 3 ྠᵝ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
89
㻤㻥
Ⓨᩓ㔞ࡣ 109 ᖺ㛫࡛ 9 mm㸦p㸺0.0002㸧ቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸦ᅗ 7㸧
ࠋẼ 㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ୧⪅ࡀ㢧ⴭ
ቑຍࡋࡓ 1981Ѹ2009 ᖺ㛫࠾࠸࡚Ⓨᩓ㔞ࡢቑຍࡣ 4.8 mm/decade ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢᩘ್ࡣ Zhang et
al.㸦2009㸧ࡀᴟ㝣ᇦ࠾ࡅࡿ 1983Ѹ2005 㛫࡛ᚓࡓ 3.8 mm/decade ࡼࡾ㧗࠸ࠋࡋࡋࠊⓎᩓ㔞ࡢ
ቑຍࢺࣞࣥࢻࡣ᭱㏆ࡢ᳜⏕ࣂ࣐࢜ࢫ㔞ࡢቑຍഴྥ୍⮴ࡍࡿ㸦Zhang et al., 2008㸧ࠋ1980 ᖺ௨㝆
ࡢⓎᩓ㔞ࡢቑຍࡣ⌫ࡢほ ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࠊ⾨ᫍほ ཬࡧࣔࢹࣝ⤖ᯝࡢゎᯒࡽࡶྠᵝ♧ࡉ
ࢀࡓ㸦Jung et al., 2010㸧
ࠋ⌫ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝ࠾࠸࡚ࡣᅵተỈศࢫࢺࣞࢫࡀⓎᩓ㔞ࡢᢚไᅉᏊࡋ࡚
ᙉࡃാ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࡇࡀ Jung et al.㸦2010㸧ࡼࡗ࡚᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ᅗ 7㸬⎔ᴟ㝣ᇦࡢⓎᩓ㔞ࡢ⤒ᖺኚࠋ
4
ࡲࡵ
ࣔࢹࣝ CHANGE ࡼࡿ㐣ཤ 109 ᖺ㛫ࡢࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡣ⎔ᴟ㝣ᇦ࠾ࡅࡿㅖࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀ
᫂ࡽኚࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ≉ࠊẼ ୖ᪼ࡀⴭࡋࡗࡓ 1980 ᖺ௨㝆ࠊ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡀቑຍࡋ
࡚࠸ࡓࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎ✚㞷῝ࡣῶᑡഴྥࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊάືᒙࡣẼ ୖ୍᪼⮴ࡋ࡚ቑຍࢺ
ࣞࣥࢻࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋⓎᩓ㔞ࡶቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊ᭱㏆ 20 ᖺ㛫࡛ࡣ⡿ࡢ୍㒊ࡢᆅᇦ࡛άືᒙ
ࡀῶᑡഴྥ࠶ࡿࡇࡀศࡗࡓࠋᮇࡢ㢧ⴭ࡞✚㞷῝ࡢῶᑡᅵተỈศࡢపୗࡀࡑࡢཎᅉ࡛࠶
ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤖ᯝࡽᴟ㝣ᇦࡣ ᬮࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ㐍⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ୍㒊ࡢᆅᇦཬࡧᮇ㛫࠾
࠸࡚ ᬮࡢࢺࣞࣥࢻ␗࡞ࡿ೫ᕪࡀ⌧ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࡀศࡗࡓࠋ
90
㻥㻜
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
Bekryaev, R., Polyakov, I., and Alexeev, V. (2010) Role of polar amplification in long-term surface air
temperature variations and modern Arctic warming. J. Clim., 23, 3888–3906.
Eugster, W., et al. (2000) Land-atmosphere energy exchange in Arctic tundra and boreal forest: Available
data and feedbacks to climate. Global Change Biol., 6, Suppl. 1, 84–115.
Iijima, Y., Federov, A., Park, H., Suzuki, K., Yabuki, H., Maximov, T., and Ohata, T. (2010) Abrupt
increases in soil temperature following increased precipitation in a permafrost region, central Lena
river basin, Russia. Permafrost Periglac. Process., 21, 30–41.
Jung, M. et al. (2010) Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture
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Lawrence, D., Slater, A., and Swenson, S. (2011) Simulation of present-day and future permafrost and
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Osterkamp, T. (2007) Causes of warming and thawing permafrost in Alaska. Eos Trans. AGU, 88 (27),
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Switzerland, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 1289–1294.
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92
㻥㻞
Lena ᕝὶᇦࡢὶ㔞㈨ᩱࡽぢࡿὶฟ≉ᛶ
ඵ⏣ ⱱᐇ
Ɫᑠ∾ᕤᴗ㧗➼ᑓ㛛Ꮫᰯ ⎔ቃ㒔ᕷᕤᏛ⛉
1 ࡣࡌࡵ
ࢩ࣋ࣜᆅᇦ࡛ࡣ ᬮࡀ᭱ࡶ㢧ⴭ㐍⾜ࡍࡿணࡉࢀࠊ᪤Ẽೃ࣭⏕ែ⣔࣭Ọஂᅵ࡞ከࡃࡢኚࡀ
࠾ࡁࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ ᬮࡀỈᚠ⎔࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆᢕᥱࡋࠊ㐣ཤࡽᮍ᮶ࡅ࡚ࡢࡼ࠺ኚືࡍࡿࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿ
ࡣࠊỈᚠ⎔ࣔࢹࣝࡢᙺࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡾࠊỈᚠ⎔ࡢ output ࡋ࡚ࡢἙᕝὶ㔞ࡢẚ㍑ࡣỈᚠ⎔ࣔࢹࣝࡢ᳨ドసᴗ
ࡢ㔜せ࡞ᰕ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊ➹⪅ࡽࡣ㝣㠃ࣔࢹࣝὶฟࣔࢹࣝࢆ⤖ྜࡉࡏࡓศᕸᆺỈᩥࣔࢹࣝࡢᵓ⠏ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ
≉ே㛫ࡢࢫࢣ࣮ࣝ㏆࠸᪥༢ࡢὶ㔞ࡢ⌧ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ(ඵ⏣ࡽ 2009ࠊඵ⏣ 2012)ࠋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊᚋࠊ㛗
ᮇⓗ࡞Ỉᚠ⎔ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿୖ࡛ࡣࠊほ ㈨ᩱࡢไ㝈࡞ࡽࠊ᪥༢࡞ࡢ▷࠸㛫༢࡛ࡢ᳨ド࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ᭶༢࣭
Ꮨ⠇༢࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᖺ༢࠸ࡗࡓ᳨ドࡀᚲせ࡞ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㛗ᮇⓗ࡞㛫༢࡛ὶฟࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ
ሙྜࡣࠊὶฟࣔࢹࣝࡢᙺࡼࡾࡶࠊὶ㔞ࡢ㛫㓄ศ᭱ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡿἙᕝࡢ⤖ị࣭ゎịࡸࠊ㝣㠃ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝィ
⟬ࡉࢀࡿὶฟࡢ㔞✵㛫ศᕸࡀᴟࡵ࡚㔜せ࡞ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢ࠺ࡕࠊἙᕝࡢ⤖ịࠋゎịࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ⤒㦂ⓗ
࡞ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊࡍ᳨࡛ウࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ(ඵ⏣ 2011)ࡀࠊ㝣㠃ࣔࢹࣝࡢ✵㛫ศᕸࢆホ౯ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ㈨ᩱ
ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶ༑ศ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ほⅬࡽࠊᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛ᚓࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿἙᕝὶ㔞㈨ᩱࢆ⏝࠸ࠊLena ᕝὶᇦࡢὶฟ≉ᛶࠊ
ὶ㔞ࡢᖺࠎኚືࡸᏘ⠇ኚື≉ᛶࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋࠊᚋࡢ㝣㠃ࣔࢹࣝࡢ᳨ド᭷⏝࡞᳨ド㈨ᩱࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇࢆ┠
ⓗࡍࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊLena ᕝࡢᖺὶ㔞࣭᭶ὶ㔞ࡢ㛗ᮇኚືࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᪤ Ye et al.(2003)ࡼࡗ࡚ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣࠊLena ᕝὶᇦࡢὶ㔞ࡀࡢୖὶᇦ࡛ࡢࡃࡽ࠸ࡢࡁࡉ࡛⏕ᡂࡉࢀࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢᵓᡂᏘ⠇ⓗ࡞
ኚືࡣぢࡽࢀࡿࡢ࠸ࡗࡓⅬ≉ὀ┠ࡍࡿࠋ
2 ὶᇦほ ㈨ᩱࡢᴫせ
Lena ᕝࡣBaikal †ഃࡑࡧ࠼ࡿStanovoi ᒣ⬦
Ⓨࡋࠊ㏵୰せ࡞ᨭᕝ࡛࠶ࡿ Aldan ᕝࠊVilui ᕝ
ࢆ㞟ࡵ࡞ࡀࡽᴟᾏὶࢀ㎸ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋὶᇦ㠃✚
ࡣ 249 km2ࠊἙ㐨㛗ࡀ 4400km ࡢἙᕝ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋᅗ-1 Lena ᕝὶᇦࡢᴫせࢆ♧ࡍࠋLena ᕝὶ
ᇦࡣࠊࡑࡢ༙ࡀỌஂᅵそࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛
ࡢࢩ࣋ࣜࡢἙᕝ␗࡞ࡿࠋLena ᕝయ࡛ࡣࠊ
ே Ⅽ ⓗ ࡞ ᙳ 㡪 ࡣ ᑠ ࡉ ࠸ ࡀ ࠊ Vilui ᕝ ୖ ὶ ࡢ
Chernyshevskyi ㏆(ᅗ-1 ୰ࡢڦ༳ࡢᆅⅬ)ࡣ
1960 ᖺ௦Ⓨ㟁ࢆ┠ⓗࡋ࡚ᘓタࡉࢀࡓ᭱
㈓Ỉᐜ㔞ࡀ 35.9km ࡢࣟࢵࢡࣇࣝࢲ࣒ࡀᏑᅾࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㈓Ỉᐜ㔞ࡣ Vilui ᕝὶᇦࡢᖺὶฟ㔞
࡛࠶ࡿ 46.7km3ࡢ 77%┦ᙜࡋࠊࡇࡢࢲ࣒᧯సࡢ
ᙳ㡪ࡼࡾࠊᏘࡢᖹᆒὶ㔞ࡀ 400㹼600m3/s ⛬ᗘ
ୖ᪼ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ Ye et al.(2003)ࡼࡗ࡚ᣦ
ᅗ-1 ᑐ㇟ὶᇦᨭὶᇦࡢศᅗ
(ۑ༳ࡣ Lena ᕝ᭱ୗὶࡢὶ㔞ほ Ⅼࠊڦ༳ࡣࢲ࣒ᆅⅬ)
㻥㻟
93
⾲-1 ศࡋࡓ 4 ᨭὶᇦࡢㅖඖ
ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
୍᪉ࠊὶᇦෆࡣ 40 ᆅⅬ⛬ᗘὶ㔞ほ Basin Area
Ⅼࡀタ⨨ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊほ ᆅⅬࡼࡗ࡚
km2
ᮇ㛫ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ1936 ᖺࡽ 2009 ᖺ
% of Total
Basin
Discharge
km3/yr
% of Total
Discharge
ࡲ ࡛ ࡢ ᭶ ᖹ ᆒ ὶ 㔞 ࡀ ArcticRIMS
Upper Lena
897000
36.9%
221
41.8%
(http://rims.unh.edu/index.shtml)࡛බ㛤ࡉࢀ
Aldan
696000
28.6%
165
31.2%
࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣࡇࡇ࡛බ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸
Vilui
452000
18.6%
46.7
8.8%
Lower Lena
385000
15.8%
96.3
18.2%
ࡿ㈨ᩱࡢ࠺ࡕࠊከࡃࡢᆅⅬ࡛ඹ㏻㈨ᩱ
ࡀᩚഛࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 1942 ᖺࡽ 1999 ᖺࡲ
࡛ࡢ㈨ᩱࢆ୰ᚰ⏝࠸ࡿࡇࡋࡓࠋ
3 ὶ㔞㈨ᩱࡢᩚ⌮᪉ἲ
ᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣࠊᅗ-1 ୰ࡢۑ༳࡛♧ࡍ Lena ᕝ Kusur ᆅⅬ(ࡇࡢᆅⅬࡢὶᇦࢆ Lena ᕝὶᇦࡪ)ᆅⅬࢆ᭱ୗὶ
ࡋ࡚ࠊLena ᕝࢆࡁࡃ 4 ࡘࡢᆅᇦศࡋࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᆅᇦࡢὶฟࡀ Lena ᕝ᭱ୗὶࡢࡼ࠺ᐤࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࢆぢࡿࠋලయⓗࡣ Lena ᕝࡢ Tabaga ᆅⅬୖὶ(ᅗ-1 ୰ࡢ㯤Ⰽࡢ࢚ࣜ)ࠊAldan ᕝ Verkhoyanski' Perevoz ᆅⅬୖ
ὶ(ᅗ-1 ୰ࡢ⥳Ⰽࡢ࢚ࣜ)ࠊVilui ᕝ Hatyrik-Homo ᆅⅬୖὶ(ᅗ-1 ୰ࡢ㉥Ⰽࡢ࢚ࣜ)ࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀ Lena ᕝୖὶᇦࠊ
Aldan ᕝὶᇦࠊVilui ᕝὶᇦᐃࡵࠊࡇࢀࡽ 3 ࡘࡢὶᇦࢆ Lena ᕝὶᇦࡽ㝖࠸ࡓṧὶᇦࢆ Lena ᕝୗὶᇦ(ᅗ-1
୰ࡢ↓Ⰽࡢ࢚ࣜ)ࡋ࡚ᢅ࠺ࡶࡢࡋࡓࠋ Lena ᕝୖὶᇦࠊAldan ᕝὶᇦࠊVilui ᕝὶᇦࡽⓎ⏕ࡍࡿὶ㔞ࡣࡑࢀ
ࡒࢀࡢᇶ‽Ⅼ࡛ほ ࡉࢀࡓὶ㔞࡛࠶ࡾࠊLena ᕝୗὶᇦࡽⓎ⏕ࡍࡿὶ㔞ࡣ Lena ᕝὶᇦࡢὶ㔞ࡽୖὶࡢ 3 ὶ
ᇦࡢὶ㔞ࢆᕪࡋᘬ࠸ࡓࡶࡢ࡞ࡿࠋ⾲-1 ࡣศࡋࡓὶᇦࡢ㞟Ỉ㠃✚ὶᇦ༨ࡵࡿ㠃✚⋡ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࡑࢀࡒࢀ
ࡢὶᇦࡽⓎ⏕ࡍࡿほ ᮇ㛫ࡢᖹᆒὶ㔞 Lena ᕝὶᇦ༨ࡵࡿὶ㔞ࡢᐤ⋡ࢆ♧ࡍࠋVilui ᕝὶᇦࡢ㞟Ỉ㠃
✚ࡣὶᇦᑐࡋ࡚ 18%⛬ᗘࢆ༨ࡵࡿࡀࠊLena ᕝయࡢὶ㔞ࡢ 8%⛬ᗘࡢὶฟ␃ࡲࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊLena ᕝయࡢ
ὶ㔞ࡢ 70%㉸ࡀ Lena ᕝୖὶᇦ Aldan ᕝὶᇦࡽࡢὶฟ࡛㈥ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ୖὶ 3 ὶᇦࡢὶ㔞 Lena ᕝὶᇦࡢὶ㔞ࢆ┤᥋ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ὶ㔞ࡢᵓᡂࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡢࡣࠊୖὶࡢほ ᆅ
Ⅼࡽ᭱ୗὶ Kusur ࡲ࡛ࡢὶୗ㛫ࡀᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿὶ㔞ࡢᖹᆒᮇ㛫ᑐࡋ࡚▷࠸ሙྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊᅗ-2
ࡣ 1980-1999 ᖺࡢὶ㔞㈨ᩱࢆ⏝࠸࡚ồࡵࡓୖὶ 3 ὶᇦࡢ᭶ᖹᆒὶ㔞ࡢྜィ್ Lena ᕝ᭱ୗὶࡢ᭶ὶ㔞ࡢẚ㍑ࢆ
⾜ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋLena ᕝὶᇦࡢὥỈࡢࣆ࣮ࢡࡣ 5 ᭶ࡢୗ᪪ࡽ 6 ᭶ୖ᪪ࡅ࡚Ⓨ⏕ࡋࠊࡇࢀࡼࡾୖὶࡢ
ᨭὶᇦ࡛ࡣὥỈࡢࣆ࣮ࢡࡀࡋ࡚ 5 ᭶ୗ᪪Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊୗὶࡽୖὶࡢ᭶ὶ㔞ࢆᕪࡋᘬ࠸࡚ࠊLena
ᕝୗὶᇦࡢὶ㔞ࡢ᥎ᐃࡀ࡛ࡁࡎࠊ᭦ࠊὶฟࡢࢱ࣑ࣥࢢࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊᏘ⠇ูࡢὶᇦࡢὶ㔞ᵓᡂࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿ
ࡇࡶ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡢᮇ㛫ࢆࡦࡲࡵࡋ࡚ὶ㔞ࡢẚ㍑ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡀᚲせ࡞ࡿࠋᮏሗ
ᅗ-2 ୖὶ 3 ὶᇦࡢ᭶ᖹᆒὶ㔞ࡢྜィ್(㉥⥺) Lena ᕝ ᅗ-3 ୖὶ 3 ὶᇦࡢ 2 ࣨ᭶ࡢᖹᆒὶ㔞ࡢྜィ್(㉥⥺)
᭱ୗὶࡢ᭶ὶ㔞(㟷⥺)ࡢẚ㍑
Lena ᕝ᭱ୗὶࡢ 2 ࣨ᭶ࡢᖹᆒὶ㔞(㟷⥺)
(1980-1999 ᖺࡢᖹᆒ್)
(1980-1999 ᖺࡢᖹᆒ್)
㻥㻠
94
ᅗ-4 Lena ᕝὶᇦࡢ 10 ᖺ༢ࡢᖹᆒὶ㔞ࡢኚ
ᅗ-5 10 ᖺ༢ࡢᖹᆒ࡛ぢࡓྛᨭὶᇦࡢὶ㔞ᑐࡍ
ࡿὶฟ㔞ࡢᐤ⋡ࡢኚ
࿌࡛ࡣࠊ5-6 ᭶ࡢὥỈᮇࢆ 2 ࣨ᭶ࡦࡲࡵࡋ࡚ᢅ࠸ࠊࡢᮇ㛫ࡶࡇࢀᛂࡌ࡚ 2 ࣨ᭶༢࡛⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡋ
ࡓࠋᅗ-3 ࡣ Lena ᕝὶᇦࡢ 2 ᭶ᖹᆒὶ㔞ୖὶ 3 ᨭὶᇦࡢ 2 ᭶ᖹᆒὶ㔞ࡢྜィ್ࡢẚ㍑ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋྛ㛫༊ศࡢቃ⏺࡛ࡣୖὶᇦୗὶᇦ࡛ྠ୍ࡢὶฟࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ2 ᭶༢ࡢὶ㔞Ἴᙧࡣ࠾࠾ࡴࡡ୍⮴
ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᏘ⠇ⓗ࡞ኚື㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࡇࡢ 2 ࣨ᭶ࡢ㛫༊ษࡾࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇࡍࡿࠋ
4 Lena ὶᇦࡢὶฟࡢᵓᡂᖺࠎኚື
4.1 㛗ᮇⓗࡳࡓὶ㔞ὶ㔞ᵓᡂẚࡢኚື
Lena ᕝࡢ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ὶ㔞ኚືࡸὶᇦࡈࡢὶฟᵓᡂࡢኚࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊὶᇦࡢὶ㔞㈨ᩱࡢᥞࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ
1940 ᖺࡽ 1999 ᖺࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ10 ᖺ༢࡛ᖹᆒࢆࡗ࡚ࡑࡢኚືࢆࡳࡿࡇࡋࡓࠋᅗ-4 ࡣ Lena ᕝὶᇦࠊLena
ᕝୖὶᇦࠊAldan ᕝὶᇦࠊVilui ᕝὶᇦ࠾ࡼࡧ Lena ୗὶᇦࡢ 10 ᖺ༢ࡢᖹᆒὶ㔞ࡢኚࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋከᑡࡢ
ቑῶࡣぢࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊὶ㔞ࡢቑຍഴྥࡣ Lena ᕝୖὶࠊAldan ᕝࠊVilui ᕝὶᇦ࡛ぢࡽࢀࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚ Lena ᕝ
ὶᇦ࡛ࡶὶ㔞ࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋVilui ᕝὶᇦࡣࡢᨭὶᇦẚ࡚ὶ㔞ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀᑠࡉ࠸ࡓࡵࠊቑຍ㔞ࡶᑠࡉࡃ
ぢ࠼ࡿࡀࠊ1990 ᖺ௦ࡢὶ㔞ࡣ 1940 ᖺ௦ࡢὶ㔞ᑐࡋ࡚ 1.3 ಸ㉸࡛ࠊࡢᨭὶᇦࡢ 1.1 ಸࢆࡁࡃୖᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
୍᪉ࠊ10 ᖺ༢ࡢᖹᆒ࡛ぢࡓྛᨭὶᇦࡢὶ㔞ᑐࡍࡿὶฟ㔞ࡢᐤ⋡ࡢኚࢆᅗ-5 ♧ࡍࠋయࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ
Lena ᕝୗὶᇦ௨እࡣቑຍഴྥ࠶ࡿ
ࡓࡵࠊLena ᕝୗὶᇦࡢὶᇦᑐࡍ
ࡿྜࡣపୗࡋࠊὶฟ㔞ࡢቑຍྜ
ࡢࡁ࠸ Vilui ᕝὶᇦࡢẚ⋡ࡀࡢ
ᨭὶᇦࡽࡢὶฟẚ࡚ࠊⱝᖸ
ࡁࡵቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᨭὶᇦ㛫࡛
ὶ㔞ࡢᵓᡂࡀ㏫㌿ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᴟ➃࡞
ὶ㔞ᵓᡂࡢኚືࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
4.2 ὶ㔞ὶ㔞ᵓᡂẚࡢᏘ⠇ⓗ࡞ኚ
ື
ḟࠊᏘ⠇ⓗ࡞ὶ㔞ࡢኚືὶ
ᇦᑐࡍࡿྛᨭὶᇦࡢᵓᡂẚࡢኚື
ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ὀពࡀᚲ
せ࡞ࡢࡣࠊVilui ᕝ࡛ࡣ 1960 ᖺ௦
ᅗ-6 10 ᖺ༢ࡢᏘᖹᆒὶ㔞ࡢኚ
㈓Ỉᐜ㔞ࡢࡁ࡞ࢲ࣒ࡀᘓタࡉࢀ࡚
㻥㻡
95
ᅗ-7 ࢲ࣒ᘓタ๓ᘓタᚋࡢᖹᆒὶ㔞ࡢᏘ⠇㓄ศࡢኚ
࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊࢲ࣒ࡢᘓタ๓ᚋ࡛ࡣࠊὶ㔞ࡢᖺ㛫ࡢ㛫ⓗ㓄ศࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡇࡀணࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ᅗ-6 ࡣྛὶ㔞ほ Ⅼ࡛ᮇ㛫ࡢ 2 ࣨ᭶ᖹᆒὶ㔞(11-12 ᭶ࠊ1-2 ᭶ࠊ3-4 ᭶)ࡢ 10 ᖺẖࡢᖹᆒ್ࡢ⛣ࡾኚࢃࡾࢆ♧
ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡢὶᇦࡶᏘὶ㔞ࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊVilui ᕝὶᇦ࡛ࡣࢲ࣒ࡀᡂࡋࡓ 1967 ᖺ௨㝆ࠊ
ᮇ㛫ࡢὶ㔞ࡀᴟ➃ୖ᪼ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡿࠋ10 ᖺᖹᆒ࡛ぢࢀࡤࠊ1970 ᖺ௦ࢆ㝖࠸࡚ Vilui ᕝὶᇦࡢᮇ㛫ࡢ
ὶ㔞ࡣᏳᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ1940 ᖺ௦ࡽ 60 ᖺ௦ࢆࢲ࣒ᘓタ๓ࠊ1980 ᖺ௦ࡽ 90 ᖺ௦ࢆࢲ࣒ᘓタᚋࡢ㈨ᩱࡋ
࡚⏝࠸ࠊ1970 ᖺ௦ࡢࡶࡢࡣ㑄⛣ᮇࡋ࡚ᑐ㇟ࡽእࡍࡇࡋࡓࠋ
ᅗ-7 ࡣ 4 ࡘࡢὶ㔞ほ Ⅼ࠾ࡅࡿὶฟ㔞ࡢᏘ⠇㓄ศࢆࢲ࣒ᘓタ๓ᚋ࡛ẚ㍑ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢲ࣒ᘓタᚋࡣࠊ
Vilui ᕝὶᇦ࡛ࡣ 5-6 ᭶ࡢὥỈὶ㔞ࢆ㈓␃ࡋ࡚Ꮨ⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊᏘὶ㔞ࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊLena ᕝ
ୖὶᇦࠊAldan ᕝὶᇦ࡛ࡣࠊᏘࡢὶ㔞⼥㞷ᮇࡢὥỈ㔞ࡢ୧᪉ࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࠊLena ᕝὶᇦ࡛ࡣࠊ
ඛࡢὥỈ㔞ࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡿࠋࢲ࣒ᘓタ๓ᚋࡢྛᏘ⠇ࡢὶ㔞ኚ㔞ࢆᨭὶᇦู⾲♧ࡍࡿᅗ-8
ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࠋࢲ࣒ᘓタᚋࡢ 20 ᖺ㛫ࡢᖹᆒὶ㔞ぢࡽࢀࡿᏘὶ㔞ࡢቑຍࡣࠊྛᨭὶᇦࡽࡢὶ㔞ቑຍࠊVilui
ᅗ-8 ࢲ࣒ᘓタ๓ᚋࡢ Lena ὶᇦࡢὶ㔞ࡢኚື㔞ࡑࡢෆヂ
㻥㻢
96
ᅗ-9 ࢲ࣒ᘓタ๓ᚋࡢ Lena ὶᇦࡢὶ㔞ᵓᡂࡢኚ(ᕥ㸸1940-1969, ྑ㸸1980-1999)
ᕝὶᇦ࡛ேⅭⓗࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡉࢀࡓ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡿࠋLena ᕝὶᇦ࡛ぢࡽࢀࡿ㏆ᖺࡢᖺἙᕝὶ㔞ࡢ
ቑຍࡣࠊࡋ࡚ 5 ᭶ࡽ 6 ᭶ࡢ⼥㞷ᮇࡢ Lena ᕝୖὶᇦࠋAldan ὶᇦࡢὶ㔞ቑຍࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿࡇࡀࢃࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࠊLena ᕝὶᇦࡢὶ㔞ᵓᡂࡣࢲ࣒ᘓタ๓ᚋ࡛ᅗ-9 ࡢࡼ࠺ኚࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ≉Ꮨὶ㔞ࡢ Vilui ᕝὶᇦ
Lena ᕝୗὶᇦࡢὶ㔞ᵓᡂࡀࡁࡃኚࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡿࠋ
5 ࠾ࢃࡾ
ᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛ᚓࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿἙᕝὶ㔞㈨ᩱࢆ⏝࠸ࠊLena ᕝὶᇦࡢὶฟ≉ᛶࠊὶ㔞ࡢᖺࠎኚືࡸᏘ⠇
ኚື≉ᛶࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࠊLena ᕝୗὶᇦࢆ㝖ࡃୖὶࡢ 3 ὶᇦ࡚࡛㏆ᖺὶ㔞ࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࠊ
2 ࣨ᭶༢ࡢᏘ⠇ⓗ࡞ὶ㔞㓄ศ࡛ࡳࡿࠊLena ᕝୖὶᇦࠋAldan ᕝὶᇦࡢὶ㔞ቑຍࡣ⼥㞷ᮇ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࠊ
ࢲ࣒ᘓタ๓ᚋ࡛ὶᇦࡢὶ㔞ᑐࡍࡿྛᨭὶᇦࡽࡢὶฟࡢᐤ⋡ࡀ≉ᮇࡁࡃኚࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡞
ࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᮏ᮶࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊὶ㔞ࡤࡾ࡛࡞ࡃᨭὶᇦ༢࡛ࡢ㞵㔞ࡢศᕸࡸ㝣㠃ࣔࢹࣝࡼࡿὶฟࡢศᕸ
࡞ࡶ᳨ウࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᚋࡉࡽ᳨ドࢆ㐍ࡵࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ᚋ᳨ウࡍࡿ㛗ᮇ㛫ࡢὶฟ㔞ࡢィ⟬ࡣࠊὶฟỈⓎ⏕ࡽὶ㔞ࢆồࡵࡿࡁᆅⅬࡲ࡛ࡢ㛫ⓗ࡞㐜ࢀࢆ⌧࡛
ࡁࡿὶฟࣔࢹࣝࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ㝿ࡣࠊᮏሗ࿌᳨࡛ウࡋࡓὶ㔞ࡢᵓᡂẚ࡞ࡀ᭷⏝࡞ࡿ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
ඵ⏣ⱱᐇ࣭᪩ᕝ༤࣭ᮔᪿ⃝࣭ᒣᓮ๛࣭ᒣᮏ୍Ύ࣭ኴ⏣ᓅྐ, ศᕸᆺỈᩥࣔࢹࣝࡼࡿ Lena ᕝὶᇦࡢ㛗ᮇὶฟゎ
ᯒ Ỉᩥ࣭Ỉ㈨※Ꮫㄅ, 22, 177-187, 2009.
ඵ⏣ⱱᐇ, ศᕸᆺỈᩥࣔࢹࣝ࠾ࡅࡿὶฟࣔࢹࣝࡢᨵⰋࠊᆅ⌫◊ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ C-07, 2011 ᖺᗘ◊✲ᡂᯝሗ࿌᭩ࠊ
91-96, 2012.
ඵ⏣ⱱᐇ, ศᕸᆺỈᩥࣔࢹࣝ࠾ࡅࡿ⤖ị᪥࣭ゎị᪥ࡢ᥎ᐃࡑࡢ᳨ドࠊᆅ⌫◊ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ C-07, 2010 ᖺᗘ◊
✲ᡂᯝሗ࿌᭩ࠊ105-110, 2011.
Ye B, Yang D, Kane DL. 2003. Changes in Lena River streamflow hydrology: Human impacts versus natural variations,
Water Resources Research, 39(7): 1200. doi:10.1029/2003WR001991.
㻥㻣
97
ࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾ᆅ࠾ࡅࡿ᳜⏕ゎᯒ
ᒣᮏ୍Ύ
ྡྂᒇᏛ Ꮫ㝔⏕㎰Ꮫ◊✲⛉ ⏕≀ᅪ㈨※Ꮫᑓᨷ
1 ࡣࡌࡵ
ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊࢩ࣋ࣜᇦ࠾ࡅࡿࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾ࡼࡿ᳜⏕ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆẚ㍑᳨࣭ウࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊᐙ␆ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ࢟
ࣕࣥࣉᆅࢆᑐ㇟ࠊMODIS ⾨ᫍ⏬ീࡼࡿ✵㛫ゎᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ
2 ᑐ㇟ᆅᇦཬࡧ᪉ἲ
ྜྷ⏣ඛ⏕㸦G3㸧ᥦ౪ࡢ Sakha-Olenek㸦㸷
⟠ᡤ㸧ཬࡧ Sakha-SebyanKyuelj㸦㸲⟠ᡤ㸧
ෆࡢᐙ␆ࢺࢼ࣭࢝࢟ࣕࣥࣉᆅࡢ⨨ᗙ
ᶆ㸦௨ୗࠊ࢟ࣕࣥࣉᆅᗙᶆ㸧ࢆᑐ㇟ࡋ
ࡓࠋྛ࢟ࣕࣥࣉᆅᗙᶆࢆ୰ᚰࡍࡿ༙ᚄ
2.5km ཬࡧ 5km ࡢᙧ⠊ᅖࢆゎᯒ⠊ᅖ
ࡋࠊMODIS ⾨ᫍ⏬ീࡢゎᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸦⾲
㸯㸧
ࠋࡲࡎࠊྛゎᯒ⠊ᅖෆࡘ࠸࡚ࠊMODIS
NDVI 16-day Composite㸦⣙ 250m ゎീᗘ㸧
ࣉࣟࢲࢡࢺ(LP DAAC)ࢆ⏝ࡋࠊ2001 ᖺ
ᅗ㸯㸬ᑐ㇟ᆅࡢᴫせ
㹼2011 ᖺ࠾ࡅࡿྛᖺࡢ᭱ NDVI ࢆ⟬ฟࡋࠊྛゎᯒ⠊ᅖ࠾࠸࡚ࡑࡢᇦෆᖹᆒ್㸦௨ୗࠊᇦෆᖹᆒ᭱ NDVI㸧
ࢆྛᖺࡈ⟬ฟࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽࠊྛゎᯒ⠊ᅖ࠾ࡅࡿ᭱ NDVI ࡢᇦෆ㢖ᗘศᕸ㸦௨ୗࠊᇦෆ᭱ NDVI 㢖ᗘ
ศᕸ㸧ࡶྛᖺࡈ⟬ฟࡋࡓࠋᇦෆᖹᆒ᭱ NDVI ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᅇᖐศᯒࡼࡾᖺኚࢺࣞࣥࢻࡘ࠸࡚ᇦෆ࣭
ᇦ㛫࡛ẚ㍑ࡍࡿࡶࠊᇦෆ᭱ NDVI 㢖ᗘศᕸࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ10 ᖺ㛫ࡢኚࢆྠ୍ࢢࣛࣇୖ㔜ࡡ࡚ẚ㍑᳨
ウࡍࡿࡶࠊMODIS Land Surface Temperature & Emissivity 8-day Composite㸦⣙ 1km ゎീᗘ㸧ࣉࣟࢲࢡࢺ(LP
DAAC)ࡼࡿྠゎᯒᇦෆࡢᖹᆒᆅ⾲㠃 ᗘẚ㍑᳨࣭ウࡋࡓࠋ
⾲㸯㸬ㄪᰝࢧࢺࡢᴫせ
98
㻥㻤
3 ⤖ᯝ࠾ࡼࡧ⪃ᐹ
ᇦෆᖹᆒ᭱ NDVI ࡢᖺኚࢺࣞࣥࢻࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
୧ᑐ㇟ᆅᇦࡶ᭷ព࡞㛵ಀᛶࡣㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡋࡋࠊ
Sakha-Olenek ࡛ࡣࢇࡢᆅⅬ࡛ῶᑡഴྥࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࡀࠊࡇࢀᑐࡋ Sakha-SebyanKyuelj ࡛ࡣࢇࡢᆅⅬ
࡛ቑຍഴྥࡀぢࡽࢀࡓ㸦ᅗ㸰㸧
ࠋࡲࡓࠊSakha-Olenek ࡛ࡣࢇࡢᆅⅬ࡛ 2004 ᖺࡢᖺẚᇦෆᖹᆒ᭱
NDVI ࡢపୗࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࡀࠊSakha-SebyanKyuelj ࡛ࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞≉␗ⓗ࡞ᖺࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓ㸦ᅗ㸱ࠊᅗ㸲㸧
ࠋࡉ
ࡽࠊSakha-Olenek ࠾ࡅࡿྛᖺࡢᇦෆ᭱ NDVI 㢖ᗘศᕸࢆẚ㍑ࡋࡓࡇࢁࠊᇦෆᖹᆒ᭱ NDVI ࡢపୗࡀぢ
ࡽࢀࡓ 2004 ᖺ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡢᖺẚศᕸࡢ୰ᚰࡀ 0.1 ⛬ᗘࡢᖺẚపࡃࠊᇦෆ࡛ᗈ⠊ᅖ NDVI ࡢప
ୗࡀぢࡽࢀࡓ㸦ᅗ㸱ࠊᅗ㸲㸧
ࠋࡇࡢ Sakha-Olenek ࠾ࡅࡿ 2004 ᖺࡢ≉␗ⓗ࡞⌧㇟ࡢཎᅉࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᚋࡢ
⾨ᫍ⏬ീࡸẼ㇟ࢹ࣮ࢱࠊࡲࡓࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢሗࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚᫂ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ
ᅇ
ᖐ
┤
⥺
ࡢ
ഴ
ࡁ
ᅇ
ᖐ
┤
⥺
ࡢ
ഴ
ࡁ
ᅗ㸰㸬ᖹᆒ᭱ 1'9, ࡢࢺࣞࣥࢻୖᅗ㸸NPࠊୗᅗ㸸NP
㻥㻥
99
ᅗ㸱㸬ゎᯒᇦෆ࠾ࡅࡿᖺ㛫᭱ 1'9, 㢖ᗘศᕸࡢᖺᗘ㛫ẚ㍑㸦㸳NP㸧
ᅗ㸲㸬ゎᯒᇦෆ࠾ࡅࡿᖺ㛫᭱ 1'9, 㢖ᗘศᕸࡢᖺᗘ㛫ẚ㍑㸦NP㸧
㻝㻜㻜
100
㹅㸱
࠙ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ㸱㸸ே㢮⏕ែࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࠚ
G3a㸦ị⤖Ỉ⎔ቃࢳ㸫࣒㸧άືせ⣙
㧗 ᾈᶞ
ᮾᏛᮾࢪ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮
ị⤖Ỉ⎔ቃ♫ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ᑐࡍࡿ ᬮࡢᙳ㡪ࢆホ౯ࡍࡿࡇࡀ*Dࡢㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᖺᗘࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡢㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡗࡓ*࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ▱ぢ*࠾ࡼࡧ*ࡢ⥲ྜࡀᮏ᱁ࡋࡓࠋ
ࡃ㸺ࢫࢪ࣒ࣕὥỈࡢᆅᇦ♫ࡢᙳ㡪ホ౯ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᩥ⌮⼥ྜࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ㸼ࡣࠊ
ே㢮Ꮫ࣭ỈᩥᏛ࣭࣮ࣜࣔࢺࢭࣥࢩࣥࢢ࡞ࡢᏛ㝿ⓗᡭἲ࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ▱ぢࢆ⥲ྜࡍࡿヨࡳࢆ
⾜ࡗࡓࠋ㧗ࡀ㞟ᩚ⌮ࡋࡓ⌧ᆅ᪂⪺グ㸦ᖺ㸧ࢆࡶࡕ࠸ࡓὥỈグࡽᚓࡽࢀ
ࡿὶịࡢ⨨ሗࢆᇶ┙ࡋ࡚ࡇࢀࢆ*,6࡛ゎᯒࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊὶịࡢ㏿ᗘࡘ࠸࡚ᖺ㛫ࡢᖹ
ᆒ࡛㏿NP⟬ฟࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ*ࡢ㓇ࡀࣛࣥࢻࢧࢵࢺ⏬ീศᯒ࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓὶịࡢ㏿
ᗘNPࡰྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࡑࡢグ࡛ᣦࡉࢀࡿቑỈ࣭ὥỈ⿕ᐖሗྜᡂ㛤㧗࣮ࣞ
ࢲ࣮ࡼࡿศᯒࢆ㔜ࡡྜࢃࡏࡿࡇ࡛Ỉᇦࡢ㔞ⓗኚࡶุ᫂ࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⥲ྜ
࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࡣࠊỈᩥᏛࡼࡿࢫࢪ࣒ࣕὥỈࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⯡ⓗ▱㆑ࡀᇶ┙࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࣜ
࣮ࢲ࣮ࡢᷓᒣࡢ༠ാసᴗࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓࠋᖺᗘࡢㄪᰝࡼࡗ࡚ே㢮Ꮫⓗ⌧ᆅㄪᰝ࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ
ᜨࡳ࣭⅏ᐖ᪉ࡢഃ㠃ࢆࡶࡘࢫࢪ࣒ࣕὥỈࡀᆅᇦ♫ࡢᙳ㡪ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ㔞ⓗ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱ
ࡶྵࡵࡓᢕᥱࡀ㐍ࡳࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢᡂᯝࡣࠊᖺ᭶⾜ࢃࢀࡓ➨୕ᅇᅜ㝿ᴟࢩ࣏ࣥࢪ࢘
࣒㸦,6$5㸧࡛Ⓨ⾲ࡉࢀࡓࠋᚋࡢㄢ㢟ࡣࠊ ᬮࡀࡢࡼ࠺ὥỈᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡿࡘ࠸
࡚ࡢㄪᰝࡀṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ዟᮧㄔࡣࠊ㏻㏵⤯ᆅᇦࡢᏙ❧ࡽぢࡓ㸪㐨㊰ࡢᶵ⬟ࡢホ౯ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢศᯒࢆࠊ*F
ࡢ⸨ཎࡢ༠ຊࢆᚓ࡞ࡀࡽ㐍ࡵࠊⴭసࡋ࡚⬺✏ࡋࡓࠋ⌧ᅾࡣࠊࡑࢀࢆฟ∧ࡍࡿ‽ഛࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀ௨እࡣࠊ⅏ᐖ㝿ࡋ࡚ࡢ♫ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ⬤ᙅᛶᅇ᭦᪂ᛶࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⌮ㄽⓗ
◊✲ࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣎ࣖࢥࣦ࣭ࢧࣝࢲ࣮ࢼࡣࣖࢡ࣮ࢳࣖ࠾ࡅࡿ㏻ࣥࣇࣛྐࠊୡ⣖
ࡽୡ⣖ึ㢌ࡲ࡛ࡢࣖࢡ࣮ࢳࣖ㏻ྐࡃἙᕝ㏻㐨㊰ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᩥ⊩◊✲ࢆ㐍ࡵ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋᚋࡣࠊዟᮧ࣎ࣖࢥࣦࡢ◊✲ࡢ⥲ྜࡀㄢ㢟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
103
㻝㻜㻟
᪂⪺ࣖࢡ࣮ࢳ⣬㸦2005 ᖺࠥ2009 ᖺ㸧ࡽࡳࡓᮇࣞࢼᕝỈ⣔ὥỈሗ
㧗 ᾈᶞ
ᮾᏛ ᮾࢪ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮
The Spring Flood information of Lena River System seen through the newspaper "Iakutiia" (2005-2009)
Hiroki Takakura (Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University)
The purpose of this paper is to present and clarify the information related to the spring flooding of Lena
River System seen through the local newspaper “Iakutiia” from 2005-2009. The author describe the
characteristics of the information available from the newspaper, outlines each year spring flood, and
documents the information of ice drift movement and the overflowing and flooding disaster.
1 ࡣࡌࡵ
ᮏ✏ࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊࣞࢼᕝỈ⣔࠾ࡅࡿᮇὥỈࡢᆅᇦ♫ᙳ㡪ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ㈨ᩱ
ࡋ࡚ࠊ⌧ᆅ࡛ห⾜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ᪥ห⣬ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊࡑࡇ࡛ᥖ㍕ࡉࢀࡓὥỈ㛵㐃ࡢሗࢆᥦ♧࣭㈨ᩱ
ࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡢὥỈࡘࡲࡾᐮ෭ᆅࡢἙᕝ࠾࠸࡚⤖ࡋࡓỈࡀ⼥ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿὥỈࡣࠊᙜヱᆅᇦ
♫࠾࠸࡚῝้࡞ᦆᐖࢆ࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋị㛵㐃ࡍࡿὥỈࡋ࡚ࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊ
ࢫࢪ࣒ࣕὥỈ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣୖὶ㒊࡛ࡅࡓỈࡀࠊୗὶ㒊࡛ࡲࡔ⼥ࡅ࡚࠸ࡓịሖࡁṆࡵࡽ
ࢀࡿࡇ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ㏻ᖖࡢὥỈ(open water flood)ࡼࡾ┦ᑐⓗࡣᦆᐖつᶍࡀ
ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿࡇࡀ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Prowse 2007㸧ࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ1986 ᖺࡢ 5 ᭶ 23 ᪥ࡢࢺࣟࣥࢺ࣭ࢫࢱ
࣮グࡼࢀࡤࠊ࡛᭱ 2 ࣓࣮ࢺࣝࡶཬࡪịࡢὥỈࡀ࢘ࢽࢫࢡ㸦Winisk㸧⏫ࢆく࠸ࢃࡎ 15
ศࡢ㛫 60 ࠶ࡗࡓᘓ≀ࡢ࠺ࡕࡢ 53 ࢆ◚ቯࡋࠊ125 ேࡢ࠺ࡕࡢ 2 ேࡀṚஸࡋࡓ㹿ኟࡢὥỈࡀᒁᡤⓗ
࡞⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿࡢᑐࡋࠊࢫࢪ࣒ࣕὥỈࡣᩘ࢟ࣟࢃࡓࡿࡼ࠺࡞ὶᇦయ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋࠊࡲࡓỈ ࡢపࡉᕧ࡞ịሢࡀὶࢀࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛༴㝤ᗘࡀ㧗ࡃࠊࡉࡽண ࡋࡃ࠸ࡶࡢࡋ࡚▱ࡽࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋ
㸦Beltaos 1995: 17-18㸧ࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ὥỈࡢ༴㝤ࡣࠊᮏ✏ࡀ↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚ࡿࣞࢼᕝ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶྠᵝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐇ㝿 2001
ᖺࡣࣞࢼᕝୖὶࡢࣞࣥࢫࢡᕷ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㐣ཤᩘⓒᖺ㛫࡛᭱ࡶࡁ࡞⿕ᐖࢆฟࡋࡓ࠸ࢃࢀࡿ
ࢫࢪ࣒ࣕὥỈࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓ㸦Sukhoborov 2006㸧
ࠋࡑࢀ௨㝆ࡶὥỈࡼࡿ⿕ᐖࡢⓎ⏕㢖ᗘࡣࡘ
࡚ẚ࡚㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢᑐ⟇ࡢ☜❧ࡣᛴົ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡀసᡂࡋࡓ
ࠕ2010í15 ᖺ࠾ࡅࡿࣟࢩࡢẼೃኚືࡑࡢ⤒῭ⓗᙳ㡪ᑐࡍࡿᡓ␎ⓗண ࠖ
㸦2005㸧࡞ࡼ
ࢀࡤࠊ᭱ࡶᠱᛕࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊὥỈ࡞Ỉᩥ࣭Ẽ㇟Ꮫⓗ㇟࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Rakkolainen and Tennberg
2012:41㸧ࠋࣞࢼᕝࡣࣟࢩ࠾࠸࡚ 10 ᖺ㛫࡛᭱ࡶ῝้࡞ὥỈࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᕝ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢὶᇦ
ࡢ⾜ᨻ༊࡛࠶ࡿࣟࢩ㐃㑥ࢧࣁඹᅜࡣᮏ᱁ⓗ࡞ᑐ⟇ࡀࡣࡌࡲࡗࡓ㸦PRS2010㸧
ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⫼ᬒ
ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊࢧࣁඹᅜ࡛ࡣࡢὥỈᑐࡍࡿ♫ⓗ㛵ᚰࡀ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᙜ↛ࡢࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࡑࢀࢆ
ᫎࡋ࡚⌧ᆅࡢ᪂⪺࡛ࡶヲ⣽࡞ሗ㐨ࡀࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
104
ࡇࡇ࡛⚾ࡀ⾜࠺ࡢࡣࠊ᪂⪺ࡢグࡀࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᵓᡂ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡇࡢグࡽఱࡀ
ࢃࡿࡢࡘ࠸࡚ࡢሗࡢᩚ⌮ࡋࠊࡑࡢୖ࡛ᖺࡈࡢ㞷ị⼥ࡅὥỈࡢᴫἣࢆグ㏙ࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣࠊࡑࡢᴫἣࢆグ㏙ࡍࡿୖ࡛ཧ↷ࡋࡓ᪂⪺グࢆせ⣙ࡋࠊ㈨ᩱࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶
ࡗࡓࠋලయⓗࡣゎịὶịࡢ㐍ᤖሗࠊỏ℃Ỉᐖࡢሗࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ㛫⨨ሗࢆ᫂♧ࡍ
ࡿᙧ࡛ᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢసᴗࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊὥỈࡢ㐍ᤖ㸻ὶịࡢᒎ㛤ࠊὥỈ⅏ᐖࡢ㛵
ಀࡘ࠸࡚ศᯒࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢグ㏙ⓗ㈨ᩱࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
2 ࣖࢡ࣮ࢳ⣬ࡘ࠸࡚
ࣖࢡ࣮ࢳㄅࡣࠊࣟࢩ㐃㑥ࢧࣁඹᅜࡢ᪥ห⣬㸦ࣟࢩㄒ㸧࡛ࠊඹᅜ㤳㒔ࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ࡛Ⓨ
หࡉࢀࡿᆅ᪉⣬࡛࠶ࡿࠋ1917 ᖺ 3 ᭶ࡽ⥆ࡃࢧࣁඹᅜࡢ௦⾲ⓗ࡞᪂⪺࡛࠶ࡿࠋᰴᘧ♫ࣖࢡ࣮
ࢳ⣬㸦OAO <Ɋɟɞɚɤɰɢɹ ɝɚɡɟɬɵ "əɤɭɬɢɹ">㸧ࡀห⾜ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㢟ࠕඹᅜࡢᨻ♫⣬ࠖ
࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊࡋ࡚ᨻ࣭⤒῭♫ಀࢃࡿグࡀᥖ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋඹᅜᨻᗓࡢἲᚊ࡞
ࡶᥖ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᨻᗓࡼࡾࡢ᪂⪺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㈍ࡣࢧࣁඹᅜᇦ࡛࠶ࡾࠊඹᅜෆ࡛ᖜᗈࡃㄞ
ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ᪂⪺࡛ࡣࠊ࠾࠾ࡴࡡ 4 ᭶ୗ᪪ࡽ㸴᭶ึ᪪ࡅ࡚ࠕỏ℃㸦ɩɚɜɨɞɨɤ㸧—200×ᖺࠖ࠸࠺
≉㞟グࢆタࡅ࡚ࠊ㞷ị⼥ࡅỏ℃࠾ࡼࡧὥỈ㛵ࢃࡿ≉㞟ࢆ⤌ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋᑡ࡞ࡃࡶ 2004 ᖺ㡭
ࡽࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≉㞟ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡀጞࡲࡗࡓࠋ2003 ᖺ௨๓ࡣ㏻ᖖࡢグࡋ࡚Ἑᕝࡢゎị࣭ὶ
ị࣭ỏ℃࣭ὥỈ⿕ᐖሗࡀグࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ2004 ᖺ࡞ࡿࠊぢฟࡋࡋ࡚ࠕỏ℃㸦ɩɚɜɨɞɨɤ㸧ࠖࠊ
ࠕࡢቑỈ㸦ɜɟɫɟɧɧɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɞɶɟ㸧ࠖ
ࠊ
ࠕቑỈ㸦ɩɨɥɨɜɨɞɶɟ㸧ࠖ➼ࡀΰࡌࡿ࡞⤫୍ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓ
ࡀࠊ2005 ᖺ௨㝆ࡣࠕỏ℃㸦ɩɚɜɨɞɨɤ㸧—200㸨ᖺࠖ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊ2005 ᖺࡽ 2009 ᖺࡢྠ⣬ࢆ㞟ࡋࠊࡑࡇࡽ▱ࡾ࠺ࡿࡇࡢ࡛ࡁࡿࡢỏ℃࣭
ὥỈሗࢆྲྀࡾฟࡍࡇࢆ⪃࠼ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋయ⣔ⓗグࢆ㞟ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ2005ࠥ2009 ᖺ࠾
࠸࡚ࠊ4 ᭶ 15 ᪥ࡽ 6 ᭶ 15 ᪥ࡅ࡚ࡢࣨ᭶㛫㝈ᐃࡋࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࠕỏ℃㸦ɩɚɜɨɞɨɤ㸧—200㸨
ᖺࠖ㢟ࡉࢀࡓグࢆ㞟ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࡣ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾲ࡣࠊグᩘࣨ᭶㛫࠾ࡅ
ࡿ᪂⪺ห⾜ᩘࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
⾲㸯 ᪂⪺ࣖࢡ࣮ࢳ⣬࠾ࡅࡿࠕỏ℃ࠖ≉㞟グ
ヱᙜグᩘ
ࣨ᭶㛫ࡢⓎ⾜ᩘ
2005
10
39
2006
10
40
2007
28
42
2008
17
34
2009
12
33
ᚋ㏙ࡍࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢ 5 ᖺ㛫࠾࠸࡚ࠊ2007 ᖺ 2008 ᖺࡣὥỈࡢ⿕ᐖࡀ┦ᑐⓗࡁࡗࡓᖺ
࡛࠶ࡾࠊᙜ↛ࡢࡇ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡑࡢศグࡢᩘࡣከࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋࠊ2005 ᖺࠊ2006 ᖺࠊ
2009 ᖺࡘ࠸࡚ࡶὥỈ⿕ᐖࡣ㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢつᶍࡣᑠࡉࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢሙྜࠊ10 ࡽ 12 ௳
⛬ᗘ࡛ὶịࡢ᥎⛣ࡀ୰ᚰሗ㐨ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࣨ᭶ࡘࡲࡾ⣙ 60 ᪥㛫࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ㛫ࡢ᪂⪺Ⓨ⾜ᩘࡣ 33ࠥ42 ᪥㛫࠸࠺≧ἣ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ
᪥ห⣬ゝ࠸࡞ࡀࡽࠊᐇ㉁ⓗࡣ᪥୍ᗘ⛬ᗘࡋห⾜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇࢆពࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑ
ࡢព࡛ࡣࠊẖ᪥㏲ḟⓗሗࡀᥖ㍕ࡉࢀࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇࡶ␃ពࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
105
ࡣ࠸࠼ࠊ࠾࠾ࡴࡡࡇࡢグࢆㄞࢇ࡛࠸ࡃࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࣞࢼᕝỈ⣔࠾ࡅࡿὥỈࡀࡢࡼ
࠺࡞ᙧ࡛ጞࡲࡾࠊࡑࢀᑐࡍࡿᑐ⟇ࡀ࠺ᐇࡉࢀࡿࡢࡀࢃࡿࠋࡲࡓὶịࡢືࡁࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ
ࣟࢩ㐃㑥㠀ᖖែ┬ࡸࢧࣁඹᅜỈ⟶⌮ᒁࡽⓎ⾲ࡉࢀࡿࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢሗࠊὥỈ⿕ᐖࡀ࡛ࡓ
ሙྜࡣࡑࡢ≧ἣࡘ࠸࡚ࡶグ㏙ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊ㞷ị⼥ࡅὥỈࡢ᪂╔≧ἣࡑࢀࡀࡶࡓ
ࡽࡍ♫ⓗᙳ㡪ࡘ࠸࡚⥅ⓗ㐣⛬ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ᪂⪺࠸࠺࣐ࢫ࣓ࢹ࠸࠺፹
యࡢᛶ㉁ࢆ⪃៖࠸ࢀࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢ㉎ㄞ⪅ᒙ㸻ࢧࣁඹᅜࡢఫẸࡃࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕷࢆ୰ᚰࡍࡿ
୰ኸࣖࢡ࣮ࢳᆅᇦࡢఫẸࡀࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡓࡕ࡛ࠊὥỈࢆ⌮ゎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ᥋㏆ࡍࡿࡇࡀ
ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢᆅᇦṔྐⓗᬽࡽࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࢧࣁேࡣࠊࣞࢼᕝࡀ⤖⼥ゎࠊゎịࡼࡿὥỈ࠸࠺ࡇ
ࢆ㌟㏆࡞⮬↛⎔ቃࡋ࡚⇍▱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓἙᕝࡢࢲࢼ࣑ࢬ࣒ࡣࠊ㣧⏝ị᥇ྲྀࡸịୖ⁺ປ
࡞ࡢ⏕ᴗṔࡢ࡞࡛ࣂࣛࣥࢫࡼࡃᇙࡵ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦㧗 2012㸧ࠋࡲࡓἙᕝịࡸὥỈࡘ࠸
࡚ࡣ㠀ᖖヲ⣽࡞ᅾ᮶▱ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࡶࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦㧗ࠊ༳ๅ୰㸧
ࠋࡑࡢࡇࡣ⌧ᅾ࠾࠸࡚
ࡶ⥅⥆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᆅᇦఫẸࡣࠊ⮬ࡽࡢほⓗయ㦂࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ὥỈࢆ▱ぬࡋࠊࡑࡢయ㦂ࢆ⤒㦂▱
ࡋ࡚✚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡣ࠸࠼ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⤒㦂ⓗ▱㆑࡛ࠊゎịࡸὥỈࡢ฿᮶ࢆṇ☜ண
ࡍࡿࡇࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋఫẸࡶὥỈࡀᙜヱᖺఱ᮶ࡿࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᪂⪺ࡸࢸࣞࣅ࡞
ࡢሗ㐨ࢆぢ࡞ࡀࡽุ᩿ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉ゎịὶịࡢືࡁࡣࠊࡣࡿ༡ࡢࣂ࢝ࣝ†㏆ࡽⓎ⏕
ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢព࡛ࡣᆅᇦఫẸࡢ᪥ᖖឤぬࡽࡣᚓࡿࡇࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸ࣞࢼᕝࡢゎịὶị⌧
㇟ࡢయീࡢุ᩿ᮦᩱࢆࠊ᪂⪺グࡣᥦ౪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࡞࠾ࠊᮏ✏࡛⏝࠸ࡿࠕὥỈ floodࠖ࠸࠺ㄒࡣࠊỈᩥᏛᇶ࡙ࡁࡼࡾໟᣓⓗ࡞⏝ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋỈ
ᩥᏛ࠾ࡅࡿࠕὥỈࠖࡢᐃ⩏࡛ࡣࠊ㝆㞵࣭⼥㞷࡞ࡼࡾἙᕝࡢỈࡸὶ㔞ࡀ␗ᖖቑࡍࡿࡇ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋἙᕝỈ㊰ࡽቑỈࡋࡓỈࡀ⁄ࢀࡿỏ℃ࡣࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊὥỈ㸻ỏ℃ࡣ㝈
ࡽ࡞࠸㸦ᖹซ♫ⓒ⛉࣭ὥỈ㸧
ࠋࡉࡽ࠸࠼ࡤỏ℃ࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶỈᐖ࡞ࡿ࠺ࡣࡲࡓู
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
୍᪉ࠊ᪂⪺グࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿࣟࢩㄒࡽࡣࡼࡾ⣽ศࡉࢀࡓ⏝ㄒࡀᩓぢࡉࢀࡿࠋ⾲ࡣ᪂⪺
㢖ฟࡍࡿὶị࣭ὥỈ࣭ᾐỈ⏝ㄒࡢࣟࢩㄒ࣭᪥ᮏㄒ࣭ⱥㄒࡢᑐᛂ⾲࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆࡳࢀࡤࢃࡿ
ࡼ࠺ὥỈ㛵ࢃࡿ⏝ㄒࡣ 4 ࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ୍␒ୖࡢࣛࢬ࣎ࢹ࢚ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɶɟ ࡣ⤖ࡋࡓἙᕝࡢ୍㒊
ࡀ⼥ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊἙᕝ⼥ゎ⌧㇟ࡋ࡚ࡣ᭱ึ⌧ࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘ࠸࡛࣏ࣟ࣎ࢹ࢚
ɩɨɥɨɜɨɞɶɟ ࡣ㞷ịࡀ⼥ゎࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚ቑỈࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊỈ㊰ࢆ㉺࠼࡚ỏ℃
ࡍࡿࣃ࣎ࢻࢡ ɩɚɜɨɞɨɤ ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡉࡽࡇࢀࡀ⿕ᐖࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡞ࡿὥỈ⿕ᐖ࡛࠶ࡿ
ࢼ࣎ࢻࢿࢽ࢚ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɟɧɢɟ ࡞ࡿࠋ᪂⪺ࡢ≉㞟グࡀࣃ࣎ࢻࢡ㸻ỏ℃㢟ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊὥỈ
⿕ᐖ࡞ࡿ࠺ࡣูࡋ࡚ἙᕝỈ㊰ࡽỏ℃ࡋࡓ≧ែ↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋࡑࡢព࡛ࡣᮏ✏࡛࠸࠺ࡇࢁࡢὥỈ flood ᭱ࡶ㏆࠸ࡢࡣࡇࡢࣃ࣎ࢻࢡゝ࠺ࡇࡶ࡛ࡁ
ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
⾲㸰 ᪂⪺グ࡛㢖ฟࡍࡿὥỈὶị㛵㐃ࣟࢩㄒᑐᛂࡍࡿ᪥ⱥㄒ
⠊
ࣟࢩㄒ
᪥ᮏㄒ
ⱥㄒ
ὶị
ɥɟɞɨɯɨɞ
ὶị
drifting of ice
ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɟ
ゎị
opening (of rivers after break-up of ice)
ɡɚɬɨɪ
ὶịࡢሁ✚
ice jam
ɡɚɤɪɚɢɧɚ
⤖ࡋࡓᕝࡢịᓊࡢ㛫ࡢὶࢀ
-
ɩɨɞɜɢɠɤɚ
⼥ࡅࡓịࡢ⛣ືࠊὶື
motion, movement (of ice)
ɪɚɡɜɨɞɶɟ
ịᯈࡢ୰ࡢỈ㠃ࠊࡢὥỈ࣭ὥỈ
patch of ice-free water
ὥỈ
106
ᾐỈ
ɩɨɥɨɜɨɞɶɟ
ࡢἙᕝࡢỏ℃ࠊቑỈ
flood, high water (at time of spring thaw)
ɩɚɜɨɞɨɤ
ฟỈࠊቑỈࠊỏ℃
flood, esp resulting from melting of snow
ɧɚɜɨɞɧɟɧɢɟ
ὥỈ⿕ᐖࠊỈᐖ
flood
ɡɚɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ
Ỉᾐࡋࠊᧁỿ
flood
ɩɨɞɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ
ᾐỈࠊෙỈ
underflooding
3 ὥỈグࡢᵓᡂ
㸳ᖺ㛫ࡢグࢆㄞࡴ㝈ࡾࠊࡇࡢὥỈ≉㞟グࡣࠊ
㸦㸯㸧ࢧࣁඹᅜ࠾ࡅࡿὥỈᑐ⟇ᴗࠊ
㸦㸰㸧
ࣝࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕞ࠶ࡿࣞࢼᕝୖὶ࡛ࡢὶịࡢ㛤ጞࠊࡑࡢᚋࡢືࡁ㸦ὶịࡢୗὶࡢඛ➃ ɧɢɠɧɟɟ
ɤɪɨɦɤɚ ɥɟɞɨɯɨɞɚ ࡣ⌧ᅾࠊƔƔᆅⅬ࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ゝཬࡉࢀࡿ㸧ࠋ
㸦㸱㸧ịࡀࡅࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚㉳ࡁࡿ
Ἑᕝ⾲㠃ࡢ≧ែࡘ࠸࡚ࡢሗ࿌ࠊ
㸦㸲㸧ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢሙᡤ࡛ࡢỈሗࠊ
㸦㸳㸧ỏ℃ࡼࡿỈᐖ
ሗ࿌ࠊ㸦㸴㸧ఫẸࡢ㑊㞴⿕⅏ሗࠊ࡞ࡢෆᐜࡼࡗ࡚ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋ
࠾࠾ࡼࡑࣨ᭶ᙅࡇࡢ≉㞟グࡀ⥅⥆ⓗᥖ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࡀࠊẖᖺࡢ᭱ึࡢグࡣࣞࢼᕝࡢୖ
ὶ࡛ࡢὶịࡀ࠸ࡘືࡁฟࡍ࠸࠺ࡇࡼࡗ࡚㛤ጞࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ඹᅜෆ࡛ࡢண㜵యไࡘ
࠸࡚ሗ࿌ࡉࢀࡿࠊඹᅜ㤳㒔࡛࠶ࡿࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕷ࠸ࡘὶịࡀ฿㐩ࡍࡿ࠺ࠊὥỈ⿕ᐖ
ࡢⓎ⏕≧ἣ࠸࠺ࡓࡕ࡛᥎⛣ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋࡇࡢ 5 ᖺ㛫ࡽ࠸࠼ࡿࡇࡣࠊ㸳᭶㸰㸮᪥๓ᚋࡣࣖ
ࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕷࢆ㏻㐣ࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢᚋࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡࡽ┤⥺㊥㞳࡛㸯㸳㸮࢟ࣟ
࠶ࡿࣞࢼᕝࣝࢲࣥᕝࡢྜὶᆅⅬࢆὶịࡀࡍࡂࡿࡄࡽ࠸ࡲ࡛ࡀࡇࡢ᪂⪺࡛ᖖሗ㐨ࡉࢀࡿ⠊
ᅖ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㏻ᖖࡢሙྜࠊࡇࡢᆅⅬࢆࡍࡂࡿࠕὶịࡣཤࡗࡓࠖ࠸࠺ࡓࡕ࡛ࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢ
㛵ࢃࡿグࡣ⤊ࢃࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋỏ℃ࡀỈᐖ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊୖグࡢෆᐜࡣ㸦㸯㸧
ࡽ㸦㸱㸧ࡢሗ࿌࡛ࡰ࠾ࢃࡿ࠸࠺ᙧ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓグࡢෆᐜᵓ㐀ࡽ࠸࠼ࡿࡇࡣࠊ≉㞟グᥖ㍕ࡢ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞┠ⓗࡣࠊ㤳㒔ࣖࢡ࣮
ࢶࢡᕷࡢὥỈ⿕ᐖண ࠶ࡿุ᩿࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࢧࣁඹᅜࡢ࡞࡛ேཱྀ 30 ேඹᅜࡢ
࠾࠾ࡼࡑ୕ศࡢ୍ࡀᬽࡽࡍ㒔ᕷఫẸඹᅜ㤳㒔ࡋ࡚ࡢᨻ⤒῭ᶵ⬟ࢆ⪃࠼ࢀࡤᙜ↛ࡢࡇ
࠸࠼ࡿࠋࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕷࡀ⨨ࡍࡿࣞࢼᕝ୰ὶᇦࡉࡽ㏆ᖺᕧ࡞ὥỈࡀ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
ୖὶࡢఫẸࡗ࡚ࡣࠊゎị≧ἣὶịࡢ㐍ᤖ≧ἣࡑࡋ࡚ࠊὥỈࡢ᭷↓ࡀᖖሗ㐨ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ
ࡣࠊࡢὥỈࡢࡼ࠺ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡑࢀࡒࢀಶูࡢุ᩿ࡍࡿୖ࡛ࠊ㔜せ࡞ሗ※࡞ࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋ
ྠࠊࡇࡢグ࡛ࡣὶịࡢඛ➃ࡢ⨨ሗࡀᥖ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊẖᖺⓎ⏕ࡍࡿὥỈࡢ
㐍ᤖ≧ἣࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ㈨ᩱ࠸࠺ពྜ࠸ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ᪂⪺ࡢࢸ࢟ࢫࢺሗࢆᆅ⌮ሗࢩࢫࢸ࣒
࡛ゎᯒࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ࠼ࡤࠊὶịࡢࡍࡍࡴ㏿ᗘࠊịࡢཌࡉࠊὶịࡢሁ✚⌧㇟࡞ࠊ㞷ࡅὥỈ
⤡ࢇ࡛⤖ࡋࡓἙᕝୖ࡛ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌧㇟ࡀ࠾ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࠊලయⓗ࡞ሗࢆᚓࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓὥỈ⿕ᐖࡀ࠸ࡘ࣭ࢀࡢつᶍ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓࡢࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᢕᥱ࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵࠊὶịࡢ㐍ᒎ
ὥỈ⿕ᐖⓎ⏕ࡢ┦㛵ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ୍ᐃࡢぢ㏻ࡋࢆᚓࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ⅼ࡛᪂⪺グሗ
ࡣὥỈ◊✲࠾࠸࡚౯್ࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࡞࠾ࠊグࡢሗⓎಙ※ࡣࠊグ⪅⮬㌟ࡼࡿྲྀᮦࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࢇࡀᨻᗓࡼࡿබᘧⓎ⾲
ᇶ࡙ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋලయⓗࡣࣟࢩ㐃㑥㠀ᖖែ┬ࢧࣁඹᅜ⥲ᒁ㸦Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ Ɇɑɋ
ɊɎ (ə)㸧࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣỈ㈨※㐃㑥ฟᙇᡤࣞࢼᕝὶᇦỈ⟶⌮ᒁ㸦Ʌɟɧɫɤɨɟ Ȼɚɫɫɟɣɧɨɜɨɟ ȼɨɞɧɨɟ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ Ⱥɝɟɧɫɬɜɚ ȼɨɞɧɵɯ Ɋɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ㸧ࡽࡢሗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
107
4 ᖺࡈࡢὥỈࡢ≉ᚩ
4.1 ⯡
᪂⪺グࡣᖺࡼࡗ࡚᭩ࡁ᪉ࡀᚤጁ␗࡞ࡿࡓࡵࠊ㸳ᖺ㛫ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚య⣔ⓗẚ㍑࡛ࡁࡿ㡯┠ࡣ
௨እᑡ࡞࠸ࠋࡓ࠼ࡤὥỈ᪂⪺グࡣࠊࣞࢼᕝୖὶ࡛ὶịࡀືࡁฟࡍࡇ࡛㐃㍕ࡀࡣࡌࡲࡿࡀࠊ
ࡢᆅⅬ࡛ὶịࡀࡣࡌࡲࡿࡣᖺࡼࡗ࡚ࡇ࡞ࡿὶịࡢጞࡲࡾ⤊ࢃࡾࡢࣔࢽࢱࣜࢬ࣒ࡢᆅ
ⅬࡣỴࡲࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ2005 ᖺࡽ 2009 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ᪂⪺グࢆศᯒࡋࠊẚ㍑࡛ࡁࡿሗࡣࠊࣖࢡ࣮
ࢶࢡᕷࡢὶịࡢ฿╔᪥ࠊὥỈࡀ࠾ࡁࡓ㞟ⴠᩘ㸦⿕ᐖ㒆ࡢᩘ㸧࠸ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾲ 3 ♧ࡉࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕷࡢ฿㐩᪥ࢆࡳࡿࡂࡾࠊὶịࡢ฿㐩ࡣ 5 ᭶ 14 ᪥ࡽ 21 ᪥ࡢ㛫࡛
᪩ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡾ㐜ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡾࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ୍ᐃࡢഴྥࢆㄆࡵࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊὥỈࡼࡗ࡚
ᾐỈ⿕ᐖࡀ࡛ࡓ㞟ⴠᩘࢆᥖ♧ࡋ࡚࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆぢࡿ 2007 ᖺࡀ 33 㞟ⴠࠊ2008 ᖺࡀ 14 㞟ⴠከ
࠸ࡇࡀࢃࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࡇࡢ㞟ⴠᩘࡣ᪂⪺グୖ࡛ὥỈ⿕ᐖࡀ࡛ࡓࡶࡢࡔࡅࢆィୖࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㞟ⴠ
ࡢ㏆ࡃ࡛ỏ℃ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓ࠸ࡗࡓሙྜࡣ⟬ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸1ࠋಶูࡢグࡢ୰࡛ࡣࠊ㞟ⴠࡢ࡞ࡢ⿕
ᐖᡞᩘࡀ㏙ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࡞࠸ሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊᡞᩘࢆᇶ‽ẚ㍑ࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ
࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࡢὥỈࡣ➨Ἴࡤࢀࡿᅇ┠ࡢὥỈࡀ㉳ࡇࡾࠊࡑࢀࡼࡗ࡚࠶ࡽࡓᾐỈ
⿕ᐖࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢ⾲ࡢ࡞࡛ࡣ୍ᖺࡢ࡞࡛ὥỈࡼࡿᾐỈ⿕ᐖࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ
࠺ࢆᇶ‽ࡋ࡚ᩘ࠼࡚࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ」ᩘࡢᾐỈ⿕ᐖࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㞟ⴠᩘࡣィୖࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ
ࢆ㏙࡚࠾ࡃࠋ
⾲㸱 2005ࠥ2009 ᖺ࠾ࡅࡿࣞࢼᕝὥỈࡢẚ㍑
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
ฟ
5/18
5/21
5/14
5/19
5/15
᪂⪺グ
⿕ᐖ㞟ⴠᩘ
0
3
33
14
3
ྠୖ
⿕ᐖ㒆
0
2
9
8
2
ྠୖ
⤒῭ⓗᦆኻ㸦ⓒ
࣮ࣝࣈࣝ㸧
97.4
7.7
1088.5
939.1
n.a.
PRS2010
㑊㞴⪅
n.a.
274800
313200
595300
n.a.
DFOGALFE2
ࣖࢡ ࣮ࢶࢡᕷ
ࡢὶị฿╔᪥
࡞࠾ࠊ⤒῭ⓗᦆኻ㑊㞴⪅ᩘࡘ࠸࡚ࡣูࡢሗ㈨ᩱࡽࡢฟ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆࡳࡿὥỈ⿕
ᐖ㞟ⴠࡀከࡗࡓ 2007 ᖺ 2008 ᖺࡣ⤒῭ⓗᦆᐖࡸ㑊㞴⪅ࡢᩘࡶẚࡋ࡚ቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ
ࢃࡿࠋ2005 ᖺࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⤒῭ⓗᦆኻࡣ 100 ࣮ࣝࣈࣝᙅฟ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊ⿕ᐖ㞟ⴠᩘ
ࡸ⿕ᐖ㒆ࡣ᪂⪺グ࡛ࡣሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡘ࠸࡚ࠊグࡢ୰࡛ࡣᒁᡤⓗ࡞ὥỈࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡣゝཬࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊලయⓗ࡞グ㏙ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡲࡓᗄࡘࡢᮧ࡛ࡣᾐỈ㆙ሗࡀฟࡉࢀ㑊
㞴⾜ືࡶࡳࡽࢀࡓࡇࡶゝཬࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊᐇ㝿ࡢ⿕ᐖ࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ࡣグ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
௨ୗ࡛ࡣࠊ2005 ᖺࡽ 2009 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢὥỈሗࡘ࠸࡚ࡑࡢᴫἣࢆࡲࡵ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ
4.2 2005 ᖺࡘ࠸࡚
ࡇࡢᖺࡣࡁ࡞ỏ℃ࡶỈᐖࡶ㉳ࡁࡎࡍࢇࡔᖺ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡣ࠸࠼ࠊࡑࢀࡣ㞷ị⼥
ࡉࡽ࠸࠼ࡤࠊ
⾜ᨻ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡣࡼࡾヲ⣽࡞⿕ᐖሗࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⌧Ⅼ࡛ࡣධᡭ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡇࢀࡣ⡿ᅜࢲ࣮ࢺ࣐ࢫᏛࡢୡ⏺ὥỈࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࡀฟ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ'DUWPRXWK)ORRG2EVHUYDWRU\
*OREDO$UFKLYHRI/DUJH)ORRG(YHQWVKWWSZZZGDUWPRXWKHGXaIORRGVLQGH[KWPOࠋ
108
ࡅࡼࡿἙᕝࡢỈ㔞ࡀࡶࡶᑡ࡞ࡗࡓࡢࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣὥỈᑐ⟇ࡀຌࢆዌࡋࡓࡢࡣ࡛᫂࠶
ࡿࠋ4 ᭶ 16 ᪥ࡢグࡼࢀࡤࠊᖺࡢỈ㛵㐃ᴗィୖࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊ2440 ࣮ࣝࣈ࡛ࣝ࠶
ࡾࠊ4 ᭶ 6 ᪥ࡲ࡛ࡢⅬ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⤖ࡋࡓᕝࡀ⼥ゎࡍࡿࡢࢆಁࡍࡓࡵࠊἙᕝୖษࢀ┠ࢆධࢀ
ࡿࡀࡑࡢ㛗ࡉࡣ 46.16km㸦ィ⏬య࡛ࡣ 98.72km㸧ࠊࡲࡓྠࡌࡼ࠺⼥ゎࢆಁࡍࡓࡵࡢị⾲㠃ࡢ
Ⅳሬࡾࡣ 56000 ᖹ᪉ km㸦ィ⏬య࡛ࡣ 302300 ᖹ᪉ km㸧ࡀᐇࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ࣞࢼᕝୖὶࠊࣂ࢝ࣝ†ࡢすᓊࡽ࠾࠾ࡼࡑ 100 ࢟ࣟ࠶ࡿ࢝ࢳࣗࢢᮧ࡛ᕝ㠃ࡢịࡀ⼥ࡅ
࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡀὶị࡞ࡗ࡚ືࡁฟࡋࡓ࠸࠺ 4 ᭶ 26 ᪥ࡔࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋ 5 ᭶ 16 ᪥ࡲ࡛ࣞࣥࢫࢡ㒆
ࡢࣂࢱ࣐୰Ὢࡲ࡛ࡺࡗࡃࡾ㐍ࡳࠊࡑࡇࡽࡣᛴ㏿ὶịࡀືࡁฟࡋࠊ⩣ 17 ᪥ࡣࣖࢡ࣮ࢶ
ࢡᕷ฿㐩ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࡣࠊẚ㍑ⓗࡺࡗࡃࡾ࡞ࡾࠊ10 ᪥㛫ࡅ࡚ 900㹩㹫ࢆࡉࡽୗὶὶࢀ
࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ
᪂⪺グయࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊὶịࡢ㐍ᒎࡣ㡰ㄪ࡛ࠊグ࡛ࡣࡍ࡚ࡀࠕᇶ‽ෆࠖグࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
࢜ࣜࣙࢡ࣑ࣥࢫࢡ㒆ෆ➼࡛ᾐỈࡢ༴㝤ࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵఫẸࢆ㑊㞴ࡉࡏࡿᥐ⨨ࡀࡽࢀࡓࡀࠊᐇ㝿ࡣ
⿕ᐖࡀ࡛ࡓ࠸࠺ሗ㐨ࡣࡉࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀ௨እࡶࣞࢼᕝỈ⣔࡛ࡢ⿕ᐖ≧ἣࡣሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞
࠸ࠋ
4.3 2006 ᖺࡘ࠸࡚
ࡁ࡞ὥỈ⿕ᐖࡣ࡞ࡗࡓᖺ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ➨Ἴࡼࡗ࡚ୖὶ㒊࡛ᾐỈ⿕ᐖࡀ㉳ࡁࡓ
ᖺ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋὶịࡀືࡁฟࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊ5 ᭶ 10 ᪥ࣝࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕞࡢ࢘ࢫࢳ㸻ࢡࢱᮧ࡛ࠊࡑࡇࡽࡣ
ࡺࡗࡃࡾὶịࡀࡍࡍࡳࠊ┤⥺㊥㞳࡛⣙ 800 ࢟ࣟ㞳ࢀࡓ࢝ࣥ࢞ࣝ㒆ࡢࢹࣜࢤᮧ 5 ᭶ 18 ᪥
฿㐩ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋ┤⥺㊥㞳࡛ 600 ࢟ࣟ㞳ࢀࡓࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡࡲ࡛ 3 ᪥࡛㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋࡣᑡࡋࢫ
ࣆ࣮ࢻࢆ⦆ࡵࡿᙧ࡛ࠊ┤⥺㊥㞳࡛⣙ 500 ࢟ࣟ㞳ࢀࡓሙᡤࡲ࡛㸲᪥㛫࡛㐍ࡳࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢࡣ⤊ࢃࡗ
ࡓࠋ
ịࡢ≧ែ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ5 ᭶ 12 ᪥ࣝࢲࣥᕝࡸ࣒࢞ᕝ࡞࡛ࠕ⥺⏬㸦ɝɪɚɮɢɤ㸧
ࠖࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓ
ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊࡗࡓᕝࣄࣅࡀࡣ࠸ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀ⤮ࡢࡼ࠺ࡳ࠼ࡿ⌧㇟ࡢࡇ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋࡲࡓὶịࡢሁ✚㸻ࢫࢪ࣒ࣕࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡀࡶ࡛ᕝࡢỏ℃ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡶሗ࿌
ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣞࢼᕝࡢᨭὶ࣒࢞ᕝ࡛ࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓỏ℃ࡼࡗ࡚㟁ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞࠾┤᥋
ᾐỈ⿕ᐖࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊ➨Ἴࡢ⼥ịὥỈ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⓎ⏕ᆅᇦࡣࣞࢼᕝୖὶ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
4.4 2007 ᖺࡘ࠸࡚
ࡁ࡞ὥỈ⿕ᐖࡀ࡛ࡓᖺ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋὶịࡀືࡁฟࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊ5 ᭶ 3 ᪥࡛ࢧࣁඹᅜࣝࢡ࣮
ࢶࢡᕞሜ࠶ࡿࣅࢳ࣒ᮧ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢほ ᆅⅬࡣ 2006 ᖺࡢ࢘ࢫࢳ㸻ࢡࢱᮧࡃࡽ࡚┤⥺㊥
㞳࡛ 740km ୖὶ࠶ࡿࠋὶịࡢືࡁࡣࠊయⓗ⦆៏࡛࠶ࡿࠋ5 ᭶ 14 ᪥ࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ฿㐩ࡍ
ࡿࡀࠊ⩣᪥ࡣ┤⥺࡛ 32km ୗὶ⛣ືࡋࠊࡑࡢ᪥ᚋࡣ 144km ඛࠊ⩣᪥ࡣ 83km ࠸࠺
ලྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᖺࡢࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢࡣ 5 ᭶ 30 ᪥࡛⤊ࡍࡿࡀࠊ᭱⤊ᆅⅬࡣࣞࢼᕝࡢἙཱྀ㏆ࡢ
࢟ࣗࢩ࣮ࣗࣝᮧ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋὥỈ⿕ᐖࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡏ࠸ὥỈࡀἙཱྀ㏆ࡘࡃࡲ࡛ࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢࡀ⥆
࠸ࡓࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࡇࡢᖺࡣࠊ5 ᭶ 21 ᪥ࡣࣞࣥࢫࢡ࢜ࣜࣙࢡ࣑ࣥࢫࢡ㒆࡛➨ἼࡀⓎ⏕
ࡋࠊࡉࡽ 5 ᭶ 30 ᪥ࡣࣞࣥࢫࢡ࡛➨୕ἼࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡽࡼࡗ࡚ὥỈ⿕ᐖࡀᗈࡀࡗࡓࡇ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ỏ℃࠾ࡼࡧᾐỈࡢ⿕ᐖࡣᗈ⠊ࢃࡓࡗ࡚ᩘከࡃⓎ⏕ࡋࡓࠋ8 㒆㸦ࢳࣗࣛࣉࢳࠊ࣓ࢠࣥ࢝ࣥ࢞ࣝࠊ
࢝ࣥ࢞ࣝࠊࢦ࣮ࣝࠊ࣒࢞ࠊ࣮࢘ࢫࣝࢲࣥࠊࢱࢵࢱࠊࣝࢲࣥ㸧㸯ᕷ㸦ࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ㸧ࡢ 32 ᮧ
㸩㸯ᕷ༊ෆࠋᾐỈᡞᩘࡣ 2111 ᡞཬࡪࠋ5 ᭶ 30 ᪥ࡢ㎰ᴗ┬ࡢⓎ⾲ࡼࢀࡤࠊ㎰ᆅࡢᙳ㡪ཬ
ࢇࡔࠋ87000 ࣊ࢡࢱ࣮ࣝࡀᾐỈࠋෆヂࡣ 4500ha ࡀ✐㢮ࠊ3400ha ࡀ㣫ᩱࠊ534ha ࡀࢪࣕ࢞ࣔ⏿ࠊ
295ha ࡀ㔝⳯⏿࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢼ࣒㒆࡛ࡣ 20 ࡢ℺₅タࡀ◚ቯࡉࢀࡓࠋ
109
4.5 2008 ᖺࡘ࠸࡚
๓ᖺ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡁ࡞ὥỈ⿕ᐖࡀ࡛ࡓᖺ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ4 ᭶ 26 ᪥ࣝࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕞ࡛ὶịࡀ
ືࡁጞࡵࡓሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊሙᡤࡣᮍゝཬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ4 ᭶ 29 ᪥ࡣࣝࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕞࡢࢪ࢞ࣟ࣎
ᮧὶịࡢඛ➃ࡀ฿㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࠊࡑࡇࡽࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢࡀࡣࡌࡲࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊ
2 㐌㛫ᚋࡢ 5 ᭶ 13 ᪥ࡣࣞࣥࢫࢡࡽ 60km ୖὶ࡛ὶịࡢඛ➃ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢᚋᑡࠎ㏿ᗘࢆୖ
ࡆ࡚ὶịࡣ㐍ࡳࠊ5 ᭶ 19 ᪥ࡣࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ฿╔ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࡢືࡁࡣࡰྠࡌ㏿ᗘ࡛ୗὶ㐍
ࡳࠊ5 ᭶ 28 ᪥࡛ࢪࣕࣝࢪࣕࣥᮧࡽ 70 ࢟ࣟୗὶ࡛ὶịࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢࡀ⤊ࢃࡗࡓࠋ➨
ἼࡶⓎ⏕ࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࡔࡀࠊࡑࢀࡀ࠸ࡘࡣሗ㐨ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡓࡔࡋ 29 ᪥ࡣ➨Ἴࡀࣞࢼᕝ
▼ᰕቨ㸦Lena pillar㸧ࡲ࡛ᢲࡋᐤࡏᩘ᪥௨ෆࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ฿㐩ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡔࡗࡓࠋ
ὥỈࡼࡿᾐỈ⿕ᐖࡀ࡛ࡓࡢࡣࠊ࣒࢞㒆ࠊࢦ࣮ࣝࢽ㒆ࠊ࢝ࣥ࢞ࣝ㒆ࠊࢱࢵࢱ㒆ࠊࣦࣝ
㒆ࠊࢳࣗࣛࣉࢳ㒆ࠊࢥࣅࣕ㒆ࡢ 7 㒆㸩ࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕷ࡛ࠊ14 㞟ⴠ࡛࠶ࡿࠋሗ࿌ࡉࢀࡓᾐỈᡞᩘࢆ
༢⣧✚⟬ࡍࡿ 282 ᡞ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ2008 ᖺࡢሙྜࠊ2007 ᖺࡢࢱࢵࢱ㒆ࡢ࢘ࢸࢡ㸻࢚࢟ࣗࣜᮧ
ࡢࡼ࠺㞟ⴠࡢ 100㸣࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ༙ࡀᾐỈࡋࡓ࠸࠺ሗ㐨ࡣࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡓࡔࠊࡑࢀ௨እࡶ
࣒࢞㒆ࡢ࣮ࣛࢫ࡛ᾐỈࠊࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ㏆㑹ࡢࣦࣝ⾤㐨࡛ᾐỈࠊ࣒࢞㒆࣭ࢳࣗࣛࣉࢳ㒆࣭
࢝ࣥ࢞ࣝ㒆࡛ࡣᶫࡢỴቯࡋࡓࡇࡀሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ➨Ἴࡀ࡛ࡓࡇࡣሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ
ሗ㐨ࢆぢࡿ㝈ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡼࡿ⿕ᐖࡣฟ࡚࠸࡞࠸ᶍᵝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
4.6 2009 ᖺࡘ࠸࡚
ὶịࡀືࡁฟࡋࡓࡢࡀሗ㐨ࡉࢀࡣࡌࡵࡓࡢࡣࠊ4 ᭶ 24 ᪥࡛ࠊࡑࡢሙᡤࡣ 2006 ᖺྠࡌࣝࢡ
࣮ࢶࢡᕞࡢ࢘ࢫࢳ㸻ࢡࢱᮧ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ4 ᭶ୗ᪪ࡢሗ࡛ࡣᖺࡣ㞷ࡢ㔞ࡀᑡ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇࡔࡗ
ࡓࠋὶịࡢືࡁࡣࠊ5 ᭶ 4 ᪥࢜ࣜࣙࢡ࣑ࣥࢫࢡ㏆ࡃ࡛⼥ࡅࡓịࡀືࡁฟࡍࡢࡀጞࡲࡗࡓࡀࠊྠ
ࣞࣥࢫࢡ࡛ࡶὶịࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡓ࠸࠺ࠋࡘࡲࡾࣨᡤ࡛ྠὶịࡀືࡁฟࡋࡓࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢᚋ 5 ᭶ 12 ᪥ࡣࢱࣂ࢞ᮧࡲ࡛ὶịࡀ㐍ࡳࠊࡇࡇ࡛ὶịࡢሁ✚ࡀࡣࡌࡲࡗࡓࠋὶịࡣ୕᪥㛫
ࡑࡢࡲࡲሁ✚ࢆ⥆ࡅࡓᚋࠊ15 ᪥ࡣࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕷ⛣ືࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊ5 ᭶ 18 ᪥ࡣࢧࣥ࢞ࣝ
ᮧࡲ࡛⛣ືࡋࠊ5 ᭶ 21 ᪥ࡣࢥࣅࣕ㒆ࢪ࢞ࣥࢫࢡ㒆ࡢቃ⏺㏆ࡲ࡛⛣ືࡋࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࣔࢽࢱࣜ
ࣥࢢࡣ⤊ࢃࡗࡓࠋ
ࡁ࡞⿕ᐖࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊ࠸ࡃࡘࡢỏ℃ࡣⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢᑐ⟇ࡶᐇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
5 ᭶ 4 ᪥ὶịࡀືࡁฟࡋࡓ࢜ࣜࣙࢡ࣑ࣥࢫࢡ࡛ࡣ 8 ᪥ỏ℃ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢ≧ែࡣᛴ㏿࡞
ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃᏳᐃࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊỏ℃ᑐ⟇ࡼࡗ࡚⮳ࡽࡎࠋࡲࡓࣞࣥࢫࢡ㒆ࡢࣂࢱ࣐୰ᕞ࡛
ࡣὶịࡢሁ✚㸻ࢫࢪ࣒ࣕࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࠊ8 ᪥ྑᓊ㒊ࡽ⇿◚ࡉࡏ࡚ࡇࢀࢆゎᾘࡉࡏࡓࠋ12 ᪥
ࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕷ㏆㑹ࡢࢱࣂ࢞ᮧ࡛ࢫࢪ࣒ࣕࡀ㉳ࡁࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢୖὶ㒊࠶ࡓࡿ࢝ࣥ࢞ࣛࢫ㒆ࡢࢡ
ࢸࣝ㸻ࢹࣗࣛᮧ࠾ࡼࡧࢩࣥࢫࢡᮧ࡛ࡣ 12 ᪥ᾐỈ⿕ᐖⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢡࢸࣝ㸻ࢹࣗࣛᮧࡣ 5
᭶ 15 ᪥ࡲ࡛ 22 ᡞࡀᾐỈࡋࡓሗ㐨ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡὶịࡢඛ➃ࡀ฿㐩ࡋࡓ 5 ᭶ 15
᪥ࡣࠊࡑࡢୖὶ㒊ࡢ࢝ࢱࢩᮧ࡛ࢫࢪ࣒ࣕࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽࠊ18 ᪥ὶ
ịࡀࢧࣥ࢞ࣝᮧ฿㐩ࡋࡓ⩣᪥ 19 ᪥ࡣྠᮧ࠾ࡼࡧࣦ࢝ࣜࢶᮧ࡛ᾐỈ⿕ᐖࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓࠋࡘ
ࡲࡾࠊ᪂⪺ሗ㐨ࡼࡿ㝈ࡾࠊ5 ᮧࡀỏ℃ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ࠺ࡅࠊࡇࡢ࠺ࡕ 4 ᮧ࡛ᾐỈ⿕ᐖࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓࡇ
࡞ࡿࠋ
5 ࠾ࢃࡾ
ᮏ✏࡛࠾ࡇ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡢࡣࠊ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛᪂⪺グࡽ࠼ࡿࡇࡢ࡛ࡁࡿሗࢆᩚ⌮࣭ศ㢮ࡍࡿࡇ࡛
࠶ࡗࡓࠋ᪂⪺グ࠸࠺፹యࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡛ࠊࣞࢼᕝࡢὥỈࡀࡢࡼ࠺㐍ᤖࡋࠊࡑࢀᨻᗓࡸఫ
110
Ẹࡀࡢࡼ࠺ᑐᛂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࠊලయⓗ࡞ᙧ࡛♧ࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋᮏ✏ࡢグ㏙ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚᫂ࡽ࡞
ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊ➨୍᪂⪺グሗࡽࡣẖᖺࡢὥỈࡢᴫせࢆグ㏙ⓗせ⣙ࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡇ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽࡑࡢሗࡣᇶᮏⓗࡣὶịືែࠊỏ℃࣭ỈᐖሗࠊỈᐖᑐ⟇࠸ࡗࡓᙧศ㢮ᩚ⌮࡛
ࡁࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ≉㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣࠊὶịࡢືែỏ℃࣭Ỉᐖሗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣ᪂⪺グᨾࠊ
㛫⨨ሗࢆࢱࢢࡋ࡚ࡘࡅࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡣ࠸࠼ࠊ⌧Ⅼ࡛ࡣࡑࢀࡽࡣࢸ࢟ࢫࢺሗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡾࢃࡅ⌧ᆅࡢᆅྡࡀ㔞ฟ࡚ࡃࡿࡓࡵࠊ
ࡼㄪᰝᆅᇦヲࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࡞࠸㝈ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢពࢆⓗ☜࡞ᙧ࡛⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋᚋ
⾜ࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢࢸ࢟ࢫࢺሗ㛫⨨ሗࢆࠊᆅ⌮ሗࢩࢫࢸ࣒ୖ࡛ゎᯒࡍ
ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡚ึࡵ࡚ᅇࡢ㈨ᩱࡢసᴗࡀពࢆᣢࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋࡇࡢព࡛ᮏ✏ࡀ
⾜ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊ᪂⪺グࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿሗࢆࠊᆅ⌮ሗࢩࢫࢸ࣒ୖ࣭࣮ࣜࣔࢺࢭࣥࢩࣥࢢୖ࠾࠸࡚ゎ
ᯒࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ㈨ᩱᵓ⠏ࡔࡗࡓ࠸࠼ࡿࠋ
࠼ࡤࠊὶịືែࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊὶịࡢୗὶࡢඛ➃ࡀᢕᥱ࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵࠊᚋࡑࢀࡽࢆ *RRJOHHDUWK ࡞
ࡢᆅ⌮ሗࢩࢫࢸ࣒ධຊࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊὶịࡢ㏿ᗘࡘ࠸࡚⟬ฟࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓỏ
℃࣭Ỉᐖሗࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊ࣮ࣜࣔࢺࢭࣥࢩࣥࢢࡸᆅ⌮ሗࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ㐃ᦠࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊ࠸࡞ࡿὶị࣭
ゎị≧ែ࠾࠸࡚ỏ℃࣭ỈᐖࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢᆅᅗୖ࡛ྍどࡉࡏࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽ
ࡣᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡉࡽ࠸࠼ࡤࠊ➹⪅ࡢᑓ㛛ࡣே㢮Ꮫ࡛࠶ࡾࠊཧほᐹࢆᶵ㍈ࡍࡿ⌧ᆅㄪᰝࢆࡶ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪂⪺
グࡽࡢሗࠊ࣮ࣜࣔࢺࢭࣥࢩࣥࢢࠊᆅ⌮ሗࢩࢫࢸ࣒⌧ᆅ࡛ࡢ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾࢆ⥲ྜࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ
ࣞࢼᕝỈ⣔࠾ࡅࡿὥỈࡢᆅᇦ♫ࡢᏛ㝿ⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪ศᯒࢆ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞┠ᶆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆゝࡋ
࡚ᮏ✏ࢆ㛢ࡌࡓ࠸ࠋ
㈨ᩱ㸯㸬ὶịືែ
2005 ᖺ
2005 ᖺ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ4 ᭶ 26 ᪥࢝ࢳࣗ࢞㸦kachuga㸧ᆅ༊࡛ືࡁጞࡵࡓὶịࡣ⣙ 25 ࢟ࣟ㞳ࢀࡓࢪ࢞ࣟ
࣎㸦Zhigarovo㸧ᮧࡲ࡛ 4 ᭶ 29 ᪥ࡲ࡛ࡣ⛣ືࡋࡓ㸦0504303㸧
ࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊ5 ᭶ 11 ᪥ࡲ࡛ࡣὶịࡢඛ
➃ࡣࣅࢳ࣒ᮧࡢୖὶ 336km ࡢ࢜ࣝࣟ࣎㸦Orlov㸧ᮧ㏆ࡲ࡛㐍ࢇࡔ㸦050512㸧
ࠋࡑࡢᚋ 5 ᭶ 16 ᪥ࡲ࡛
ࡣὶịࡢඛ➃ࡣࠊࣞࣥࢫࢡ㒆ࡢࣂࢱ࣐㸦Batamai㸧୰Ὢ㏆࠶ࡿ㸦050517㸧
ࠋ5 ᭶ 19 ᪥ࡢⅬ࡛ࡣ
ὶịࡢඛ➃ࡣࠊࢥࣅࣕ㒆ࡢࢧࣥ࢞ࣝᮧࡢୗὶ 25í30km ㏆⛣ືࡋࡓ㸦050520㸧
ࠋ┤⥺㊥㞳ࡋ࡚ࡣ
900km ௨ୖ⛣ືࢆ 3 ᪥࡛ࡋࡓࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ5 ᭶ 25 ᪥ࡢὶịࡢඛ➃ࡣࢪ࢞ࣥࢫࢡ㸦Zhigansk㸧ᮧୗὶ 90km
࡛ぢࡘࡅࡽࢀࡿ㸦050526㸧
ࠋࡉࡽ 5 ᭶ 26 ᪥⌧ᅾࠊὶịࡢඛ➃ࡣࢪࣕࣝࢪࣕࣥ㸦Dzhardzhan㸧ᮧୗὶ
20km ࠶ࡿ㸦050527㸧
ࠋ
2006 ᖺ
5 ᭶ 10 ᪥ࠊࣝࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕞࡢ࢘ࢫࢳ࣮ࢡࢱ㸦Ust’-Kuta㸧࡛ゎịࡀጞࡲࡗࡓ㸦060511㸧
ࠋ5 ᭶ 12 ᪥ࡣ
ὶịࡢඛ➃ࡣྠᕞࡢ࢟ࣞࣥࢫࢡ࣮ࢬ࣓ࣀ࣎㸦Kirensk-Zmeinovo㸧ᮧࡲ࡛㐩ࡋࡓ㸦060513㸧ࠋὶịࡀࣖ
ࢡ࣮ࢳ㡿ෆ㸦ࣝࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕞࢧࣁඹᅜࡢቃ⏺㸧ධࡗࡓࡢࡀ 5 ᭶ 14 ᪥࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢὶịࡣ 5 ᭶
16 ᪥ࡣࣞࣥࢫࢡ฿㐩ࡋࡓ㸦060517㸧
ࠋ5 ᭶ 18 ᪥ࡣ࢜ࣜࣙࢡ࣐㒆ࡢࢹࣜࢹ㸦Del’de㸧ᮧ ࡲ࡛㐍
ࢇࡔ㸦060519㸧
ࠋࡑࡢᚋ 5 ᭶ 21 ᪥ࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕷ฿㐩ࡋࡓ㸦060523㸧
ࠋὶịࡣୖࡋࠊ5 ᭶ 25 ᪥ࡣࢪ
࢞ࣥࢫࢡ㸦Zhigansk㸧ᮧࡢ 100 ࢟ࣟୖὶ࠶ࡿ㸦060525㸧
ࠋ
2007 ᖺ
5 ᭶ 7 ᪥ࡣὶịࡣࣞࣥࢫࢡᕷ
㸦Lensk㸧
ࡼࡾ 100 ࢟ࣟୗὶ⛣ືࡋࡓࡇࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
㸦070508㸧
ࠋ
5 ᭶ 11 ᪥ࡣ࢝ࣥ࢞ࣛࢫ㒆ࡢࢫࢺ㸦Isit㸧ᮧ฿㐩ࡋ㸦070512㸧
ࠊ5 ᭶ 14 ᪥ࡣࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕷ⛣ື
3
ࡇࢀࡣ 2005 ᖺ 4 ᭶ 30 ᪥グࢆពࡍࡿࠋ௨ୗࠊฟࢆ᫂グࡍࡿࡇࡢពࡶ࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⾲
グἲࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࠋ
111
ࡋࡓ㸦070515㸧
ࠋὶịࡣࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡࡣᅾࡏࡎࠊ5 ᭶ 15 ᪥ࡢ༗ᚋ 3 ࡣ࢝ࣥ࢞ࣛࢫᓁࡽࢼ࣒ࢶ
㸦Namtsy㸧ᮧ⛣ືࡋ㸦070516㸧
ࠊࡑࡢᚋ 5 ᭶ 17 ᪥ࡣ࢘ࢫࢳ࣭ࣝࢲࣥ㸦Ust‘íAldan㸧ᮧࡽୗὶ
40 ࢟ࣟࡢᆅⅬ㐍ࢇࡔ㸦070518㸧
ࠋࡑࡋ࡚⩣ 18 ᪥ࡣࠊࢧࣥ࢞ࣝ㸦Sangal㸧ᮧࡲ࡛฿㐩ࡋ㸦070519㸧
ࠊ3
㸮᪥ࡲ࡛ࡣ࢟ࣗࢩ࣮ࣗࣝ㸦Kiusiur㸧ᮧࡲ࡛฿㐩ࡋ㸦070531㸧
ࠊࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢࡀ⤊ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
2008 ᖺ
4 ᭶ 26 ᪥ࣝࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕞෆ࡛ࣞࢼᕝࡢゎịࡀ࠾ࡁ࡚ࠊὶịࡀࡣࡌࡲࡗࡓࠋ29 ᪥⌧ᅾὶịࡣࢪ࢞ࣟ
࣎㸦Zhigalovo㸧ᮧࡲ࡛฿㐩ࡋࠊࡉࡽ࢘ࢫࢳ㸻ࢡࢱ㸦Ust’-kuta㸧ྥࡗ࡚⛣ື୰㸦080430㸧
ࠋ5 ᭶ 13
᪥⌧ᅾࠊὶịࡢඛ➃ࡣࣞࣥࢫࢡ㸦Lensk㸧ᕷࡢ 60km ୖὶ⨨ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦080514㸧
ࠋ5 ᭶ 18 ᪥ࡣࣖࢡ࣮
ࢶࢡᕷ࿘㎶ࡲ࡛ὶịࡣ฿㐩ࡋࡓ㸦080520㸧ࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊ5 ᭶ 22 ᪥ࡲ࡛ࡣࢥࣅࣕ㒆ࡢࢧࣥ࢞ࣝ㸦Sangal㸧
ᮧ࠶ࡾࠊࡉࡽࢪ࢞ࣥࢫࢡᮧ࡛ࡶ⼥ࡅࡓịࡢὶືࡀぢࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦080523㸧
ࠋ5 ᭶ 28 ᪥ࡲ࡛ࡣὶị
ࡢඛ➃ࡣࢪ࢞ࣥࢫࢡ㒆ࡢࢪࣕࣝࢪࣕࣥ㸦Zhardzhan㸧ᮧࡽ 70km ୗὶ⨨ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞࠾⛣ືࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿὶịࡢ᭱ࡶᚋ➃ࡣࢧࣥ࢞ࣝᮧࡢୗὶ 100km ࠶ࡿ㸦080529㸧
ࠋ
2009 ᖺ
4 ᭶ 24 ᪥ࠊࣝࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕞࡢ࢘ࢫࢳ㸻ࢡࢱ㸦Ust’-kut㸧࡛⼥ࡅࡓịࡢ⛣ືࡀጞࡲࡗࡓ㸦090429㸧
ࠋ5 ᭶ 4
᪥ࡣ࢜ࣜࣙࢡ࣑ࣥࢫࢡᕷ࡛ịࡀືࡁฟࡍࡢࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓࠊࡇࡢ᪥ࡣࣞࣥࢫࢡᕷ࠾࠸࡚ࡶịࡀືࡁ
ጞࡵࡓ㸦090505㸧ࠋࡑࡢᚋ 5 ᭶ 12 ᪥ࡣ࢝ࣥ࢞ࣛࢫ㒆ࡢࢱࣂ࢞㸦Tabaga㸧ᮧࡲ࡛ὶịࡣ㐩ࡋࡓ㸦090513㸧
ࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ࡇࡇ࡛୕᪥㛫ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡓὶịࡣࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ฿㐩ࡋࡓ㸦090516㸧
ࠋࡑࡢᚋ 5 ᭶ 18 ᪥ࡣࢥࣅ
ࣕ㒆ࢧࣥ࢞ࣝ㸦Sangal㸧ᮧ࡛ほᐹࡉࢀࡓ㸦090519㸧ࠋࡑࡢᚋ 5 ᭶ 21 ᪥ࡲ࡛ࡣὶịࡢඛ➃ࡣࠊࢥࣅࣕ
㒆ࢪ࢞ࣥࢫࢡ㒆ࡢቃ⏺ࡲ࡛⛣ືࡋࡓ㸦090522㸧
ࠋ
㈨ᩱ㸰. ỏ℃࣭Ỉᐖሗ
2005 ᖺ
㹙2005#1㹛 2005 ᖺࡢ᭱ึࡢ㠀ᖖែᐉゝࡣࢳࣗࣛࣉࢳ㒆ࢱࢵࢱ㒆࡛ 5 ᭶ 5 ᪥ฟࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢཎᅉࡣࠊ㐃᪥
ࡢᬬࡉ࡛㞷ࡢ⾲㠃 30cm ࡀ⼥ࡅࡓࡓࡵࡔሗ㐨ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊࢳࣗࣛࣉࢳ㒆ࡢ࡞ࡢᑠᕝࡣ
ࡍ࡚Ỉࡀୖ᪼ࡋࠊỈࡀ‶ࡕ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ែࡔ࠸࠺ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵሐ㜵ᙉᑐ⟇ࡀྲྀࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ㸦050507㸧
ࠋ
㹙2005#2㹛 㠀ᖖែ┬ࡣࠊᏳࡢࡓࡵࠊὶịࡀ࠾ࡾࡍࡂࡿࡲ࡛ᕝࡢ୰Ὢෆ࡛⊁⊟⁺ປࢆ⚗Ṇࡋࡓ
㸦㸧
ࠋ
㹙2005#3㹛 ࡞࠾ࠊ࢜ࣜࣙࢡ࣑ࣥࢫࢡ㒆ࡢࢹࣗࣃࣛ㸦Dyparai㸧ᆅ༊ࡢఫẸ 245 ேࡀ 5 ᭶ 15í16 ᪥ᾐỈࡢ༴㝤
ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛ࠊࢡࢵࣛࣇ㸦Kyllakh㸧ᮧ㑊㞴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊὶịࡀཤࡾࠊ༴㝤ࡀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ
࡛ 18 ᪥ࡣඖࡢᮧᡠࡗࡓ㸦050520㸧
ࠋࡕ࡞ࡳࠊࡇࡢᮇ࠾࠸࡚ࠊὶịࡢඛ➃ࡣࠊ࢜ࣜࣙࢡ࣑ࣥ
ࢫࢡ㒆ࡽࡣࡿ㞳ࢀࡓࢥࣅࣕ㒆ࢧࣥ࢞ࣝᮧୗὶ 25-30 ࢟ࣟ࠶ࡗࡓ㸦050520㸧
ࠋ
㹙グ㹛
4 ᭶ 30 ᪥ᥖ㍕ࡉࢀࡓ⥭ᛴែ┬ࡽⓎ⾲࡛ࡣࠕỏ℃≧ἣ㸦Pavodkovaia situatsiia㸧ࡣ㏻ᖖ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ༴
㝤࡞≧ែࡣ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗࡓ㸦050430㸧
ࠋࡇࢀࡳࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺ࡢὥỈࡣ୍ᐃ⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡿ
࡞ࡽࡤ␗ᖖࡣぢ࡞ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠋỏ℃ࡢつᶍࡀࡁࡃ࡞ࡾࠊ㞟ⴠࡸ㐨㊰࡞⿕ᐖࡀཬࡪᜍࢀࡀ࠶ࡿ
␗ᖖែࡋ࡚ㄆ▱ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ 2005 ᖺࡢሙྜࠊỏ℃ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ␗ᖖ࡞ࡋ࠸࠺グࡀ⧞
ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
2006 ᖺ
㹙2006#1㹛 5 ᭶ 14 ᪥ὶịࡢἼࡀࢧࣁඹᅜෆධࡾࠊ15 ᪥ᮅࡣࣞࣥࢫࢡᕷ࡛ࡶ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓࠋᐮࡗࡓࡓࡵ
16 ᪥ᮅࡣࣞࣥࢫࢡࡽ⣙ 84km ୗὶࡢࢽࣗࣖ㸦Niuia㸧 ᮧ㏆࡛ࢫࢪ࣒ࣕ㸦zator㸧ࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࠊ
ቑỈࡀጞࡲࡗࡓ㸦060517㸧
ࠋࣞࣥࢫࢡୗὶ࡛ࡁࡓࢫࢪ࣒ࣕࡣ 17 ᪥ࡣቯࢀࠊὶịࡣ⛣ືࡋࠊྠ
᪥୰ࢹࣜࢤ㸦Del’ge㸧ᮧ฿㐩ࡋࡓࠋ18 ᪥ࡣࡇࡢᮧࡽ⣙ 80km ୗὶࡢࢿࣜࣗࢡࢳࣕࢽࣥࢫࢡ
㸦Neriuktianinsk㸧ᮧࢯࣜࣕࣥ࢟㸦Solianki㸧ᮧ࡛ὶịࡢ⛣ືࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡓ㸦060517ࠊ060519ࠊ060520㸧
ࠋ
112
㹙2006#2㹛 ࣝࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕞࡽࡢ㞷ࡅỈࢆཎᅉࡋ࡚ࠊ㸴᭶ 4í5 ᪥✺↛ࣞࣥࢫࢡ㒆ࡢࣅࢳ࣒ᮧ࡛Ỉࡀୖ᪼
ࡋࠊ173 ᡞࡀᾐỈࠊ4097 ேࡢ࠺ࡕ 1057 ேࡢᮧேࡀᬽࡽࡍሙᡤࡀᾐỈࡋࡓࠋ6 ᭶ 7 ᪥ࡣỈࡣୗࡀࡗ
ࡓ㸦060608㸧㹿
㹙2006#3㹛 㸴᭶ 8 ᪥ࡽ 9 ᪥ࡢᮍ᫂ࡅ࡚࢜ࣜࣙࢡ࣑ࣥࢫࢡ㒆࡛ỏ℃ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࠊ࢜ࣜࣙࢡ࣑ࣥࢫࢡᕷ࡛ࡣ 20
ᡞࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࢡࢵࣛࣇ㸦Kyllakh㸧ᮧ࡛ࡣ 57 ୡᖏࠊ257 ேࡀ⿕⅏ࡋࡓࠋ୧᪉ࡢᒃఫᆅࡢ㏆ࡢⲡสࡾᆅ
ࡶᾐỈࡢ⿕ᐖ࠶ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ9 ᪥ࡢⅬ࡛ࡣែࡣⴠࡕ╔ࡁࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ㸦060610㸧
ࠋ
㹙グ㹛
௨ୖࡢ࠺ࡕ㸡2 㸡3 ࡢ㇟ࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ➨ἼࡼࡿὥỈ⿕ᐖࡢሗ࿌࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣞࢼᕝࡢὥỈࡣࠊ
୍ᅇ┠ࡀᕝࡢゎịὶịࡼࡗ࡚Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊࡇࡢ୍ᅇ┠ࡢὥỈⓎ⏕ᚋࡽ 1 㐌㛫ࡽ 10 ᪥
ࡄࡽ࠸ࡍࡿᖺࡼࡗ࡚ࡣᅇ┠ࡢὥỈࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿࠋ୍ᅇ┠ࡀịࡼࡿὥỈ࡛࠶ࡾࠊịࡀྵࡲࢀࡿὥ
Ỉ࡛࠶ࡿࡍࡿࠊᅇ┠ࡣ㞷ゎࡅࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛ἾࡲࡳࢀࡢỈࡀὶࢀ࡚ࡃࡿゝ࠺㸦㧗 in press㸧
ࠋ
2007 ᖺ
㹙2007#1㹛
4 ᭶ୗ᪪ὥỈᑐ⟇ࡋ࡚࠸ࢃࡺࡿị⼥ゎࢆಁࡍࡓࡵࡢ⤖ࡋࡓᕝࡢ⾲㠃Ⅳධࢀࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࠊ⤖
ࢆಁ㐍ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢᙳ㡪࡛⼥ࡅࡓỈࡀࢳࣗࣛࣉࢳ㒆ࢳࣗࣛࣉࢳࣕ㸦Churapucha㸧ᮧ࡛ὥỈࢆ࠾
ࡇࡋࠊ4 ᭶ 20 ᪥ 84 ᡞࡢᾐỈࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓ㸦070421㸧
ࠋࡇࡢᖺࡢ᭱ึὥỈ⿕ᐖࡣࠊἙᕝࡢ⮬↛⼥ゎ
࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊὥỈᑐ⟇ࡢ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓࠋ
㹙2007#2㹛
5 ᭶ 8 ᪥࢜ࣞࢡ࣑ࣥࢫࢡ㒆ࡢ࣐ࣝࣁ㸦Markha㸧ᮧࡣ࣐ࣝࣄࣥ࢝㸦࣐ࣝࣁ㸧
㸦Markhinka㸧ᕝࡽ
ࡢỈ࡛ὥỈࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࠊ36 ࡢఫᏯ࠾ࡼࡧ 10 ࡢ㞟ྜఫᏯࡀᾐỈࡋࡓ㸦070509㸧
ࠋ
㹙2007#3㹛
ࢳࣗࣛࣉࢳ㒆ࡢࢳࣗࣛࣉࢳࣕᮧ࡛ࡣ⼥ࡅࡓ㞷ࡀ†ὶࢀࠊࡑࡇࡽὥỈࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓ㸦070511㸧
ࠋ
㹙2007#4㹛
࣓ࢠࣀ࢝ࣥ࢞ࣛࢫࢡ㒆࡛ࡶ࣐ࣖ㸦Maia㸧ᮧࡢ㏆ࡃࡢ†㞷ゎࡅỈࡀὶࢀ㎸ࡳࠊ࠶ࡩࢀࡿ⌧㇟ࡀⓎ⏕ࠋ
ࡑࢀࡼࡗ࡚ 5/8 ࡼࡾࢱࣂ࢞(Tabaga)ᮧࠊࢫ࢜ࣛ㸦Suola㸧ᮧ࢚ࣞࢳ࢙㸦Elechei㸧ᮧࠊࣅࢳࣗࢪ࢙
㸦Biuteidei㸧ᮧ࡛ࡣ㟁ẼࡀṆࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦070511㸧
ࠋ
㹙2007#5㹛
ࢳࣗࣛࣉࢳࣕᮧ࡛ࡣࢡ࢜ࣁࣛ㸦Kuokhara㸧ᕝࢳࣗࣛࣉࢳࣕ†ࡽỈࡀ࠶ࡩࢀࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ 38 ಶࡢᐙ
ࡀᾐỈࡋࡓ㸦070512㸧
ࠋ
㹙2007#6㹛
࣓ࢠࣀ࢝ࣥ࢞ࣛࢫࢡ㒆ࡢࢯࣛ㸦Sola㸧ᮧࠊࢸࣜࢠ㸦Telgi㸧ᮧࠊࢳࣗࣖ㸦Chiuiia㸧ᮧࠊ࣍ࢳࣙ㸦Khocho㸧
ᮧࠊࢱࣂ࢞㸦Tabaga㸧ᮧࡣỈᅖࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦070512㸧
ࠋ
㹙2007#7㹛
ࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕷ≉ู⾜ᨻ༊ෆࡢ࣐ࣝࣁᮧ࡛ࡣ 220 ᡞࡀᾐỈࡋࡓ㸦070515㸧
ࠋ
㹙2007#8㹛
ࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕷࡢ࣑ࢡࣟࣛ࢜ࣥᆅ༊࡛ᾐỈⓎ⏕ࡋࡓ㸦070516㸧
ࠋ
㹙2007#9㹛
࣓ࢠࣀ࢝ࣥ࢞ࣛࢫࢡ㒆ࡢࢲࣝࢡࣛࣇᮧ࡛ࡣ 137 ᡞࡀᾐỈࡋࡓ㸦070516㸧
ࠋ
㹙2007#10㹛
ࢦ࣮ࣝ㒆ࡢ࣋ࣝࢪࢠࢫࢳࣕࣇ㸦Berdigistiakh㸧ᮧ࡛ࡣ 89 ᡞࡀᾐỈࡋࡓࠋ
㹙2007#11㹛
࡛࣊ࣜୖ✵ࡽ☜ㄆࡍࡿࠊ࣐ࣝࣁ㸦Markha㸧ᮧࠊ࢟ࣝࢨ࣎ࢻ㸦Kirzavod㸧
ࠊࢪࣕࢱ㸦Zharai㸧ᮧࠊ
ࢺࣛࢠࣀ㸦Tulagino㸧ᮧࠊ࢚ࢹࢶ㸦Edeitsi㸧ᮧࠊࣃࣝࢳࢨࣥ㸦Partizan㸧ᮧࠊࢢࣛࣇ࣮࣭࢟
࣮ࣞࢢ㸦Grafskii bereg㸧ᮧࠊࢯࢵࢳࣥࢶ㸦Sottintsy㸧ᮧࠊ࢘ࢫࢳ࣭ࣝࢲࣥ㸦Usti-Aldan㸧ᮧ࡛ࡣ
Ỉᾐࡋ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ☜ㄆ㸦070518㸧
ࠋ
㹙2007#12㹛
࣒࢞㒆ࡢ࣒࢞㸦Amga㸧ᮧ࡛ࡣ༴㝤Ỉ࡛ࠊ29 ᡞࡀᾐỈࠋࡲࡓࣂ࢞㸦Abaga㸧ᮧ࣎ࢭ࣑࣭࣑
ࣕࣥࢹࢠ㸦Vosem’-Miandigi㸧ᮧ࡛ࡣ 39 ᡞࡀᾐỈࡋࡓ㸦070522㸧
ࠋ
㹙2007#13㹛
㞷ゎࡅὥỈࡀࢱࢵࢱ㒆࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓࠋෆヂࡋ࡚ࡣ 18 ᪥ᮅỈࡀ༴㝤Ỉ࡞ࡾࠊࡑࡢᚋᚎࠎቑ
࠼࡚࢘ࢸࢡ࣭࢚࢟ࣗࣜ㸦Ytyk-Kiuel’㸧ᮧ࡛ 150 ᡞࡀᾐỈࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࡶࡉࡽỈࡣࡩ࠼ࡘ࡙ࡅ᪥
᭙᪥ࡢኪ(20 ᪥)Ỉࡣ 15m15cm ࡞ࡾࠊᾐỈᐙᒇࡣ 873 ᡞ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ3033 ே 600 㢌ࡢ∵ࡀ㑊
㞴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㏆㞄࡛ࡣࢡ㸦Kyiy㸧ᮧ࡛ 10 ᡞࡀᾐỈࡋࠊࢳ࢙ࣝࢣࣇ㸦Cherkekh㸧ᮧ࡛ࡣ 76 ᡞ
46 ࡢ∵ᑠᒇࡀᾐỈࡋࡓࠋ
㸦070522㸧
㹙2007㸡14㹛 ࢱࢵࢱ㒆ෆࡢ࣒࢞ᕝ࡛ࡶቑỈࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࢳ࣒ࢼࣥ㸦Chymnain㸧ᮧ࡛ࡣ㡿ᇦࡢ 90%ࡀᾐỈࡋࡓࠋ
113
ࣁࣝࣂࣛࣇ㸦Kharbalakh㸧ᮧ࡛ࡣ 60%ࡀᾐỈࡋࠊ214 ேࡀ㑊㞴ࡋࡓ㸦070522㸧
ࠋ
㹙2007㸡15㹛 5 ᭶ 21 ᪥ 12 ࡣࣞࣥࢫࢡ㒆࢜ࣜࣙࢡ࣑ࣥࢫࢡ㒆࡛➨Ἴ㸦2 ␒┠ࡢὥỈ㸧ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓ㸦070522㸧
ࠋ
㹙2007#16㹛
ࣝࢲࣥᕝࡢ➨Ἴࡼࡗ࡚࢘ࢫࢳ࣐ࣖ㒆ࣝࢲࣥ㒆ᙳ㡪ࡀ࡛࡚࠸ࡿࠋ23 ᪥࢘ࢫࢳ࣐ࣖ㒆ࡢ
ෆࡢᮧ࡛ᾐỈࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࣝࢲࣥ㒆ࡢ࢚ࣜࢹ࢝ࣥ㸦El’dikan㸧ᮧ࡛ࡣ 219 ᡞࡢෆࡢ 80 ᡞ
ࡀᾐỈࡋࡓ㸦070524㸧
ࠋ
㹙2007㸡17㹛 ࢱࢵࢱ㒆ࡣࣂࣖ࢞㸦Baiaga㸧ᮧ࡛ࡣⅆ᭙᪥༴㝤Ỉ࡞ࡾࠊ237 ேࡀ㑊㞴㸦070524㸧
ࠋ
㹙2007㸡18㹛 ࢱࢵࢱ㒆࡛ࡣࡉࡽࢼ࣒࣐ࣛ㸦Nammara㸧ᕝࡽࡢỏ℃࡛ࢺ࣭࢚࢜ࣛ࢟ࣗࣜ㸦Tuora-Kiuel’㸧ᮧࡀ
ᾐỈࡋࡓ㸦070525㸧
ࠋ
㹙2007#19㹛
ࢱࢵࢱ㒆ࡢ࢘ࢫࢳ࣭ࢱࢵࢱ㸦Ust’-Tatta㸧ᮧ࡛ࡣࣝࢲࣥᕝࢱࢵࢱᕝ᪉ࡽỈࡀࡁ࡚ࠊ84 ᡞࡀᾐ
Ỉࡋࡓࠋ358 ேࡀ㑊㞴ࡋࠊࡇࡢ࠺ࡕࡢ 40 ேࡢ㉥ࢇᆓࡣࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ㑊㞴ࡋࡓ㸦070531㸧
ࠋ
㹙2007㸡20㹛 ࣞࣥࢫࢡᆅᇦ࡛ࡣ➨㸱Ἴࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓ㸦070531㸧
ࠋ
㹙2007㸡21㹛 ➨Ἴࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ5 ᭶ 31 ᪥ࣞࢼᕝ୰ὶᇦ㸦࢝ࣥ࢞ࣛࢫࢡᓁ㏆㸧࡛ࡣỈ㔞ࡀቑ࠼ࡣࡌࡵࡿࠋࡑࡢ
≧ែࡣ㸴᭶ 5 ᪥ࡲ࡛⥆ࡃぢ㎸ࡳ㸦070601㸧
ࠋ
㹙グ㹛
ୖグ࡛ࡣὥỈࡼࡗ࡚⿕⅏ࡋࡓᮧࡢึฟグࢆ୰ᚰᢳฟࡋࡓࠋグ࡛ࡣࠊᩘ᪥ᚋ⿕ᐖࡢᐇែࡀ
ࢃࡾヲ⣽ࡀ㏙ࡽࢀࡓࡾࠊࡉࡽᾐỈᡞᩘࡢቑຍ≧ἣ࡞ࡶሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢ㈨ᩱᥦ♧ࡢ
┠ⓗࡣࠊࡇࡢᮧࡀ⿕⅏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢆ᫂♧ࡍࡿࡇ࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᑐᛂࢆࡗࡓࠋ࠸࠺ࡲ
࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃࡇࡢᖺࡣ࡞ࡾࡁ࡞ὥỈ⅏ᐖࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓࠋ2005 ᖺࠊ2006 ᖺẚ࡚ࡶࡑࡢᩘࡣᅽಽⓗ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋᾐỈ⿕ᐖࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡋ࡚ゝཬࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ 32 ࡢᒃఫᆅⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣞࢼᕝୖὶࡽ୰ὶ
ࡅ࡚ࡢࢇࡢὶᇦࡢ㒆࡛⿕ᐖࡀሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⯆῝࠸ࡢࡣࠊࣞࢼᕝὶᇦࡣ┤᥋㛵ಀࡋ࡞
࠸ࢱࢵࢱ㒆࡛ὥỈ⿕ᐖࡀሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢱࢵࢱ㒆ࡣࣞࢼᕝࡢᨭὶ࡛࠶ࡿࣝࢲࣥᕝࡢ
ᨭὶࢱࢵࢱᕝ࠾ࡼࡧ࣒࢞ᕝࢆࡑࡢෆ㒊ᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢱࢵࢱ㒆ࡢ㒆ᡤᅾᆅ࡛࠶ࡿ࢘ࢸࢡ࣭࢟
࢚ࣗࣜᮧࡣࠊ2007 ᖺࡢὥỈ࡛᭱ࡶ⿕ᐖࡀࡦࡗࡓᮧࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ5 ᭶ 18 ᪥ 150 ᡞᾐỈࡋࠊ
20 ᪥ࡣ 873 ᡞᾐỈࠊࡇࢀ࡛ 3033 ேࡀ㑊㞴ࡋࠊ600 㢌ࡢ∵㑊㞴ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊ24 ᪥
ࡇࡢᮧ࠾ࡼࡧ 895 ᡞᮧࡢ 100%ࡀᾐỈ࠸࠺ែ࡞ࡾࠊỈࡣࡃᘬࡎࠊ6 ᭶ 2 ᪥ࡢグ࡛
ࡣࠕ
㸦ࡇࡢᮧࡣ㸧୍ࡘࡢࡁ࡞†ኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࠖࡲ࡛ሗ㐨ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦070602㸧
ࠋ
2008 ᖺ
㹙2008#1㹛
ࣝࢲࣥᕝ࠾࠸࡚ὶịࡢඛ➃ࡣࣝࢲࣥ㒆ෆࡢࢫ࢜ࣥ㸦Suon㸧ᮧ࠶ࡾࠊࢺࣔࢵࢺ㸦Tommot㸧ᮧ
ࢳࣗࢳࣗࣝ㸦Chuchur㸧ᮧ࡛ࡣὶịࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓࠋࣁࢸࢫࢸ࣮ࣝ㸦Khatystyr㸧ᮧࠊ࢘ࢠࣀ㸦Ugino㸧
ᮧࠊࢳࣕࣛࣥ㸦Charan㸧ᮧ࡛ࡣỏ℃ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓ㸦080514㸧
ࠋ
㹙2008㸡2㹛
࣒࢞ᕝ࠾࠸࡚ὶịࡢඛ➃ࡣࠊࣂ࢞ᮧ࡛☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓࠋ࣒࢞㒆ࡀ༴ᶵⓗ≧ἣ࠶ࡾࠊ㒆ෆࡢ
࣮ࣛࢫᾐỈࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦080514㸧
ࠋ
㹙2008#3㹛
ࢦ࣮ࣝࢽ㒆࡛ࡣ⥭ᛴែᐉゝࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋ㒆ෆࡢ࣐ࢵࢱ㸦Matta㸧ᕝ༴㝤Ỉ࡞ࡿࠋ࣋ࣝࢹࢤ
ࢫࢳࣕ㸦Berdigestiakh㸧ᮧ࡛ 19 ᡞࡀᾐỈࡋࠊ193 ேࡀ㑊㞴ࡋࡓ㸦080514㸧
ࠋ
㹙2008㸡4㹛
ࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕷ㏆㑹ࡢࢲ࣮ࢳࣕᆅ༊㏆ࡢࣁࢸࣥࢢ࣮ࣘࣜࣕࣇࢫ࣮࢟⾤㐨㸦Khating-Iuriakhskii
shosse㸧࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⼥ࡅࡓỈ࡛㐨㊰ࡀ◚ᦆࡋࡓ⿕⅏ࠋࡇࡢỈࡀࡇࡽฟࡓࡶࡢཎᅉ᫂㸦080515㸧
ࠋ
㹙2008㸡5㹛
5 ᭶ 11 ᪥ࡣࣦࣝ⾤㐨ࡢࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ㏆ࡢ㐨㊰࡛Ỉࡀฟ࡚㐨㊰ࡀ◚ᦆࡋࡓ㸦080515㸧
ࠋ
㹙2008㸡6㹛
5 ᭶ 11 ᪥ࡣࣁࣥ࢞ࣝ㒆ࡢ࢜ࢡࢳ࣒ࣙࢶ㸦Oktemtsy㸧ᮧ㏆ࡃࡢ㐨㊰࡛ỈࡢỴቯࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓ
㸦080515㸧
ࠋ
㹙2008㸡7㹛
࣒࢞㒆ࠊࢳࣗࣛࣉࢳ㒆ࠊࣁࣥ࢞ࣝ㒆࡞࡛ࡣᶫࡀỴቯࡍࡿែࡀⓎ⏕㸦080515㸧
ࠋ
㹙2008#8㹛
࣒࢞㒆࡛ࡣࠊ㒆㛗ࡀ⥭ᛴែయไࢆᐉゝࠋ࣒࢞㸦Amga㸧ᮧ࡛ࡣ 1025cm ࡲࡔỈࡀୖࡀࡾ༴ᶵ
ⓗ≧ἣ࡞ࡾࠊ46 ᡞ 193 ேࡀᬽࡽࡍᐙࡀᾐỈࡋࡓࠋࡣ࣑ࣕࣥࢹࢠ㸦Miandigi㸧ᮧ࡛ࡣ 8 ᡞࠊ
114
ࣝࢱࣥ㸦Altan㸧ᮧ࡛ࡣ 28 ᡞࠊࢧࢱ࢞㸦Satagai㸧ᮧࡣ 20 ᡞࠊࣂ࢞㸦Abaga㸧ᮧ࡛ࡣ 3 ᡞࡀᾐ
Ỉࡋࠊ㒆ෆࡢᾐỈᐙᒇࡣ 105 ᡞࠊ420 ேࡀ⿕⅏ࡋࡓࠋ⌧ᅾ࣒࢞ᕝࡢᨭὶࡢࢫ࢜ࣛ㸦Suola㸧ᕝ࡛ࡣ
ሐ㜵ᙉࡢᕤࡀ⾜࡞ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦080516㸧
ࠋ
㹙2008#9㹛
ࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ㏆㑹࡛ࡣ 5 ᭶ 19 ᪥ࢱࣂ࢞ᮧ࡛Ỉࡀ 854cm ࡞ࡾࠊࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ࡛ࡣ 564cm ࡛ཌ࠸ὶ
ịࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡓࠋࡋࡋ㸦ࡑࡇࡽ┤⥺࡛ 30 ࢟ࣟୗὶࡢ㸧࢝ࣥ࢞ࣛࢫᓁ㏆࡛ࡣịࡀ␃ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕷෆࡢ࣑ࢡࣟࣛ࢜ࣥ㸦ࢲࣝ࢝ࣛࣇ㸦࣑ࢡࣟࣛ࢜ࣥ㸧ෆ࡛ࡣᾐỈࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓ
㸦080520㸧
ࠋ㸨ᆺⓗࢫࢪ࣒ࣕὥỈ
㹙2008#10㹛
ࢱࢵࢱ㒆࡛ࡣ⥭ᛴែయไࡀᐉゝࡉࢀࡓࠋࢳ࣒ࢼࣥ㸦Chimnain㸧ᮧ࡛ࡣᑐ⟇ࢳ࣮࣒ࡀࡣ࠸ࡗ࡚࠾
ࡾࠊࡇࡢᮧࡽࡢ㑊㞴ࡣࣁࣝࣂࣛࣇ㸦Kharbalakh㸧ᮧ 120 ேࠊ ࢲ࣭࣒ࣖ࢞㸦Daia-Amga㸧ᮧ
ࡣ 40 ேࡀࡾࡽࢀࡓ㸦080523㸧
ࠋ
㹙2008#11㹛
㹙2008#12㹛
ࢳࣗࣛࣉࢳ㒆ࡢ࣑ࣜࣛ㸦Myryla㸧ᮧ࡛ࡣ 36 ᡞࡀᾐỈࡋࡓ㸦080523㸧
ࠋ
ࣦࣝ⾤㐨ࡢ 459km ㏆ࠊࢱࣥ࢞ࣜ㸦Tangary㸧ᕝࡢᕪࡍࡿᶫࡀὶࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵ࢜ࣝࢺ
࣮ࢫࣝࢺ㸦Orto-Surt㸧ᮧࡽࣦࣝࢫࢡᕷࡲ࡛㐨㊰ࡀ୰᩿ࡋࡓ㸦080524㸧
ࠋ
㹙2008#13㹛
㠀ᖖែ┬ࡢሗࡋ࡚ែࡣᏳᐃࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ࿘㎶࡛⌧ᅾᾐỈࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᮧࡣ࡞࠸
㸦080527㸧
ࠋ
㹙2008#14㹛
5 ᭶ 24 ᪥ࢥࣅࣕ㒆ࡢࢧࣥ࢞ࣝ㸦Sangal㸧ᮧ࡛ࡣὶịࡢሁ✚ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ㒆ෆࡢࣦ࢝ࣜ
ࢵࢶ㸦Kal’vitsa㸧ᮧࡢ 68 ᡞࠊ ࢩࢵࢸ㸦Sitte㸧ᮧ㸦⿕ᐖᡞᩘࡣ᫂㸧
ࠊࢡ࢜ࢡ㸦Kuokui㸧ᮧࡢ
8 ᡞ࡛ᾐỈ⿕ᐖࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࣦ࢝ࣜࢵࢶᮧࡢ 224 ேࡣ⌧ᅾ㒆ᡤᅾᆅࡢࢧࣥ࢞ࣝᮧ㑊㞴ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿ㸦080527㸧
ࠋ
㹙2008#15㹛
ࢥࣅࣕ㒆࡛ࡣ⥭ᛴែᐉゝࠋࡉࡽ 9 ᡞࡀᾐỈࡋࡓ㸦080529㸧
ࠋ
㹙2008#16㹛
࣒࢞ᕝࠊࣝࢲࣥᕝࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᕝ࡛ࡣࡍ࡛ịࡣ࡞ࡃỈࡀ࡞ࡀࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦080529㸧
ࠋ
㹙2008#17㹛
5 ᭶ 30 ᪥ࡲ࡛⥭ᛴែᆅ༊ࡣࡍ࡚ゎ㝖ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ࡣ࠸࠼ࡣࡇࢀ࡛ὥỈࡀ⤊ࢃࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ
ᚋࡣ᪉ࡢᕝ࡛㉳ࡇࡿࠋ⌧ᅾ᪉ࡢᕝࡣࡲࡔᏳᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦080530㸧
ࠋ
㹙2008#18㹛
ࣞࢼᕝ࠾ࡅࡿ➨Ἴࡢᙳ㡪࡛ࠊࣞࢼࣆ࣮ࣛ⮬↛බᅬ㏆࡛ỏ℃ࡀ㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠶ᩘ᪥࡛ࣖࢡ࣮
ࢶࢡ➨Ἴࡣ฿╔ࡍࡿࡀࠊỈࡣప࠸㠀ᖖែ┬ࡣண 㸦080530㸧
ࠋ
㹙グ㹛
2008 ᖺࡢሙྜࠊࡍ࡛ 4 ᭶୰᪪ࡢẁ㝵࡛ࠊࡇࡢᖺࡀ⼥㞷ࡀཎᅉࡢὥỈࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿᣦ
ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ㸦080416㸧
ࠋࡲࡓ 5 ᭶㸵᪥ࡣࣖࢡ࣮ࢳࡢᑠἙᕝࡢゎị㛵ࢃࡾὥỈࡀ㉳ࡇࡿྍ⬟ᛶ
ࡀᣦࡉࢀ࡚ࠊࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕷෆᑐࡍࡿࡼࡾ㧗ᗘ࡞⥭ᛴ‽ഛែໃࡣ࠸ࡗࡓࡇࡀ⟶༊⾜ᨻ㛗ࡽ
ᐉゝࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦080513㸧
ࠋ⿕ᐖࡢฟ᪉࡛⯆῝࠸ࡢࡣࠊࣞࢼᕝᮏὶࡼࡾࣝࢲࣥᕝࡸ࣒࢞ᕝࡢὥ
Ỉࡀ᪩ࡃⓎ⏕ࡋࡓࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤ 5 ᭶ 13 ᪥ࠊࣞࢼᕝ࡛ࡣࣞࣥࢫࢡ 60㹩㹫ୖὶᆅⅬὶịඛ➃
ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠊ࣒࢞ᕝࡢὶịࡢඛ➃ࡣࣂ࢞ᮧ㏆࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡀࡇࡢᆅ༊࡛∾ⲡᆅ࣭᥇ⲡᆅ
ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿ࣮ࣛࢫᾐỈࡋࡓ࠸࠺ࠋࡲࡓྠࡌ㡭ࢦ࣮ࣝࢽ㒆ࡢ Ɇɚɬɬɚ ᕝ࡛ࡣ༴㝤Ỉ࡞
ࡾࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝྠ㒆ࡢ Ȼɟɪɞɢɝɟɫɬɹɯ ᮧ࡛ᾐỈࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ19 ᡞ 193 ேࡀ㑊㞴ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓ⿕ᐖ
ࡢከࡃࡀࣞࢼᕝἢ࠸ࡼࡾࡶࡴࡋࢁ࣒࢞ᕝ࡞࡛㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡶ≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ
ࡽ⣙ 250 ࢟ࣟୖὶ࠶ࡿࢥࣅࣕ㒆࡛ከࡃࡢ⿕ᐖࡀ࡛ࡓࡢࡶࡁ࡞≉ᚩࠋ
2009 ᖺ
㹙2009#1㹛
5 ᭶ 7 ᪥ࡍ࡛ቑỈࡋࡓỈࡣ࢜ࣜࣙࢡ࣑ࣥࢫࢡ㒆฿㐩ࡋࡓࠋ㠀ᖖែ┬ࡢⓎ⾲ࠋቑỈࡣᏳᐃࡋ
ࡓ≧ែ࡛࠾ࡁ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⥭ᛴែࡣ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸Ⓨ⾲ࡋࡓࠋ㠀ᖖែ┬ࡢᑐ⟇⌜ࡣࠊࣞࢼᕝ
ࣝࢲࣥᕝࠊ࣒࢞㒆࡛㸳ࡘࡢᑐ⟇⌜ࡀቑỈࡋࡓሙᡤ࡛ࡢᑐ⟇ࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࣦࣝᕝ࠾ࡼࡧ
ࢳࣗࣛࣉࢳ㒆࠾ࡼࡧࢱࢵࢱ㒆࡛ࡶྠᵝࡢฎ⌮ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࣞࢼᕝᆅᇦࡢࣂࢱ࣐㸦Batamai㸧୰ᕞࡢ
ࢫࢪ࣒ࣕࡣྑᓊࢆ⇿Ⓨࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡛ゎᾘࡋࡓࠋ⌧ᅾࠊࢫࢪ࣒ࣕࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊ࣒࢞ᕝࡢ
115
ୖὶࡢ㒆࡛࠶ࡿࠋᾐỈࡀ࠾ࡁࡑ࠺࡞⟠ᡤࡣ࢜ࣜࣙࢡ࣑ࣥࢫࢡ㒆ࡢࢡࢵࣛࣇ㸦Kyllakh㸧୰ᕞ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ
ࡲࡔࢃࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋᖺࡣᩘከࡃࡢࢫࢪ࣒ࣕࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡣᕝࡢỈࡀᑡ࡞࠸
ࡽ࡛ࠊཌ࠸ị࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕷ࡛ࡣ༴㝤≧ែࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᑓ㛛ᐙࡼࢀࡤ 3 ᪥ᚋࣖࢡ࣮
ࢶࢡὶịࡀࡸࡗ࡚ࡃࡿ࠸࠺ࠋ
㸦090508㸧
ࠋ
㹙2009#2㹛
㸳᭶㸯㸰᪥ὶịࡣࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕷ㏆㑹ࡢࢱࣂ࢞㸦Tabaga㸧ᮧࡲ࡛฿㐩ࡋࡓࠋࢱࣂ࢞ᮧ࡛ࡣࢫࢪ
࣒ࣕࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢱࣂ࢞ᮧࡢỈࡣࠊ༴㝤Ỉࡼࡾ㸰࣓࣮ࢺࣝప࠸ࠋὶịࡀ࠺ࡈࡃࡓࡵࡢ᭱ప
Ỉࡋ࡚ࡣࡉࡽ㸯࣓࣮ࢺࣝୖࡀࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࢝ࣥ࢞ࣛࢫ㒆࡛ࡣⱝᖸỈࡀ㧗ࡗࡓ⼥ࡅࡓ
ࡓࡵࠊịࡢ⛣ືỏ℃ࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡓ㸦090513㸧
ࠋ
㹙2009#3㹛
࢝ࣥ࢞ࣛࢫ㒆ࡢⓎ⾲࡛ࡣࠊ⌧ᅾ㒆ෆ࡛ࡁ࡞⿕ᐖࡀ࡛࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡣ࠸࠼ࠊࢡࢸ࣭ࣝࢹࣗࣛ
㸦Kytyl-Diura㸧ᮧ࡛ᾐỈࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸳᭶㸯㸯-㸯㸰᪥ࡅ࡚ࢩࣥࢫࢡ㸦Sinsk㸧ᮧ࡛ࡣ 10 ᡞࡢ
ᐙᒇࡀᾐỈࡋࡓ㸦090513㸧
ࠋ
㹙2009#4㹛
3 ᪥㛫ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࢱࣂ࢞ᮧࡢࢫࢪ࣒ࣕࡀ⼥ࡅࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡛ࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕷ㏆ࡢỈࡣୖ
᪼ࡋࡣࡌࡵࡓࠋ᪥᫂᪥୰ὶịࡀ㏻㐣ࡍࡿ㐪࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓ㸦ࢱࣂ࢞ᮧࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡᕷࡢ㛫
⨨ࡍࡿ㸧࢝ࢱࢩᮧ࡛ࡶࢫࢪ࣒ࣕࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡓ㸦090516㸧
ࠋ
㹙2009#5㹛
ᖺࡢỏ℃㸻ቑỈࡣᛴ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀᏳᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋỈࡣ༴㝤Ỉࡼࡾࡔ࠸ࡪୗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᾐỈࡍࡿྍ
⬟ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿᮧࡣ⌧ᅾ࡞ࡋ㸦090519㸧
ࠋ
㹙2009#6㹛
5 ᭶ 19 ᪥ศཌ࠸ὶịࡀࢥࣅࣕ㒆ࢧࣥ࢞ࣝ㸦Sangal㸧ᮧ࡛ほᐹࡉࢀࡓࠋỈࡣ 1040cm 㐩ࡋ࡚࠾
ࡾࠊ༴㝤Ỉࡢ 1150cm ࡲ࡛ࢃࡎࠋୗὶ࡛ࡣịࡢୖỈࡀὶࢀࡿࡢࡀጞࡲࡗࡓࠋࢧࣥ࢞ࣝ✵ ࡢ
㉮㊰ࠊᕝᓊࡽỈࡀᾐỈࡋࡓࠋ㒆ෆࡢࣦ࢝ࣜࢵࢶ㸦Kal’vitsa㸧ᮧ࡛ࡶ 19 ᪥ࡣᮧෆᾐỈ
ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊఫẸࡣ㑊㞴ࡋࡓࠋ
ཧ↷ᩥ⊩
Beltaos, Spyros (1995) River Ice Jams. Highland Ranch, Colorado: Water Resources Publication.
Prowse T.D. (2007) River and lake ice. In United Nations Environmental Programe ed., Global outlook for
Ice and Snow. http://www.unep.org/geo/geo_ice/ (2012/8/16)
PRS (2010) - ɉɪɚɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɋɚɯɚ (əɤɭɬɢɹ) 2010 ɉɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ 27 Ɇɚɹ 2010ɝ. ʋ253
«Ɉɛ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɋɚɯɚ (əɤɭɬɢɹ) ɨɬ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɨɞ».㸦ἲ௧
㈨ᩱ㸧
Rakkolainen, M. and M. Tennberg (2012) Adaptation in Russian Climate Governance. In M. Tennberg ed.
Governing the uncertain: Adaptation and climate in Russia and Finland. 39-54, Springer.
Sukhoborov, V. (2006) Problems linked to the prevention of natural disaters in the Sakha Republic
(Yakutia). In the conference of "The 3rd northern forum to the prevention of natural disasters in the
Sakha Republic (Yakutia) 2006", http://www.yakutiatoday.com/events/inter_FWG_emercom.shtml
(2012/8/23)
㧗ᾈᶞ㸦2012㸧
ࠗᴟࡢ∾␆Ẹࢧࣁ㸸㐍࣑ࢡࣟ㐺ᛂࢆࡵࡄࡿࢩ࣋ࣜẸ᪘ㄅ࠘ᇽࠋ
㧗ᾈᶞ㸦2013㸧ࠕࢫࢪ࣒ࣕὥỈࡣ⅏ᐖ࡞ࡢ㸽㸸ࣞࢼᕝ୰ὶᇦࡢࢧࣁே♫࠾ࡅࡿἙᕝ
ị㛵ࡍࡿᅾ᮶▱㐺ᛂࡢ≉㉁ࠖ
ࠗᮾࢪ◊✲࠘17 ྕ, 109-137 㡫ࠋ
116
పᐦᗘᐮ෭ᆅᇦࡋ࡚ࡢࢩ࣋ࣜ㸸ᩥ⌮㐃ᦠ◊✲ࡢព⩏
ዟᮧ ㄔ
ᮾᏛ ⅏ᐖ⛉Ꮫᅜ㝿◊✲ᡤ ே㛫࣭♫ᑐᛂ◊✲㒊㛛
1 ࡣࡌࡵ
2010 ᖺᗘᮎࡢࢩ࣋ࣜࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢయ㆟ࢆྎ࡛㛤ദࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡲࡉࡑࡢࠊ࣐ࢢࢽࢳ
࣮ࣗࢻ 9.0 ࡢᕧᆅ㟈ࡢ㟈ືࡀྎࢆࡣࡌࡵࡍࡿ᪥ᮏิᓥࡢ༙ࢆᦂࡽࡏࠊ20 ࣓࣮ࢺࣝࢆ㉸࠼
ࡿ㧗ࡉࡢὠἼࡣᮾ᪥ᮏኴᖹὒᓊࡢࡲࡕࢆ࡞ࡁࡲ࡛྇ࡁࡢࡵࡋࠊࡉࡽ⚟ᓥ➨୍ཎᏊຊⓎ㟁
ᡤࡢ㐣㓞ᨾࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋ࡚ࠊᮍ᭯᭷ࡢ⿕ᐖࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࠋ㟈ᗘ 3 ௨ୖࡢ≧ែࡀ 190 ⛊ࡶ⥅⥆ࡋ
ࡓᆅ㟈Ἴࡣࠊ᪂ᖿ⥺࡞ࡢ㏻タഛࡢࠊከࡃࡢᘓ≀⿕ᐖࢆ࠼ࡓࠋ⚾ࡀᒃᐊࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ
ᮾᏛᮾࢪ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢᘓ≀ࠊ㟷ⴥᒣ࢟ࣕࣥࣃࢫෆࡢᘓ⠏࣭ᅵᮌᕤᏛࡢ◊✲Ჷࡣ
ࡶࡁࡃ◚ᦆࡋࠊ༴㝤ุᐃࡢ㉥⣬ࡀ㈞ࡽࢀ࡚❧ࡕධࡾࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ๓⪅ࡣ 2013 ᖺ 2 ᭶⌧
ᅾ⪏㟈⿵ᙉᕤࡢࡓࡵ❧ࡕධࡾ⚗Ṇࠊᚋ⪅ࡣ 2012 ᖺึࡵྲྀࡾቯࡉࢀࠊࡼ࠺ࡸࡃ᪂Ჷࡢᘓタᕤ
ࡀጞࡲࡗࡓࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㏻ࡢ㏵⤯ࡣࠊ㣗⣊ࡸỈࠊࡑࡋ࡚⇞ᩱࡢ☜ಖࢆࡉࡲࡓࡆࠊ㏻ᖖࡢ⏕ά
◊✲άືࡢ⥅⥆ࢆᅔ㞴࡞ࡶࡢࡋࡓࠋᅵᮌᕤᏛᑓᨷࢆවົࡍࡿ⚾ࡣࠊ┠๓ࡢ⅏ᐖᑐᛂࠊࣥࣇ
ࣛࡢᪧ㛵ࡍࡿㄪᰝࠊ◊✲㔜Ⅼࢆ⨨ࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚ࢩ࣋ࣜࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ
࡛ࡢ◊✲άືࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࡇࡀᅔ㞴࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡇࡢ㟈⅏ࡣࠊⓒேࡢேཱྀࢆᢪ࠼ࡿྎᕷ࠸࠺㒔ᕷ࡛ࡍࡽࠊᮾࢪᆅᇦࡢ≉ᚩࡽච
ࢀࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇࢆᩍ࠼࡚ࡃࢀࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᮾࢪᆅᇦࡣࠊẼೃࡀཝࡋࡃ㣗⣊ࡸ
࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡢ⏕⏘ຊࡢ㝈⏺ࡼࡾே㛫ࡣపᐦᗘࡋఫࡴࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡉࡽᏘࡢཝࡋ࠸
Ẽೃࡸⅆᒣࠊᆅ㟈ࡸὠἼ࡞ࠊே㛫ࡢຊᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࡿᙉ࡛㜵ࡂࡼ࠺ࡢ࡞࠸⮬↛ࡢຊࡀᏑᅾ
ࡋࠊࡑࢀᑐᛂࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ▱ᜨࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿᆅᇦ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡀᑐ㇟ࡍࡿᮾࢩ࣋ࣜ
ࡣࠊࡲࡉᏘࡢཝࡋ࠸Ẽೃࡀே㛫ࡢ⏕Ꮡࢆ⬣ࡍࡼ࠺࡞ࠕపᐦᗘᐮ෭ᆅᇦ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊᆺⓗ࡞
ᮾࢪᆅᇦ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ㛤ጞ௨᮶ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇ࡛࠸ࡓࢩ࣋ࣜ㐨㊰ࡢ◊✲
ࡣ୰᩿ࡋࡘࡘࡶࠊࢩ࣋ࣜࡢ⮬↛ேࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࠊᮾ᪥ᮏ㟈⅏ࢆཷࡅࡓᮾࡢ⿕⅏ᆅࡢඹ㏻
ᛶࢆぢ࠸ࡔࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
2011 ᖺࡢᬽࢀࠊ
ࠕ2012 ᖺ 4 ᭶ࠊᮾᏛ 70 ᖺࡪࡾࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸◊✲ᡤ࡛࠶ࡿ⅏ᐖ⛉Ꮫᅜ㝿◊✲ᡤ
ࢆタ⨨ࡍࡿࡇࢆㄆࡵࡿࠖ࠸࠺ࢽ࣮ࣗࢫࡀᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬ࡽᒆ࠸ࡓࠋᮾ᪥ᮏ㟈⅏࠸࠺ᕧ⅏
ᐖࡢ⤒㦂ࢆከ㠃ⓗศᯒࡋࠊᚋࡢୡ⏺ⓗ࡞㜵⅏ࠊῶ⅏యไࡢᙉ⤖ࡧࡅࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡍ
ࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸◊✲⤌⧊࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐇࡣᮾ᪥ᮏ㟈⅏ࡢⓎ⏕௨๓ࡢ 2007 ᖺࠊᮾࢪ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢ
ᖹᕝ᪂ᩍᤵࢆ୰ᚰࡋ࡚⌮ᏛࠊᕤᏛࠊᆅᏛࠊᚰ⌮ᏛࠊሗᏛࠊ⤒῭Ꮫࠊ་ᏛࠊṔྐᏛ࡞ࡢᑓ㛛
ᛶࢆࡶࡗࡓ 21 ྡࡢ◊✲⪅ࡀࠕ㜵⅏⛉Ꮫ◊✲ᣐⅬࠖࢆ⤌⧊ࡋ࡚ࠊ2009 ᖺࡽࡣᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬ࡢ≉ู
ண⟬ࢆཷࡅ࡚Ꮫ㝿ⓗ࡞◊✲άືࢆ᥎㐍ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ᪂◊✲ᡤࡣࡇࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࢆẕయࡋࡘࡘࠊ᪂ࡓ
ࠊᕤᏛࠊ⌮Ꮫࠊ་Ꮫ࡞ࡢ㒊ᒁࡽᩍဨᐃဨࢆ᭰࠼࡚タ❧ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ⚾ࡣࠊ㜵⅏
⛉Ꮫ◊✲ᣐⅬࡢάືᙜึࡽཧ⏬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵࠊ2012 ᖺ 4 ᭶ࡢ⅏ᐖ⛉Ꮫᅜ㝿◊✲ᡤࡢタ❧ྠ
᪂◊✲ᡤ⡠ࢆ⛣ࡋࠊே㛫࣭♫ᑐᛂ◊✲㒊㛛⿕⅏ᆅᨭ◊✲ศ㔝ࡢᩍᤵࡋ࡚ࠊᩥ⌮㐃ᦠ
ࡢどⅬࡽࡢ⅏ᐖ◊✲ࢆ⥅⥆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋྠᡤ㛗⿵బࡋ࡚ࠊ᪂⤌⧊ࡢ⥲ົࠊ㈈
ົࡢ㠃࡛ᖹᕝᡤ㛗ࢆ⿵బࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡉࡽࠊ
ᮾࢪ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢවົᩍဨࡋ࡚ࠊ
117
㻝㻝㻣
◊✲㐃ᦠࢆ㐍ᒎࡉࡏࡿᙺࢆᢸ࠺ࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ᮏ✏ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤒⦋ࡢ࡞࡛ࠊᮾࢪࡢపᐦᗘᐮ෭ᆅᇦ࡛࠶ࡿࢩ࣋ࣜࢆᑐ㇟ࡍࡿ
ᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࠾ࡼࡧࠊᮾࢪᆅᇦࡢ⅏ᐖࢆ⪃࠼ࡿୖ࡛ࠊᩥ⌮㐃ᦠࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀᚲせ࡞
ࡿ⌮⏤ࢆ㏙ࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2 ࢩ࣋ࣜࢆࡣࡌࡵࡍࡿᮾࢪᆅᇦࡢ≉ᚩ
2.1 పᐦᗘᐮ෭ᆅᇦࡋ࡚ࡢᮾࢪ
ᮾᏛᮾࢪ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡣࠊ୰ᅜࠊᮅ㩭ࠊ᪥ᮏ࠸࠺ᮾࢪ࠾ࡼࡧࣔࣥࢦࣝࣟࢩ
ࡢࢩ࣋ࣜᆅᇦ࠸࠺ࢪࡢᆅᇦࢆᑐ㇟ࡍࡿ◊✲ᶵ㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ1996 ᖺタࡉࢀࡓࠋᮾ
ࢪᆅᇦࡢᩥ࣭♫࣭⤒῭࣭㈨※࣭⎔ቃ➼ࡢၥ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊṔྐⓗ࣭⌧௦ⓗどⅬࡽศᯒ
ࡋࠊࡲࡓ⮬↛⛉Ꮫேᩥ♫⛉Ꮫࡢᡭἲࢆ㥑ࡋ࡚ᩥ⌮ࡀ㐃ᦠࡍࡿ◊✲ࢆ᥎㐍ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇࢆタ
⨨┠ⓗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏࢭࣥࢱ࣮࡛ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏิᓥࢆྵࡴࡑࡢ㏆㞄ㅖᆅᇦࡢ⥲యࢆࠕᮾࢪࠖ
ࡧࠊᚑ᮶ࡣᨻࡸゝㄒࡢ㞀ቨࡽಶูࡢᅜᐙ༢࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡇࡀከࡗࡓྠᆅᇦࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ
Ꮫ⾡◊✲ࢆࠊ⥲ྜⓗᒎ㛤ࡍࡿࡇព⩏ࡀ࠶ࡿ⪃࠼࡚ࡁࡓࠋᮏࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢព⩏ࢆᑐእⓗ
ࣆ࣮ࣝࡋࠊඹྠ◊✲࡞ࡢάືࢆᗈࡆ࡚࠸ࡃୖ࡛ࡣࠊ
ࠕᮾࢪࠖࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᆅᇦ࡞ࡢࠊ
࡞ࡐࠕᮾࢪࠖ࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆ⏝࠸࡚ᆅᇦࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡢࢆㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇࡀồࡵࡽࢀ࡚ࡁ
ࡓࠋ
ᮾࢪᆅᇦࡢ≉ᚩࡢ୍ࡘࡣࠊ㠀㕲㔠ᒓࡸ▼Ἔ࣭ኳ↛࢞ࢫ࡞ࡢᆅୗ㈨※ᜨࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ୍
᪉࡛ࠊᐮ෭ࡸ⇱࡞ཝࡋ࠸Ẽೃ࡛࠶ࡾࠊⅆᒣάືࡸᆅ㟈࡞ࡢ⮬↛⅏ᐖࡉࡽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᮾ༡ࢪẚࢀࡤ㣗⣊ࡢ⏕⏘ຊࡣࡁࡃ࡞ࡃࠊேཱྀࡀᏳᐃࡶࡋࡃࡣῶᑡഴྥ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡘࡲࡾࠊே㛫ࡢຊẚ࡚⮬↛ࡢຊࡢ᪉ࡀᅽಽⓗࡁࡃࠊࡑࡢຊࡣ ࠎࡋ࡚ே㛫ࡢࢆ⬣
ࡍ࠸࠺≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡃࡢཝࡋ࠸Ẽೃࢆ⪃࠼ࢀࡤࠊኟࡢ㛫༑ศ࡞㣗⣊ࡸ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࢆഛ
ࡋ࡚ഛ࠼ࡿࡇࡀྍḞ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ಖᏑࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ✐㢮࡞ࡢ㣗⣊ࡀ♫ⓗ㔜どࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
ேࠎࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡶࠊࡑࡢࠎࡢࢳࣕࣥࢫࢆ⏕ࡋ࡚࠺ࡲࡃᑐᛂࡍࡿ࠸࠺▷ᮇⓗ࡞ࡇࡼࡾࡶࠊᚑ
᮶ࡽࡢ᪉ἲࢆࡓࡃ࡞Ᏺࡾ࡞ࡀࡽࠊៅ㔜≀ᙜࡓࡿࡇࡀ㔜どࡉࢀࡿࠋࡉࡽᅽಽⓗ࡞
⮬↛ࡢຊᑐᛂࡍࡿࡣࠊಶࠎࡢே㛫ࡀูࠎᑐᛂࡍࡿࡇࡣ㝈⏺ࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊᣦࡸ௧
ࡼࡿ⤌⧊ⓗ࡞⾜ືࡀྍḞ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㈓ⶶཬࡧࡀᐜ᫆࡞✐≀ࡀ௧ᚑࢃࡏࡿࡓࡵࡢぢ㏉ࡾ
ࡋ࡚ࢃࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊಶูࡢᆅᇦࡀᅽಽⓗ࡞⮬↛⅏ᐖくࢃࢀࡓሙྜࠊࡼࡾຊࡢᙉ࠸ᆅᇦࡽ
ࡢᨭࢆཷࡅࡿࡇࡶᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࢀࡀࠊᮾࢪᆅᇦつᶍ࡞ࠕᖇᅜࠖࡀ
సࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡇࡢཎᅉ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ
ᮾࢪᆅᇦ࡛ࡣࠊ
ಶࠎࡢᆅᇦࡀᑠつᶍ⊂❧ࡋ࡚Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡇࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ᆅᇦ㛫㏻㊰ࡀ㛤ࢀࢀࡤࠊᑐ➼࡞㛵ಀࢆಖࡘࡇࡶ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋ㏻㊰ࡢ㛤タࡣྠࠊᆅᇦ㛫
ᨭ㓄࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᚑ㛵ಀࡀᣢࡕࡇࡲࢀࡿࡇࢆពࡍࡿࠋᖇᅜࡢഃࡣ࿘㎶ᆅᇦ㏻㊰ࢆ㛤ࡃດ
ຊࢆࡍࡿࠋ୍⯡㏻㊰ࡀ㛤ࢀࡿࠊ࿘㎶ᆅᇦࡽࡢᐃᮇⓗ࡞ᮅ㈉ࢆᙉせࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ㏻⾜
ྍ⬟࡞㏻㊰ࡀ࠶ࡾ࡞ࡀࡽ࿘㎶ᆅᇦࡢ⤌⧊ࡀᮅ㈉ࢆᣄࡴࡇࡣࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㏫ࢆពࡍࡿࡇ
࡞ࡿࠋ㏆௦ᅜᐙ࡞ࡗࡓ࡛ࡶࠊᅜᐙࡢ㈈ᨻຊ࡛㞳ᓥᶫࢆᯫࡅࡓࡾࠊ㡿ᅵࡢ➃ࡲ࡛㧗㏿㐨㊰⥙
ࢆఙࡤࡑ࠺ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ⤒῭ⓗ࡞ពᅗ࠸࠺ࡼࡾࠊࡑࡢᆅᇦࡢᨭ㓄ࢆ☜ᐇࡍࡿ࠸࠺ᨻⓗ
࡞⾜Ⅽ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ゎ㔘ࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋỈᐖࡸ✚㞷࡞ࡢ⮬↛⅏ᐖ࠾࠸࡚Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿ㐨㊰ࡢ㏵⤯
ࡀࡁ࡞♫ၥ㢟ࡉࢀࠊ⥲ຊࢆᣲࡆ࡚㎿㏿࡞ᪧດࡵࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡶࠊᅜᐙࡀࡑࡢᆅᇦࢆᨭ
㓄ࡍࡿ⬟ຊࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࢆ⾲⌧ࡍࡿࢹࣔࣥࢫࢺ࣮ࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢពࢆᣢࡘ⾜Ⅽ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡶ
࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
118
㻝㻝㻤
2.2 ⮬↛ࡢᑐᛂᩥ⌮㐃ᦠ
⮬↛ࡢຊࡀኚᙉࡃࠊᏘࡣ⏕Ꮡࢆ⬣ࡍཝࡋ࠸ᐮ෭⎔ቃࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡶࠊ✺Ⓨⓗ࡞ⅆ
ᒣάືࠊᆅ㟈ࠊὠἼࠊྎ㢼࡞ࡢ㢼Ỉᐖ࡞ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࠊேࡸ㈈⏘ࠊࡉࡽᆅᇦࡢᏑ⥆ࡢ⬣
ጾࢆ࠼ࡿᮾࢪᆅᇦ࠾࠸࡚ࠊே㛫ࡀᏳᐃⓗ࡞♫ࢆᵓ⠏ࡋ࡚⏕άࢆႠࡴࡓࡵࡣࠊಶே
ࡀ❧ࡕྥ࠺ࡇࡀྍ⬟࡞ᕧ࡛㐣㓞࡞⮬↛ࡢຊᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ㐺ษ࡞ᑐᛂࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ♫ⓗ࡞⤌
ࡳࢆ⏝ពࡍࡿࡇࡀ㔜せ࡞ㄢ㢟࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࠊேཱྀࡢከࡃࡀ㒔ᕷ㒊ᐦ㞟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᮾ༡ࢪᆅᇦ࡛ࡣࠊࡑࡢ㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡓ㒔ᕷᇦࢆእ
㒊ࡽそ࠺ᙧ࡛ᵓ㐀≀ࢆసࡾࠊෆ㒊ࢆᏲࡿ࠸࠺ࠕ㜵⅏ࠖ࠸࠺ᡓ␎ࢆࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡋࡋࠊ㠀㒔ᕷ㒊పᐦᗘேཱྀࡀᒃఫࡍࡿᮾࢪᆅᇦ࡛ࡣࠊࡍ࡚ࡢᒃఫᇦࢆ⅏ᐖࡽ㜵
ㆤࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᵓ㐀≀ࢆసࡿࡇࡣ㈈ᨻⓗ㞴ࡋࡃࠊࡲࡓࡑࡢᵓ㐀≀ࡢ୰㝸㞳ࡉࢀ࡚⏕άࡍࡿࡇ
ࡣࠊ⮬↛ࡢ୰࡛ࡢ⏕ᴗࡸᬽࡽࡋࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࡶ୧❧ࡋ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ⊂⮬ࡢ⅏ᐖᑐᛂࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡀᚲせ
࡞ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᮾ᪥ᮏ㟈⅏ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᕧ⅏ᐖ࡛ࡣࠊ⅏ᐖࡢຊᑐᢠࡋࡓࡾᢚ࠼㎸ࢇࡔࡾࡍ
ࡿࡇࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡴࡋࢁ⅏ᐖࡢᙳ㡪ࢆᑠࡉࡃࡋࡓࡾࠊ❧ࡕ┤ࡾࡢ⬟ຊࢆ㧗ࡵࡿ࠸࠺ࠊ
ࠕῶ⅏ࠖ
ࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡀ㔜せ࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢ୰ࡣࠊᆅ㟈Ⓨ⏕ࡢ┤ᚋὠἼࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆᐃࡋࡓࡾࠊኳೃࡸẼೃ
ࡢኚࡸⅆᒣάືࡢೃ࠸ࡕ᪩ࡃẼ࡙࠸࡚ࠊ㑊㞴࡞ࡼࡾ᭱ᝏࡢែࢆᅇ㑊ࡍࡿࡇࡶྵࡲ
ࢀࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⮬↛㛵ࡍࡿ▱ᜨࡣࠊே㛫♫ࡢṔྐࡢ୰࡛ᆅᇦࡈࠊ㞟ⴠࡈ㺀⤒㦂▱㺁ࠊ㺀ᬯ㯲
▱㺁ࡋ࡚✚ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋே㢮Ꮫࢆࡣࡌࡵࡍࡿேᩥ⛉Ꮫࡣࠊ࠾ࡶᆅᇦ࠾ࡅࡿே㛫ࡸே
㛫ࡢ㞟ᅋࠊ♫ࡢ୰࡛⤒㦂ⓗ✚ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠕ⤒㦂▱㺁ࢆㄪᰝࡋࠊᩚ⌮ࡋࠊᴫᛕࡍࡿ࠸࠺ᙺ
ࢆᢸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤒㦂▱ࡣࠊඛぢⓗ࡞ṇࡋࡉࡸㄽ⌮ᛶᇶ࡙࠸࡚タィࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࠸
࠺ࡼࡾࡣࠊ
ࡑࡢே㛫㞟ᅋࡸ♫ࡀ⮬↛⎔ቃࡸ♫⎔ቃࡢ┦స⏝ࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡍ୰࡛ࠊ
ヨ⾜㘒ㄗⓗࠊ
ᖐ⣡ⓗ⋓ᚓࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᚋᆅ⌫⎔ቃࡢ᮲௳ࡀࡁࡃኚືࡍࡿࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ⤒㦂
๎ࡀᡂࡾ❧ࡓ࡞ࡃᜍࢀࡀ࠶ࡿࠋゝ࠸࠼ࢀࡤ⤒㦂▱ࡣࠕෆᤄࡣ࡛ࡁ࡚ࡶࠊእᤄࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖ
࠸࠺≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
୍᪉⌮⛉⣔ࡢᏛၥࡀ❧⬮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᩘᏛࡸ≀⌮Ꮫࡣἲ๎ᛶࡢᡂࡾ❧ࡘ⠊ᅖࡀᗈࡃࠊ␗࡞ࡿ≧ἣୗ
ᩜ⾝ࡋ࡚ᙜ࡚ࡣࡵࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛⤒㦂ࡋࡓࡇࡀ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣᑐࡋ
࡚ࡶࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥィ⟬ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚እᤄࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㢖ᗘࡀᴟࡵ࡚పࡃࠊ୍⏕
୍ᗘ⤒㦂ࡍࡿࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞つᶍ࡞⮬↛⅏ᐖ࡞ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᐇ⤒㦂ࡢ࡞࠸ୡ௦ࡢேࠎ
ࠕ⤒㦂▱ࠖࢆఏ࠼ࡿࡇࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⛉Ꮫⓗ࡞ࠕᙧᘧ▱ࠖࡢᙧ⩻ヂࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ⥅ᢎࡀᑡ
ࡋࡣᐜ᫆࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢ㠃ࠊ⌮⛉⣔ࡢศ㔝࡛ࡣᇶ♏⌮ㄽࡢ⮬⏤ᗘࡀᗈࡍࡂࡿࡓࡵࠊ
ࠕఱᑐࡋ࡚⌮ㄽࢆᙜ࡚ࡣࡵ
ࡿࡁࡀࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࡉࡽࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣ࡛࠺ࡢࡼࡗ࡚ồࡵࡽ
ࢀࡿண ࡢ⢭ᗘࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࢽ࣮ࢬྜࢃࡏ࡚࠺ࡁ⌮ㄽࡸィ⟬㈨※ࡢ㔞ࢆ㝈ᐃࡋ࡚࠸࡞
ࡅࢀࡤࠊᚲせ௨ୖࡢ᳨ウ㛫ࢥࢫࢺࡀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚⌧ᆅ♫࡛ࡢ
㛵ࢃࡾࡢ୰࡛ேᩥ⛉Ꮫࡢ◊✲⪅ࡀ⤒㦂▱ࢆⓎ᥀ࡋࠊ⌮⣔◊✲⪅ࡀ⮬↛⛉Ꮫ࠾ࡅࡿἲ๎ᛶࡘࡁ
ྜࢃࡏྫྷࡋ࡚㺀ᙧᘧ▱㺁ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ▱㆑ࡢ㐺⏝⠊ᅖࢆᣑࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ኚࡍ
ࡿ⎔ቃࡢ୰ࡢ♫ࠕ㡹࡞▱㆑ࠖࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࡚ࠊ⅏ᐖࡸ⮬↛ࡢᑐᛂᙺ❧࡚ࡿ᪉ἲࢆࠊ♫⛉
Ꮫⓗ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇࡀ㔜せ࡞ࡿࠋ
3 ☜ᐇᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ⌧㇟ᑐࡍࡿࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ
3.1 ࠕᐃእࠖᑐࡍࡿ⪃࠼᪉
ᮾ᪥ᮏ㟈⅏ࡢ┤ᚋࠊᴗࡸ⾜ᨻࡢ㈐௵⪅ࡸᢏ⾡⪅ࡽࠊ㺀ᐃࢆࡁࡃ㉸࠼ࡿὠἼ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡓ
119
㻝㻝㻥
ࡵࠊᑐᛂࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࠖ࠸࠺ゝ᫂ࡀከࡃ⪺ࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋࠊࣀࣥࣇࢡࢩ
ࣙࣥసᐙࡢᰗ⏣㑥⏨ࡣࠊ
ࠕᐃእ࠸࠺ࢣ࣮ࢫࡣࠊᐇࡣ 3 ࡘࡢࢣ࣮ࢫࡀ࠶ࡿࠋA㸸ᮏᙜᐃ࡛
ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࢣ࣮ࢫࠊB㸸࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘᐃ࡛ࡁࡓࡀࠊࢹ࣮ࢱࡀ☜ࡔࡗࡓࡾࠊ☜⋡ࡀప࠸ぢࡽࢀ
ࡓࡾࡋࡓࡓࡵࠊ㝖እࡉࢀࡓࢣ࣮ࢫࠋC㸸Ⓨ⏕ࡀண ࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢែᑐࡍࡿᑐ⟇ᮏẼ࡛
ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴࠊタィࡀࡀࡾ࡞ࡾᢞ㈨㢠ࡀᕧ࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡑࢇ࡞ࡇࡣᙜ㠃㉳ࡇࡽ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ
࠺ᴦほㄽࢆᥖࡆ࡚ࠊᐃࡢୖ㝈ࢆ⥺ᘬࡁࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࢣ࣮ࢫࡢ 3 ࡘࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢࡉࡲࡊ
ࡲ࡞⅏ᐖࢆぢࡿࠊࢣ࣮ࢫ A ࡣᴟࡵ࡚ᑡ࡞࠸ࠋB Cࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ B C ࡢ୰㛫࠶ࡓࡾࡢࢣ࣮
ࢫࡀࠊ༙ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ぢ࠼ࡿࠖ
ࠊᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ2005 ᖺ 4 ᭶ࡢ㹈㹐⚟▱ᒣ⥺
⬺⥺ᨾᑐࡍࡿ 2 ᖺᚋࡢ⯟✵࣭㕲㐨ᨾㄪᰝጤဨࡢሗ࿌᭩᭩ࢀࡓḟࡢ୍ᩥࢆ♧ࡋࠊ᪥ᮏ
᪥ᮏேࡢ㜵⅏ᑐ⟇࣭Ᏻᑐ⟇࠾ࡅࡿᛮ⪃ࡢࣃࣛࢲ࣒㌿ࢆồࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㺀Ⓨ⏕㢖ᗘࡀᑠࡉࡃ
࡚ࡶࠊ୍ᗘⓎ⏕ࡍࢀࡤ㔜࡞ேⓗ⿕ᐖࢆ⏕ࡎࡿ࠾ࡑࢀࡢ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᑐ⟇ࡢ᥎㐍ࢆᅗࡿ
ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ
ࠊࠋ
3.2 ࠕࣜࢫࢡࠖࠕ☜ᐇᛶࠖ
ࡇࡢᰗ⏣ࡢᣦࡣࠊሗ⤒῭Ꮫࡢศ㔝࠾ࡅࡿࣜࢫࢡ☜ᐇᛶࡢᐃ⩏ᙉࡃ㛵㐃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕሗ⤒῭Ꮫ࡛ࡣࠊ
ࠕ㉳ࡇࡾ࠺ࡿ㇟ࡀิᣲ࡛ࡁⓎ⏕☜⋡ࡀ⟬ᐃ࡛ࡁࡿሙྜࠖࢆࠕࣜࢫࢡࠖࠊ
ࠕ㇟ࡣิᣲ࡛ࡁࡿࡀ☜⋡ࡀィ⟬࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ሙྜࠖࢆࠕ☜ᐇᛶࠖ
ࠊࠕ㇟ࡶิᣲ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ሙྜࠖࢆ
ࠕ↓▱㸦ྍ▱㸧ࠖᐃ⩏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛㸪ᮾ᪥ᮏ㟈⅏ࡢ୰୍࡛⯡ࠕᐃእࠖゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸
ࡓࡶࡢࡶ㸪
ࠕ☜⋡ࡀࡰࢮࣟࡳ࡞ࡏࡓࣜࢫࢡࠖ࡞ࡢࠊࠕ☜⋡ࡣィ⟬࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࡀ㸪㉳ࡇࡿ
ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ☜ᐇ࡞㇟ࠖ࡞ࡢࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡇࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ
ࡇࢆㄡࡶᐃ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࠊ♫ࡗ࡚↓▱㸦ྍ▱㸧ࡢ㇟ࡔࡗࡓࡢࠖศ㢮ࡋ࡚࠾ࡃ
ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣᅇ㉳ࡇࡗࡓၥ㢟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊㄡ㈐௵ࢆၥ࠺ࡁࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᚋࡢࡼ࠺
ᑐᛂࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡁࡀࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕ↓▱ࠖࡢ㒊ศࡣㄡࡶ㈐௵ࢆၥ࠺ࡇࡣ࡛ࡁࡎࠊ⿕ᐖᑐࡍࡿᩆ῭ࢆᅜ࡞ࡀᚋⓗ⾜࠺
ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋཎᏊຊࡢࡼ࠺ᮍ▱ࡢ㒊ศࡀከ࠸ᢏ⾡ࢆᏳ᫆᥇⏝ࡋࡓࡇࡢ㐨⩏ⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ࡣ࠶ࡿࡢ
ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊၥ㢟ࢆணぢࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡀ࡞࠸ࡢࡔࡽἲᚊⓗࡣ㈐௵ࢆၥ࠺ࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸⪃
࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇࡢࡓࡧࠊၥ㢟ࡀᐇ㝿Ⓨ⏕ࡋࠊᡃࠎࡀࡑࢀࢆㄆ㆑ࡋࡓࡇ࡛ࠊ
ࠕ↓▱ࠖࡽ
ࠕ☜ᐇࠖ࡞ࡑࡢᛶ᱁ࢆኚ࠼ࡓࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ
ᢏ⾡⪅ࡸᏛࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᅇࡢ⤒㦂ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚ࠕࣜࢫࢡࠖࡢ⟬ᐃ᪉ἲࢆᨵၿࡋࠊࡼࡾከࡃࡢ㺀
☜ᐇᛶ㺁ࡢ㡯ࡢ☜⋡ホ౯ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊྜ⌮ⓗ࡞ࠕࣜࢫࢡ⟶⌮ࠖࢆྍ⬟ࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪▱ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࡚
࠸ࡃࡇࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋࣜࢫࢡࡣ㸪☜⋡ࡀィ⟬࡛ࡁࡿ㇟ࡑࡢ㇟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡌࡿ⿕ᐖࡢ⤌ࡳ
ྜࢃࡏ࡞ࡢ࡛ࠊࣜࢫࢡࢆୗࡆࡿࡓࡵࡢᑐᛂࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ㸿㸸Ⓨ⏕☜⋡ࢆୗࡆࡿࠊ㹀㸸⏕ࡌࡿ⿕ᐖࢆ
ᑠࡉࡃࡍࡿࠊ࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ๓⪅ࡣࠊᵓ㐀≀࡞ࡢᙉᗘࢆୖࡆ࡚እຊࡼࡿ◚ቯࡢⓎ⏕☜
⋡ࢆୗࡆࡿ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࣁ࣮ࢻ࡞㜵⅏ࡢࠊࡑࡶࡑࡶእຊࡢࡁ࠸ᡤఫࡲ࡞࠸ࠊ⾜࡞࠸ࠊࢃ
࡞࠸ࡇࡼࡾᭀ㟢ࢆୗࡆࡿ࠸࠺ᡭẁ㸦ࣜࢫࢡᅇ㑊㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᚋ⪅ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊಶࠎࡢᐙᒇࡢᙉ
ᗘࢆୖࡆࡿࠊ㑊㞴ࡍࡿࡇࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡉࡽ⿕ᐖࡢⓎ⏕ࡣ᪉࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡑࡢᣑࢆ㜵ࡂ❧ࡕ
┤ࡾࢆ᪩ࡃࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊணഛࡢタࢆᣢࡘከ㔜ࠊഛࠊ⥭ᛴᑐᛂࡢయไࢆᩚ࠼࡚࠾ࡃ࡞ࡢࠕࣞ
ࢪࣜࣥࢺࠖࡢ᪉ἲࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ♫ⓗࡣࠕಖ㝤ࠖࢆᐇࡉࡏࠊࡼࡾከࡃࡢయ࡛ࣜࢫࢡࢆศᢸ
ࡍࡿࠕࣜࢫࢡࣇࢼࣥࢫࠖࡶᚲせࡔࡀࠊಖ㝤ᴗࡣ☜⋡ィ⟬ࡢ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㇟ࡣ㐺⏝࡛ࡁ࡞࠸
࠸࠺㝈⏺ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
3.3 ⌮⣔ⓗⓎࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢ㝈⏺
ࣜࢫࢡ⟶⌮࡛ࡣ⌮⣔ⓗ࡞Ⓨ❧ࡕࠊ
㇟ࡢ㐍ᒎࢆྖࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ⌮ゎࡋ࡚ࠊ☜⋡ࢆ⟬ᐃࡋࠊ
120
㻝㻞㻜
ࡑࢀࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿࡇࡀ㔜せどࡉࢀࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ⌮⣔ⓗ࡞ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡛ࡣࠊᅉᯝ㛵ಀࢆཎ
ᅉࡽ⤖ᯝྥࡗ࡚ࠊ㏵୰ࡢࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᯞศࢀࢆ⪃࠼࡞ࡀࡽࡓࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢ
ࡓࡵࠊ☜⋡ࡀホ౯࡛ࡁ࡞࠸☜ᐇ࡞㒊ศࡀ㏵୰࠶ࡿࠊࡑࢀ௨㝆ࡢ☜⋡ィ⟬ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࠸࠺
ၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ᳨ウࡀ᭱ᚋࡲ࡛࡞ࡉࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࡾࠊ☜⋡ࡀィ⟬࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࡲ࡛ࣜࢫ
ࢡࡢホ౯ࢆඛᘏࡤࡋࡋࠊᐇ㝿ࡣఱࡢᑐᛂࡶྲྀࡽࢀࡎᨺ⨨ࡉࢀࡿ༴㝤ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
㐨㊰࡞ࡢᅵᮌタࡢィ⏬ࡣࠊࡸࡸࡶࡍࢀࡤᕤ㛵㐃ࡍࡿ࠾㔠ࢆᆅᇦㄏᑟࡍࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗ
ࡋ࡚ࠊᨻⓗ࡞ຊࡀస⏝ࡋ࡚ࠊᡂࡋ࡚ࡶ⏝⪅ࡀࢇᮇᚅ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ࠕ↓㥏ࠖ࡞
タࡢᕤࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊసࡽࢀࡓタࡀࡢࡼ࠺
ࢃࢀࠊ♫ࡗ࡚ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ຠᯝࢆⓎࡍࡿࢆ⟬ᐃࡋࠊᴗᚲせ࡞㈝⏝ࡢᑠ㛵ಀࢆᐈ
ほⓗ᳨ウࡋ࡚ࠊᴗࡢ᥇ྰࢆỴࡵࡿࠊ
ࠕ㈝⏝౽┈ศᯒࠖ࠸࠺᪉ἲࡀ⩏ົࡅࡽࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ㈝⏝౽┈ศᯒࡣࠊ࣑ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫ࠸࠺ࠊ⌮⣔ⓗ࡞ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡛♫࠾ࡅࡿಶேࡸ⤌⧊ࡢ⾜
ືࢆศᯒࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿᏛၥᇶ♏ࢆ⨨࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࣜࢫࢡࡸ☜ᐇᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ≧ἣୗᙜ
࡚ࡣࡵࡼ࠺ࡍࢀࡤࠊ☜⋡ࡀࢮࣟ㏆࠸⌧㇟ࡣ↓どࡉࢀࠊ☜ᐇ࡞⌧㇟ࡢᑐᛂࡀඛᘏࡤࡋࡉ
ࢀࡿ࠸࠺ഴྥࢆࡣࡽࡴࠋࡃࠊᅇࡢ㟈⅏ࡢࡼ࠺Ⓨ⏕☜⋡ࡀపࡃࠊ⌧㇟ࡢほ ࡀ༑ศ✚
ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵἲ๎ᛶࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ᕧ⅏ᐖ࡛ࡣࠊ㇟ࡢⓎ⏕☜⋡ࢆ⢭ᗘ
Ⰻࡃ⟬ᐃࡍࡿࡇࡣ↓⌮ࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊᰗ⏣ࡢ࠸࠺ B ࡢࢣ࣮ࢫࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࢹ࣮ࢱࡀ☜ࡔࡗ
ࡓࡾࠊ☜⋡ࡀప࠸ぢࡽࢀࡓࡾࡋࡓࡓࡵࠊᐃࡽ㝖እࡉࢀࡿ⤖ᯝ࡞ࡿ༴㝤ᛶࡀࡁ࠸ࠋ
ඛࠊ⌮⛉ⓗ࡞ἲ๎ᛶᇶ࡙ࡃࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊ㐺⏝⠊ᅖࡀᗈࡃࠕእᤄ࡛ࠖࡁࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ
ࡁ࠸㏙ࡓࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽᐇ㝿ᩘᘧࢆ⏝࠸࡚ィ⟬ᶵୖ࡛ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ⾜࠾࠺ࡍࡿ
ࠊ✵㛫ࡸ㛫ࡢ⠊ᅖࠊィ⟬㛫㝸ࢆලయⓗᐃࡵ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ㐣⛬࡛ࠊᐃࡋࡓ⠊ᅖ
ࡢ୰࡛ࡢ⤖ᯝࡢࡳ㛵ᚰࡀྥ࠸ࠊཎ⌮ⓗࡣ㉳ࡇࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿከᩘࡢ≧ἣࢆ↓どࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺
ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊࣅ࣮ࣜࣖࢻྎࡢୖࡢ⋢ࡢືࡁࢆ⢭ᐦࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢺࡍࡿࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆస
ࡿࠊ⋢ࡀ㏵୰࡛࠸ࡃࡘࢀࡓࡾࠊࣅ࣮ࣜࣖࢻྎࡢእ㣕ࡧฟࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆ↓どࡋࡓࣉࣟࢢࣛ
࣒ࢆసࡿ㝈ࡾࠊ
ࠕᐃࡋ࡞ࡗࡓ㇟ࡣィ⟬࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖ࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿࠋ
ィ⟬ࡼࡾᢅ࠼ࡿ⌧㇟ࡢᖜࢆᣑࡆࠊ๓ࡢᐃࡢᯟࢆᣑࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡋ࡚ࠊ࣐ࣝࢳ࣭࢚࣮ࢪ࢙
ࣥࢺ࣭ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ⌧㇟ࢆࣔࢹࣝࡍࡿ㝿ࠊ୍ᐃࡢᖜࢆᣢࡘ✵㛫ࡸ㛫ࢆ
⪃࠼ࠊࡑࡇ࠾ࡅࡿᖹᆒⓗ࡞≧ែ㔞╔┠ࡋ࡚ࠊ㞄᥋ࡍࡿ㡿ᇦࡀᣢࡘ≧ែ㔞ࢆཧ↷ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᙜ
ヱ㡿ᇦࡢ≧ែ㔞ࡢ㛫ⓗኚࢆ㏣࠸ࡅࡿࡢࡀ࣐ࢡ࣭ࣟࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ࠸࠺ᡭἲ࡛ࠊከࡃࡢ
ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢᇶ♏ⓗ࡞⪃࠼᪉࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࠊ≧ែ㔞ࡢኚࢆ⾲ࡍ᪉⛬ᘧྵࡲࢀ
ࡿࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡣࠊ㐣ཤほ ࡉࢀࡓ㐠ືᙜ࡚ࡣࡵ࡚ྠᐃࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ㐣ཤࡢほ ࡢ⠊ᅖእࡢ
㇟ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡃ࠸ࡼ࠺タᐃࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋ୍᪉ࠊ࣐ࣝࢳ࣭࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࣭ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ
ࡣࠊ㡿ᇦࡈࡢᖹᆒ್࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡓ࠼ࡤ⢏Ꮚࠊேࡸ⤌⧊࡞ࡢಶࠎࡢάືせ⣲ࢆ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ
ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡀ⮬ศࡢ≧ែ㔞㏆ഐࡢ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡽࡢస⏝ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚≧ែࢆኚ࠼ࡿ⪃
࠼ࡿࠋ㧗㏿࡛⛣ືࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ⋢ࡽ⾪✺ࡼࡾᙉ࠸ຊࢆཷࡅࡓ⤖ᯝࠊ⋢ࡀࢀࡓࡾࠊࣅ࣮ࣜࣖ
ࢻྎࡢእฟࡿࡢ㏿ᗘ࡞ࡿ࠸࠺ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊከࡃࡢ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥ
ࢺࡀ㠀⥺ᙧⓗ࡞┦స⏝ࢆ⾜࠺ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ◊✲ࡍࡿࠕ」㞧⣔ࠖ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞┦స⏝ࡢ
୰ࡽࠊ≉ᚩࡢ࠶ࡿ࣐ࢡࣟ࡞ືࡁࡀࠕⓎࠖࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡋࡋࠊⓎ⏕☜⋡ࡢప࠸ࠕⓎࠖ⌧㇟ࢆࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢺࡍࡿࡣࠊࡸࡣࡾⳘ࡞ᅇᩘࡢィ⟬ࡀᚲ
せ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࣐ࣝࢳ࣭࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࣭ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊィ⟬ࡸศᯒࡢࡓࡵࡢࢥࢫࢺࡀ
ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿࡇࡣ㑊ࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
3.4 ☜ᐇᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ㇟ࡢ⌮ゎ
୍᪉ࠊ⌧ᐇ㉳ࡇࡗࡓ㇟ࢆほᐹࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ๓ᚋࡢែࡢ㐍ᒎࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡣࠊேᩥ⣔ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸
121
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ࡣ♫⣔ࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀ᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿࠋཎᅉࡀศࡽ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶࠊࡲࡓ☜⋡ࡀィ⟬࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃࡶࠊᡃࠎ
ࡣ᩿∦ⓗ࡞㇟ࡽᑐᛂࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊὠἼࡼࡾ㏵୰ࡇࢆ㏻ࡗ࡚࠸ࡘࡈࢁ
ࡢࡄࡽ࠸㏿ࡉ࡛Ỉࡀࡁࡓࡢࡣศࡽ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ⁒Ṛࡍࡿࡀほ ࡉࢀࡓࡍࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢࡁ⌮⣔ⓗࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡼࡗ࡚⌧㇟ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢゎ᫂ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶࠊྛ⮬ࡀࣛࣇࢪࣕ
ࢣࢵࢺࢆഛ࠼ࡿ࠸࠺ᑐᛂࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊᅇࡢ㟈⅏ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᕧ⅏ᐖ࡛
ࡣࠊ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡀ࡛᫂᭱ึࡢ㇟ࡽᅉᯝࡢ㐃㙐ࢆ㡰᪉ྥࡓࡾ࡞ࡀࡽ☜⋡ࢆホ౯ࡍࡿゝ
࠺⌮⣔ⓗ࡞ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣ㝈⏺ࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ
ࠕែࡢㇺࢆᢕᥱࡋ࡚㐺ษ࡞ᑐᛂࢆྲྀࡿࠖ࠸࠺ṇ
ㄽࡽࢃࢀࡎࠊ
ࠕ᩿∦ⓗࡋࢁ㉳ࡁࡓࡇࢆ┤どࡋࠊ࡛ࡁࡿࡇࡽᑐᛂࢆྲྀࡿࠖࡇࡶᚲせ࡛
࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵࡣ㺀☜ᐇᛶ㺁ࢆࡑࡢࡲࡲ㣧ࡳ㎸ࡴᩥ⣔ⓗࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀᙺ❧ࡘࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡓࡔࡋࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢻ࣍ࢵࢡ࡞ᑐᛂ⟇ࡢከࡃࡣࠊᖹᖖࡣᚲせ࡞࠸㈨※ࡸேᮦࢆవศᢪ
࠼࡚࠾ࡃࡇ࡞ࡿࡓࡵࠊಶேࡸᴗ௵ࡏ࡚ࡶ㠃ಽࡉࡸ⤒῭ⓗྜ⌮ᛶࡢⅬ࡛ᐇ⾜ࡉࢀ࡞࠸༴㝤
ᛶࡀࡁ࠸ࠋ♫ࡢ୰࡛ࡢᚲせᛶࡢྜពၨⓎࡀྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿࡋࠊไᗘࢆ⪃࠼ࡿᚲせࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚☜⋡ࢆィ⟬࡛ࡁࡿ㒊ศࢆቑࡸࡍࡇࡼࡾࠊẸ㛫ࡢྜ⌮ⓗ࡞⤒῭ุ᩿ࡢ୰࡛᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡶ
ࡢࢆ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅቑࡸࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ⌮⛉⣔ࡢ❧ሙࡽࣜࢫࢡࡢᐃ㔞ⓗ࡞ホ౯᪉ἲࢆ
◊✲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇࡣ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
ᰗ⏣㑥⏨㸦2011㸧㸸㺀ᐃእࠖ㸽㸫ၥࢃࢀࡿ᪥ᮏேࡢീຊࠊᩥⱁ⛅ࠊ➨ 89 ᕳ➨ 5 ྕ㸦2011
ᖺ 5 ᭶≉ูྕ㸧 pp.126-133.
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G3b㸦㈨※ື≀◊✲ࢳ࣮࣒㸧άືせ⣙
❧⃝ ྐ㑻
ᾏ㐨ᏛᏛ㝔 ᩥᏛ◊✲⛉ ᆅᇦࢩࢫࢸ࣒⛉Ꮫㅮᗙ
G3 ࡢ୰࡛ࠊࢺࢼ࢝ࢆࡣࡌࡵࡍࡿ㈨※ື≀ࢆᢅ࠺࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡀ㞟ࡲࡗࡓࡢࡀ G3b ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡔࡀࠊࣉ
ࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺᮇ㛫ࡢ๓༙ࡣࠊయࡢ◊✲ㄪᰝࢹࢨࣥࡣタᐃࡋ࡞࠸ࡲࡲࠊಶࠎࡢㄪᰝࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
2012 ᖺᗘࡽࡣࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢㄪᰝ࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓሗࢆඖࠊయࡢᯟ⤌ࡳタᐃࠊࡑࢀᇶ࡙ࡃ㆟ㄽࡶ⾜ࢃ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
1 యࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ
G3b ࡛ࡣࠊேື≀ࡢ୧᪉ࢆ◊✲ᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ➨୍ࡣࠊ㈨※ື≀ࡢ⏕ែࠊࡑࡢ⏝᪉ἲࡢᐇ
ែࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡇࡀồࡵࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋලయⓗࡣࠊᐙ␆ࢺࢼ࢝㸦ྜྷ⏣࣭୰⏣㸧
ࠊ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝㸦❧
⃝࣭࢜ࢡࣟࣉࢥࣇ㸧
ࠊẟ⓶⋇㸦ụ⏣࣭࢜ࢡࣟࣉࢥࣇ㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣ㐣ཤ㸲ᖺ㛫ࡢㄪᰝ࡛࠾࠾ࡼࡑᵝᏊ
ࡀᢕᥱࡉࢀࠊ⌧ᅾࡣࠊ➨ࡢㄢ㢟ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࡇࢀࡽ㈨※ື≀ࡢ⏕ែࠊ࠾ࡼࡧᆅᇦఫẸࡼࡿࡑࢀࡽࡢ
⏝≧ἣࡀࠊ ᬮ⎔ቃࡢࡶ࡛ࡢࡼ࠺ኚࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࣭ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠊ㐺ᛂⓗࡑ࠺࡛࡞࠸ࠊ
࠸࠺ホ౯ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ➨୕ࡢㄢ㢟ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽಶูࡢሗࢆࡶࠊࢩ࣋ࣜࡢᆅᇦ♫
ࡀࡢࡼ࠺ ᬮᑐᛂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠊࡋ࡚ࡺࡁࡑ࠺࠸࠺͆ ᬮࡍࡿࢩ࣋ࣜࡢ⮬↛ே͇ࡢ㛵
ಀࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࢩ࢙࣐ࢆᥥࡃࡇ㸦ຍ㈡∎㸧ࡀᚋồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ
2 ಶࠎࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳㄢ㢟
ձ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝㸦❧⃝࣭࢜ࢡࣟࣉࢥࣇ㸧
㸸࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡᆅᇦ࠾ࡅࡿ 3 ࢝ᖺࡢ⾨ᫍ㏣㊧ࡼࡾࠊ㉺ኟᆅࠊ㉺
ᆅࠊᏘ⠇⛣ື࣮ࣝࢺࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀࡀ♧ࡉࢀࠊᐙ␆ࢺࢼ࢝ࡣ␗࡞ࡿつᶍ࡞ᅵᆅ⏝ࡢᐇែࡀ᫂ࡽ
࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ㉺ᆅ㑅ᢥ࠾ࡅࡿ㐺ᛂࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺
࡞ኚᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝⊁⊟ࡀ⏕ᴗࡋ࡚Ᏻᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ἣࡣࠊࡍ࡛ึᖺᗘࡢ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾ
ㄪᰝ࡞࡛᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᚋࡣ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ⏕ែ㸦⛣ື࣮ࣝࢺࠊ⏕ᜥᆅ㑅ᢥࠊಶయ⩌ᵓ
㐀㸧ࡢᏳᐃࢺࢼ࢝⊟㸦ࢥࢫࢺࠊ┈㸧ࡢᏳᐃࡀࡢࡼ࠺㛵ಀࡋྜࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢆලయⓗ
᳨ウࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ղᐙ␆ࢺࢼ࢝㸦ྜྷ⏣࣭୰⏣㸧
㸸୍᪉ᐙ␆ࢺࢼ࢝ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡢ୰ᚰᆅ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࢜ࣞࢽࣙ
ࢡᆅᇦ㸦ྜྷ⏣㸧ࢺ࣏ࣥᆅᇦ㸦୰⏣㸧࡛ࠊẶ᪘ඹྠయ࡞ࡢ∾␆⤒Ⴀ༢ࡣࡾࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⏝ᐇែ➼
ࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿே㢮Ꮫⓗㄪᰝࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ2012 ᖺᗘࡣ≉ୡ⏺ྛᆅ࡛⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠕ㐣ᨺ∾ࠖ╔
┠ࡋࠊᒣཱྀ㟹Ặ㸦ྡྂᒇᏛ㸧ᒣᮏ୍ΎẶ㸦ྠ㸧ࡢ༠ຊࢆᚓ࡚ࠊ⾨ᫍሗࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᨺ∾࢟ࣕࣥࣉࡢ
᥇㣗ᆅࡢホ౯ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾࢟ࣕࣥࣉ࡛ࡣ᳜⏕ࡢࠕ㐣ᨺ∾ࠖ≧ែࡣㄆࡵࡽࢀࡎࠊ
ᐙ␆ࢺࢼ࢝-᳜⏕㛵ಀࡢ≉ᛶࠊࡶࡋࡃࡣே㛫ഃࡢ࡞ࢇࡽࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡼࡾ㐣ᨺ∾࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞
࠸ࡇࡀணࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢺࢼ࢝㣫⫱࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᕤኵࢆ⮬ぬⓗ/↓⮬ぬⓗ
⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠊࡑࢀࡀࡢ⛬ᗘࡢࢥࢫࢺ࡞ࢆࡅ࡚࠾ࡇ࡞ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ➼ࢆ⌧ᆅ࡛ࡢ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾ
123
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ㄪᰝ➼ࡽ᫂ࡽࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ճẟ⓶⋇㸦ụ⏣࣭࢜ࢡࣟࣉࢥࣇ㸧
㸸ಶయᩘࡢືែ࡞ࡀㄪᰝࡋࡃ࠸㔝⏕ື≀ࡢ୰࡛ࠊẟ⓶⋇㸦ẟ⓶⏝
ࡉࢀࡿ့ங㢮㸧ࡣࠊẟ⓶ྲྀᘬ➼ࡢ⤫ィࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘືែࡀศᯒ࡛ࡁࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࢧࣁඹ
ᅜ࡛ࡶẟ⓶⋇ࡢ⤫ィ㈨ᩱࡀ✚ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢศᯒ➼ࡽࠊẟ⓶ࡢ㟂せࡸ⤒῭ⓗࡀࡣࡿ
ࡁ࡞ኚືせᅉ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣୗ࡛⏝౯್ࡢ㧗࠸✀ᤕ⋓ᅽࡀ㞟୰
ࡋࡓࡾࠊእ᮶✀ࡢ⛣ධࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓᐇࡶ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊ⯆῝࠸ࡢࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ே㛫
ഃࡢࠊ ᬮ⎔ቃࢆ⫼ᬒࠊỈ⣔౫Ꮡࡍࡿ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺ࡞≉ᐃࡢእ᮶✀ࡀቑຍഴྥ࠶ࡿ
Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢩ࡛࣋ࣜࡣ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࡣࡍ࡛ẟ⓶ື≀ࡋ࡚ᗈࡃ⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ୍᪉࡛ࠊ⏕ែᏛ
ⓗ⌮ゎࡢ㐍ᒎࡽእ᮶✀ᑐ⟇ࢆ㐍ࡵࡿືࡁࡶ࠶ࡿࠋᚋᨻ⟇ࡀࡢࡼ࠺ᒎ㛤ࡍࡿࠊ⏕ែ⣔ࡢᙳ
㡪ࡀࡢࡼ࠺㢧ࢀࡿ㏣㊧ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ♫ⓗ࡞ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ㸦ࢩࢼࣜ࢜ศᯒ㸧㈉⊩ࡍࡿࡇ
ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
3 ໟᣓⓗ࡞ࢩ࢙࣐ࢩࢼࣜ࢜ศᯒྥࡅ࡚
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊಶูࡢㄪᰝࡀ㐍ࡳࠊ᭱⤊ᖺᗘࡢㄢ㢟ࡶぢ࠼࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊྠࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ㔝⏕ࢺ
ࢼ࢝ࡶࠊᐙ␆ࢺࢼ࢝ࡶࠊࡑࡢࡢẟ⓶⋇ࡶ⏝ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓᆅᇦ♫ࡢᐇែࠊ ᬮ⎔ቃࢆ⫼ᬒࡋ
ࡓኚࡢࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ⾜࠺ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢほⅬࡽ G3b ࡈཧຍ࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓࡢࡀຍ㈡∎ඃẶ
㸦ி
㒔Ꮫ㸧࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⤒῭ⓗ࡞ほⅬࡽࠊྛㄪᰝࡢᡂᯝࢆᢳฟࡋࠊࢩࢼࣜ࢜ศᯒ࡞ࡽᚋࡢࢩ࣋ࣜ
ࡢ⮬↛ேࡢ㛵ಀࢆᥥࡁฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡅࡿᮇᚅࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
124
㻝㻞㻠
⾨ᫍࢹ࣮ࢱᇶ࡙ࡃ᳜⏕ኚࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾ᆅࡢ≧ἣ㛵ࡍࡿ⪃ᐹ
ྜྷ⏣ ╬
༓ⴥᏛᩥᏛ㒊 ᪥ᮏᩥᏛ⛉ ࣮ࣘࣛࢩゝㄒᩥㄽㅮᗙ
1 ࡣࡌࡵ
ᮏᖺᗘࡢάືࡢ୰ᚰࡣ㹅㸯ཬࡧ㹅㸰ࡢ⾨ᫍࢹ࣮ࢱゎᯒ◊✲⪅ࡼࡾሗᥦ౪ࢆཷࡅࡿࡇ
ࡼࡿࠊ⾨ᫍࢹ࣮ࢱࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡢ⌧≧ࡸᐇែ㛵ࡍࡿሗࡢẚ㍑࣭ศᯒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋලయⓗ
ࡣࠊኟᏘࡢ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉ࠾࠸࡚G2ࡢᒣᮏ୍ΎẶ㸦ྡྂᒇᏛ㸧ࡼࡾMODISࢭࣥࢧ࣮ࡼ
ࡿࠊ⤒ᖺኚࢆ୰ᚰࡍࡿẚ㍑ⓗᗈᇦࡢNDVI㸦ṇつ᳜≀ᣦᩘ㸧ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢᥦ౪ࢆᚓ࡚ࠊࢧࣁ
ඹᅜཬࡧすࢩ࣋ࣜࡢ࠸ࡃࡘࡢࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾ᆅ㛵ࡍࡿ᳜⏕ኚࡢ≧ἣࢆศᯒ࣭⪃ᐹࡋ
ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ⛅Ꮨࡢయྜ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊྠࡌNDVIࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ࠺ࡕࠊࡼࡾ⊃ᇦ㸦༙ᚄ5-10㸧ࡢ
ࢹ࣮ࢱゎᯒ⤖ᯝࡢᥦ౪ࢆཷࡅࠊྠᵝ⌧ᆅࡢ≧ἣࡢ᳨ウࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋయྜ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊG1
ᒣཱྀ㟹Ặ㸦ྡྂᒇᏛ㸧ࡼࡿࡼࡾ㧗ศゎ⬟ࡢASTERࢭࣥࢧ࣮ᇶ࡙ࡃゎᯒ⤖ᯝࡢⓎ⾲ࢆཷ
ࡅࠊࡲࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࡢᥦ౪ࡶཷࡅࠊ⌧ᆅࡢ≧ἣศᯒດࡵࡼ࠺ࡋࡓࡀࠊᙜ᪉ࡢ࣮ࣜࣔࢺࢭࣥࢩ
ࣥࢢゎㄞ⬟ຊࡢၥ㢟ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊᮏሗ࿌ࡣ㛫ྜࢃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᚋࡢㄢ㢟ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
2 ᐙ␆ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ㣗ᛶ
⾲ ᐙ␆ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ㣗ᛶ㹙Yuzhakov 2006: 102㹛
ྛᆅࡢࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾ᆅࡢ᳜⏕ࡢ≧ἣ
ᇶ ᮏⓗ᥇㣵ᑐ㇟
ศᯒࢆ⾜࠺๓ࠊࢺࢼ࢝ࠊ≉ᐙ␆
ᆅ⾰㢮
⥳Ⰽ᳜≀
ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ㣗ᛶࡘ࠸࡚ࡈࡃ⡆༢ᢕ
Ⰻࡃ㣗ࡿ
㣗࡞࠸
ኟᏘ
Ꮨ
ᥱࡋ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ㣗ᛶࡘ
℺ᮌ㢮ࡢⴥ
ࣁࢼࢦࢣ⛉
࠸࡚ࡣ㔝⏕/ᐙ␆ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࠊ
ࢿ⛉࣭ࢫ
ࢿ⛉࣭ࢫ
㸦ࢺࢼ࢝
࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ᪉㛵ࡍࡿከࡃࡢ◊✲ࡸⴭ
ࢤ⛉᳜≀
ࢤ⛉᳜≀
࢟ࢦࢣ㢮
ࢦࢣ㸧
ࢺࢡࢧ㢮
సࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣすࢩ࣋ࣜࡢᐙ
ࢺࢡࢧ㢮
࣓࢘ࣀ࢟ࢦ
ࡑࡢ㞧ⲡ
ࡑࡢ㞧ⲡ
ࢣ⛉
␆ࢺࢼ࢝㣫⫱㐀ユࡢ῝࠸ⱝᖸࡢ◊
✲⪅ࡢⴭసᇶ࡙ࡁࠊᴫせࢆࡲࡵࡓࠋ
ḟⓗ࣭അⓎⓗᦤྲྀᑐ㇟
ྑ⾲ࡣᖺ㛫ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓᐙ␆ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ
ḟⓗ
അⓎⓗ
ᦤྲྀ㣗≀࡛࠶ࡿ᳜≀➼ࢆ୍ᐃࡢᇶ‽࡛
࢟ࣀࢥ㢮
⹊ⱏ㢮ࠊ㔪ⴥᶞࠊ₢ᯝࠊື≀ᛶ
ศ㢮ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋㄪᰝᑐ㇟ࡀすࢩ
ᯤⴥ
㣗≀㸦࣑ࣞࣥࢢࠊ㫽༸ࠊ㨶㸧
࣋ࣜࡢࢶࣥࢻ࣭ࣛࢿࢿࢶேࡢ㣫⫱ࡍ
ࡿᐙ␆ࢺࢼ࡛࢝࠶ࡿࡇ࡛ࠊᆅᇦᛶࡶฟ࡚࠸ࡿࡣᛮࢃࢀࡿࡀࠊᆅᇦ࡛ࡶඹ㏻ࡢ㒊ศࡣ
ከ࠸ࡳ࡚ࡼ࠸[Yuzhakov 2006: 101-103]ࠋ
ࡸࡣࡾྠᆅᇦࡢᐙ␆ࢺࢼ࢝ࢆᑐ㇟ࡍࡿูࡢㄽ⪃ࡼࡿࠊᏘ⠇ูࡢᦤྲྀ≉ᛶࡣ௨ୗࡢ
㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
• ኟᏘ
ؐ せ50✀ࡢ⥳Ⰽ㸦ⲡᮏ࣭ᮌᮏ㸧᳜≀70-75㸣
125
㻝㻞㻡
㸦ྛ✀ࣖࢼࢠ20㸣㸹㔪ⴥᶞ㸺10㸣㸹ࢦ࣐ࣀࣁࢢࢧ⛉㸺10㸣㸹࣏࢟ࣥ࢘ࢤ⛉㸺5㸣ࠊ࣐
࣓⛉㸺5㸣㸹ࢿ⛉㸺5㸣㸹ࢩࣛ࢝ࣥࣂ㸺5㸣㸹ࡑࡢࡢ᳜≀10-15㸣㸧
ؐ ᆅ⾰㢮25-30㸣
• ⛅Ꮨ
ؐ ⥳Ⰽ᳜≀㸦ྵᯤⴥ➼㸧60-70㸣
ؐ ᆅ⾰㢮30-40㸣
• Ꮨ㸦ࠥᏘึᮇ㸧
ؐ ᆅ⾰㢮50-80㸣
ؐ ⥳Ⰽ᳜≀㸦Ꮨึᮇࣖࢼࢠࡸࢩࣛ࢝ࣂࡢⱝⱆ10-15㸣㸧
[Podkorytov 1995:131-132]
⡆༢ゝ࠼ࡤࠊᖺ㛫ࢆ㏻ࡌࡼࡃ᥇㣗ࡍࡿ᳜≀ࡣࣁࢼࢦࢣࢆ୰ᚰࡍࡿᆅ⾰㢮࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓ
⥳Ⰽ᳜≀ࡀ⏕⫱࣭⦾ⱱࡍࡿኟᏘࡣⲡᮏ࣭ᮌᮏࢆၥࢃࡎࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆ୰ᚰᦤྲྀࡍࡿ࠸࠺㣗
ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋᴫࡋ࡚ኟᏘࡣ⥳Ⰽ᳜≀ࢆᦤྲྀࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࢱࣥࣃࢡ㉁ࡢᦤྲྀࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡾࠊ
ᏘࡣⅣỈ≀యࡢᆅ⾰㢮ࢆᦤྲྀࡍࡿࠊ࠸࠺ᦤྲྀᰤ㣴ࡢᏘ⠇≉ᛶࢆᣦ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ[Baskin
2009:15]
௨ୗ࠾࠸࡚ศᯒࡢᇶᮏ࡞ࡿNDVIࠊᆅ⾰㢮ࡢᏑᅾࡀᫎࡉࢀࡿྰ➹⪅ࡣሗࢆᣢ
ࡕ࠼࡞࠸ࠋ௨ୗࡢศᯒࡢ୰ᚰࡣᖺ㛫᭱NDVI࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ್ࡣ㏻ኟᏘࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᇶ
ᮏⓗࡣኟᏘࡢ⥳Ⰽ᳜≀ࢆ୰ᚰࡍࡿNDVIࡢ್ࡢẚ㍑࣭ศᯒ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ༶ࡕࠊࢺࢼ
࢝ࡢ㏻ᖺࡢ᥇㣵ᑐ㇟࡞ࡿᆅ⾰㢮ࡢ≧ἣࢆᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠊ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡾࠊ
(᭱)NDVIࢆ࠺ศᯒࢆ⾜࠺㝿ࡣࠊࡇࡢⅬࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ᗈᇦ/⊃ᇦࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡶࠊ࣮࣋ࢫࡋࡓᫎീ㈨ᩱࡣࠊྡྂᒇᏛᒣᮏ୍ΎẶࡼࡾᥦ౪ࢆ
ཷࡅࡓMODISࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛࠶ࡿࠋMODISࢹ࣮ࢱࢆຍᕤࡋࡓྛ✀ࢹ࣮ࢱ㸦ᖺ㛫᭱NDVIࠊྠኚ
⋡ࠊᖹᆒNDVIࠊᅵᆅ⿕そ⋡➼㸧ࡢᥦ౪ࢆཷࡅࠊ⌧ᆅ≧ἣࡢẚ㍑ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡢࡀᅇࡢసᴗ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋ
3 ྛᆅᇦ࠾ࡅࡿNDVI⏬ീࢹ࣮ࢱࡢศᯒ࣭ホ౯ 3.1 ࢧࣁඹᅜࡢ3ᆅᇦࡢ≧ἣ
ศᯒᑐ㇟ᆅᇦࡣࠊࢧࣁඹᅜෆࡢ࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡ㒆ࢥࣅࣕ㒆ࡢ㸰ࡘࡢࢺࢼ࢝㣫⫱ᴗ⩌
࢟ࣕࣥࣉ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡ㒆ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊḟⓗㄪᰝࡋࡓ࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡᕝ୰ὶࡢ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ
࢝ࡢΏ΅ᆅⅬࡶศᯒᑐ㇟ຍ࠼ࡓࠋ
3.1.1 ࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡ㒆ࢺࢼ࢝㣫⫱බႠᴗ㸦MUP㸧ࠕ࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡࢫ࣮࢟ࠖ
ࡲࡎ࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡ㒆ෆࡢࢺࢼ࢝㣫⫱බႠᴗ㸦௨ୗࠕMUPࠖ㸧ࠕ࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡࢫ࣮࢟ࠖࡢࢺ
ࢼ࢝ᨺ∾ᆅ㛵ࡍࡿ≧ἣࢆศᯒࡋࡓࠋ
ᅗ1ࡢ2ࡘࡢ⏬ീࡣࠊᙜヱᴗࡢࢺࢼ࢝⩌ࡢᖺ㛫ᨺ∾⠊ᅖࢆ⥙⨶ࡍࡿ2001ᖺ2011ᖺࡢ᭱
NDVI⏬ീࢆࠊGoogle Earth⏬ീୖ࣮࢜ࣂ࣮ࣞࡉࡏࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦௨ୗྠࡌせ㡿ࡢ⏬ീ
㈨ᩱࢆ♧ࡍ㸧ࠋ2001ᖺ2011ᖺࡢᅗࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿࠊయⓗ2011ᖺࡢ᪉ࡀ᳜⏕㔞ࡀᑡ࡞࠸㸦ⓑ
-⥳Ⰽ㒊ศࡀᑡ࡞࠸㸹≉㒊ࡢኟᏘᨺ∾ᆅࡢNDVI್ࡢῶᑡࡀ┠❧ࡘ㸧ࠋࡋࡋᙜヱNDVI
ᅗࡢ㡿ᇦࡀ༡150kmవࠊᮾす100km࠸࠺ᗈᇦࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊಶࠎࡢࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾
ᆅࡸ࢟ࣕࣥࣉᆅࡢ≧ἣࢆᚤ⣽ศᯒࡍࡿࡇࡣᅔ㞴࠸࠼ࡿࠋ
126
㻝㻞㻢
ᅗ1 ࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡ㒆MUPࠕ࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡࢫ࣮࢟ࠖࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾ᆅNDVI⏬ീ
NDVIซ
2001
2011
MUPࠕ࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡࢫ࣮࢟ࠖࡢࢺࢼ࢝⩌
ᨺ∾ᆅNDVIኚ⋡ᅗ*
㸦*NDVIࡢኚ⋡ࡣ୰ኸࡢⓑⰍࡢ㛗᪉ᙧ㒊ศ
♧ࡉࢀࠊ㉥Ⰽ➼ࡢ╔Ⰽ㒊ศࡀኚ⋡ࡢࡁ࠸
࣓ࢵࢩ࡛ࣗ࠶ࡿࠋ㸧
ᅗ2
ᅗ2ࡣᅗ1ྠ⠊ᅖࡢ⾨ᫍ⏬ീୖ2001ᖺ2011ᖺࡢ᭱NDVIࡢኚ⋡ࢆ♧ࡋࡓᅗ㸦ⓑ࠸᪉
ᙧ㒊ศ㸧ࢆ࣮࢜ࣂ࣮ࣞࡉࡏࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᨺ∾ᆅᇦෆࡣ᳜⏕ኚࢆ♧ࡍಶูࡢᆅⅬࡀྛ
ᆅᩓᅾࡍࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ୍ᐃࡢࡁࡉࡢ㠃✚ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿᆅᖏࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ぢཷࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡣᗈᇦࢃࡓࡿ⏬ീࢹ࣮ࢱࡼࡿࡇࡶ㉳ᅉࡍࡿᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛࢟ࣕࣥࣉᆅ࿘㎶
ࡢᨺ∾ᅽ➼ࡼࡿ᳜⏕ኚࢆᤊ࠼ࡿࠊࡼࡾ⊃ᇦࡢ⏬ീࢹ࣮ࢱᇶ࡙ࡁࠊศᯒࡍࡿࡇࡋ
ࡓࠋලయⓗࡣࠊ㐟∾࢟ࣕࣥࣉ࿘㎶ࡸ㞟ⴠࠊ≀㈨᫆ᡤ㸦ࣇࢡࢺ࣮ࣜ㸧➼ࡢ࿘㎶2-10km⛬
ᗘࡢ⠊ᅖࢆྵࡴ᪉ᙧࡢゎᯒᅗࢆධᡭࡋ࡚ศᯒࡋࡓࡢࡀ௨ୗࡢసᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
᭱NDVI್ࡢኚࡘ࠸࡚ࠊྠᵝ2001ᖺࡼࡾ2011ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ㐃⥆ࡍࡿ11ᖺ㛫ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆẚ
㍑ࡋࡓࠋᅗ3ࡑࡢ≧ἣࢆ♧ࡍ➨1ࣈ࣮ࣜ࢞ࢲ(ປാ⌜)࢟ࣕࣥࣉ12ࡢ࿘㎶㒊ࡢᙜヱᮇ㛫୰᭱
NDVI್ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ≉ᚩⓗ࡞3ᖺศ㸦୰㛫್ࡢ2001ᖺ,ᴟᑠ್ࡢ2004ᖺ,್᭱ࡢ2008ᖺ㸧ࢆᅗ
ࡋࡓࡶࡢࢆ♧ࡍࠋయⓗἙ㇂ᆅᇦࡢ᳜⏕㔞ࡀࡁ࠸ࡇࡀぢฟࡔࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊ2008ᖺࡣNDVI
್ࡀ㧗࠸ࡇࠊ㏫2004ᖺࡢ⏬ീࡢ♧ࡍ᭱NDVI್ࡀ㢧ⴭప࠸㸦ᬯ㟷Ⰽࡢ㒊ศ㸧ࡇࡀほ
ᐹࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢⅬࡣࠊᗈᇦࢆᑐ㇟ࡍࡿᅗ1ࡢ⠊ᅖ࡛ࡢኚศᯒ࡛ࡣᤕᤊ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ኚ≧ἣ
ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ
127
㻝㻞㻣
ᅗ3 MUPࠕ࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡࢫ࣮࢟ࠖࡢኟᏘ࢟ࣕࣥࣉ1+2࠾ࡅࡿNDVI⏬ീ
Camp1: 70;6;51.51N1058;55;38.076E; Camp2: 70;3;47.76N109;5;8.6159E
Brig1 Camp1+2
Brg1-Camp1+2 2001 㸦R=5㸧
Brg1 Camp1+2 2004
Brg1 Camp1+2 2008
ḟㄪᰝ୰⪺ࡁྲྀࡾ࡛ᚓࡓᨺ∾ᆅ༡㒊ࡢᏘ࢟ࣕࣥࣉᆅࡢ❧ᆅ⟠ᡤࢆ୰ᚰࡋࡓ᭱
NDVI⏬ീࢆศᯒࡋࡓࡢࡀᅗ4࡛࠶ࡿࠋㄪᰝᮇ㛫ࡣኚᖜࡣࡳࡽࢀࡿ㸦ᅗ♧ࡋࡓ2001ᖺ2009
ᖺ㸧ࡀࠊᅗ3ࡢ㢧ⴭ࡞≧ἣ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
ᅗ4:MUPࠕ࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡࢫ࣮࢟ࠖ➨6ࣈ࣮ࣜ࢞ࢲࡢᏘ࢟ࣕࣥࣉ࿘㎶NDVI⏬ീ
Bri6 Winter Camp 68;42N111;44E Brig6 Winter Camp 2001 (R=10km㸧
Brig6 Winter Camp 2009
Brig6 Winter Camp 2010
128
㻝㻞㻤
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ศᯒ⤖ᯝࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚ࠊ⌧ᆅㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓMUPࠕ࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡࢫ࣮࢟ࠖᴗ㛗ࡢM.
ࢽࢥ࢚ࣦࣛ2011ᖺ10᭶2004ᖺࡢᨺ∾≧ἣࢆ↷ࡋࡓࡇࢁࠊせ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᅇ⟅ࡀ
ᐤࡏࡽࢀࡓ㸸
ࠕ2004ᖺ⛅ࠊ⋇་Ꮫⓗ࣭␆⏘Ꮫⓗసᴗࡢࡓࡵ⫋ဨࡀᨺ∾࢟ࣕࣥࣉฟࡅࡓࡇࢁࠊࢺ
ࢼ࢝ࡢ⫧࠼ලྜࡀᝏࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢᖺࡢኟࡣ෭ᾴ࡛㞵ࡀࡕ࡞ኟ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊ᳜≀ࡢᡂ
㛗ࡀⰋࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᚋࡶࡣࡼࡾ ᬮ࡛ࠊኟࡣࡉࡽ෭ᾴ࡛㞵ࡀࡕ࡞ࡿࡇࡀண
ࡉࢀࡿࠋࠖ㸦2012ᖺ10᭶29᪥࣓࣮ࣝሗࢆせ⣙㸧
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊNDVI➼ࡢ⾨ᫍሗࢆ⌧ᆅሗẚ㍑࣭↷ྜࡍࡿసᴗࡣࠊ⎔ቃኚࡼࡿ᳜⏕
ኚ⮬యࡑࡢ⏝≧ἣ㛵ࡍࡿ⌧ᆅሗࡢ㛤ᣅࡶ㈉⊩࡛ࡁࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
3.1.2 ࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡ㒆ෆ࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡᕝ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝Ώ΅ᆅㄪᰝศᯒ
2010ᖺ8᭶ୗ᪪ࠊ࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡᕝ୰ὶᇦࡢἙᓊ㸦68°26'55.00"N 114°29'45.00"E㸧࡚ࠊ㔝⏕ࢺ
ࢼ࢝ࡢΏ΅≧ἣࢆㄪᰝࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢᮇࡣᖺࡽ༡ྥࡗ࡚㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡀᩘ㢌
ࡽᩘ༑㢌ࡢᑠ⩌༢࡛Ώ΅ࡋ࡚Ꮨ∾ᆅ⛣ືࡍࡿࠋᅾࡋࡓ2᪥㛫ࠊ࢟ࣕࣥࣉᆅࡸࡑࡢୖୗ
ὶᇦ⯡ࢃࡓࡾᩓⓎⓗΏ΅ࡍࡿ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ୖグࡢᐙ␆ࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾ᆅࡢᑐẚ࠸࠺ព࡛ࠊࡇࡢ࢟ࣕࣥࣉᆅ㏆ഐࡢ᭱NDVI್ࡢ
2001-2011ᖺࡢ㛫ࡢྛᖺẚ㍑ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢᮇ㛫㢧ⴭ࡞᳜⏕㔞ࡢኚࡣࡳࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
㸦ᅗ
6ཧ↷㸹2004ᖺ2008ᖺࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸧
ᅗ5 ࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡᕝ୰ὶᇦࢺࢼ࢝Ώ΅ᆅⅬࡢNDVI⏬ീẚ㍑
OL Winter Camp (68;26;55N114;29;45E)
2004 (R=10km)
2008
3.1.3 ࢥࣅࣕ㒆ࢭࣅ࣭ࣕࣥ࢟ࣗࣚࣜᮧᅜႠᴗGUPࠕࢭࣅࣕࣥࠖ
ࣦ࢙ࣝ࣍ࣖࣥࢫࢡᒣ⬦ࡢす༡㒊ࢆᐙ␆ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢᨺ∾⠊ᅖࡍࡿᅜႠᴗ㸦௨ୗࠕGUPࠖ㸧
ࠕࢭࣅࣕࣥࠖࡣࠊ㢌ᩘ16༓㢌๓ᚋࡢᐙ␆ࢺࢼ࢝ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡀࠊ➹⪅ࡣ2009ᖺ8᭶ࠊࡑࡢ࠺ࡕ
ࡢ➨9ࣈ࣮ࣜ࢞ࢲࡢᬌኟ࢟ࣕࣥࣉᆅᅾ࣭ㄪᰝࡋࡓࠋᙜヱ࢟ࣕࣥࣉࡣẖᖺኟᏘᨺ∾ᆅࡢ ࡢ㝿㸦7-8᭶㸧1-2㐌㛫⛬ᗘᅾࡍࡿࡇࢁ࡛ࠊ࢟ࣕࣥࣉᆅ㏆ഐࡣᨺ∾ᅽࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋࡋᨺ∾⩌ࡢᅾᮇ㛫ࡣ㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㐣ᨺ∾≧ែ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ヰࡣ࡞
ࡗࡓࠋNDVI⏬ീࡼࢀࡤࠊ2004-2008ᖺ๓ᚋࡢ᳜⏕㔞ࡀᑡ࡞ࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ3.1.1࡛ࡳࡓ࢜ࣞࢽ
ࣙࢡ㒆㒊ࡢࡼ࠺࡞༢ᖺᗘࡢᴟ➃࡞పୗࡣࡳࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓ㸦ᅗ6㸧ࠋ
ࡇࡢ⩌ࡢᨺ∾⠊ᅖ࡛ࡣࠊኟࡢ㝆㞵ࡼࡿᅵተ㣗ࡀ⃭ࡋ࠸ࡇ࡞ࡀ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾ࡛ᚓࡽࢀࠊ
ᐇ㝿ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙᡤࡶᐇぢ࡛ࡁࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ⌧㇟ࡀNDVIᫎࡉࢀࡿ࠺ࡣࠊ
ࡼࡾ⢭ᰝ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱᇶ࡙ࡃศᯒࡀᚲせ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ
129
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ᅗ6 ࢥࣅࣕ㒆ࢭࣅ࣭ࣕࣥ࢟ࣗࣚࣜᮧGUPࠕࢭࣅࣕࣥࠖኟᏘ࢟ࣕࣥࣉࡢNDVI⏬ീ
SK Summer Camp (65;02;44N129;53E) 2005 (R=5km)
2009
2011
3.2 すࢩ࣋ࣜࠊ࣐࣭ࣖࣝࢿࢿࢶ⮬⟶༊ࡢ2ᆅᇦ
すࢩ࣋ࣜ࠾ࡅࡿ➹⪅ࡢ⌧ᆅㄪᰝᆅࡋ࡚ࠊ࣐࣭ࣖࣝࢿࢿࢶ⮬⟶༊ෆࡢ2ࡘࡢᆅᇦ࡛࠶
ࡿࢱ࣮ࢬ㒆ࢠࢲ༙ࣥᓥෆࢆ㐟∾⠊ᅖࡍࡿಶே⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡢࢶࣥࢻ࣭ࣛࢿࢿࢶேࠊࣉ࣮ࣝ㒆ෆ
୰㒊ࡢࣁࣛࣥࣉ࣮ࣝᮧࢆ㐟∾⠊ᅖࡍࡿඛఫẸᴗ㸦࢜ࣉࢩ࣮ࢼ㸧࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡢ᳃ᯘࢿࢿࢶே
ࡢࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾ᆅࢆศᯒᑐ㇟ࡋࡓࠋ
3.2.1 ࢱ࣮ࢬ㒆ࡢࢶࣥࢻ࣭ࣛࢿࢿࢶேࡼࡿಶே⤒Ⴀࢺࢼ࢝∾␆
ࢱ࣮ࢬ㒆ෆࡢಶே⤒Ⴀࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ᚑ⪅ࡣ900వᐙ᪘ࠊ5༓ேࢆᩘ࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡢ࠺ࡕ2005ᖺ
5᭶ᅾࡋࡓྠ㒆ෆࢠࢲ༙ࣥᓥࡢ࢟ࣕࣥࣉᆅ1996ᖺ7᭶ᅾࡋࡓ≀㈨᫆ᡤවኟᏘ⁺ປ
࢟ࣕࣥࣉᆅࡘ࠸࡚ศᯒࡋࡓࠋ
ಶࠎࡢᆅᇦࡢศᯒࡢ๓ࠊᅗ7ᗈᇦࡢ᭱NDVI⏬ീࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ༡330kmవᮾす
170-180km⛬ᗘࡢᗈᇦࡢᆅᇦ㛵ࡋ࡚2001ᖺ2011ᖺࡢ್ࢆẚ㍑ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ2011ᖺ
ࡣ᪉࠾࠸࡚NDVI್ࡀపࡃࠊ༡㒊࡛ࡣ㧗࠸㸦ⓑⰍࡽ⥳Ⰽࡢ㒊ศࡀ㧗࠸್㸧ࡇࡀุ᫂ࡍ
ࡿࠋࡇࡢNDVIᅗࡢ⠊ᅖࡣࠊ㒊ࡣᴟᆅ࡞࠸ࡋᆺⓗࢶࣥࢻࣛࠊ༡㒊ࡣ℺ᮌࢶࣥࢻࣛࡢ༟㉺ᆅ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➹⪅ࡢㄪᰝᆅࡣ㒊ࡢᆺⓗࢶࣥࢻࣛᆅᖏࡀ୰ᚰ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ2005ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ⌧ᆅㄪᰝ
࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ᚑ⪅ࡽ᳜⏕ኚࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㢧ⴭ࡞ㄆ㆑ࡣᚓࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
130
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ᅗ7 ࢠࢲ༙ࣥᓥᗈᇦ᭱NDVI⏬ീ
NDVI ซ
Gydan-wide 2001
Gydan-wide 2011
3.2.1.1 すࢩ࣭࣐࣭࣋ࣜࣖࣝࢿࢿࢶ⮬⟶༊ࢱ࣮ࢬ㒆ࢠࢲ༙ࣥᓥ
ᅗ8ࡣ2005ᖺ5᭶ᅾࡋࡓಶே⤒Ⴀ⪅࢟ࣕࣥࣉᆅ࿘㎶ࡢNDVI⏬ീࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
⯡ᅗࡢ୰ኸࢆ༡ࡽ⺬⾜ࡋࡘࡘὶࡍࡿ࢚ࢽࢭᕝࡢᨭὶࢱࢼ࣐ᕝὶᇦࡣ᳜⏕㔞ࡀከ࠸ࠋ
♧ࡋࡓ2001,2005,2008ࡢྛᖺࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿ⠊ᅖ࡛ࡣࠊኚࡢ≧ἣࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ2005ᖺࡀ㧗࠸್
ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ2001ᖺࡸ2008ᖺࡣࢱࢼ࣐ᕝὶᇦࡑࡢ࿘㎶㒊㸦ࢶࣥࢻࣛᆅᖏ㸧࠾࠸࡚ప
┠ࡢ್ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠼ࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ㢧ⴭ࡞ࡶࡢࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢᆅᇦࡣኟᏘᨺ∾ᆅ
ࡋ࡚ࡣ⏝㢖ᗘࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ᭱NDVI್ࢆ♧ࡍኟࡢ≧ἣࡣࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡢᐇែࡣࢬ
ࣞࡀ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼࡣὀពࡋ࡚࠾ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢព࡛ḟኟᏘ≀㈨᫆ᡤ㸦ࣇࢡࢺ
࣮ࣜ㸧࿘㎶ࡢ≧ἣࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ
ᅗ8 ࢠࢲ༙ࣥᓥࢱࢼ࣐ᕝ୰ὶᇦࡢ࢟ࣕࣥࣉ࿘㎶NDVI್⏬ീ
GN Camp2 (70;08N79;22E)
GN Camp2 2001 (R=5km)
GN Camp2 2005
GN Camp2 2008
131
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3.2.1.2 ࣛࢬࣦ࣭ࣝ࢝ࣇࢡࢺ࣮ࣜ㸦ኟᏘ⁺ປ࢟ࣕࣥࣉ㸧
ᅗ9♧ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊࡘ࡚⫋ဨࡀ㏻ᖺᖖ㥔ࡋデ⒪ᡤࡶ⨨ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ1990ᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࡣኟ
Ꮨ㨶ࡢ㈙ࡅࡢࡳࢆ⾜࠺ࣛࢬࣦ࣭ࣝ࢝ࣇࢡࢺ࣮ࣜ࿘㎶ࡢ᭱NDVIࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙜᆅࡣ
†ᆅᖏ࡛ࠊࣇࢡࢺ࣮ࣜ⮬యࡀἙᕝࡢྜὶⅬ⨨ࡍࡿࠋࢺࢼ࢝ࢆࡢಶே⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡢ㡸
クࡋ࡚ࠊ⁺ປᚑࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡑࢀࢆ༷ࡍࡿ࢟ࣕࣥࣉࡀ࿘ᅖᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚ᜏᖖⓗ࡞ࢺ
ࢼ࢝∾ᆅࡣ࠸࠼࡞࠸ࡀࠊᏘ⛅Ꮨࡑࢀࡒࢀ༡᪉ཬࡧ᪉ࡼࡾࢺࢼ࢝⩌ࢆᘬࡁ㐃ࢀ
ࡓಶே⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡀࡇࡢᆅࢆᨺ∾࣮ࣝࢺୖࡢ࣏ࣥࢺࡋ࡚㏻㐣ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ
ᅗࡣNDVI್ࡢ㧗࠸2002ᖺᑐ↷ⓗప࠸2008ᖺࠊࡑࡋ࡚୰㛫ⓗ࡞2006ᖺࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋࢃࡎ
10ᖺవࡢ㛫࡛ࡶNDVIࡢ್┦ᙜ࡞ኚ␗ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡿࠋ≉2008ᖺࡢ್ࡀᴟ➃ప࠸
㸦ᅗ࡛ࡣᬯ㟷Ⰽࡀ༟㉺㸧ࠋ
ᅗ9 ࢠࢲ༙ࣥᓥࣛࢬࣦ࣭ࣝ࢝ࣇࢡࢺ࣮ࣜවኟᏘ⁺ປ࢟ࣕࣥࣉNDVI್⏬ീ
Gydan Razvylka (71;04N79;19E)
Gydan Razvylka 2002 (R=5km)
Gydan Razvylka 2006
Gydan Razvylka 2008
3.2.2 ࣉ࣮ࣝ㒆ࣁࣛࣥࣉ࣮ࣝᮧඛఫẸᴗ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ಶே⩌
ྠᮧࡣ࿘㎶ࢆࣁࣛࣥࣉ࣮ࣝἜ⏣ࡸࢱࣛࢯࣇࢫࢥ࢚Ἔ⏣࠸ࡗࡓ▼Ἔ᥇᥀ᆅᖏᅖࡲࢀ࡚
࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢ㏆ഐ࡛ࡢ⏕ᴗάື࡛࠶ࡿࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡢ⌧≧ࡣࠊᅇᥦ♧ࡍࡿ୰࡛ࡶ᭱ࡶཝࡋ࠸
㛤Ⓨ≧ἣୗ࠶ࡿ࠸࠼ࡿ㸦ᅗ10㸧ࠋ
ᅗ 11ࡢ NDVI⏬ ീ ࡢ ⠊ ᅖ ࡛ ᖏ ≧ 㸦 ⥳ Ⰽ 㸧 㧗 ࠸ ್ ࢆ ♧ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡢ ࡣ Ἑ ᕝ ὶ ᇦ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ
2001-2011ᖺࡢ㛫ᚤᑠ࡞ኚࡣぢཷࡅࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊ㢧ⴭ࡞ኚࢆ♧ࡍ≧ἣࡣぢฟࡏ࡞࠸࠸࠼
ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡛ࡣࠊᮏሗ࿌ࡢ⠊ᅖ࡛ࡶኚᖜࡢࡁ࠸್ࢆ♧ࡍࡇࡢ࠶ࡿ᪉ࡢࢶࣥࢻࣛᆅᖏ
ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ᑐ↷ⓗࡶ࠸࠼ࡿࠋᙜᆅࡣẚ㍑ⓗᐦᗘࡢప࠸࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࣐࢝ࢶࡢ༟㉺ࡍࡿࢱ
࢞ᆅᖏ୍࡛ᐃ⛬ᗘࡢ᳃ᯘࡢ⿕そࡢ࠶ࡿᡤ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡇࡀẼೃኚືࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ⦆ࡍࡿせ
ᅉ࡞ࡾᚓࡿྰࡘ࠸࡚ࡣุ᩿࡛ࡁࡿᮦᩱࢆᣢࡕྜࢃࡏ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
132
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ĺᅗ 10 ࣁࣛ ࣥࣉ࣮ࣝᮧ㏆ഐࡢ ࢱࣛࢯࣇࢫࢥ ࢚Ἔ⏣㸦 Google
Earthࡢ⾨ᫍ⏬ീࡼࡾ㸧㸦ⓑ࠸㒊ศࡀ▼Ἔ᥇᥀タࣃࣉࣛ
ࣥ㸧
ᅗ11 ᳃ᯘࢿࢿࢶᏘ࢟ࣕࣥࣉ㸦ࣉ࣮ࣝ㒆ࣁࣛࣥࣉ࣮ࣝᮧ㸧
FN Nyaby-yakha (63;58N77;49E)
FN Nyaby-yakha 2001 (R=10km)
FN Nyaby-yakha 2008
FN Nyaby-yakha 2011
4 ࡲࡵ
4.1 ᨺ∾ᆅࡢNDVI್ࡢ≧ἣ㸸2001-2011ᖺ
ୖグ3࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢧࣁඹᅜཬࡧすࢩ࣋ࣜࠊ࣐࣭ࣖࣝࢿࢿࢶ⮬⟶༊ࡢ࠸ࡃࡘࡢࢺࢼ࢝
ᨺ∾ᆅ࠾ࡅࡿNDVI್ࢆ⏬ീࡋࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࢆࡶࠊ᳜⏕ኚࡢ≧ἣࢆศᯒࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖
ᯝࢆ⡆༢ࡲࡵ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ
4.1.1 ࢧࣁඹᅜ
࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡ㒆ࡢMUPࠕ࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡࢫ࣮࢟ࠖࡢࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾ᆅ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊୖグ3.1࠾࠸࡚
࠸ࡃࡘࡢᅗ࡛♧ࡋࡓࠋ㒊㸦୍㒊ࢡࣛࢫࣀࣖࣝࢫࢡᆅ᪉ࢆྵࡴ᳃ᯘ㝈⏺௨ࡢᒣᓅࢶࣥ
ࢻࣛᆅᖏ㸧ࡣኟᏘᨺ∾ᆅࡋ࡚ࠊ༡㒊ࡣ⛅ᏘࠥᏘࠥᏘࡢᨺ∾ᆅࡋ࡚⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
タᐃࡋࡓᮇ㛫୰࡛ࡣࠊ㒊ࡢ2004ᖺࡢ᭱NDVIࡢ್ࡀ㢧ⴭపࡃࠊ2008ᖺࡶప࠸್ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢ್ࡣタᐃᮇ㛫࡛ࡣ⯡ⓗపୗഴྥ࠶ࡿ㸦ᒣᮏ୍ΎẶࡢᣦ㸹ᅗ1ཧ↷㸧ࠋ
ణࡋ࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡ㒆༡㒊㸦Ⴀᆅ㸸ࢱ࢞ᆅᖏ㸧ࡣ2004ᖺࡢప࠸್ࡣぢฟࡏ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓ㔝⏕
133
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ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢΏ΅ᆅ࡛࠶ࡿ࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡᕝ୰ὶᇦ࡛ࡶపୗഴྥࡣࡳࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡇࢀᑐࡋ࡚ࢥࣅࣕ㒆ࢭࣅ࣭ࣕࣥ࢟ࣗࣚࣜᮧ㸦ࢧࣁඹᅜ୰㒊ࡢࣦ࢙ࣝ࣍ࣖࣥࢫࢡᒣ⬦
୰ࡢᒣᓅࢱ࣭࢞ࢶࣥࢻࣛᆅᖏ㸧ࡢGUPࠕࢭࣅࣕࣥࠖࡢࢺࢼ࢝࢟ࣕࣥࣉ࡛ࡣࠊ᭱NDVI
ࡢ್ࡢ࠺ࡕ2004ᖺ2008ᖺࡀప࠸ࡀࠊ࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡ㒆ࡢẚ࡚ኚࡢᖜࡣᑠࡉ࠸࠸࠼ࡿࠋ
4.1.2 ࣐࣭ࣖࣝࢿࢿࢶ⮬⟶༊
ᮏ✏࠾࠸࡚ゝཬࡋࡓ࣐࣭ࣖࣝࢿࢿࢶ⮬⟶༊ࡢ3ᆅ༊㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ᭱ࡶ᪉ࡢࢶࣥࢻࣛᆅ
ᖏ࠾࠸࡚2008ᖺࡢ᭱NDVI್ࡀ㢧ⴭప࠸ࡇࡀุ᫂ࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ9㸧ࠋࡋࡋࡑࡢࡢᆅᇦ
㸦ࢱࢼ࣐ᕝ୰ὶᇦཬࡧࣉ࣮ࣝ㒆ࣁࣛࣥࣉ࣮ࣝᮧ㸧࡛ࡣ㢧ⴭ࡞ኚࡣࡳࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
4.2 ࢺࢼ࢝∾ᆅࡢ᳜⏕ኚࡘ࠸࡚
ࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾ᆅ࠾ࡅࡿ᳜⏕࠼ࡿ㈇ࡢㅖせᅉࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊタᐃᮇ㛫ࡢ㛗▷ࡼࡾᵝࠎ
࡞せᅉࡀ࠶ࡾᚓࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ▷ᮇⓗࡣ㈨※࣭⤒῭㛤Ⓨࡸᅵᆅࡢዣྲྀ࣭ởᰁ࣭ᨵኚ➼ࠊ
ࢺࢼ࢝㣫⫱/∾␆௨እࡢேⅭⓗ࡞せᅉࡼࡿࡶࡢࡀࡁ࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ୰ᮇⓗࡣࢺࢼ࢝∾
␆࡞࠸ࡋ㣫⫱ᴗ⮬యࡼࡿࠊ㐣ᨺ∾ࡼࡿ∾ᆅࡢ⑂ᘢࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡀ㛵ᚰࢆᐤࡏ࡚࠸ࡿᆅ⌫
つᶍࡢ ᬮഴྥࢆྵࡴẼೃኚືࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㛗ᮇⓗせᅉࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡛࠶ࢁ
࠺ࠋణࡋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ᩘୡ௦ࢃࡓࡾ⏕ࡌ࡚ࡁࡓኚࡀࠊ୍ୡ௦࡛㉳ࡁ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺➼ࡢኚࡢࢱ
࣒ࢫࣃࣥࡀࡼࡾ▷ࡃ࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ែࡣ༑ศ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࠊ⌧ᆅㄪᰝ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌧㇟
ࡘ࠸࡚⫈ྲྀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡶᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ᅇ⊃ᇦࢹ࣮ࢱࢆศᯒࡋࡓ⌮⏤ࡢ୍ࡘࠊ࢟ࣕࣥࣉᆅࡸ≀㈨᫆ᡤ➼ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ㞟✚ࡋࡸ
ࡍ࠸ሙᡤ࡛ࡢᨺ∾ᅽࡸ㐣ᨺ∾ࡢ≧ἣࡀ⾨ᫍࢹ࣮ࢱࡢࡼ࠺ᫎࡉࢀࡿࡘ࠸᳨࡚ドࡍ
ࡿࠊ࠸࠺ࡇࡀㄢ㢟ࡢ୍ࡘࡋ࡚࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋNDVI್ࡢ⤒ᖺẚ㍑࠸࠺Ⅼࡽࡣࠊᜏᖖ
ⓗࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⤒ᖺⓗప࠸್ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢࡣ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶᚤ⣽࡞ࡶࡢࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⛬ᗘ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾᨺ∾ᅽࢆᤕᤊࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ㏫≉ᐃᖺࡢNDVI್ࡢపࡉ/
㧗ࡉࡢ᳨ฟࡣ࡛ࡁ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࢆ⌧ᆅ᳨࡛ドࡍࡿዎᶵࡣ࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋ
ᚋࡣࠊࡼࡾ⊃ᇦࡘ㧗ศゎ⬟ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆධᡭࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊᨺ∾ᆅࡢ≧ἣࢆࡼࡾヲ⣽᳨
ドࡍࡿࡇࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋྠẼ㇟ࢹ࣮ࢱࠊ᳜⏕≧ែࡶేࡏ࡚ࠊࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡢᐇែࡸ⎔
ቃㄆ㆑㛵ࡍࡿሗࢆධᡭࡋ࡚ศᯒࡍࡿసᴗࢆ⥅⥆ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ࠸࠼ࡿࠋ
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
Baskin, L.M. 㸦2009㸧 Severnii olenj. Upravlenie povedeniem I populyatsiyami. Olenevodstvo
Okhota. Moskva: KMK.
Podkorytov, F.M.㻌 䠄1995䠅㻌 Olenevodstvo Yamala. Sosnovyi Bor: LAES.
Yuzhakov, A.A. (2006) Nenetskaya aborigennaya poroda severnykh olenei. Salekhard: Krasnyi Sever.
㸨ᮏሗ࿌㝿ࡋ⾨ᫍࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࡚㡬࠸ࡓྡྂᒇᏛᏛ㝔⏕㎰Ꮫ◊✲⛉ᒣᮏ୍ΎẶཬ
ࡧྠ⎔ቃᏛ◊✲⛉ᒣཱྀ㟹Ặࡣ῝ㅰ࠸ࡓࡋࡲࡍࠋ
134
㻝㻟㻠
ࢧࣁඹᅜ࠾ࡅࡿࢺࢼ࢝∾Ẹࡢ⎔ቃㄆ㆑ࡘ࠸࡚
⬤ᙅᛶࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ
୰⏣ ⠜
ᾏ㐨❧᪉Ẹ᪘༤≀㤋
1 ࡣࡌࡵ
ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊࢧࣁඹᅜࢺ࣏ࣥ㒆ࡢࢺࢼ࢝∾ẸࡀẼೃࡸ⮬↛⎔ቃࡢኚࡢࡼ࠺㐺ᛂࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࡢࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࡲࡎᙼࡽࡢ⎔ቃㄆ㆑ࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᆅ⌫つᶍࡢ ᬮࡼࡾࠊᆅᇦࡢẼ ࡸ㝆Ỉ㔞ࠊ㞷㉁࡞ࡢẼೃኚᩘࡀኚࡋࠊࡑࢀࡽࡀἙᕝ
ࡢὶ㔞ࡸ⤖ᮇࠊᆅᙧࠊື᳜≀┦࠸ࡗࡓ⎔ቃᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ
⮬↛⎔ቃࡢኚࡣࠊࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ㣵࡞ࡿ㣗≀㈨※ࡢ㔞ࡸ㉁ࠊࡲࡓࡑࡢ⏝ྍ⬟ᛶ㸦availability㸧
ࢆ㏻ࡌࠊࡲࡓ⛣ື࣮ࣝࢺࡢኚ᭦ࡸᨺ∾ᆅࡢởᦆࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡑࡢࡶࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡿ
㸦Klein 1991; Gunn & Skogland 1997; Weladji et al. 2002; Oskal 2008㸧ࠋࡲࡓࠊ∾Ẹࡢḟⓗ࡞⏕ᴗ
ࡋ࡚ࡢ⊁⊟ࡸ⁺ປࠊ᥇㞟ࢆ㏻ࡌࠊ㛫᥋ⓗࡶࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇ࠺
ࡋࡓ⮬↛⎔ቃࡢኚ┤㠃ࡋࡓ㝿ࠊࢺࢼ࢝∾Ẹࡣᚲせᛂࡌ࡚ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞᪉ἲ࡛ࡑࢀࡽᑐฎ
ࡋࠊ㐺ᛂࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ㐺ᛂࢆᤊ࠼ࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊࡲࡎ⮬↛⎔ቃࡀᐇ㝿ኚࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓୖ࡛ࠊࢺ
ࢼ࢝∾Ẹࡀࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⎔ቃࡢኚࢆࡢࡼ࠺ㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢㄆ㆑ᑐᛂࡋ࡚
ࡢࡼ࠺⾜ືࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ➹⪅ࡽࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊࢺ࣏ࣥ㒆ࡢࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾ᆅ࠾࠸࡚Ẽ 㝆Ỉ㔞ࡀኚࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࡇࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦୰⏣ 2011㸧ࠋࡲࡓࠊ୍㒊࡛ື᳜≀┦ࡢኚࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ゝㄝࡶぢࡽ
ࢀࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ୍⯡ⓗ⎔ቃኚࡣ㔜࡞⌧㇟ࡣࡽ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊᐇ㝿ࢺࢼ࢝∾␆⮬య
ࡶ㔜࡞ᙳ㡪ࡣཬࢇ࡛࠸࡞࠸ࡇࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦୰⏣ 2011㸧ࠋ
ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ◊✲ᡂᯝࢆᩚ⌮ࡍࡿࡶࠊ␗࡞ࡿᆅᇦ㛫࠾ࡅࡿᡂᯝࡢẚ㍑ࡢࡓࡵ
ࡢ᪉ἲㄽࡋ࡚㐺ᛂ࣭⬤ᙅᛶ◊✲ࡢᯟ⤌ࢆ᳨ウࡋࠊᚋࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ㞟◊✲ᡂᯝࡢ⤫ྜࡢ᪉ྥᛶ
ࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡋࡓࠋ
2 ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᡂᯝၥ㢟Ⅼ
ᮏ◊✲ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ 3㸦G3㸧ࡼࡿࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ◊✲ࡼࢀࡤࠊྛㄪᰝᆅ㸦ࢧࣁඹ
ᅜࢭࣅ࣭ࣕࣥ࢟ࣗࣘࣜࠊ࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡࠊࢺ࣏ࣥ㸧࠾ࡅࡿࢺࢼ࢝∾ẸࡸᆅᇦఫẸࡢ⎔ቃኚᑐ
ࡍࡿㄆ㆑ࡣ୍⯡ᙅ࠸ࡶࡢࡢࠊ୍㒊࡛ࡣ࠸ࡃࡘࡢኚ㛵ࡍࡿゝㄝࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓࠋ
࠼ࡤࠊࢭࣅ࣭ࣕࣥ࢟ࣗࣚࣜ㸦ࢥࣅࣕ㒆㸧ࡢ∾ẸࡢゝㄝࡽࡣࠊᏘࡢప ഴྥక࠺⼥
㞷㸭ị⤖ࡢ⧞㏉ࡋ㢖ᗘࡢቑຍࡼࡿࢺࢼ࢝ᗂ⋇⏕Ꮡ⋡ࡢపୗࠊኟᏘࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢቑຍࡸἙᕝࡢỏ
℃࣭ὥỈࡢ㢖Ⓨࡼࡿᨺ∾ᆅࡢⲨᗫ࣭ὶฟࠊᨺ∾࣮ࣝࢺࡢኚ᭦ࠊ࣑࢜࢜࢝ࠊࣄࢢ࣐ࠊࢡࢬࣜ࠸ࡗ
ࡓ⫗㣗ື≀ࡢቑຍక࠺ᐙ␆ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ⿕ᐖࡢቑຍࠊ
ᮧⴠᐃఫ⪅ࡢゝㄝࡽࡣࠊᏘࡢ㧗 ഴྥࠊ
6㹼8 ᭶ࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞ቑຍഴྥἙᕝỏ℃ࡢ㢖Ⓨ࣭ᖖែࠊ᳃ᯘࡢῶᑡ㸦ࡇࢀࡣ࠾ࡑࡽࡃᬮᡣ⏝⸄㹙࢝
࣐ࣛࢶ㹛᥇ྲྀࡼࡿ㸧࠸ࡗࡓኚࡀᣦࡉࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡ㒆࡛ࡣࠊኟᏘࡢప ഴྥࠊ
135
㻝㻟㻡
Ꮨࡢ㧗 ഴྥࠊኟᏘࡢ㝆Ỉ㔞㝆Ỉ㢖ᗘࡢቑຍഴྥࠊ᳃ᯘ㸦࣐࢝ࣛࢶᯘ㸧㝈⏺⥺ࡢࠊ㔝
⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢᏘ⠇ⓗ⛣ື࣮ࣝࢺኚ᭦ࡼࡿฟ⌧㢖ᗘࡢቑຍᅇ㐟ࠊ᳜≀ࡸ㫽㢮࡞ぢ័ࢀࡠື᳜≀
ࡢฟ⌧ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡓ㸦ྜྷ⏣ 2011㸧ࠋࢺ࣏࡛ࣥࡣࠊ∾Ẹࡢ⊁⊟⁺ᧄᑐ㇟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢩ࣋ࣜࣅࢵ
ࢢ࣮࣍ࣥࡸ࣮ࢡࢸࢵࢡࢢ࣮ࣞࣜࣥࢢ࡞ࡢῶᑡࠊ
ᆅࡾࡢቑຍࡀᣦࡉࢀࡓ
㸦୰⏣ㄪᰝ㈨ᩱ㸧ࠋ
ࡋࡋࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ࠺ࡕࠊẼ ࡸ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢኚ㛵ࡍࡿㄆ㆑ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⌧ᆅࡢẼ ࡸ㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ
ኚືࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ㛫ᕪ␗ࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓ㸦୰⏣ 2011㸧ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ∾ẸࡸᆅᇦఫẸࡢᣦࡍࡿ ᬮࡸ
㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢቑຍࡀࠊᙜヱᆅᇦ࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓẼ㇟ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢኚືഴྥ୍⮴ࡋ࡞࠸ሙྜࡸࠊኚືࡀ࡞࠸
࠸࠺ㄆ㆑ᑐࡋ࡚Ẽ㇟ࢹ࣮ࢱୖࡣኚືഴྥࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᕪ␗ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍせᅉࡣ࠸ࡃࡘ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢࡦࡘࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢㄪᰝ࡛
ࡣ∾Ẹࡢㄆ㆑ࢆ༑ศࡽ࠼ࡁࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࡀᣦ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬࢆಟṇࡋࠊࡼࡾᐈほⓗ࡞
⤖ᯝࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ㏆ᖺᆅ⌫ ᬮࡢᙳ㡪㛵ࡍࡿே㢮Ꮫⓗ◊✲࡛ࡶࡕ࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⬤ᙅᛶ
ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࠋ
3 㐺ᛂ࣭⬤ᙅᛶ◊✲ࡢ⨨࡙ࡅ
3.1 ⬤ᙅᛶࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣ
⬤ᙅᛶࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ㸦vulnerability approach㸧ࡣࠊ㏆ᖺࠊẼೃኚືศ㔝࡛㐍ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࢥ࣑ࣗࢽ
ࢸ࣮ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ⬤ᙅᛶࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕẼೃኚືࡼࡿ⿕ᐖࡢཷࡅࡸࡍࡉ㐺ᛂࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ὀ┠ࡋࡓ
ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡛ࠊࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢫࢺࣞࢫᑐࡋࠊࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤌࡛ࠊㄡ࣭ఱࡀ⬤ᙅ࡞ࡿࡢࠊࡲࡓኚ
ࡍࡿࣜࢫࢡᑐࡋ࡚㐺ᛂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࡢࡼ࠺࡞⬟ຊࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡢ࠸ࡗࡓⅬ㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊࢥ
࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᆅᇦࡢ⬤ᙅᛶࡢホ౯ࡢࡓࡵ㛤ጞࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ACIA 2004; Ford & Smit
2004; Smit & Wandel 2006; IPCC 2007; Pearce et al. 2009㸧ࠋ
ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡢẼೃኚືᑐࡍࡿឤᗘ⬤ᙅᛶࡣࠊࡑࡢẼೃ༴ᶵᑐࡍࡿ⿕ࡤࡃࠊࡑࡢᙳ㡪
ᑐฎ࣭㐺ᛂࡍࡿ⬟ຊࡢ୧᪉㛵ಀࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊḟࡢ㛵ᩘ࡛♧ࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸦Ford & Smit 2004㸧ࠋ
Vist=f(Eist, Aist) ࡓࡔࡋࠊVist㸻ඹྠయ i ࡢ่⃭ s ᑐࡍࡿ㛫 t ࠾ࡅࡿ⬤ᙅᛶ㸦vulnerability㸧
Eist㸻i ࡢ s ᑐࡍࡿ t ࠾ࡅࡿ⿕ࡤࡃ㸦exposure㸧
Aist㸻i ࡢ s ᑐࡍࡿ t ࠾ࡅࡿ㐺ᛂ⬟ຊ㸦adaptive capacity㸧
ᅗ 1. ⬤ᙅᛶ◊✲ࣔࢹࣝࡢᯟ⤌㸦Ford & Smit 2004 ࡼࡾ㸧
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ࡇࡢ㛵ᩘࡢᙧࡣሙࡼࡗ࡚ኚࢃࡿࡓࡵࠊ࠶ࡽࡌࡵ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡣ࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊ୍⯡ⓗ⿕ࡤࡃ
ṇẚࠊ㐺ᛂ⬟ຊẚࡍࡿࠋ
⬤ᙅᛶࣔࢹࣝࢆᐇ㝿ࡢㄪᰝ㐺⏝ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᯟ⤌ࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᶍᘧᅗ࡛♧ࡉࢀࡿ㸦ᅗ 㸧ࠋ
ㄪᰝࡢ➨୍ẁ㝵࡛ࡣࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ⿕ࡤࡃࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ㐺ᛂ⬟ຊࢆグ㏙ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚⌧ᅾࡢ⬤ᙅᛶࢆホ
౯ࡍࡿࠋ➨ẁ㝵࡛ࡣࠊ⿕ࡤࡃࡢᣦྥⓗኚࢆ᥎ᐃࡍࡿࡶࠊ㐣ཤࡢ⾜ືࢆᇶ┙ᑗ᮶ࡢ㐺
ᛂ⬟ຊࢆண ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᑗ᮶ࡢ⬤ᙅᛶࢆホ౯ࡍࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ➨୍ẁ㝵࡛࠶ࡿ⌧ᅾࡢ⬤ᙅᛶࡢホ౯㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ⿕ࡤࡃࡘ࠸࡚ࡣẼೃࣜࢫࢡ
ᑐࡍࡿࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡢ⤒㦂ࡢศᯒ᳨࣭ドࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ㐺ᛂ⬟ຊࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ༴ᶵᑐࡋ࡚⏝
࠸ࡽࢀࡿ㐺ᛂࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥㈨※⟶⌮ᡓ␎ࡢศᯒ᳨࣭ド࡞ࡼࡗ࡚ホ౯ࡉࢀࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࡢㄪᰝࡢ㝿
ࡣࠊᆅᇦఫẸࡢほᐹࡸ⤒㦂ࠊఏ⤫▱࣭ᅾ᮶▱ࢆࢹ࣮ࢱ※ࡋࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸᑐࡋ࡚Ẽೃࣜࢫࢡ
ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ⌧㇟ࡸ᮲௳ࢆྠᐃࡋࠊᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠊࣇ࢛࣮࢝ࢫࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࣥࢱ
ࣅ࣮ࣗࡸཧほᐹࠊᨻᗓᩥ᭩ࡸ᪂⪺グࠊ㒑౽♫ࡢグ㘓࡞ࡢศᯒࡼࡗ࡚㞟ࡍࡿࠋ⌧≧ࡢ
㐺ᛂ⬟ຊࢆỴᐃࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊ㐣ཤࡢ⛬ᗘࡲ࡛㐳ࡿ࠸࠺㛫ᯟࡢタᐃࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ୍
⯡ⓗࡣ 10㹼20 ᖺࡀ┠Ᏻࡉࢀࡿࠋ
⬤ᙅᛶࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆࡶࡕ࠸ࡓ◊✲ࡋ࡚ࠊ࠼ࡤ Pearce ࡽ㸦2009㸧ࡣࠊ࢝ࢼࢲす‽ᕞ
Ulukhaktok ࡢேࡧࡢẼೃኚᑐࡍࡿ⬤ᙅᛶࡢホ౯ࠊ㐺ᛂ⬟ຊᑐࡍࡿ᳨ウࡢࡓࡵࡢᇶᮏⓗ
ሗࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡓࡵ◊✲ࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞ࡗࡓ㸦Pearce et al. 2009㸧ࠋࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ࡸᖺ㱋ᒙࡢࣂࣛࣥࢫࢆ⪃
៖ࡋ࡚᭱ึࡢࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗᑐ㇟⪅ࢆタᐃࡋࠊࡑࡢᚋ࡛ࠊ㞷ࡔࡿࡲᘧࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢࡼࡗ࡚ᑐ㇟⪅
ࢆቑࡸࡍ࠸࠺ᡭἲ࡛ㄪᰝᑐ㇟ࢆỴᐃࡋࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ 62 ௳ࡢࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗㄪᰝࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋせ
࡞ㄪᰝ᪉ἲࡣ༙ᵓ㐀ࣥࢱࣅ࣮࡛ࣗࠊ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࡣࠕẼೃኚືࡼࡿᙳ㡪ࠖ࠸ࡗࡓ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ࡶ
ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࠕ⏕άࡸ⏕ィࢆ❧࡚ࡿୖ࡛⤒㦂ࡋࡓ᮲௳ࠖࢆ⪺ࡁฟࡍࡇ║ࡀ⨨ࢀࡓࠋࡇ࠺
ࡋࡓㄪᰝຍ࠼ࠊᨻ⟇Ỵᐃ⪅ࡢࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࡸཧほᐹࡶᐇࡉࢀࡓࠋ
3.2 ⬤ᙅᛶࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆࢩ࣋ࣜ㐺⏝ࡍࡿୖ࡛ࡢၥ㢟Ⅼ
୍᪉ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⬤ᙅᛶࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢ᪉ᆅᇦ࠾ࡅࡿ㐺⏝ࡣࠊ≉ึᮇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣ࠾ࡶ
࣓ࣜ࢝ࠊ࢝ࢼࢲࡢᴟᆅᇦ㞟୰ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡸࣟࢩࡢࢺࢼ࢝∾Ẹࢆᑐ㇟ࡋ
ࡓ◊✲ࡣᑡ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢせᅉࡣ࠸ࡃࡘ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊ➨୍ᆅᇦࡸㄪᰝᑐ㇟⪅ࡢ♫ⓗ❧ሙ
ࡼࡗ࡚Ẽೃኚືᑐࡍࡿㄆ㆑ࡀ㐪࠺ࡇࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ࠼ࡤ࢝ࢼࢲ࡛ࡣࠊᆅᇦࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ⓗ࡞
ඛఫẸࢆㄪᰝᑐ㇟ࡋࡓሙྜࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞࠸୍⯡ⓗ࡞ఫẸࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓሙྜࠊẼೃኚືࡸࡑࡢᙳ
㡪㛵ࡍࡿㄆ㆑ࡀࡲࡗࡓࡃ␗࡞ࡿࡇࡀᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ࢫࢳ࣮ࣗࢺ 2013㸧ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ≉
࣓࣭ࣜ࢝࢝ࢼࢲᆅᇦ࡛ၥ㢟ព㆑ࡢ㧗࠸ఫẸࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓㄪᰝ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊẼೃኚືࡢ㈇ࡢᙳ
㡪ࡀᙉㄪࡉࢀࡸࡍࡃࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚◊✲⪅ࡗ࡚ࡶ◊✲ᡂᯝࢆࣆ࣮ࣝࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࡓࡵࠊ◊✲
ࡀከࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀᣦ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
➨ࠊᆅᇦࡼࡗ࡚࠾ࡶ࡞⏕ᴗࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡇࡀᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ࣓ࣜ
࢝ࡸࢢ࣮ࣜࣥࣛࣥࢻ࡞࡛ࡣࠊඛఫẸࡢఏ⤫ⓗ࡞⏕ᴗࡋ࡚ࠊ⮬ᐙᾘ㈝⏝ࡢ㣗≀ࡸẟ⓶ࢆᚓࡿࡓ
ࡵࡢ⊁⊟ࡀ୰ᚰⓗ࡞⨨ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊḢࡸࣟࢩ࡛ඛఫẸࡢせ࡞ఏ⤫ⓗ⏕ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿ
ࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡣࠊᕷሙ࡛ὶ㏻ࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࡢ㣗⫗⏕⏘࠸࠺ഃ㠃ࡀࡁ࠸㸦Baskin 2000; Jernsletten &
Klokov 2002: 31-34; Klokov 2012㸧ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⏕ᴗࡢᣢ⥆ᛶ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊẼೃኚືࡸࡑ
ࢀక࠺⮬↛⎔ቃࡢኚࡼࡾࡶࠊᕷሙ⤒῭ࡢཎ⌮ࡸ⾜ᨻᗓࡼࡿ⿵ຓ㔠࡞ࡢᙳ㡪ࡀࡁ࠸⪃
࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸦Tyler et al. 2007; Rees et al. 2008㸧ࠋẼೃኚືࡢ㔜ᛶࡣ┦ᑐⓗᑠࡉࡃࠊ⫗ࡢᕷሙ౯
᱁ࡸᅜᐙ࣭ᆅᇦ⾜ᨻᗓࡢᨻ⟇࠸ࡗࡓ♫⏕ែᏛⓗ࡞⎔ቃࡀࡼࡾ㔜せ࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࢥ࣑ࣗ
ࢽࢸࡢ⬤ᙅᛶࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡣࡼࡾከᵝ࡞せᅉࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ◊✲ᡂᯝࡢබ⾲ࡀᅔ㞴
࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
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᭱ᚋࠊࣟࢩ㝈ࡗࡓሙྜࠊṔྐⓗ࡞せᅉࡘࡲࡾࢯ㐃ࡢᔂቯࡑࢀక࠺♫࣭⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ
࣒ࡢ⛣⾜ࡀࠊࢺࢼ࢝∾␆Ỵᐃⓗࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡇࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿ㸦Forbes &
Stammler 2009; Klokov 2012㸧ࠋẼೃኚືࡸࡑࢀక࠺⮬↛⎔ቃኚࡀᆅᇦࡢࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ᙳ㡪
ࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ㸦Klokov 2012㸧ࠊࢯ㐃௦ࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࢆᨭ࠼࡚࠸ࡓᅜᐙࡸᆅ
ᇦᨻᗓࡼࡿᨭయไࡢᾘኻ࠸࠺ᛴ⃭ࡘつᶍ࡞♫⤒῭ⓗ⎔ቃኚࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊ๓⪅ࡣ
ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࢇၥ㢟⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
3.3 ࣀ࢙࣮ࣝ࢘ࡢࢺࢼ࢝∾␆࠾ࡅࡿ⬤ᙅᛶࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ≧ἣᑐࡋࠊTyler ࡽ㸦2007㸧ࡣࠊࣀ࢙࣮ࣝ࢘ࡢࣇ࣐ࣥࣝࢡᆅ᪉ࡢࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࢆᑐ
㇟ࠊẼೃኚືᑐࡍࡿ⬤ᙅᛶࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿ㝿ࡢᴫᛕⓗᯟ⤌ࢆసᡂࡋࡓ㸦Tyler et al. 2007, ᅗ 2㸧ࠋ
ࡇࡢᴫᛕⓗᯟ⤌ࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊసᡂ࠶ࡓࡗ࡚⮬↛⛉Ꮫ⪅ࠊ♫⛉Ꮫ⪅ࠊ⾜ᨻᢸᙜ⪅ຍ࠼ࠊ⌧ᆅࡢ
ࢺࢼ࢝∾Ẹࡢ༠ຊࢆᚓ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᴫᛕⓗᯟ⤌ࡣࠊẼೃண Ẽೃኚືࡢ⏕ែᏛⓗ
⤖ᯝࠊ2)ᨺ∾⪅ࡢㄪᩚ࣭㐺ᛂࠊ3)ㄪᩚ࣭㐺ᛂࡢไ㝈ᅉࠊࡢ 3 ࡘࡢせ࡞㒊ศࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᅗ 2. ࢺࢼ࢝∾Ẹࡢ༠ຊࡼࡗ࡚సᡂࡉࢀࡓ◊✲ࡢࡓࡵࡢᴫᛕⓗᯟ⤌ࠋ(i)ࢺ
ࢼ࢝⩌ࡢᡂ㛗⏕⏘ᛶᑐࡍࡿẼೃኚືࡢᙳ㡪ࠊ(ii)㣵ࡢ౪⤥ࡸ⩌ࡢ⏕⏘ᛶ
㛵㐃ࡋࡓẼೃ㛵㐃ኚᑐࡍࡿᨺ∾⪅ࡢㄪᩚࠊ(iii)ᨺ∾⪅ࡢẼೃ㛵㐃ኚᑐࡍ
ࡿㄪᩚ࣭㐺ᛂࢆไ㝈ࡍࡿࠕつ๎⟶⌮ࠖࠊ㛵ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㛵ಀࢆᥥฟ
ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Tyler et al. 2007㸧ࠋ
ࡇࡢ࠺ࡕࠊᨺ∾⪅ࡢㄪᩚ࣭㐺ᛂ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᡓ␎ⓗᛂ㸦strategic responses㸧ࡋ࡚ࠊࡼࡾከ
ࡃࡢᬒほࢱࣉࢆྵࡴᨺ∾ᆅࢆᣢࡘࡇࠊᖺ㱋ࡸᛶูࠊẟⰍࡸẼ㉁㛵ࡋ࡚ከᵝ࡞ಶయࢆྵࡴ⩌
ࢆᣢࡘࡇࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᨺ∾ᆅࡸᐙ␆⩌ࡢᵓᡂ㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓከᵝᛶࢆᣢࡘࡇࡼ
ࡾࠊẼೃኚື㛵㐃ࡋࡓ⎔ቃኚᑐᛂࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࡼࡾከࡃࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࢆᣢࡘࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᡓ⾡ⓗᛂ㸦tactical responses㸧ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࡼࡾ᮲௳ࡢⰋ࠸ᨺ∾ᆅࡢ⛣ື⤥㣵
ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
୍᪉ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᨺ∾⪅ࡢㄪᩚ࣭㐺ᛂࡀᡂຌࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ㔜せ࡞せ⣲ࡋ࡚ࠊᨺ∾⪅ࡢ⾜ືࡢ⮬⏤
ᗘࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊᐇ㝿ࡣࠊࣀ࢙࣮ࣝ࢘࠾ࡅࡿࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡣࠊᨺ∾⪅ࡢ㑅ᢥ
⫥ࢆ㝈ᐃࡍࡿࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ேⅭⓗ᮲௳㸦human conditions㸧ࡀㄢࡏࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋせ࡞ไ㝈
138
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ᅉࡋ࡚ࠊ㛤Ⓨ➼ࡼࡿ⏕ᜥ⎔ቃࡢᦆኻࠊࣄࢢ࣐ࠊ࣐࢜࢜ࣖࢿࢥࠊ࣑࢜࢜࢝ࠊࢡࢬࣜ࡞ࡼࡿ
ᤕ㣗ࡸ⾜ᨻࡼࡿࡑࡢ⿵ൾࠊᨻᗓࡼࡿ⏕⏘㔞ࡸᐙ␆⩌ࡢᵓᡂࠊ㣗⫗౯᱁࡞㛵ࡍࡿไ㝈ࠊᨺ
∾ᆅࡸᨺ∾ᮇ㛫ࠊ⩌ࡢࡁࡉ࡞ࢆつไࡍࡿἲᚊࡢ 4 ࡘࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
4 ᚋࡢ◊✲ィ⏬ࡘ࠸࡚
4.1 ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗㄪᰝࡢ᪉ἲㄽࡘ࠸࡚
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⬤ᙅᛶࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࠊᚋࡢㄪᰝ࡛ࡣࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ᪉ἲࡢ⤫୍ࢆᅗࡾࠊᆅᇦ㛫
࡛ẚ㍑ྍ⬟࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ㞟ࡋࡓ࠸⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋㄪᰝᑐ㇟㸦ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢺ㸧ࡢ㑅ᐃࡘ࠸࡚
ࡣࠊㄪᰝᆅࡢᛶ᱁ୖࠊᐇ㉁ⓗࢻࣜࣈࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢ㢗ࡽࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ᛮࢃࢀࡿࡀࠊࣥࢱ
ࣅ࣮ࣗ᪉ἲࡸ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺㄪᰝ⪅㛫࡛⤫୍ࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ලయⓗࡣࠊࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ᪉ἲࡋ࡚ࡣ༙ᵓ㐀ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗἲ㸦semi-structured interview㸧ࢆ
ࡶࡕ࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞࠺࠶ࡓࡾࠊ࡞ࢩࢼࣜ࢜ࢆỴࡵ࡚࠾ࡃ࠸࠺᪉ἲ࡛ࠊ
ఱࢆ㉁ၥࡍࡁ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᅇ⟅ࡀᡠࡗ࡚ࡃࡿ᫂࡞ሙྜ㐺ࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿࡉࢀࡿ㸦㕥ᮌ⦅ 2005㸧ࠋࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࡣࠊཎ๎ࡋ࡚ࢩࢼࣜ࢜ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㐍⾜ࡍࡿࡀࠊ
ᚲせᛂࡌ࡚㉁ၥࢆຍ࠼ࡓࡾࠊᅇ⟅ࡢពࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᅇ⟅ᵝᘧ
ࡣࠊ⮬⏤ᅇ⟅ἲ㸦open-ended question㸧ࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ࠶ࡽࡌࡵタᐃࡋࡓ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡽᅇ⟅
ࢆ㑅ࡤࡏࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ
ᅇ⟅ࡢෆᐜࡸ⾲⌧ࢆࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢺࡢ⮬⏤ጤࡡࡿ࠸࠺᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
༙ᵓ㐀ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࡢ㛗ᡤࡣࠊᇶᮏⓗࡣ⤫୍ࡋࡓ㡯┠㛵ࡋ࡚⪺ࡁྲྀࡾࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞࠺ࡓࡵࠊᐈ
ほⓗ㔞ⓗࢹ࣮ࢱࢆồࡵࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊࡑࡢሙࡢ≧ἣᛂࡌ࡚ẚ㍑ⓗᰂ㌾㐺⏝ࡍࡿࡇ
ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵࠊ㉁ⓗࢹ࣮ࢱࢆồࡵࡿࡇࡶ㐺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ▷ᡤࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ୍ே
ࡢࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢺ㈝ࡸࡍ㛫ࡀ᫂☜࡛࠶ࡾࠊ୍ᗘ㔞ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ㞟ࡍࡿࡢࡣ㐺ᙜ
࠸࠺ࡇࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊᮏ◊✲ࡢࡼ࠺ࠊࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢺࡀẚ㍑ⓗ㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡚ࠊ
௬ㄝ᳨ドᆺ࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡣ᥈⣴ᆺࡢㄪᰝ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࡇࡢ᪉ἲࡀ᭱㐺ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ
㉁ၥ㡯┠ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㉁ၥࡼࡗ࡚ᅇ⟅ࣂࢫࡀࡿࡢࢆ㑊ࡅࡿࡓࡵࠊࠕẼೃኚືࡼ
ࡿᙳ㡪ࠖࡘ࠸࡚┤᥋ⓗ㉁ၥࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⏕ᴗάືࢆႠࡴୖ࡛⤒㦂ࡋࡓ⮬↛⎔ቃࡸᐙ␆ࡢ
ኚࡘ࠸࡚ᑜࡡࡿࡇࡍࡿ㸦Pearce et al. 2009㸧ࠋࡲࡓࠊᨺ∾⪅ࡢ㐺ᛂࡢࡓࡵࡢᡓ␎࣭ᡓ⾡
㛵ࡍࡿሗࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵࠊࢺࢼ࢝ࡢᨺ∾ᆅࡸᐙ␆⩌ࡢᵓᡂࠊࡑࡢࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡸẼೃ㛵㐃ࡍ
ࡿᅾ᮶▱ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࡢᑐ㇟ࡍࡿࠋㄪᰝࡢࢱ࣒ࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࡣ㐣ཤ 20 ᖺ⛬ᗘࡋ
㸦Ford & Smit 2004㸧ࠊᆅᅗୖฟ⏕ᆅࡸࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᒃఫᆅࠊኚẼ࡙࠸ࡓᆅⅬ࡞ࢆグධࡋ࡚
ࡶࡽ࠺ࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊグ᠈ࢆႏ㉳ࡍࡿ㸦ྠᵝࡢ᪉ἲࡣࠊ࠼ࡤ Ferguson & Messier 1997; Hunington
1997; Fienup-Riordan 1999 ࡞㸧ࠋ 4.2 ேⅭⓗ᮲௳ࡢ᳨ウ
ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ᪉ἲࡢᨵၿྠࠊTyler ࡽࡢࣔࢹࣝ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿேⅭⓗ᮲௳ࠊࡘࡲࡾ⏕ᜥ⎔
ቃࡢᦆኻࠊᤕ㣗ᑐࡍࡿ⿵ൾไᗘࠊ⾜ᨻᗓࡼࡿไ㝈ࠊ㛵㐃ࡍࡿἲつ࡞㛵ࡍࡿሗࢆ㞟ࡍ
ࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋேⅭⓗ᮲௳ࡣࠊᨺ∾⪅ࡢ㐺ᛂࢆไ㝈ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ⿵ຓ㔠ࡸබඹࢧ࣮ࣅ
ࢫࡢࡼ࠺㐺ᛂࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡶ࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ௨ୗ 2002 ᖺ㹼2009 ᖺࡢࢧࣁඹ
ᅜ࠾ࡅࡿ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࠊࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡢᢞ㈨㢠ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ 3㸧ࠋᢞ㈨ࡢෆᐜࡣࠊ
ࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ᑐࡍࡿ⿵ຓ㔠ࡸࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ᦠࢃࡿປാ⪅ࡢ㈤㔠ࠊᰙ࣭ᅖ࠸ࡢタ⨨ࠊసᴗ᭹ࡸ
ഛရࠊࢸࣥࢺࠊ⇞ᩱ⏝㈝⏝㛵ࡍࡿ⿵ຓ࡞ࠊࢺࢼ࢝∾␆㛵㐃ࡍࡿࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ศ㔝ཬࢇ
࡛࠸ࡿ㸦ɆɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚɊɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢɋɚɯɚəɤɭɬɢɹȾɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣɋɟɜɟɪɚɢɪɵɛɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ㸧ࠋ㝈ࡽࢀࡓᖺᩘࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇ
139
㻝㻟㻥
ࡢᅗࡽࡣࠊᖺ㛫ࡢᢞ㈨㢠ࡀቑ࠼ࡿᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡶቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿഴྥࡀㄞࡳྲྀࢀ
ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࡣ㒆ࡼࡗ࡚㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡢቑῶഴྥࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃᢞ㈨㢠ࡶ㒆ࡼࡗ࡚
ࡤࡽࡘࡁࡀ࠶ࡿᛮࢃࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ༢⣧⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡿࡇࡣ㑊ࡅ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࢺࢼ࢝∾
␆ࡢ⬤ᙅᛶࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓほⅬࡽࡶ⪃៖ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ᅗ 3 ࢧࣁඹᅜ࠾ࡅࡿࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡢᢞ㈨㢠㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝㢌ᩘࡢ᥎⛣
㸦2002-2009
ᖺ ࠊ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ ɋɚɯɚ əɤɭɬɢɹ Ⱦɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣɋɟɜɟɪɚɢɪɵɛɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ࡼࡾ㸧
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
ACIA (Arctic Climate Impact Assessment) (2004) Impacts of a Warming Arctic: Arctic Climate Impact
Assessment. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge
Baskin, L. M. (2000) Reindeer husbandry/hunting in Russia in the past, present and future. Polar Research
19(1): 23-29.
Ferguson, M.A.D. & Messier, F. (1997) Collection and analysis of traditional ecological knowledge about
a population of arctic tundra caribou. Arctic 50(1):17-28
Fienup-Riordan, A. (1999) Yaqulget Qaillun Pilartat (What the birds do): Yup'ik Eskimo understanding of
geese and those who study them. Arctic 52(1):1-22.
Forbes, B. C. and F. Stammler (2009): Arctic climate change discourse: the contrasting politics of research
agendas in the West and Russia. Polar Research 28: 28-42.
Ford, J.D. & Smit, B. (2004) A framework for assessing the vulnerability of communities in the Canadian
Arctic to risks associated with climate change. Arctic 57(4):389-400.
Gunn, A. & Skogland, T. (1997) Responses of caribou and reindeer to global warming. In:
Walter C. Oechel, Terry Callaghan, Tagir Gilmfnov, Jarle I. Hotten, Barrie Maxwell, Ulf
Molau, Bjartmar Sveinbjornsson eds., Global change and arctic terrestrial ecosystems.
Ecological studies: analysis and synthesis, v. 124: 189-200. Springer-Verlag: New York.
140
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Huntington, H. P. (1997) Observations on the utility of the semi-directive interview for documenting
tratidional ecological knowledge. Arctic 51(3): 237-242.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2007) Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.
IPCC.
Jernsletten, Johnny-Leo L. & Klokov, Konstantin (2002) Sustainable reindeer husbandry. Arctic Council
2000-2002: Centre for Saami Studies, University Tromso
Klein, D. R. (1991) Limiting factors in caribou population ecology. Rangifer, Special Issue 7:
30-35.
Klokov, K. B. (2012) Changes in reindeer population numbers in Russia: an effect of the political context
or of climate? Rangifer 32(1): 19-33.
୰⏣ ⠜ (2011) ࠕࢧࣁඹᅜ࠾ࡅࡿࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡘ࠸࡚ࠖᷓᒣဴဢ⦅ࠗ ᬮࡍࡿࢩ࣋ࣜ
ࡢ⮬↛ேʊỈ⎔ቃࢆࡣࡌࡵࡍࡿ㝣ᇦ⏕ែ⣔ኚࡢ♫ࡢ㐺ᛂ࠘pp.150-159. ᖹᡂ 22 ᖺ
ᗘ FR2 ◊✲ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺሗ࿌ ⥲ྜᆅ⌫⎔ቃᏛ◊✲ᡤ㸬
Oskal, A. (2008) Old livelihoods in new weather: Arctic indigenous reindeer herders face the challenges of
climate change. Development Outreach 10(1): 22-25. World Bank Institute
Pearce, T., Smit, B., Duerden, F., Ford, J. D., Goose, A. & Kataoyak, F. (2009) Inuit vulnerability and
adaptive capacity to climate change in Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories, Canada. Polar Record 46
(237): 157-177
Rees, W. G., Stammler, F. M., Danks, F. S. & Vitebsky, P. (2008) Vulnerability of European reindeer
husbandry to global change. Climatic Change 87: 100-217.
Smit, B. & Wandel, J. (2006) Adaptation, adaptive capacity and vulnerability. Global Environmental
Change 16:282-292.
ࢫࢳ࣮ࣗࢺ ࣊ࣥࣜ(2013) ࠕᴟᾏẼೃኚື㸸㈨※㡿ᾏࠊࡑࡋ࡚ඛఫẸࢆࡵࡄࡿ⣮தࠖ➨
27 ᅇ᪉Ẹ᪘ᩥࢩ࣏ࣥࢪ࣒࢘⥙㉮ࠕ⎔ቃኚඛఫẸࡢ⏕ᴗᩥ㸫ᾏὒ⏕ែ⣔࠾ࡅࡿ㐺ᛂ
㸫ࠖሗ࿌᭩ pp.7-12. ㈈ᅋἲே᪉ᩥ⯆༠㸬
㕥ᮌ῟Ꮚ⦅ 2005 ࠕㄪᰝⓗ㠃᥋ࡢᢏἲࠖ➨ 2 ∧ ࢼ࢝ࢽࢩࣖฟ∧㸬
Tyler, N. J. C., Turi, J. M., Sundset, M. A., Strom Bull, K., Sara, M. N., Reinert, E., Oskal, N., Nellemann,
C., McCarthy, J. J., Mathiesen, S. D., Martello, M. L., Magga, O. H., Hovelsrud, G. K., Hanssen-Bauer,
I., Eira, N. I., Eira, I. M. G. & Corell, R. W. (2007) Saami reindeer pastoralism under climate change:
applying a generalized framework for vulnerability studies to a sub-arctic social-ecological system.
Global Environmental Change 17:191-206.
Weladji, R. B., Klein, D. R., Holand, O. & Mysterud, A. (2002) Comparative response of Rangifer
tarandus and other northern ungulates to climatic variability. Rangifer 22(1): 33-50.
ྜྷ⏣ ╬ (2011) ࠕࢧࣁඹᅜ㒊࠾ࡅࡿࢺࢼ࢝㣫⫱Ẹ⎔ቃኚࠖᖹᡂ 22 ᖺᗘ FR2 ◊✲ࣉ
ࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺሗ࿌ࠕ ᬮࡍࡿࢩ࣋ࣜࡢ⮬↛ேʊỈ⎔ቃࢆࡣࡌࡵࡍࡿ㝣ᇦ⏕ែ⣔ኚࡢ
♫ࡢ㐺ᛂࠖpp.141-149. ᖹᡂ 22 ᖺᗘ FR2 ◊✲ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺሗ࿌ ⥲ྜᆅ⌫⎔ቃᏛ◊✲ᡤ㸬
ɆɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚɊɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢɋɚɯɚəɤɭɬɢɹȾɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ
ɋɟɜɟɪɚ ɢ ɪɵɛɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ Ⱦɨɦɚɲɧɟɟ Ɉɥɟɧɟɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ ɋɚɯɚ
əɤɭɬɢɹ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ ɋɚɯɚ əɤɭɬɢɹ Ⱦɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣɋɟɜɟɪɚɢɪɵɛɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
141
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⾨ᫍ㏣㊧ࡼࡿ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢほ ❧⃝ ྐ㑻 I. M. Okhloplov
ᾏ㐨ᏛᏛ㝔 ᩥᏛ◊✲⛉ ᆅᇦࢩࢫࢸ࣒⛉Ꮫㅮᗙ
Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone,
Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
1 ┠ⓗ
㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࢧࣈࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡃᐇែࡀ࡛᫂࠶ࡗࡓࢩ࣋ࣜᆅᇦࡢ㔝⏕ࢺ
ࢼ࢝ࡢ⏕ᜥ≧ἣẼೃኚືࡢᙳ㡪ࢆࠊᏘ⠇⛣ື⾜ືࡑࢀక࠺⏕ᜥᆅ⏝ࡢほⅬࡽ᫂ࡽ
ࡍࡿࡇ࠶ࡿࠋ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢᏘ⠇⛣ື╔┠ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊࡑࡢ࣮ࣝࢺ㑅ᢥࡀࠊẼೃࡸ᳜⏕࡞ࠊẼೃ
ኚືకࡗ࡚ኚࡍࡿ⎔ቃせ⣲ᙉࡃᙳ㡪ࡉࢀࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࠊࡲࡓࠊᐦᗘࡸ⏕ᜥᆅ⏝≧ἣࡢኚࡀᗈ
ᇦࡢ᳜≀⩌㞟ࡸ⏕ែ⣔ḟⓗ࡞ኚࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࠊࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࢺࢼ࢝ࡸ᳜⏕ࢆ⏝ࡍࡿ᪉ᑡᩘẸ᪘ࡢ
⏕άࡶࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࡞࠾ࠊᴟᅪ࠾ࡼࡧளᴟᅪᗈᇦศᕸࡍࡿ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ࠾ࡼࡑ༙ᩘࡀ࣮ࣘࣛࢩ㝣⏕
ᜥࡍࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢࢇࡣᮾࢩ࣋ࣜᆅᇦ⏕ᜥࡍࡿࠋᮾࢩ࣋ࣜ࠾ࡅࡿ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ศᕸᇦࡢ༙
ࢆ༨ࡵࡿࢧࣁඹᅜࡣࡲࡓࠊ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ」ᩘள✀㸦ࢶࣥࢻࣛࢺࢼ࢝ࢩࣥࣜࣥࢺࢼ࢝㸧ᐙ␆
ࢺࢼ࢝㸦ከࡃࡢሙྜᨺ㣫㸧ࡢศᕸᇦࡀୡ⏺࡛᭱ࡶ㔜」ࡍࡿሙᡤ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢព࡛ࡶಖ࣭⟶⌮ୖ
ࡢࡁ࡞ㄢ㢟ࢆᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
2 ᪉ἲ
ᮏㄪᰝ࡛ࡣࠊࣟࢩᅜෆࡢ㝣⏕့ங㢮࡛ึࡢ㐺⏝ࡋ࡚ࠊ⾨ᫍほ ࡼࡿ⨨ሗࡢ㞟ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋㅖᡭ⥆ᴟᇦ⏝ࡢⓎಙᶵࢹࢨࣥ㛫ࢆ㈝ࡸࡋࡓࡓࡵࠊᐇ㝿ࡢㄪᰝࡣ 2010 ᖺ 8 ᭶ࡽ㛤ጞࡋࠊ
ࡑࡢᚋࠊᖺ 2 ᅇ㸦࣭⛅㸧ࡢ⛣ືᮇࡢ┤๓Ⓨಙᶵ╔సᴗࢆ⥅⥆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ㄪᰝᆅࡣࠊୡ⏺᭱つᶍࡢࢱ࣑ࣝಶయ⩌㞄᥋ࡋࠊ⛣ື㞟ᅋࡢᾘኻฟ⌧ࡀつᶍ⏕ࡌࠊࡘ
᪉ᑡᩘẸ᪘ࡸᆅᇦ⏕ែ⣔ࡢ㌵㎚ࡀ⌧ᐇ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡᆅ᪉㸦࢜ࣞࢽࣙࢡᕝୖὶ㒊㸧ࡋࠊࡇ
ࡢᆅᇦࢆ㉺ኟᆅࡋ࡚⏝ࡍࡿ㞟ᅋࢆᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⌧ᆅసᴗࡣࠊ᪉ᑡᩘẸ᪘㸦࢚࣋ࣥࠊ࢚࣋
ࣥࢡ㸧ࡢ⊁⊟⪅༠ຊࢆ౫㢗ࡋࠊẖᖺ 8 ᭶ 2 ᭶ᤕ⋓࣭Ⓨಙᶵ╔࣭ィ ➼ࡢసᴗࡢᚋࠊᨺ㏲࣭
㏣㊧ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㏣㊧㸦ࣟࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ㞟㸧ࡣࠊࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ⤒⏤࡛⾜࠺ࡀࠊ㞟ࡉࢀࡓ
ࢹ࣮ࢱࡣ⢭ᗘࡢࣂ࢚࣮ࣜࢩࣙࣥࡀࡁ࠸ࡓࡵࠊಙ㢗ᛶࡢ㧗࠸⨨ሗࡢࡳࢆࢫࢡ࣮ࣜࢽࣥࢢࡍࡿసᴗ
㛫ࢆせࡍࡿࠋ
࡞࠾ࠊᤕ⋓ಶయ╔ࡍࡿ㤳㍯ᆺⓎಙᶵࡣࣟࢩ࣭ES-PAS ♫〇࡛ࠊ⨨≉ᐃ⏝࠸ࡿ⾨ᫍࢩࢫࢸ࣒
㸦⨨ሗࢩࢫࢸ࣒㸧ࡣࠊ2010 ᖺᗘࡣ ARGOS—ARGOS ࢩࢫࢸ࣒㸦ARGOS ⾨ᫍࡼࡿᐃ㸩ARGOS
⾨ᫍࡼࡿ⨨ሗᦙ㏦㸧ࢆࠊ2011 ᖺᗘ௨㝆ࡣ GPS—ARGOS ࢩࢫࢸ࣒㸦GPS ⾨ᫍࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᐃ㸩
ARGOS ⾨ᫍࡼࡿ⨨ሗᦙ㏦㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
142
㻝㻠㻞
3 ⤖ᯝ⪃ᐹ
2010 ᖺᗘ 19 ಶయࠊ2011 ᖺᗘ 8 ಶయࠊ2012 ᖺᗘ 5 ಶయⓎಙᶵࢆ╔ࡋࠊ㏣㊧ࡋࡓࠋ2012
ᖺᗘࡣࠊ2012 ᖺ 12 ᭶ 15 ᪥⌧ᅾࠊ2011 ᖺ 2 ᭶ᤕ⋓ࡢ 1 ಶయ㸦ᤕ⋓ 4 ಶయ୰㸹 Argos ࢩࢫࢸ࣒㸧
ࠊ2011
ᖺ 8 ᭶ᤕ⋓ࡢ 1 ಶయ㸦ᤕ⋓ 4 ಶయ୰㸹 GPS ࢩࢫࢸ࣒㸧
ࠊ2012 ᖺ 3 ᭶ᤕ⋓ࡢ 1 ಶయ㸦ᤕ⋓ 1 ಶయ୰㸹GPS
ࢩࢫࢸ࣒㸧ࡢィ 3 ಶయࡢ㟁Ἴࢆ⿵㊊୰࡛࠶ࡾࠊຍ࠼࡚ 2013 ᖺ 3 ᭶࡞࠸ࡋ 4 ᭶ࠊࡉࡽ 3 ಶయⓎಙ
ᶵࢆ╔࣭㏣㊧ணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2010 ᖺ 8 ᭶ࡢᤕ⋓ಶయ 15 ಶయࡣࠊ㉺ᆅྥࡅ࡚⛣ືࡍࡿ᪉ྥࡽࠊྥ㞟ᅋ㸦NMG㸧༡ྥ㞟
ᅋ㸦SMG㸧ࢃࡅࡽࢀࡓࡀࠊ2011 ᖺ 8 ᭶ᤕ⋓ࡢ 4 ಶయࠊ2012 ᖺ 8 ᭶ᤕ⋓ࡢ 4 ಶయࡣࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ༡ྥࡁ
ࡢ⛣ືࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽ༡ྥࡁࡢ㸦㉺ᆅྥࡅࡓ㸧Ꮨ⠇⛣ືࢆ⾜ࡗࡓಶయࡢ⛣ື࣮ࣝࢺࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ⏕ᜥ
ᆅ⏝ࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞≉ᚩࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋ
ձ ⾜ື≉ᛶ㸦⛣ື㏿ᗘ᪉ྥᛶ㸧ࡽࠊ㉺ኟᆅ㸦ᐃ╔ⓗ㸧
ࠊᏘ⠇⛣ື࣮ࣝࢺ㸦ྠ୍᪉ྥࡢᛴ
㏿⛣ື㸧
ࠊ㉺ᆅ㸦ᚔᚉⓗ㸧ࡢ㸱༊ศࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ㸦⾲㸯㸧
ࠋ
ղ ྠᡤⓗ㉺ኟࡍࡿಶయࡣࠊ㏆᥋ࡋࡓᏘ⠇⛣ື࣮ࣝࢺࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࡀࠊ㉺ᆅࡢ㑅ᢥ࠾࠸࡚
ศᩓࡀ㉳ࡇࡾࠊࡘከࡃࡢಶయࡣ㉺ᐃ╔ࡏࡎᚔᚉⓗ⾜ືࢆ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ճ ㉺ኟᆅࡢ㑅ᢥࡣẼ 㸦෭ᾴ࡞㧗ᆅ㒊㸧
ࠊᏘ⠇⛣ື࣮ࣝࢺࡢ㑅ᢥࡣ᳜⏕㸦࠸ࢃࡺࡿࢺࢼ࢝
ࢦࢣ᳜⏕ᖏ㸧ࡀຠ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
մ ᖺ㛫Ṛஸ⋡ࢆỴࡵࡿせᅉᛮࢃࢀࡿ㉺ᆅࡢ㑅ᢥ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ≉ᐃࡢ⎔ቃ≉ᛶࢆᣦࡍ
ࡿࡇࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ㐺ᛂⓗ࡞⎔ቃ㑅ᢥࡀ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
յ ࠕᏘ⠇⛣ືࠖࡽࠕ㉺ࠖ≧ែࡢ mode shift ࡀࠊ␗ᡤⓗྠ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡽࠊ
࣓ࢯࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡢẼೃ㸦࠼ࡤᐮẼᅋࡸ๓⥺ࡢኚ㸽㸧ࡀࢺ࣮ࣜ࢞࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶
ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢࡇࡽࠊ㏆ᖺࡢ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ⛣ື࣮ࣝࢺ࠾ࡼࡧ⏕ᜥᆅ⏝ࡢኚࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺
࡞⤖ㄽࡀணࡉࢀࡿࠋ
143
㻝㻠㻟
࣭ ⾜ືᏛⓗࠊ㉺ኟᆅࠊ⛣ື࣮ࣝࢺࠊ㉺ᆅ࠸࠺ࡁ࡞༊ศࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ㑅ᢥせᅉࡣ␗࡞
ࡿ㸦Ẽೃࠊ᳜⏕ࠊẼೃ㸩᳜⏕㸽㸧
ࠋ
࣭ ㏆ᖺࡢᏘ⠇⛣ືࡣࠊ⛣ື㊥㞳ࡀࡁࡃኚࡋࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ┤⥺ⓗ࡞⛣ືࡽ“ᚔᚉᆺ”ࡢ⛣ື
ኚࡋࡓࡇࡼࡿࠋࡲࡓ“ᚔᚉᆺ”࡞ࡿཎᅉࡢከࡃࡣࠊ㉺ᆅ㑅ᢥ࠾ࡅࡿ㠀ᐃ╔ᛶ㸦☜ᐇᛶ㸧
ࡼࡿࠋ
࣭ ࡇࢀࡽࡽࠊ㏆ᖺࡢ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ⏕ᜥᆅኚࡣࠊኟࡢ෭ᾴᆅ㸦㧗ᆅ㸧⏝ࠊࢺࢼ࢝ࢦࢣ᳜
⏕ࡢኚࠊ㉺ᆅࡢ⎔ቃኚ㸦ከ㞷ࠊ᳜⏕ኚ㸧࠸࠺」ྜⓗ࡞ࠊࡋࡋ࠸ࡎࢀࡶẼೃኚືࢆ⫼ᬒ
ࡋࡓ⎔ቃኚࡀཎᅉࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࡞࠾ࠊಶయ⩌ࡋ࡚ࡢືែࢆ▱ࡿࡣࠊ⩌ࢀࡢࢧࢬࡸᛶ㱋ᵓ㐀ࢆ▱ࡿࡇࡶ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ
2012 ᖺᗘࡣࠊⓎಙᶵ╔ಶయ㝶కಶయࡢ┠ど☜ㄆࢆᨺ㏲ᚋ࠾ࡼࡑ㐌୍ᅇࠊࡉࡽᗈᇦࡢಶయศᕸ≧ἣ
ࢆ᭶୍ᅇࡢ࣮࣌ࢫ࡛⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2013 ᖺᗘࡣࠊ⨨ሗࢆඖࡋࡓࠊ⛣ື࣮ࣝࢺ⏕ᜥᆅ㑅ᢥ㛵ࡍࡿ
ศᯒ᳨࣭ドࢆࡍࡍࡵࡿࡶࠊࡑࢀࡽಶయ⩌ᵓ㐀㛵ࡍࡿሗࢆ㔜ࡡࡿࡇ࡛ࠊᮾࢩ࣋ࣜ࠾ࡅ
ࡿ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢศᕸ࠾ࡼࡧᐦᗘኚືࡢせᅉࢆ᫂ࡽࡋࡓ࠸⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊᮏࢧࣈࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡣࠊᡂᯝ㸦㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ⏕ែኚືせᅉࡢゎ᫂㸧ࢆࠊᚋࡢືែண ࡸࠊ
ಖㆤ༊࣭⏝༊ࡢࢰ࣮ࢽࣥࢢά⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢಖ⟶⌮ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ᪉ᑡᩘẸ᪘ࡢ㌵
㎚ゎᾘᐤࡍࡿࡇࡶど㔝ධࢀࠊሗࢆඹᅜᨻᗓᥦ౪ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᮏㄪᰝ࡛᫂ࡽ
࡞ࡗࡓ࣑ࣝࢽࣗᕷ࿘㎶ࡢ㉺ᆅࢆಖㆤ༊ᣦᐃࡍࡿࡇࡀỴࡲࡿ࡞ࠊᛂ⏝㠃࡛ࡢᡂᯝࡶฟጞࡵ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋ
144
㻝㻠㻠
ࢧࣁඹᅜ࠾ࡅࡿእ᮶࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺᑟධࡢᙳ㡪♫ⓗㄆ㆑ࡢኚᐜ
ụ⏣ ㏱
ᾏ㐨ᏛᏛ㝔 ᩥᏛ◊✲⛉ ᆅᇦࢩࢫࢸ࣒⛉Ꮫㅮᗙ
1 ࡣࡌࡵ
ᮏ⠇ࡣࠊࢧࣁඹᅜ࡛ᤕ⋓ࡉࢀࡿẟ⓶⋇ࡢ୰࡛ࠊᙜึࡣᏳ౯࡛ኵ࡞ẟ⓶⏕⏘ࡢࡓࡵྛᆅ࡛
ᑟධࡀ᥎ዡࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊ⌧ᅾࡣ⏕ែ⣔ಖࡢほⅬࡽྲྀࡾᢅ࠸ࡀぢ┤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺ
㸦Ondatra zibethicus㸧ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡑࡢᑟධ⤒⦋ᙳ㡪ࠊཬࡧ⌧ᅾࡢ♫ⓗㄆ㆑ࡘ࠸࡚ᩚ⌮ࡋࡓ
ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࡣࠊࢿࢬ࣑⛉࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺᒓࡢ့ங㢮࡛࠶ࡾࠊయ㛗ࡣ 25㹼35 ࢭࣥࢳࠊᑿ㛗ࡣ 18
㹼28 ࢭࣥࢳ㸬యⰍࡣᬯ〓Ⰽ࡛ࠊᚋࢁ㊊Ỉࡁࢆࡶࡕࠊ⫠㛛㏆ࡃ㯊㤶⮯ࢆᨺࡘ⭢ࢆᣢࡘࠊ⡿
ཎ⏘ࡢື≀࡛࠶ࡿࠋᓊ㎶ࢆ୰ᚰ⏕ᜥࡋࠊᕢ✰ࡢฟධࡾཱྀࢆỈ୰సࡿࠋ
ୡ⏺ⓗࡣࠊ⏕ែ⣔⏒࡞⿕ᐖࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ␎ⓗእ᮶✀⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊẟ⓶ࡣỈ୰⏕
ά㐺ࡋࡓỈࡣࡅࡢࡼ࠸ኵ࡞ẟ⓶࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶᡓ୰ර㝲ࡀ⏝ࡍࡿẟ⓶⏝ࡋ࡚ྛᆅ
࡛㍺ධ࣭㣴Ṫࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ⤒⦋ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡛ࡣࠊ1905 ᖺࢳ࢙ࢥࢫࣟࣂ࢟ࡢⓚኴᏊࡀ 5
㢌㸦ܴ㸰࣭ܲ3㸧ࢆࣛࢫ࢝ࡽᣢࡕᖐࡾࠊᇛࡢᗞᨺ㏲ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡀࠊࢃࡎ 50 ᖺ࡛࣮ࣚࣟࢵ
ࣃ⏕ᜥᇦࢆᣑࡋࠊ࢜ࣛࣥࢲ࡛ࡣᅵᡭ✰ࢆ᥀ࡾሐ㜵ࡀỴቯࡍࡿ࡞ࠊὥỈࢆຓ㛗ࡍࡿࡇ࡛
ᐖ⋇ࡋ࡚ᢅࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢿ⛉ⲡᮏࡸ㈅㢮ࢆᦤ㣗ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ⏕ែ⣔࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡶሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࡀࠊẟ⓶㈨※ࡋ࡚ࢧࣁඹᅜࡶ㍺ධࡉࢀ࡚✚ᴟⓗᨺ⋇ࡉࢀࠊ㒊ࢆ㝖
࠸ࡓᗈ࡞ᆅᇦᐃ╔ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊẼೃኚືࡸ♫ኚࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊ⌧ᅾࡣࡑࡢᢅ࠸ࡶኚ
ࡀ⌧ࢀጞࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚⎔ቃኚືᑐࡍࡿ♫ࡢ㐺ᛂࢆሗ࿌ࡍࡿࠋ
2 ࢧࣁඹᅜ࠾ࡅࡿ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺᑟධ
ࢩ࣋ࣜ࠾ࡅࡿ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࡢᑟධ┠ⓗࡣࠊẟ⓶⏝࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮾࢩ࣋ࣜᴟᮾ࡛ࡣࠊ1932
ᖺࡽ 1970 ᖺࡅ࡚ 31132 㢌ࡀᨺ㏲ࡉࢀࡓ㸦Kirisa 1973㸧ࠋࣖࢡ࣮ࢳ࠾࠸࡚ࡶ 1930 ᖺึ
ࡵ ࡚ ᑟ ධ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ௨ ᮶ ࠊ ᗈ ⠊ ᅖ ᑟ ධ ࡀ ヨ ࡳ ࡽ ࢀ ࡚ ᐃ ╔ ࡋ ࡓ 㸦 Yanushevich 1966 㸧ࠋ 㒊 ࡢ
Eveno-Bytantaiskii ࢘ࣝࢫ࡛ࡶࠊṇ☜࡞グ㘓ࡣ࡛᫂ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊᩘᅇࢃࡓࡿᨺ㏲ࡀᐇࡉࢀࡓࡇ
ࡣ☜ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࢩ࣋ࣜ㒊࠾࠸࡚ࡣẼ ࡀపࡍࡂ࡚ࠊᑟධ⤖ᯝࡣࡍ࡚ᐃ╔ኻᩋࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋ
2.1 ᑟධึᮇ
ࢧࣁඹᅜ࠾ࡅࡿ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺᑟධࡢヲ⣽ࡣ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ1930-1932 ᖺ࢜ࣜࣙࢡ࣐
ᕝὶᇦ࢝ࢼࢲࣇࣥࣛࣥࢻࡽࡢಶయࡢ㓄✀ࡀᑟධࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡀᐃ╔ᡂຌࡋࠊ1941
ᖺࡣᤕ⋓ࡀ㛤ጞࡉࢀࡿ⮳ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋ 1960 ᖺ௦ࡲ࡛ᑟධࡣ㡰ㄪ㐍ࡳࠊ࢟ࢱࣜࢫࠊ࢜ࢥࢪ
ࣙࠊ࢝࢟ࢶࢿࠊ࣍ࢵ࢟ࣙࢡ࢟ࢶࢿ➼ࡢẟ⓶⋇ࢆࡄᆅࢆ☜❧ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡇ 20㹼30 ᖺࡣࢡࣟࢸ
ࣥࡢᑟධಶయᢲࡉࢀẼ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊᖗᏊࡸࢥ࣮ࢺ⏝㟂せࡣ౫↛ࡋ࡚ከ࠸ࠋ
145
㻝㻠㻡
2.2 1960 ᖺ௦
1960 ᖺ௦ࡣࠊཌࡃኵ࡛⤱ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ẟ⓶ࡀዲホ࡞ࡾࠊᾏእ㍺ฟࡶ⊁⊟⪅ࡶቑຍࡋࠊ
ࢃࡎ࡞ᢞ㈨࡛ࡁ࡞ධࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ㈝⏝ᑐຠᯝࡢ㧗࠸ၟရࡋ࡚ࡢホ౯ࢆཷࡅࡿࠋ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵ
ࢺࡀዲࡴᗈ࡞‵ᆅᖏࢆᣢࡘࢥ࣐ࣜ㸫ࣥࢹࢠࣝ࢝పᆅ࡛ࡣࠊᙜࡢ⊁⊟ࡢ༙ᩘࡀ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵ
ࢺࡔࡗࡓ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
䠄ᤕ⋓ᩘ䠅
300000
䜽䝻䝔䞁
ˁ̨̨̣̍̽
250000
䜻䝍䝸䝇
ʥ̡̖̣̌
200000
䜲䝍䝏
ʶ̨̨̨̡̣̦
150000
䜸䝁䝆䝵
ʧ̨̨̬̦̭̯̜̌
100000
䜻䝒䝛
ʸ̶̛̛̭̌
50000
0
ᅗ㸯㸬㏆ᖺࡢࣖࢡ࣮ࢳ࠾ࡅࡿẟ⓶⋇ᤕ⋓ᩘࡢኚື
2.3 1980 ᖺ௦௨㝆
1980 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡣ 2㹼3 ᗘࡢಶయᩘῶᑡᮇࢆ⤒࡚ࠊಶయᩘࡣప࠸≧ែ࡛Ᏻᐃࡋࠊᑟධ㸫ᐃ╔ࡢ
㐣⛬ࡣࡋࡓࠋẟ⓶⏝ࡢಶయ⩌⥔ᣢ࠸࠺ᙜึ┠ⓗࡣ㐩ࡏࡽࢀࠊ௨ᚋࠊ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺ㛵ࡍࡿ
⛉Ꮫⓗ㛵ᚰࡣⷧࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ
3 ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺᑐࡍࡿ♫ⓗㄆ㆑ࡢኚᐜ
3.1 ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࡢ⛉Ꮫⓗ㛵ᚰ
1930 ᖺጞࡲࡿᑟධᮇࡽ 1970 ᖺ௦ࡅ࡚ࠊ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࡣᪧࢯ㐃࡛᭱ࡶ◊✲ࡉࢀࡓື≀
ࡢ୍✀࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࠸࠺ࠋ㈗㔜࡞ẟ⓶㈨※ࡋ࡚ᑟධࢆᡂຌࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࠊᴟᆅ⎔ቃ᮲௳ࡢᙧែ
⏕⌮Ꮫⓗ㐺ᛂࡸ⦾Ṫಶయᩘኚືࡢ㛵ಀࠊ⊁⊟ࡢ㐺ṇ➼╔┠ࡋࠊ◊✲ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡓࡀࠊ⏕ែ
146
㻝㻠㻢
⣔ࡢᙳ㡪ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊỈ⏕ⲡᮏ㢮ࡢᾘ㈝⪅࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㫽㢮⫗㣗့ங㢮ࡢ⿕㣗⪅࡛࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡢㄆ
㆑ࡋᣢࡓࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ⫼ᬒࡣࠊື≀┦ẖࡢಶయ⩌⏕ែᏛ୰ᚰ◊✲ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࠊ⏕ែ⣔ಖࡢᴫᛕࡀ㔜せどࡉ
ࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓᪧࢯ㐃௦ࡢ◊✲యไࡀࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡶࡢ⪃ᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋ
3.2 ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࡼࡿ⿕ᐖㄆ㆑
࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࡢᑟධ௨๓ࡣࠊᪧࢯ㐃࡛ࡣ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺᑟධࡣ㛗࠸㛫ㄽ㆟ࡢⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ㎰
ᴗ࣭Ỉ⏘ᴗ࣭℺₅タࡢ⿕ᐖࡸே⋇ඹ㏻ឤᰁࡢ፹ࡀ༴ࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࡢႠ
ᕢక࠺✰᥀ࡾ⾜ືࡀ࣮ࣛࢫࡢࢧ࣮ࣔ࢝ࣝࢫࢺࡢᙧᡂ㐣⛬ࢆቑ㛗ࡉࡏࠊㆤᓊࡢὶฟࢆಁࡍࡇ
ࡶ༴ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᑟධึᮇࡢᑠಶయ⩌࡛ࡣ✰᥀ࡾ⾜ືࡼࡿᙳ㡪ࡢࡁࡉࡣㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿࡣ⮳ࡽࡎࠊࡁ࡞℺₅
タࡶᏑᅾࡋ࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵ㢧ⴭ࡞⿕ᐖࡀㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡶ࡞ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᑟධᚋࡢᮇࡣࠊ࣮ࣛࢫࡣ∾ⲡ➼ࡢ㔜せ࡞㎰ᆅ౪⤥※ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿ⮳ࡾࠊ℺₅ࡼ
ࡗ࡚㔞ቑຍࡀᅗࡽࢀࡓࡀࠊ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࡢ✰᥀ࡾ⾜ືࡼࡗ࡚ࢧ࣮ࣔ࢝ࣝࢫࢺ⌧㇟ࡢάᛶࡀ
㐍ࡳࠊࢲ࣒ࡸ℺₅タࡢᙳ㡪ࡶㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ࣮ࣛࢫࡢᏑᅾࡣࠊ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺ
ࡗ࡚᱁ዲࡢỈ῝㣗ᩱ㸦ࢫࢤࠊࢩࠊ࣐࢞ࠊࢩࣙ࢘ࣈ➼㸧ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡾࠊẚ㍑ⓗྂ࠸
ࢧ࣮ࣔ࢝ࣝࢫࢺ†ࡀ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࡣዲ㐺⎔ቃࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࡗ࡚ࡣỈ῝ࡀ⥔ᣢࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡣ⏕Ꮡࡢࡓࡵࡢ㔜せ᮲௳࡞ࡿࠋᮇࡣ
⤖ࡋࡓịࡢୗࢆ⛣ື⏝ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊỈ῝ࡀὸࡃỈᗏࡲ࡛⤖ịࡍࡿᆅᇦ࡛ࡣ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࡣ⏕
Ꮡࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࣖࢡ࣮ࢳ㒊࠾࠸࡚࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࡀᐃ╔࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓせᅉࡶࠊ㒊
ࡢᐮࡉࡢཝࡋ࠸ᆅᇦ࡛ࡣࠊ࡞ࡾࡢỈ῝ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢶࣥࢻࣛᆅᖏ࡛ࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣࡀ‶ࡓ
ࡉࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࡇࡼࡿ᥎ᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋ
4 ㏆ᖺ࠾ࡅࡿ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺ⏕ᜥ⎔ቃ⟶⌮ࡢヨࡳ
1981 ᖺࡽ 84 ᖺࡅ࡚ࠊࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ⊁⊟ᒁࡼࡗ࡚ࠕࢥ࣐ࣜ㸫ࣥࢹࢠࣝ࢝పᆅᖏ࠾
ࡅࡿ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺ⏕ᜥ⎔ቃࡢᨵኚ່࿌ࠖฟࡉࢀࠊ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࡀዲࡴࢫࢤࠊࣚࢩࠊࢩࠊ࣐࢞ࠊ
ࢩࣙ࢘ࣈ࡞ࢆ⛣᳜ࡋࡓࡾࠊ㣵ྎࡢタ⨨ࡸࣂࣝࢧ࡞ࡢேᕤᕢᮦࡢᥦ౪࡞ࡀヨࡳࡽࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢ
ᴗࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᚑ᮶࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࡢ⏕ᜥࡀぢࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓᆅᇦࡶ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࡀ⏕ᜥࡍࡿ
ࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
୍᪉࡛࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࡢႠᕢࡢࡓࡵࡢ✰᥀ࡾ⾜ືࡼࡿㆤᓊタഛࡢᙳ㡪ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢㄆ㆑ࡣࡉࡽ
㐍ࡳࠊ⌧ᅾࢧࣁඹᅜᨻᗓ࡛ࡣࠊእ᮶✀ၥ㢟ࡋ࡚ࡢ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺᑐ⟇ࡀ᳨ウ୰࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ
ࡓࡵࡢ◊✲⏝ຓᡂ㔠ࡢ‽ഛࡶ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ࡛ࡣᏘࡢὥỈࡀᕷẸ⏕άࡁ࡞ᡴᧁࢆ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡉࡽὥỈࡢⓎ⏕ࢆຓ㛗
ࡍࡿ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࡣࠊࢧࣁඹᅜࡗ࡚ࡁ࡞⬣ጾ࡞ࡿᐖ⋇࡛࠶ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊ౫↛ࡋ࡚ẟ⓶
ࡶ㔜せ࡞㈨※ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺㞴ࡋ࠸⟶⌮ၥ㢟┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪉ࡢゎỴࢆ┠ᣦࡍࡢ࡛
࠶ࢀࡤࠊ༢⣧࡞⊁⊟ࡼࡿಶయᩘࢥࣥࢺ࣮࡛ࣟࣝࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⏕ᜥᆅ⟶⌮ࡼࡿඹᏑࢆࡵࡊࡍᚲせࡀ
࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࡣࠊಶయᩘࡢᢕᥱࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࣖࢡ࣮ࢳ࠾ࡅࡿ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࡢ⎔ቃ㐺ᛂ
㛵ࡍࡿヲ⣽࡞ㄪᰝࡶᚲせ࡞ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡀᚋࡢ⟶⌮ྥࡅࡓ㔜せ࡞ㄢ㢟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
5 ᚋࡢ◊✲ㄢ㢟
ᚋࡣࢧࣁඹᅜࡢ⊁⊟⤫ィ㈨ᩱࡢศᯒࢆ㐍ࡵࠊᆅᇦẖࡢ⎔ቃ㐺ᛂ㛵ࡍࡿヲ⣽࡞ศᯒࢆຍ
147
㻝㻠㻣
࠼ࡿࡶࠊ⊁⊟⪅ᑐࡍࡿ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺ⊁⊟άື㛵ࡍࡿㄪᰝࢆ㐍ࡵࠊ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺಶయ⩌
ࡢ⟶⌮ᡭἲࡢ᳨ウຍ࠼ࠊ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺ⊁⊟ࡢ♫ⓗഃ㠃ࡽࡶ᪉ྥᛶࢆ᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡃணᐃ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋ
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
࢚ࣝࢺࣥ, C. S.㸦1971㸧ࠗ␎ࡢ⏕ែᏛ࠘ᛮ⣴♫㸬
ụ⏣㏱. (1996)ࠕࢧࣁඹᅜ࢚ࣦ࢙ࣀ࣭ࣈࢱࣥࢱࢫ࣮࢟ᆅ༊࠾ࡅࡿẟ⓶⋇⊁⊟⊟⋇⟶⌮ࠖ㸪
㰻⸨ᬋ⦅ࠗࢩ࣋ࣜࡢࡲ࡞ࡊࡋ㸦ࢩ࣋ࣜ∾␆ẸࡢẸ᪘Ꮫⓗ◊✲㸧࠘ᩥ㒊┬⛉Ꮫ◊✲㈝ᅜ
㝿Ꮫ⾡◊✲㸦Ꮫ⾡ㄪᰝ㸧◊✲ᡂᯝሗ࿌᭩㸪127-136 㡫.
Ikeda, T (2003) Present Situation of Furbearer Hunting in Northern Yakutia : Turning Point
of Traditional Hunting Avtivities., Northern Asian Studies, 6:77-88 (Indigenous
Ecologival Practices and Cultural Traditions in Yakutia, Center for Northeast Asian
Studies, Tohoku University)
ụ⏣㏱㸬
㸦2012㸧ࠕẟ⓶⋇ࡢ⏝ࢆࡵࡄࡿ⏕ែ⣔ಖእ᮶⏕≀ၥ㢟ࠖ
㸪㧗ᾈᶞ⦅ࠗᴟᐮࡢࢩ࣋
ࣜ⏕ࡁࡿ ࢺࢼ࢝ịඛఫẸ࠘ ᪂Ἠ♫㸬
Long, J.L. (2003) Introduced Mammals of the World. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood,
Australia.
148
㻝㻠㻤
G3c㸦⎔ቃㄆ㆑࣭ᨻ⟇◊✲ࢳ࣮࣒㸧άືせ⣙
⸨ཎ ₶Ꮚ
ே㛫ᩥ◊✲ᶵᵓ ⥲ྜᆅ⌫⎔ቃᏛ◊✲ᡤ
G3c ࢳ࣮࣒ࡢㄢ㢟ࡣࠊձ⎔ቃኚᑐࡍࡿᆅᇦఫẸཬࡧᨻᗓࡢㄆ㆑࣭ᑐᛂࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡇࠊ
ղࡑࡢศᯒ࠾࠸࡚࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ࡞ࡿ㐺ᛂᛶ࣭⬤ᙅᛶᴫᛕࢆ⢭ᰝࡍࡿࡇࠊճᆅᇦఫẸࡢ⮬↛ㄆ
㆑ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿୖ࡛ຓࡅ࡞ࡿẸⓗ⮬↛ほࡢ⌮ゎࢆ῝ࡵࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ձࡢࢸ࣮࣐ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㏆ᖺ㢖⦾࣭つᶍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿỈᐖࠊཬࡧࡑࢀకࡗ࡚ᾋୖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
⛣ఫၥ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࣇ࣮ࣝࢻㄪᰝ㈨ᩱࡢᩚ⌮ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀ㝿ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊẼೃኚඛ⾜ࡍࡿ
♫ኚ㸦1991 ᖺࡢࢯ㐃ᔂቯᕷሙ⤒῭㸧ࡑࢀࡢ㐺ᛂࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࡶ┠ࢆ㓄ࡗࡓࠋලయⓗ
ᢅࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊࢫࣞࢻࢿࢥ࣐ࣝ㒆ࣝ࢞ࣇࢱࣇᮧ࣮࣋ࣜࣙࢰࣇ࢝ᮧࠊࣁࣥ࢞ࣝ㒆ࢩࣥࢫࢡᮧࠊ
ࣝࢲࣥ㒆ࣁࢸࢫࢸࣝᮧ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚋࡣࠊྠࡌࡃᴟ࡛Ẽೃኚࡢ㐺ᛂࢆ㏕ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ
࣓ࣜ࢝㝣ࡢඛఫẸ᪘ࡢẚ㍑ࢆ⾜࠺ணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ղࡢࢸ࣮࣐㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᖺᗘᘬࡁ⥆ࡁࠊẼೃኚ㛵ࡍࡿ㐺ᛂ࣭⬤ᙅᛶ◊✲ࢆࠊ」ྜ◊✲
ࡢ᪉ἲㄽ㛵ࡍࡿศ㢮ࡶ࡙࠸࡚ࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ㐺ᛂ࣭⬤ᙅᛶ◊✲ࡣẼೃኚື
ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍᝏᙳ㡪ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊዲᙳ㡪ࡶ┠ࢆྥࡅ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࢿ࢞ࢸࣈ࣭ࣂࢫࡀࡗ࡚ࡋ
ࡲ࠺ࠊ࠸࠺ࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᚋࡣ㐺ᛂ࣭⬤ᙅᛶ◊✲ࢆࡉࡽࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ᪉
ἲㄽⓗศ㢮ࢆࡉࡽᐇࡉࡏࠊࡉࡽࠊᆅᇦูࡢ㐺ᛂࡢ≉ᚩ㐺ᛂ᪉⟇ࢆࡲࡵࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ㐺ᛂ
ࡢయീࢆ᫂ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡃணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ճࡢࢸ࣮࣐㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ᪉ㅖẸ᪘ࡢ H2O㸦Ỉࠊịࠊ㞵ࠊ㞷ࠊᕝࠊᾏ࡞㸧㛵ࡍࡿࣇ࢛࣮ࢡ
ࣟ㈨ᩱࡢ⩻ヂࠊ࠾ࡼࡧㄒᙡࡢ㞟ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࢆᇶࠊ⩻ヂ㈨ᩱ㞟ࠗỈ࣭㞷࣭ịࡢࣇ࢛࣮
ࢡࣟؐؐ᪉ࡢఏᢎୡ⏺࠘
㸦௬㸧ࡢฟ∧‽ഛࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋᮏ᭩ࡣࢾࠊࢽࣦࣇࠊࢸ࣓ࣜ
ࣥࠊ࣮ࣜࣗࢺࣝࠊࢩ࣭࣋ࣜࣘࣆࢵࢡࠊ࢘ࣝࢱࠊࢧࣁࠊࣟࢩࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ⡿ࡢ
᪉ㅖẸ᪘ࡢࣇ࢛࣮ࢡࣟ㈨ᩱࠊ࠾ࡼࡧỈࢆࡵࡄࡿ⮬↛ほࡘ࠸࡚ࡢゎㄝࡀࡵࡽࢀࡿணᐃ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋ
149
㻝㻠㻥
䝅䝧䝸䜰䞉䝃䝝ඹᅜ䛻䛚䛡䜛♫䞉Ẽೃኚ䛸㏻
䒾3 䛴䛾ᮧ䛻䛚䛡䜛䜿䞊䝇䝇䝍䝕䜱䒾
⸨ཎ㻌 ₶Ꮚ
ே㛫ᩥ◊✲ᶵᵓ㻌 ⥲ྜᆅ⌫⎔ቃᏛ◊✲ᡤ
1㻌 䛿䛨䜑䛻
ᮾ䝅䝧䝸䜰䛾䝃䝝ඹᅜ䠄䝻䝅䜰㐃㑥䠅䛷䛿䚸1990 ᖺ௦ᮎ௨㝆䚸Ẽೃኚ䛻䜘䜛⿕ᐖ䛻ᝎ䜎䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹
ᖺᗘ䛾ሗ࿌᭩䛷䛿䚸1991 ᖺ䛾䝋㐃ᔂቯᚋ䛾♫ኚ䛾ᙳ㡪䜢⪃៖䛧䛴䛴䚸Ẽೃኚ䛾ᙳ㡪䛚䜘䜃
䛭䜜䜈䛾ᑐᛂ䛻㛵䛧䛶䚸䝇䝺䝗䝛䝁䝹䜱䝬㒆䜰䝹䜺䝣䝍䝣ᮧ䛾≧ἣ䜢ሗ࿌䛧䛯䚹ᮏᖺᗘ䛿䛣䛾䝔䞊䝬䜢ᘬ
䛝⥆䛝䚸䝝䞁䜺䝹㒆䝅䞁䝇䜽ᮧ䚸䜰䝹䝎䞁㒆䝝䝔䜱䝇䝔䜱䝹ᮧ䚸䝇䝺䝗䝛䝁䝹䜱䝬㒆䝧䝸䝵䞊䝌䝣䜹ᮧ䛾≧ἣ
䜢ሗ࿌䛩䜛䚹
グ㏙䛻ᙜ䛯䛳䛶䛿≉䛻㏻䛻ὀ┠䛩䜛䚹䝃䝝ඹᅜ䛿䝻䝅䜰䛾ᅜᅵ䛾⣙ 5 ศ䛾 1 䜢༨䜑䜛䛜ࠊ
ேཱྀ䛿 949,000 ே䚸ேཱྀᐦᗘ䛿 0.3/䛻㐣䛞䛺䛔䠄 ᖺ⌧ᅾ㸧ࠋᅜᅵࡢᅵỌஂᅵࡀᗈࡀࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊࢫࣇࣝࢺࡢ㐨㊰ࢆᘓタࡍࡿࡇࡀ㞴ࡋࡃࠊ㐨㊰ࡣᝏ࠸ࠋࡲࡓඹᅜ㤳
㒔ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ㕲㐨ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋேཱྀᐦᗘࡢపࡉỌஂᅵࡢᏑᅾࡼࡾࠊ㏻ࡢᝏࡉࡣࢧࣁඹ
ᅜࡢࡁ࡞≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ㄪᰝ䛿 2008 ᖺ䛛䜙 2011 ᖺ䛻䛛䛡䛶⾜䛳䛯䚹ㄪᰝ᪉ἲ䛿䚸䜲䞁䝍䞂䝳䞊䚸ཧほᐹ䚸⾜ᨻᩥ᭩䞉ᩥ⊩䞉
䝬䝇䝯䝕䜱䜰ሗ䛺䛹䛾㞟䛷䛒䜛䚹௨ୗ䚸3 䛴䛾ᮧ䛻䛴䛔䛶グ㏙䛩䜛㝿䛻䛿䚸䜎䛪ᮧ䛻㛵䛩䜛ᇶᮏሗ
䜢㏙䜉䜛䚹ḟ䛻䚸䝋㐃௦௨๓䛾ᙜヱẸ᪘䛾⏕ά䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸ᩥ⊩䜢ᇶ䛻ᴫほ䛩䜛䚹䛥䜙䛻 1991 ᖺ䛾䝋㐃
ᔂቯᚋ䛾♫ኚ䛸䛭䜜䜈䛾㐺ᛂ䚸⥆䛔䛶 1990 ᖺ௦ᮎ௨㝆䛾Ẽೃኚ䛸䛭䜜䜈䛾ᑐᛂ䛾㡰䛷グ䛩䚹
2㻌 䝅䞁䝇䜽ᮧ
ࢩࣥࢫࢡᮧࡣࣁࣥ࢞ࣝ㒆ࡢࣞࢼᕝὶᇦ⨨ࡍࡿࠋࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡ㸦ࢧࣁඹᅜ㤳㒔㸧ࡽࡢ㊥㞳
ࡣ NP ࡛࠶ࡿࠋேཱྀࡣ ᖺ⌧ᅾ ே㸦 ୡᖏ㸧࡛ࠊẸ᪘ᵓᡂࡣࢧࣁேࣟࢩேࡀ
༙ࠎ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞⏕ᴗࡣࢪࣕ࢞ࣔ᱂ᇵࠊ㤿㣫⫱ࠊ∵㣫⫱ࠊ⁺ປ࡞࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏࢣ࣮ࢫࢫ
ࢱࢹ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢ࠺ࡕ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞ࢪࣕ࢞ࣔ᱂ᇵࢫ࣏ࢵࢺࢆ࠶࡚ࡿࠋࢩࣥࢫࢡ⏘ࢪࣕ࢞ࣔࡢ
࠾࠸ࡋࡉࡣࢧࣁඹᅜ࡛ࡣ᭷ྡ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ḟࠊࢯ㐃௨๓ࡢ⏕άࡘ࠸࡚࡛࠶ࡿࠋඖࠎ࢘ࣛࣝᒣ⬦ࡼࡾࡶすఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡓࣟࢩேࡀࢧࣁ
ࡸࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡢࡣࠊ ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡢࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋẟ⓶⋇⊁⊟⪅ࠊࢥࢧࢵࢡࠊὶฮᅃࠊ㎰Ẹࠊၟேࠊ
ᚚ⪅࡞ᵝࠎ࡞⫋ᴗࡢேࠎࡀධࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
ᙼࡽࡣኴࢆ⤌ࢇࡔᐙࢆసࡾࠊᮧࢆᙧᡂࡋ࡚⏕άࡋࡓࠋ
ࣟࢩேࡣ ୡ⣖ᚋ༙ࡲ࡛ࢧࣁᅵ㐍ฟࡋࠊࢧࣁேࢆࡣࡌࡵࡍࡿඛఫẸ᪘᥋ゐࡋ࡞ࡀ
ࡽᬽࡽࡍࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ୰࡛㎰Ẹࡸᚚ⪅ࡣ⌧ᆅㄒࢆ⩦ᚓࡋࠊ࠺ࡕ୍㒊ࡣࣟࢩㄒࢆᛀࢀࡿ
࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࣟࢩே㎰Ẹࡢ⏕ᴗࡣ㎰⪔࡛ࠊᑠ㯏ࡸ࣒ࣛࢠ࡞ࡢ✐≀㢮ࠊࢪࣕ࢞ࣔࠊ࢟ࣗ࢘
ࣜࡸ࢟ࣕ࣋ࢶ࡞ࡢ㔝⳯㢮ࢆ᱂ᇵࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓ∵ࠊ㤿ࠊ⨺ࠊ㇜࡞ࢆ㣫࠸ࠊ⊁⊟ࡸ⁺ປࡶ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ
ࣟࢩேࡢ࡞⛣ືᡭẁࡣࠊ㤿≟ᶧ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⾰᭹ࡣள㯞ࡸࣛࢩࣕ࡞ࡢᕸࡸẟ⓶࡛సࡽࢀࡓࠋ
࡞㣗≀ࡣ✐㢮ࠊ㔝⳯ࠊ㨶ࠊ⫗ࠊங〇ရ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣟࢩேࡢ࡞ಙ௮ࡣࣟࢩṇᩍࡔࡀࠊṇᩍ
150
௨๓ࡢ␗ᩍࡶⰍ⃰ࡃṧࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊඛఫẸ᪘᥋ゐࡍࡿ୰࡛ᙼࡽࡢಙ௮ࡶྲྀࡾධࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ
Ẽࡢ⒪㝿ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ࿚ᩥࡸ⸆ⲡࡀࢃࢀࡓ,D,.$ࠋ
ࢩࣥࢫࢡᮧࡢⓎ⏕ࡣࠊ ୡ⣖๓༙ࣝࢡ࣮ࢶࢡࣖࢡ࣮ࢶࢡࢆ⤖ࡪ㥐㏴㤿㌴⾤㐨ࡢ୰⥅Ⅼࡀ
タ⨨ࡉࢀࡓࡇ㐳ࡿࠋࣟࢩேᚚ⪅ࡀ᮶࡚ఫࡳጞࡵࠊᚎࠎᮧⓎᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࢧࣁேࡣ
ࡘ࡚ࠊᐙ᪘ࡈ࣮ࣛࢫ㸦Ọஂᅵࡢ⁐ゎ࣭ỿୗࡼࡗ࡚㉳ࡇࡿࠊ┤ᚄᩘ༑࣓࣮ࢺࣝࡽᩘⓒ
࣓࣮ࢺࣝࡢ❑ᆅ㸧ఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡓࡀࠊࣟࢩேࡀࡸࡗ࡚᮶࡚ᮧࢆసࡿࠊࢧࣁேࡶᮧᐃఫࡍࡿࡼ
࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡩࡓࡘࡢẸ᪘ࡢඹᏑࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤḟࡢࡼ࠺ㄒࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࠕࢧࣁேࡣࣟࢩே
᭹㸦ẟ⓶㸧ࢆ╔ࡏ࡚ࡸࡾࠊࣟࢩேࡣࢧࣁேࣃࣥࢆ↝࠸࡚ࡸࡗࡓࠖ
ࠊࠕࣟࢩேࡣࢪࣕ࢞ࣔ
ࡸ✐≀ࢆࢧࣁே࠼ࡓࠋࢧࣁேࡣᐙ␆ࡢ㣫࠸᪉ࡸ㨶ࡢᤕࡾ᪉ࢆࣟࢩேᩍ࠼ࡓࠖ
ࠋࠕࢧࣁேࡣ
ⴥࡗࡥࢆ㣗ࢃ࡞࠸ࠖࡢࡀఏ⤫ࡔࡗࡓࡀࠊࣟࢩேࡀධࡗࡓࡇࡼࡾࢧࣁேࡶ⳯ᅬࢆసࡿࡼ࠺
࡞ࡾࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࢪࣕ࢞ࣔࡶ᱂ᇵࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ㸦⸨ཎ 㸧ࠋ
ࢩࣥࢫࢡᮧࡣ ᖺࢯࣅ࢚ࢺᨻᶒୗධࡗࡓࠋ ᖺࢥ࣮ࣝ࣍ࢬࡀసࡽࢀࠊఱᗘࡢ
⦅ᡂࢆ⤒࡚ ᖺࢯࣇ࣮࣍ࢬ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ⪔స㒊㛛␆⏘㒊㛛㸦∵࣭㤿㣫⫱㸧ࢆᣢࡘࢯࣇ࣮࣍
ࢬ࡛ࡣࠊ⣙ ேࡢᮧேࡀാ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࠋᒇᩜᒓᆅ௨እ࡛ࡢࢪࣕ࢞ࣔ᱂ᇵࡣࡍ࡚ࠊࢯࣇ࣮࣍
ࢬ࡛⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ࢩࣥࢫࢡ࡛ࡣᏛᰯᩍ⫱ࡣࢯ㐃௦௨๓ࡢ ᖺᚚ⪅ࡓࡕࡢせᮃࡼࡗ࡚ጞࡲࡾࠊ ᖺ
ࢯࣅ࢚ࢺࡢᏛᰯᨵ⦅ࡉࢀࡓࠋࢯ㐃௦ࡣࠊ ᖺࡣデ⒪ᡤࡀࠊ ᖺࡣᅗ᭩㤋ࡀࠊ
ᖺࣛࢪ࢜ᨺ㏦ᒁࡀࠊ ᖺ㝔ࡀసࡽࢀࡿ࡞ࠊᚎࠎ㏆௦ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡗࡓࠋ㤳㒔ࣖࢡ࣮
ࢶࢡࡢ㛫ࡣࣂࢫࡀ㉮ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡾࠊ࣮ࣔࢱ࣮࣮࣎ࢺࡸ㌴ࠊࢺࣛࢡࢱ࣮࡞ࡶࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺
࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࢪࣕ࢞ࣔࢆࡣࡌࡵࡍࡿࢯࣇ࣮࣍ࢬࡢ⏕⏘≀ࡣࠊࢯࣇ࣮࣍ࢬࡼࡗ࡚⏫㐠ࡤ
ࢀࠊᮧேࡣ⌧㔠ධࢆᡭࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋ
ࢯ㐃ᔂቯᚋࠊࢯ㐃ྛᆅࡢᮧྠࡌࡃࠊࢩࣥࢫࢡ࡛ࡶࢯࣇ࣮࣍ࢬࡀᔂቯࡋࠊ ከࡃࡢᮧேࡀࢆ
ኻࡗࡓࠋ ᖺ⌧ᅾࠊ᭱పᇶ‽್௨ୗࡢ㈋ᅔୡᖏࡣ 㸣࡞ࡿࠋࡋࡋேࠎࡣ᪂ࡋ࠸≧ἣ㐺
ᛂࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࢯࣇ࣮࣍ࢬᔂቯᚋࠊࢯࣇ࣮࣍ࢬࡀᡤ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ⏿ࡣᮧேศ㓄ࡉࢀࠊᮧேࡓࡕࡣ
ࡑࡇ࡛ᐙ᪘༢࡛ࢪࣕ࢞ࣔ᱂ᇵࢆࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ⌧ᅾࠊᮧ࡛ࡣ ୡᖏ࠶ࡓࡾ ࣊ࢡࢱ࣮
ࣝࡢࢪࣕ࢞ࣔ⏿ࡀࡾᙜ࡚ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀຍ࠼࡚ୡᖏ࠶ࡓࡾ ࣊ࢡࢱ࣮ࣝࡾᙜ࡚ࡽࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿᒇᩜᆅࡢ୍ゅ࡛ࡶࢪࣕ࢞ࣔࡣ᱂ᇵࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢯ㐃ᔂቯᚋࠊࡘ࡚ࡢࢯࣇ࣮࣍ࢬࡼࡿ
ࢪࣕ࢞ࣔ㍺㏦ࢩࢫࢸ࣒௦ࢃࡗ࡚Ⓩሙࡋࡓࡢࡀࠊࢪࣕ࢞ࣔࡼࡿࣂ࣮ࢱ࣮⤒῭࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢩࣥ
ࢫࢡ࡛ࡣࢪࣕ࢞ࣔࡀᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢪࣕ࢞ࣔࡉࢀࡿ࡞ရ┠ࡣࠊ◁⢾ࠊᑠ㯏⢊ࠊ
㣗≀Ἔࠊ࣐࢝ࣟࢽࠊ⡿࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୗࡢ⾲ࡣࠊ ᖺࡢኟ࠾ࡅࡿ࠾࠾ࡼࡑࡢ࣮ࣞࢺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࢪࣕ࢞ࣔ ⿄ࡣ⣙ ࡛࢟ࣟ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࢪࣕ࢞ࣔ ⿄ NJ ᑠ㯏⢊ ⿄ NJ
ࢪࣕ࢞ࣔ ⿄ NJ ◁⢾ ⿄ NJ
ࢪࣕ࢞ࣔ ⿄ NJ ᳜≀Ἔ ᮏ ε
ࢪࣕ࢞ࣔ ⿄ NJ ࣃࢫࢱ ⿄ NJ
ࢪࣕ࢞ࣔ ⿄ NJ ⡿ NJ
ࢪࣕ࢞ࣔࡣ ୡᖏ࠶ࡓࡾᖺ㛫ᖹᆒ࡛ ⿄⛬ᗘࡀ⮬ᐙᾘ㈝ࡉࢀࠊ ⿄⛬ᗘࡀ✀ࣔ࡞ࡾࠊ
ṧࡾࡢ 㹼 ⿄⛬ᗘࡀࣂ࣮ࢱ࣮ࡉࢀࡿࠋ㇏సࡢᖺࡣୡᖏ࠶ࡓࡾ ⿄ࡶࡢ✭ࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ
ୖグࡢရ┠ࡣࡃ⌧㔠࡛㈙ࢃࡎ῭ࡴࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀ௨እࡶၟᗑࡀධࢀࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ
ࡶࡢ࡞ࡽࠊᇶᮏⓗఱ࡛ࡶࢪ࡛ࣕ࢞ࣔࣂ࣮ࢱ࣮ྍ⬟࡛ࠊࢯࣂࡢᐇࠊ࢟ࣕ࣋ࢶࠊ⣚Ⲕࠊࡉࡽࡣ
᭹ࡸᩥᡣලࡉࢀࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࠋᮧ࡛ࡣࢯࣇ࣮࣍ࢬࡢᔂቯࡼࡗ࡚ኻᴗ⪅ࡀቑ࠼ࠊ⌧㔠ධ
151
ᡭẁࡀ㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࢪࣕ࢞ࣔࣂ࣮ࢱ࣮ࡢ࠾ࡆ࡛᭱ప㝈ࡢ⌧㔠࡛⏕άࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮧேࡓࡕࡣࠊࠕࢪࣕ࢞ࣔࡉ࠼࠶ࢀࡤ⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡅࡿࠖㄒࡿࠋ
㏆ᖺࡢẼೃኚࡼࡗ࡚ࢩࣥࢫࢡᮧ࡛⏕ࡌࡓၥ㢟ࡣࠊࣦ࣮࢜ࣛࢠࡤࢀࡿࡁ࡞⁁ࡢฟ⌧
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᖺ ᭶ࡢ㞵ࡢ㝿ࠊ✺ዴࡋ࡚ ࡘࡢࣦ࣮࢜ࣛࢠࡀฟ⌧ࡋࠊᮧࢆศ᩿ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࡇࡣࠊ
ࠕࢩࣥࢫࢡࡀᆅࡢୗỿࡴࠖ࡞ࡢぢฟࡋ࡛ࠊ᪂⪺࡞࡛ࡁࡃሗࡌࡽࢀࡓࠋ
ࣦ࣮࢜ࣛࢠࡣ᭱ࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࠊ㛗ࡉ⣙ ࢟ࣟࠊᖜ ࣓࣮ࢺࣝࠊ῝ࡉ ࣓࣮ࢺࣝࡶ࡞ࡿࠋᑓ㛛ᐙ
ࡼࡿࣦ࣮࢜ࣛࢠࡢཎᅉࡣỌஂᅵࡀゎࡅࡓࡇ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢᩘࡣࡉࡽቑ࠼ࡿࡇࡀணࡉ
ࢀࡿࠋࣦ࣮࢜ࣛࢠࡢฟ⌧ࡰࢆྠࡌࡃࡋ࡚ࠊูࡢၥ㢟ࡶ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᖺ㡭ࡽࢪࣕ࢞
ࣔ⏝ࡢᆅୗ㈓ⶶᗜࠊ⛅Ỉࡀฟࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ୖグࡢၥ㢟ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊࣦ࣮࢜ࣛࢠࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᮧேࡣ༠ຊࡋ࡚ᑠࡉ࡞ᶫࢆᯫࡅ࡚ேࡢ㏻⾜ࡀ࡛ࡁ
ࡿࡼ࠺ࡍࡿ࡞ࡢດຊࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࣟࢩ㐃㑥ண⟬ࡽ ⓒ࣮ࣝࣈࣝࡀᨭฟࡉࢀࠊ
ᖺ ᭶ࣦ࣮࢜ࣛࢠࡢ 㸣ࡀᇙࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋࡋࡋࢇࡢࣦ࣮࢜ࣛࢠࡀᮍࡔࡴࡁࡔࡋࡢ
ࡲࡲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣࣦ࣮࢜ࣛࢠࡼࡗ࡚ᮧࡀ࠸ࡃࡘࡶศ᩿ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ㌴ࡸࢺࣛࢡࢱ࣮
࡛㏻⾜ࡍࡿ㝿ࡣ㐲ᅇࡾࢆᙉ࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠋ⌧ᆅࡢேࠎࡗ࡚࢞ࢯࣜࣥ௦ࡣ㠀ᖖ㧗࠸ࡀࠊࣦ࢜ࣛ
࣮ࢠࡼࡗ࡚వศ࡞ᨭฟࢆࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ḟࡶ࠺ࡦࡘࡢၥ㢟ࠊࢪࣕ࢞ࣔ㈓ⶶᗜࡢỈࡘ࠸࡚࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢪࣕ࢞ࣔࡢಖᏑࡣ ᗘ⟶
⌮ࡀ㠀ᖖ㔜せ࡛ࠊ㐺 ࡼࡾୖࡀࡗ࡚ࡶୗࡀࡗ࡚ࡶ㣗ࡽࢀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋᖖ ᗘ⛬ᗘ
ಖࡓࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᆅୗ㈓ⶶᗜࡣ⌮ⓗ࡞ಖ⟶ሙᡤ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣࠊ✭ᮇ࡛࠶ࡿ ᭶ࡣ
㈓ⶶᗜࡣỈᾐࡋ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ேࠎࡣ✭ᚋࠊࡲࡎᬮᡣࡋࡓᐊෆ࡛ಖᏑࡋࠊ ᭶㈓ⶶᗜࡢỈࡀ
ᘬ࠸࡚ࡽ㈓ⶶᗜධࢀࡿ࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ᑐฎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋỈࡀᘬ࠸ࡓᚋ࡛ࡶ㈓ⶶᗜෆࡢ‵ᗘࡀ
ࡘ࡚ࡼࡾ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊࢪࣕ࢞ࣔࡀ⭉ࡾࡸࡍࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣࠊ⮬ᐙᾘ㈝⏝ࡢ
ࢪࣕ࢞ࣔࡀ⭉ࡿࠊ᳜࠼ࡿࡓࡵࡢ✀ࣔࡉ࠼☜ಖ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ࡇࡀ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࢪࣕ࢞ࣔࡣ✭ᚋࡍࡄࡼࡾࡶࠊᖺᮎ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡢ᳜࠼ࡅ๓ࡢ᪉ࡀ㧗ࡃࢀࡿࡢ
࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࡛ࡣࡑࡢࡲ࡛☜ᐇಖᏑ࡛ࡁࡿಖドࡀ࡞ࡃࠊ㐜ࡃࡿࡇࣜࢫࢡࡀక࠺ࡼ࠺
࡞ࡗࡓࠋࢩࣥࢫࢡᮧࡢேࠎࡣࢪࣕ࢞ࣔࡼࡿࣂ࣮ࢱ࣮⤒῭࡛ࢯ㐃ᔂቯᚋࡢ♫ኚ㐺ᛂࡋ࡚
ࡁࡓࡀࠊẼೃኚࡣࡇࢀࢆ⬣ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࣁࢸࢫࢸࣝᮧ
ࣁࢸࢫࢸࣝᮧࡣࠊࣝࢲࣥ㒆ࡢࣝࢲࣥഃὶᇦ⨨ࡍࡿࠋ㒆ࡢ୰ᚰࡢ⏫ࣝࢲࣥࡲ࡛ࡢ
㊥㞳ࡣ NP ㏆ࡃࠊᖺ୰࠼ࡿ㐨㊰ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᮧ⮬యࡣẚ㍑ⓗ㏻ࡢ౽ࡀⰋ࠸ሙᡤ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⏕
ᴗࢆ⾜࠺ሙࡣᚋ㏙ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ㠀ᖖ฿㐩ࡍࡿࡢࡀᅔ㞴࡞ሙᡤ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᖺ⌧ᅾࠊேཱྀࡣ
ே㸦 ୡᖏ㸧࡛ࠊࢶࣥࢢ࣮ࢫ⣔ࡢඛఫᑡᩘẸ᪘࢚ࣦ࢙ࣥ࢟ࡢẸ᪘ᮧᣦᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᖺ⌧ᅾࠊᮧࡣࠊࢯࣇ࣮࣍ࢬࡢᚋ⥅ᴗࡀ ࡘࠊ࢜ࣉࢩ࣮ࢼࡤࢀࡿᐙ᪘࣭ぶ᪘༢ࡢࢺࢼ࢝
㣫⫱ࣘࢽࢵࢺࡀ ࠶ࡾࠊ㣫⫱ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ⥲ᩘࡣ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࢯ㐃௨๓ࡢ⏕άࡘ࠸࡚࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࢚ࣦ࢙ࣥ࢟ேࡢ࡞ఏ⤫ⓗ⏕ᴗࡣࢺࢼ࢝㣫⫱ࠊ⊁⊟ࠊ⁺
ປ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙼࡽࡣ㗹ᙧᮌࢆ⤌ࢇ࡛ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢẟ⓶ࢆࡪࡏࡓ⛣ືᘧࡢᐙఫࡳࠊᐙ᪘༢࡛
ࢺࢼ࢝ࢆ㏣ࡗ࡚ࠊࡲࡓ㨶ࡢከࡃྲྀࢀࡿỈ㎶ࢆồࡵ࡚⛣ື⏕άࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ⛣ືᡭẁࡣ㝣㊰ࡢሙྜ
1
Kutergina, T. “Sinsk ukhodit pod zemliu”, Iakutsk vechernyi. 2008. 01.13.
䝃䝝䛾Ọஂᅵ◊✲ᡤ䛾 S.P. Gotovtsev Ặ䛻䜘䜛
3
⮬↛ᮧ䝝䝔䜱䝇䝔䜱䝹䛻ຍ䛘䚸㏆㞄䛾ᑠ䛥䛺⮬↛ᮧ䜴䝂䝲䞁䠄ேཱྀ 349 ே䠅䜢䜒ྵ䜐䚸⾜ᨻᮧ䝧䝺䝒䜻䞊
య䛾ᩘ್䚹
2
152
ࡣࢺࢼ࢝ࠊỈ㊰ࡢሙྜࡣⓑᶟࡢ⓶࡛࡛ࡁࡓ࣮࣎ࢺ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
⾰᭹ࡣࢺࢼ࢝ࡢẟ⓶ࡽసࡽࢀࠊ
࡞㣗≀ࡣࠊࢺࢼ࢝ࡸ࣊ࣛࢪ࢝ࡢࡺ࡛⫗㨶࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋၿⰋ࡞ࡿ⢭㟋㑧ᝏ࡞⢭㟋ࡢᏑᅾࡀ
ಙࡌࡽࢀࠊẼ㝿ࡋ࡚ࡣࢩ࣮࣐ࣕࣥ♩ࡀ࠾ࡇ࡞ࢃࢀࡓ,.$,Dࠋ
ࢯ㐃௦௨๓ࠊ⌧ᅾᮧࡀ࠶ࡿሙᡤࡣᮧࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾ࡢ㏵୰❧ࡕᐤࡿࡔࡅࡢሙᡤ࡛
࠶ࡗࡓࠋᮧࡀసࡽࢀࡓࡢࡣ ᖺࡢࡇ࡛ࠊࡑࡢᚋࢥ࣮ࣝ࣍ࢬࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࠊ⦅ᡂࢆ⤒࡚ࠊ
ᖺࢯࣇ࣮࣍ࢬࡀసࡽࢀࡓ,YDQRY㸸ࠋࡇࡢ㐣⛬࡛ࠊࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡣ㞟ᅋࡉࢀࡓࠋࢯ
ࣇ࣮࣍ࢬ࡛ࡣࠊ࢚ࣦ࢙ࣥ࢟ேࡗ࡚ఏ⤫ⓗ࡞⏕ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࢺࢼ࢝㣫⫱ࠊ⊁⊟ຍ࠼ࠊ∵㣫⫱ࡶ
⾜ࢃࢀࡓ'=K=5%ࠋ
ࢯ㐃௦ࡣ≀㈨ࡢ౪⤥ၥ㢟ࡢゎỴࠊඛఫẸࡢ⏕άࡢ㏆௦ࠊẼᩥ┣ࡢ᧞⁛ࡀࡵࡊࡉࢀࠊྛ
✀ࡢᨻ⟇ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ'=K=5%ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡶࡢᮧྠࡌࡃࠊᏛᰯࡸᗑࠊ㝔࡞ࡀస
ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ㒆ࡢ୰ᚰࡢ⏫ࣝࢲࣥࡲ࡛㐨㊰ࡀసࡽࢀࠊᖺ୰ẖ᪥ࣂࢫࡀ㉮ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ
ࡓࠋ
⌧ᅾࠊࣂࢫࡢ౽ࡣ㐌 ᅇ࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㏻ࡢ౽ࡣࢯ㐃௦ẚ࡚ᝏࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋ⏫
⥆ࡃⰋ࠸㐨㊰ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࢇࡢୡᖏࡀ⮬ື㌴ࢆࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⮬ື㌴ࢆᡤ᭷ࡍࡿぶᡉࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࡇࡢᮧࡣࢧࣁඹᅜ࡛ࡣẚ㍑ⓗ㏻ࡢ౽ࡀⰋ࠸᪉࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࢺࢼ࢝ᨺ∾ᆅ
ࡢࢡࢭࢫࡣࢯࣇ࣮࣍ࢬࡢᔂቯࡶ࡞ࡗ࡚ᝏࡋࡓࠋࢯ㐃௦ࠊࢯࣇ࣮࣍ࢬࡢ㣫⫱⌜ࡣ㐲ࡃ㞳
ࢀࡓᨺ∾ᆅ⾜ࡃ㝿ࡣ࣊ࣜࢥࣉࢱ࣮ࢆ࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋྛ㣫⫱⌜ࡣᮧᨺ∾ᆅࡢ㛫ࡢ⛣ືࡢ
ࡓࡵࠊᖺ㛫⣙ ᅇ⛬ᗘ࣊ࣜࢥࣉࢱ࣮ࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࠸࠺ࠋ࣊ࣜࢥࣉࢱ࣮ࡣ㣗≀ࡸ࢞ࢯࣜ
ࣥࡑࡢࠊ࠶ࡽࡺࡿᚲ㟂ရࡶ㐠ࢇࡔࠋᨺ∾ᆅ࠸ࡿேࠎᫎ⏬ࢆぢࡏࡿࡓࡵࡔࡅ࣊ࣜࡀ㣕ࡪࡇ
ࡉ࠼࠶ࡗࡓ࠸࠺ࠋࡋࡋ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣࢯࣇ࣮࣍ࢬࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࡢ㈋ࡋ࠸ᚋ⥅ᴗ࢜ࣉࢩ࣮ࢼࡀ࠶
ࡿࡢࡳ࡛ࠊ㧗㢠ࢆせࡍࡿ࣊ࣜࢥࣉࢱ࣮ࡢ⏝ࡣࢇྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋᨺ∾ᆅࡣࡋࡤࡋࡤ㠀ᖖ
㐲ࡃࠊࡲࡶ࡞㐨ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡓ࠼ࡤ࠶ࡿࢺࢼ࢝㣫⫱⌜ࡢᨺ∾ᆅ⾜ࡃࡣࠊࢺࢼ࡛࢝ 㐌㛫
ࡿࠋࢯࣇ࣮࣍ࢬᔂቯࡼࡾࠊᮧ࡛ࡣ㈋ᅔࡀ㐍ࡳࠊ⌧ᅾࠊ᭱పᇶ‽௨ୗࡢ㈋ᅔୡᖏࡣ 㸣
ୖࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢᮧ࠾ࡅࡿ㏆ᖺࡢẼೃኚࡢᙳ㡪ࡣὥỈ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᖺࠊࣁࢸࢫࢸࣝᮧࡣὥỈ
ぢ⯙ࢃࢀࠊᮧࡢ༙ศࡀᾐỈࡋࡓࠋ Ỉࡀᘬ࠸ࡓᚋࠊᮧࡢ࠶ࡕࡇࡕ ࣓࣮ࢺࣝࡶ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ịࡀ
ṧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࠸࠺ࠋࡇࡢᚋ㛫ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊኟࡲ࡛ࠊࢧࣁඹᅜᨻᗓࡣὥỈ⿕ᐖㄪᰝࢆ⾜࠸ࠊࢃࡎ
࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ⿕⅏⪅ぢ⯙㔠ࢆᨭ⤥ࡋࡓࠋࡋࡋ୍㒊ࡢࢺࢼ࢝∾Ẹࡓࡕࡣࠊࡇࡢㄪᰝࡢᑐ㇟
࡞ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ㐲ࡃ㞳ࢀࡓᨺ∾ᆅ࠸ࡓࡓࡵࠊࡍࡄᮧᡠࡗ࡚⿕ᐖࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࡇ
ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᙼࡽࡢᐙࡢ⿕ᐖࡣㄪᰝᫎࡉࢀࡎࠊぢ⯙㔠ࢆཷࡅྲྀࡿࡇ
ࡶ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ᖺඹᅜᨻᗓࡣࠊࣁࢸࢫࢸࣝᮧࢆ㏆㞄ࡢࡼࡾ㧗࠸ሙᡤ⛣ࡍࡇࢆỴᐃࡋࡓࠋ⌧ᅾࠊ
᪂ࡋ࠸ᮧࡀᘓタ୰࡛ࠊࡍ࡛Ꮫᰯ 㸫 ㌺ࡢᐙࡀᘓタ῭ࡳ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࣮࣋ࣜࣙࢰࣇ࢝ᮧ
࣮࣋ࣜࣙࢰࣇ࢝ᮧࡣࢫࣞࢻࢿࢥ࣐ࣝ㒆ࡢ࣮࣋ࣜࣙࢰࣇ࢝ᕝὶᇦ㸦ࢥ࣐ࣝᕝࡢᨭὶ㸧⨨
ࡍࡿࠋᮧࡽ㒆୰ᚰࡢ⏫ࢫࣞࢻࢿࢥ࣒ࣝࢫࢡࡲ࡛ࡢ㊥㞳ࡣ NP ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᖺ⌧ᅾࠊேཱྀ
ࡣ ே㸦 ୡᖏ㸧࡛࠶ࡿ23%1626Kࠋࡇࡢᮧࡣࠊࢶࣥࢢ࣮ࢫ⣔ࡢᑡᩘẸ᪘࡛࠶ࡿ࢚
ࣦ࢙ࣥࡢẸ᪘ᮧᣦᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞⏕ᴗࡣࢺࢼ࢝㣫⫱࡛ࠊ ᖺ⌧ᅾࠊᮧࡣ 㢌ࡢ
ࢺࢼ࢝ࡀ࠸ࡿࠋ ḟࠊࢯ㐃௦௨๓ࡢ⏕άࡘ࠸࡚࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢚ࣦ࢙ࣥேࡢ࡞⏕ᴗࡣࠊࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࠊ⁺ປ
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࡞㣗≀ࡣ⫗㨶ࡔࡀࠊ㸫 ୡ⣖௨㝆ࡣࣟࢩேࠊࢧࣁேࡢ᫆ࡼࡾࠊẟ⓶ࡢ࡛ࠊ
ᑠ㯏⢊ࠊࡦࡁࡾࡢ✐≀ࠊሷࠊ⣚Ⲕࠊబ⸨ࠊࡓࡤࡇࠊ࢛࢘ࢵ࢝࡞ࡀධࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
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ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࡢࡣ ᖺࡢࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊᏛᰯࠊᐤᐟ⯋ࠊᗂ⛶ᅬࠊᗑࠊࢥ࣮ࣝ࣍ࢬࠊ㝔࡞
ࡀసࡽࢀࠊ㏆௦ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡗࡓ6OHSWVRYDࠋࡲࡓࠊ㒆ࡢ୰ᚰࡽ㣕⾜ᶵࡶ㣕
ࡪࡼ࠺࡞ࡾࠊ౽⛣ື࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࢯ㐃௦ࠊࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡣࡁ࡞┈ࢆࡶࡓࡽ
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ࢯ㐃ᔂቯᚋࠊࡇࡢᮧ࡛ࡶ≧ἣࡣ୍ኚࡋࡓࠋ㏻㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࡢ㛫ࡣ⤖ࡋࡓἙᕝࡢୖࢆ㉮ࡿ
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ᮧྠᵝࠊ㐌୍ᗘࡢ㣕⾜ᶵࡢࢫࢣࢪ࣮ࣗࣝࡣ㠀ᖖᏳⓗ࡞ࡾࠊࡲࡓࢳࢣࢵࢺࡶ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋኟ
ࡢ㛫ࡣỈ㊰࡛⛣ືࡍࡿࡇࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࡀࠊỈࡀపࡃ࡞ࡿ࣮࣎ࢺࢆᘬࡁࡎࡗ࡚㐍ࡲ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞
ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࢯ㐃ᔂቯᚋࠊࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡣ㉥Ꮠ⏘ᴗ࡞ࡾࠊᮧ࠾ࡅࡿࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ㢌ᩘࡣ ᖺࡢ
㢌ࡽ ᖺࡣ 㢌ࡲ࡛ῶࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓ23%1626Kࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵᮧேࡢ
⏕άࡣⱞࡋࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ ᖺ⌧ᅾࠊ㸣ࡀ᭱పᇶ‽್௨ୗࡢ㈋ᅔୡᖏ࡛࠶ࡿ23%1626K
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Ẽೃኚࡼࡿᙳ㡪㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࡇࡢᮧ࡛ࡣ௨๓ࡼࡾ㢖⦾ὥỈࡀ㉳ࡇࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋྂࡃ
ࡽࡢఫẸࡼࡿࠊࡘ࡚ࡣὥỈࡣ ᖺ ᗘࡔࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋ⌧ᅾࡣࠊ✚㞷㔞ࡢቑຍࠊࡢ
ࢫࢪ࣒ࣕࠊỌஂᅵࡢ⼥ゎ࡞ࡼࡾࠊࢇẖᖺὥỈ⿕ᐖࢆཷࡅࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ
㝿ࠊ ୡᖏ⛬ᗘࡀᾐỈ⿕ᐖࢆཷࡅࡿࠋỈᾐࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᮇ㛫ࡣࠊᩘ᪥ࡢࡇࡶ࠶ࢀࡤࠊ 㐌㛫ࠊ
㐌㛫ࡢࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࠋᮧࡢఫẸࡼࡿࠊ ௦㡭ࡲ࡛ࡣὥỈࡣ␗ᖖ࡞ࡇ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᬑ㏻ࡢࡇ
ࡋ࡚ཷࡅṆࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࠸࠺ࠋᙜࡣᮧ࡛ࡣᐃఫᨻ⟇ࡀጞࡲࡗ࡚ᩘ༑ᖺࡀ⤒ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡶ
ࡢࡢࠊᐙࡀࡃ㊊ࡾ࡞࠸≧ែ࡛ࠊከࡃࡢேࡀᮧࡢ୰ࢺࢼ࢝ඹ㐟ືࡍࡿ㝿࠺ࢸࣥࢺࢆ
❧࡚࡚ᬽࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࢇ࡞ᙼࡽࡗ࡚ࠊỈࡀࡃࢀࡤࢸࣥࢺࢆูࡢሙᡤ❧࡚ࢀࡤⰋ࠸ࡔࡅࡢ
ࡇ࡛࠶ࡾࠊỈࡀᮧ᮶࡚ࡶㄡࡶ㦁ࡄࡇ࡞ࡃࠊ㯲ࡗ࡚ࢸࣥࢺࢆูࡢሙᡤ❧࡚┤ࡋࡓࡔࡅࡔࡗ
ࡓࡽࡋ࠸ࠋࡋࡋ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣࣟࢩேྠࡌࡃᅛᐃࡉࢀࡓኴసࡾࡢᐙࡀὶ࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᐙࡈ
㏿ࡸ⛣ືࡍࡿࡢࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋẖᖺࡢࡼ࠺ὥỈࡳࡲࢃࢀ࡚ᐙࡀἾࡔࡽࡅ࡞ࡗࡓࡾࠊ
ᐙලࡀࡍࡗࡾࢲ࣓࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇேࠎࡣ࠺ࢇࡊࡾࡋࠊ⛣ఫࡘ࠸࡚ヰࡀฟࡿࡼ
࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ᖺࢧࣁඹᅜᨻᗓࡣࠊ࣮࣋ࣜࣙࢰࣇ࢝ᮧࢆ㏆㞄ࡢᑠ㧗࠸ሙᡤ⛣タࡍࡿࡇࢆỴᐃࡋࠊ
ࣃࢿࣝࣁ࢘ࢫ ㌺ศࡢ㈨ᮦࢆᥦ౪ࡋࡓࠋࡋࡋᮧࡀൢᆅ⨨ࡍࡿࡇࠊ㏻ࡀᝏ࠸ࡇ
ࡼࡾࠊ㈨ᮦࡣ࡞࡞ᒆ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࣃࢿࣝࣁ࢘ࢫࡢ㈨ᮦࡀᕝࡸᾏࢆ㏻ࡗ࡚ࠊ㒆ࡢ୰ᚰࡢ⏫ࢫ
ࣞࢻࢿࢥ࣒ࣝࢫࢡ฿╔ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊ ᖺ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡽࡔࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣࡉࡽࠊ㐨㊰ࢆ⤒
⏤ࡋ࡚ᮧࡲ࡛㐠ࡤࢀࡿࡣࡎࡔࡗࡓࡀࠊ୍㒊ࡢ㈨ᮦࡣࢫࣞࢻࢿࢥ࣒ࣝࢫࢡࡽඛ㐠ࡪࡣࡁ
ࡍࡂࡓࠋࡲࡓ୍㒊ࡢ㈨ᮦࡣ࠶ࡲࡾࡶ㛗ࡃࢥࣥࢸࢼࡢ୰ಖ⟶ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡏ࠸࡛ࠊᔂቯࡋࡅ࡚
࠸ࡓࠋ⤖ᒁࠊ ㌺ࡢࣃࢿࣝࣁ࢘ࢫ㈨ᮦࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ ㌺ศࡔࡅࡀ ᖺᮧ฿╔ࡋࡓࠋṧࡾࡢ
㌺ࡣࢫࣞࢻࢿࢥ࣒ࣝࢫࢡࡢ⏫ࡢ୰ᘓ࡚ࡽࢀࠊᮧேࡀ㝔⾜ࡗࡓࡾ㈙࠸≀ࢆࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡓ
ࡵ⏫⾜ࡗࡓ㝿Ἡࡲࡿሙᡤ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⏫ᐙࢆᣢࡘࡇࡣᮧேࡗ࡚ࡶࡕࢁࢇ᭷ព⩏
࡞ࡇ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ⅏ᐖᑐ⟇ࡋ࡚ࡣ↓┈࡞ࡶࡢ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࠋ
154
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䛶䜒䝋㐃௦䛻㏆௦䛜㐍䜏䚸㏻䛾౽䜒Ⰻ䛟䛺䛳䛯䛜䚸䝋㐃ᔂቯᚋ䛾♫ኚ䛻䜘䛳䛶ᝏ䚸䛭䛧䛶
Ẽೃኚ䛻䜘䛳䛶䛥䜙䛻ᝏ䛩䜛ഴྥ䛜᫂䜙䛛䛻䛺䛳䛯䚹♫ኚ䜈䛾㐺ᛂ䛻㛵䛧䛶䛿䚸⛣ື㢖ᗘ䜢ῶ
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䛧䛛䛧Ẽೃኚ䛻䜘䛳䛶ഛ䛜ᅔ㞴䛻䛺䜛䛺䛹䛾ᙳ㡪䛜ฟ䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛜♧䛥䜜䛯䚹䜎䛯䚸㏻䛾ᝏ䛥
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1 ࡣࡌࡵ
ᖺᗘࡢሗ࿌ᘬࡁ⥆࠸࡚ࠊ㐺ᛂ࣭⬤ᙅᛶ◊✲ࢆ」ྜ◊✲ࡢ᪉ἲㄽ㛵ࡍࡿศ㢮ࡶ࡙࠸࡚ࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࢆ
⾜࠺ࠋྠศ㢮ࡣࠊྠሗ࿌࡛ࡍ࡛ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ᴫ␎ࢆᗘㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋ
」ྜ◊✲ࡣࠊ➃ⓗゝ࠼ࡤࠊᐃᛶⓗ◊✲ᐃ㔞ⓗ◊✲ࡢ᪉ࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡚⾜࠺◊✲ࢆࡉࡍࠋ㸰㸮ୡ⣖๓
༙ࡽᩥே㢮Ꮫ⪅ࡸ♫Ꮫࡢࣇ࣮ࣝࢻ࣮࣡ࢡ࠾࠸࡚ᐇ㊶ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊ」ྜ◊✲ࡋ࡚ᐃᘧࡉ
ࢀࡓࡢࡣ Campbell and Fiske (1959)࠾࠸࡚࡛࠶ࡿ(Johnson et al. 2007)ࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊከࡃࡢ◊✲ࡼࡗ୍࡚ࡘࡢ⊂
❧࡞᪉ἲㄽࡋ࡚☜❧ࡉࢀࠊ」ྜ◊✲ࢆᑓ㛛ࡍࡿࢪ࣮ࣕࢼࣝࡀⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࡿࡲ࡛࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ௦⾲ⓗ࡞㞧
ㄅ࡛࠶ࡿࠊJournal of Mixed Methods Research ࡢึᮇࡢㄽᩥ(Johnson et al. 2007)࡛ࡣࠊ」ྜ◊✲ࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ᐃ⩏
ࡀ㏙ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
」ྜ◊✲ࡣࠊᐃᛶⓗศᯒᐃ㔞ⓗศᯒࢆ୍ࡘࡢ◊✲࠾࠸࡚ΰྜࡉࡏࡿ◊✲ (Johnson et al. 2007)
ࡋࡋࠊ୍ゝ࡛ࠕΰྜࡉࡏࡿࠖ
ࠊ࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡢΰྜࡢ᪉ࡣ༓ᕪู࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊCreswell (2009)
ࡣࡉࡽࠊ
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ࠕΰྜࠖ
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ࠕ⌮ㄽࠖࡢ㸲ࡘࡢḟඖἢࡗ࡚」ྜ◊✲ࢆศ㢮ࡍࡿࡇ
ࢆᥦၐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦⾲㸯㸧
ࠋୗグ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢḟඖࡘ࠸࡚ᴫㄝࡋࡓ࠶࡛ࠊ」ྜ◊✲ࡢ௦⾲ⓗ࡞㸴✀㢮ࡢ
᪉ἲㄽࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋ
ࠕ㔜ࡳࡅࠖࡢḟඖࡣࠊᐃᛶⓗศᯒᐃ㔞ⓗศᯒࡢ㔜ࡳࡅࢆࡉࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㔜ࡳࡅࡣᇶᮏⓗࠊ
ࡓࡿ㛵ᚰࡀᐃᛶⓗ࣭ᐃ㔞ⓗศᯒࡢࡕࡽ࠶ࡿࡢ౫Ꮡࡍࡿࠋ
ࠕΰྜࠖࡢḟඖࡣࠊᐃᛶⓗศᯒᐃ㔞ⓗศᯒࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ᪉㛵ࡍࡿศ㢮࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⤫ྜࡣࠊᐃᛶⓗ࣭ᐃ㔞
ⓗࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ᪉ࢆ㞟ࡋࡓ࠶ࠊᐃᛶⓗࢹ࣮ࢱࢆఱࡽࡢ᪉ἲ࡛ᐃ㔞ⓗ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱኚࡋࠊ㞟ࡋࡓᐃ㔞ⓗ
ࢹ࣮ࢱ⤫ྜࡍࡿሙྜࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࠕ⤖ྜࠖࡣ࠼ࡤࠊ◊✲࡛⏝࠸ࡿᴫᛕࡢᐃᛶⓗ࡞ศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ࠶ࠊ
ࡑࡢᴫᛕᇶ࡙࠸ࡓᐃ㔞ⓗࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ㞟ࡋࡓሙྜࠊᐃᛶⓗ࡞ᴫᛕศᯒᐃ㔞ⓗࢹ࣮ࢱࡀࠕ⤖ྜࠖࡋࡓ≧ែ
࠸࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ࠕᇙࡵ㎸ࡳࠖࡣࠊᐃᛶⓗศᯒࢆࠊࡑࢀࡣ⊂❧ࡋࡓᐃ㔞ⓗࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛⿵ࡍࡿሙྜ࡞ࢆࡉࡍࠋࡇࡢࢣ࣮ࢫ
ࡢሙྜࠊᐃᛶⓗศᯒᐃ㔞ⓗࢹ࣮ࢱࡢࠕᇙࡵ㎸ࡳࠖࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠊゝ࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
⾲㸯 」ྜ◊✲ࡢศ㢮㸦Craswell 2009, p. 207㸧
ࢱ࣑ࣥࢢ
㔜ࡳࡅ
ΰྜ
ᐃᛶⓗศᯒᐃ㔞ⓗศᯒ ᐃᛶⓗศᯒᐃ㔞ⓗศᯒ ⤫ྜ
ࢆྠ୪⾜࡛⾜࠺
⌮ㄽ
᫂♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡀ➼౯
ᐃᛶⓗศᯒࡢḟᐃ㔞ⓗ ᐃᛶⓗศᯒࢆᐃ㔞ⓗศᯒ ⤖ྜ
ศᯒࢆ⾜࠺
ࡼࡾࡶ㔜せどࡍࡿ
ᐃ㔞ⓗศᯒࡢḟᐃᛶⓗ ᐃ㔞ⓗศᯒࢆᐃᛶⓗศᯒ ᇙࡵ㎸ࡳ
ศᯒࢆ⾜࠺
ࡼࡾࡶ㔜せどࡍࡿ
156
㻝㻡㻢
᫂♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸
⾲㸰 」ྜ◊✲ࡢศ㢮㸦Craswell 2009, p. 211-216㸧
ศ㢮
ᐃᛶⓗศᯒᐃ 㔜ࡳࡅ
ΰྜ
⌮ㄽ
㔞ⓗศᯒࡢࢱ
࣑ࣥࢢ
ձSequential Explanatory 㡰␒
ᐃ㔞ⓗศᯒࢆᐃᛶ ⤖ྜ
Strategy
ⓗศᯒࡼࡾࡶ㔜せ
-
どࡍࡿ
ղSequential Exploratory 㡰␒
ᐃᛶⓗศᯒࢆᐃ㔞 ⤖ྜ
Strategy
ⓗศᯒࡼࡾࡶ㔜せ
-
どࡍࡿ
ճSequential
㡰␒
-
ྠ୪⾜
ᐃᛶⓗศᯒᐃ㔞 ⤫ྜ
⤖ྜ
᫂♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
Transformative Strategy
մConcurrent
-
Triangulation Strategy
ⓗศᯒࡀ➼౯
⤖ྜ
յConcurrent Embedded ྠ୪⾜
-
ᇙࡵ㎸ࡳ
-
-
⤫ྜ
᫂♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
Strategy
նConcurrent
ྠ୪⾜
Transformative Strategy
⤖ྜ
ᇙࡵ㎸ࡳ
ḟࠊ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢḟඖᇶ࡙࠸࡚ᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࡓ」ྜ◊✲㛵ࡍࡿ㸴✀㢮ࡢศ㢮ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ㸴✀㢮ࡣࠊ
ձSequential Explanatory StrategyࠊղSequential Exploratory StrategyࠊճSequential Transformative Strategyࠊմ
Concurrent Triangulation StrategyࠊյConcurrent Embedded StrategyࠊնConcurrent Transformative Strategy ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ձ ࡢ Sequential Explanatory Strategy ࡣࠊ
ᐃ㔞ⓗศᯒ⤖ᯝࡢㄝ᫂ࡸゎ㔘ࢆᐃᛶⓗศᯒ࡛⿵ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ⾜࠺ሙྜ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㏻ᖖࠊᐃ㔞ⓗศᯒ㔜Ⅼࡀ⨨ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ▷ᡤࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࢹ࣮ࢱ㞟ࡿ㛫ࡀࡿࡇ
ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ղ ࡢ Sequential Exploratory Strategy ࡣࠊᐃᛶⓗศᯒࡢゎ㔘ࢆᐃ㔞ⓗศᯒࡸࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛⿵ຓࡍࡿሙྜࢆࡉࡍࠋ
ᆺⓗ࡞ࡣࠊ࠶ࡲࡾࡼࡃࢃࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸㇟㛵ࡍࡿ᥈⣴ⓗ࡞◊✲࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽࠊ㐺ษ࡞ᴫᛕᯟ⤌
ࡳࡀ࡞࠸ሙྜࡶ᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢሙྜࠊᐃᛶⓗศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡛ᴫᛕᯟ⤌ࡳࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࠊࡑࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ
ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ᐃ㔞ⓗศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࠊ࠸࠺ẁ㝵ࢆࡩࡴࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ
ճ ࡢ Sequential Transformative Strategy ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢ♫⛉Ꮫⓗ⌮ㄽࡸࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ࠊᨻ⟇┠ⓗࢆᣢࡗ࡚ࠊ
」ྜ◊✲ࢆẁ㝵ⓗ⾜࠺ሙྜࢆࡉࡍࠋ
մ ࡢ Concurrent Triangulation Strategy ࡣࠊᐃᛶⓗ࣭ᐃ㔞ⓗศᯒࢆྠ୪⾜࡛⾜࠸ࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࡘ࠸࡚ẚ㍑ࡍ
ࡿࡇ࡛ࠊࡢࡼ࠺࡞㢮ఝᛶࠊ┦ఝᛶࡸつ๎ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
յ նࡣࠊղճ࠾ࡅࡿᐃᛶⓗศᯒᐃ㔞ⓗศᯒࢆྠ୪⾜࡛⾜࠺ࡇྠ➼࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ୧ศᯒ
ࡢΰྜࡢ᪉ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊյࡀᇙࡵ㎸ࡳࠊնࡣࡍ࡚ࡢΰྜࡢᙧࡀ࠶ࡾᚓࡿࠋ
2 㐺ᛂ࣭⬤ᙅᛶ◊✲ࡢ᪉ἲㄽⓗศ㢮
ᮏ⠇࡛ࡣࠊ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ᪉ἲㄽᛂࡌ࡚ࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢ㐺ᛂ࣭⬤ᙅᛶ◊✲ࡢศ㢮ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ⏝࠸ࡿศ㢮ࡣୖグ࡛
157
㻝㻡㻣
ㄝ᫂ࡋࡓ」ྜ◊✲ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2.1 」ྜ◊✲
㐺ᛂ࣭⬤ᙅᛶ◊✲ࡢὶࡣ」ྜ◊✲࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⌮⏤ࡋ࡚ࡣ➨୍ࠊ㐺ᛂ࣭⬤ᙅᛶ◊✲ࡣࡑࡢ┠ⓗࡋ
࡚ࠊẼೃኚືᑐࡋࠊே㛫♫ࡀࡢࡼ࠺ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡢ⛬ᗘ⬤ᙅ࡛࠶ࡿࡢࢆ᫂ࡽࡋࡓୖ࡛ࠊࡑࡢ⬤
ᙅᛶᑐฎࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣࡢࡼ࠺㐺ᛂࡍࡿࡁ࡞ࡢ࠸࠺ࠊᮏ㉁ⓗᩥ⌮⼥ྜᆺ◊✲ࢆᚲせࡍࡿ◊✲
ࢸ࣮࣐ࡀඹ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋୗグ࡛ࡣࠊᖺᗘຍ࠼࡚ࢩ࣋ࣜࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ┤᥋㛵ಀࡢ࠶ࡿ
᪤Ꮡ◊✲㝈ࡾࠊୖグࢆ⏝࠸࡚ศ㢮ࡍࡿࠋ
Schwarz et al. (2011) ࡣࢯࣟࣔࣥㅖᓥࡢ 3 ࡘࡢἢᓊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡢ⬤ᙅᛶࡢෆᐜࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ⮬㌟ࡀ⮬
ࡽࡢ㐺ᛂ⬟ຊ㛵ࡍࡿㄆ㆑ࢆつᐃࡍࡿせᅉࡢศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋྠㄽᩥࡢ≉Ⰽࡣࠊࡲ࡛⌮ㄽ㸦ᴫᛕ㸧ⓗ࣭Ꮫ⾡
ⓗ◊✲␃ࡲࡿഴྥࡢ࠶ࡿ㐺ᛂ࣭⬤ᙅᛶࡢホ౯◊✲ࢆᐇ㊶ⓗ⏝࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺ᣑᙇࡋࠊࡉࡽࠊ᪤Ꮡ◊✲
ࡢࡼ࠺ᐈほⓗᣦᶆᇶ࡙࠸࡚㐺ᛂ⬟ຊࡢศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᙜ⪅ࡢ㐺ᛂ⬟ຊ㛵ࡍࡿㄆ㆑ࢆホ౯
ྲྀࡾධࢀࡓࡇ࠶ࡿࠋ᪉ἲㄽࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ᭱ึࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡢᵓᡂဨࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࢆ⾜࠸ࠊᐃᛶⓗࢹ࣮
ࢱࢆධᡭࡋࡓᚋࠊࡑࢀࢆᐃ㔞ⓗࢹ࣮ࢱ⨨ࡋࠊከኚ㔞ࣉࣟࣅࢵࢺ ࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊୖグศ㢮ᇶ࡙ࡅࡤࠊᐃᛶⓗศᯒࡽᐃ㔞ⓗศᯒ㡰␒⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᐃ㔞ⓗ࣭ᐃᛶⓗศᯒ
ࡢࡕࡽࡶ㔜どࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊྠ◊✲ࡣ sequential transformative strategy ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ศᯒ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ㐣ཤ࠾ࡅࡿ⬣ጾᑗ᮶ࡢ⬣ጾࡢྠᐃ㸦๓⪅ࡣࠊ2007 ᖺࡢᆅ㟈ὠἼ 2008 ᖺ
ࡽ 2009 ᖺࡅ࡚ࡢୡ⏺⤒῭༴ᶵ㸹ᚋ⪅ࡣẼೃኚࡸ⮬↛⅏ᐖࠊேཱྀቑࡼࡿ㣗⣊㞴㸧ࡀ࡛ࡁࠊ㐺ᛂ⬟ຊ
ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢேࠎࡢㄆ㆑ࡢせᅉࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊ♫ⓗᅋ⤖ࠊ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࠊ༠ຊࡢࡓࡵࡢಶேࡢᨭ࠼ࡀ㔜せ࡛
࠶ࡿࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
Rees et al. (2008)ࡣࠊࣂ࣮ࣞࣥࢶᾏᆅᇦࡢࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡀẼೃኚືࡸࢺࢼ࢝∾␆㛵㐃ࡢ♫ⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗせ
⣲ᑐࡋ࡚ࡢࡼ࠺ኚࡍࡿࡢࠊࢆศᯒࡋࡓ◊✲࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ࢱ࣒ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡣ 1990 ᖺࡽ 2080 ᖺ㸧
ࠋẼ
ೃኚື㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡢཷᚸ㡿ᇦࢆ⟬ฟࡍࡿ͆Tolerable Window Approach͇ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ᳜⏕ࠊẼ
ࠊἙᕝ⤖࣭⼥ゎࠊ㢼ࠊ✚㞷ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ♫ⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗせ⣲ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ⿵ຓ㔠ࠊไᗘᵓ㐀ࠊປാ⤌⧊ࠊ
ࣥࣇࣛࡢධᡭྍ⬟ᛶࠊᅵᆅ⏝ࡢ➇ྜࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆศᯒࡋࡓࠋ
ศᯒ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚ࡣࠊẼೃኚືࡼࡿᙳ㡪ࡣࠊయⓗ୰❧ⓗᙳ㡪ࡶࡋࡃࡣᝏᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇࡀ♧၀ࡉ
ࢀࡓࠋᆅᇦู࡛ぢࢀࡤࠊࢫ࢝ࣥࢪࢼࣅ༙ᓥ࡛ࡣᝏᙳ㡪ࠊࣇࣥࣛࣥࢻ࡛ࡣ୰❧ࠊࣟࢩ࡛ࡣⱝᖸࡢዲᙳ㡪
ࡀண ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ศᯒᑐ㇟࡛࠶ࡿࣂ࣮ࣞࣥࢶᾏᆅᇦࡢࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡢ⬤ᙅᛶࡣᑠࡉ࠸ࡇࡶண ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
୍᪉ࠊ
♫ⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗせ⣲ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
⿵ຓ㔠ไᗘࡢኚ᭦ࡸᨺ∾ᆅࡢῶᑡࡣᙳ㡪ࡀࡁ࠸ࡇࡀண ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊ
Ẽೃኚືୖグࡢ♫ⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗせ⣲ࡣ⊂❧ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡋ࡚ศᯒࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ⪃ᐹࡢ୰࡛ࠊẼೃኚືࡼ
ࡗ࡚♫ⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗせ⣲ࡽࡢࢺࢼ࢝∾␆ࡢᙳ㡪ࡀࡁࡃ࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀᣦࡉࢀࡓࠋ
᪉ἲㄽࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᐃ㔞ⓗ࣭ᐃᛶⓗࢹ࣮ࢱࢆྠ୪⾜࡛ᢅ࠸ࠊᐃᛶⓗศᯒᐃ㔞ⓗศᯒࡀ➼౯࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ
ྠ◊✲ࡣ Concurrent Triangulation Strategy ࡢศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
3 ࡲࡵ
ᖺᗘࡢሗ࿌ࡶ᭩࠸ࡓ࠾ࡾࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ᭱ඛ➃ࡢ㐺ᛂ࣭⬤ᙅᛶ◊✲ࡣࡑࡢࢇࡀ」ྜ◊✲࡛࠶ࡿࠋୖ
グࡢ◊✲ࣞࣅ࣮࡛ࣗ≉➹ࡍࡁࡣࠊ㐺ᛂ࣭⬤ᙅᛶ◊✲ࡣẼೃኚືࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍᝏᙳ㡪ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊዲᙳ㡪ࡶ
┠ࢆྥࡅ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࢿ࢞ࢸࣈ࣭ࣂࢫࡀࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠊ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚋࡣ㐺ᛂ࣭⬤ᙅᛶ◊✲ࢆ
ࡉࡽࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊୖグ࡛⾜ࡗࡓ᪉ἲㄽⓗศ㢮ࢆࡉࡽᐇࡉࡏࠊࡉࡽࠊᆅᇦูࡢ㐺ᛂࡢ≉ᚩ
㐺ᛂ᪉⟇ࢆࡲࡵࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ㐺ᛂࡢయീࢆ᫂ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ
158
㻝㻡㻤
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
Campbell, D.T., & FiskeD.W. (1959) Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.
Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81-105
Creswell, J.W. 2009. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. SAGE.
Johnson, R.B., Onwuegbuzie, a. J. & Turner, L. a., 2007. Toward a Definition of Mixed Methods Research. Journal of
Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), pp.112–133. Available at:
http://mmr.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/1558689806298224 [Accessed July 19, 2011].
Rees, W.G. et al., 2008. Vulnerability of European reindeer husbandry to global change. Climatic Change, 87(1-2),
pp.199–217. Available at: http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s10584-007-9345-1 [Accessed October 31,
2012].
Schwarz, A.-M. et al., 2011. Vulnerability and resilience of remote rural communities to shocks and global changes:
Empirical analysis from Solomon Islands. Global Environmental Change, 21(3), pp.1128–1140. Available at:
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959378011000719 [Accessed October 8, 2012].
159
㻝㻡㻥
᪉ࡢỈ࣭㞷࣭ịࡢࣇ࢛࣮ࢡࣟ
ᒣ⏣ ோྐ
ᮾᏛ ᩥᏛ㒊
1 ࡣࡌࡵ
ᮏ✏ࡣࠊ᪉ࡢỈ࣭㞷࣭ịࡢࣇ࢛࣮ࢡࣟ㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡢ୰㛫ሗ࿌࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ゝ࠺ࣇ࢛࣮
ࢡࣟࡣẸ㛫ఏᢎ࣭Ẹ㛫▱㆑ࡢព࡛ࠊⱥㄒࡢ“lore”ࡣࢻࢶㄒࡢ“Lehre”ࠕᩍ࠼ࠖྠㄒ※࡛࠶
ࡿࠋ௨ୗ࡛ࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡇࢆ⪃࠼ࡿᮦᩱࢆᥦ౪ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
ࠕఏ⤫ⓗࠖ⏕άࡢ୰࡛ࠊỈ࣭㞷࣭ịࡣ
࠺ࡽ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡢࠋࡑࢀࡽ㛵ࢃࡿ⅏ᐖࡢᥥࡣ࠺ࠋࡑࢀࡽࡀ㉳ࡁࡓሙྜࡢᑐฎࡣ
࠺ࠋྂ࠸ᩥ⊩㸦19 ୡ⣖ࡽ 20 ୡ⣖ึࡵ㸧ぢࡽࢀࡿࣇ࢛࣮ࢡࣟࠊ⌧௦ࡢࡑࢀࡽࡢ㛫
ぢࡽࢀࡿඹ㏻Ⅼ࣭┦␗Ⅼࡣఱࠋ࡛ࡶࠕ⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠖほᛕ࣭▱㆑ࡣ࠶ࡿࠋ᪉ࢆᗈࡃぢࢃ
ࡓࡋࡓぢࡽࢀࡿඹ㏻Ⅼ࣭┦␗Ⅼࡣఱࠋ᪥ࡑࢀࡽࡽᏛࡪࡇࡣ࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡲࡓᗈࡃࠊ
᪥ᮏ࠾ࡅࡿ␗ᩥ㸦ࡃࡑࡢ⎔ቃほ࣭⮬↛ほ㸧⌮ゎࡢ୍ຓࡶࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
2 Ỉ
࠙F1ࠚ ࣁࣥࢸேࡢὥỈఏㄝ
࣭ฟ㸸S. Patkanov, Die Irtysch-Ostjaken und ihre Volkspoesie, I. St. Petersburg: J. Glasounof, 1897, S.
134–135.㸦Anderson ᡤᘬ㸧
ࠋ
࣭ⴭ⪅㸸ࣃࢺ࢝ࣀࣇ㸦6HUDILP .HURSRYLþ 3DWNDQRY –1918㸧ࡣࣟࢩࡢ⤫ィᏛ⪅࣭⤒῭Ꮫ⪅࣭
Ẹ᪘ㄅᐙࠋ
࣭ᴫせ㸸ὥỈࡢ㝿ࠊ⯪ࡗ࡚㏨ࢀࡿࡀࠊᝏ㨱㑧㨱ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢᆅᇦ࡛ࡣẖࠊỏ℃ࡀ㉳ࡁ
ࡿࡇࡀ⫼ᬒ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࠋ
࣭᪤Ꮡࡢ᪥ᮏㄒヂ㸸ᒣ⏣ோྐ 2012aࠕࢩ࣋ࣜࡢὥỈఏㄝ㸸⅏ᐖయ㦂ࡢ⥅ᢎ᪉ἲࡋ࡚ࡢ⚄ヰࠖ
⸨ཎ₶Ꮚ㸭ᷓᒣဴဢ㸦⦅㸧
ࠗᖹᡂ 23 ᖺᗘ FR3 ◊✲ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺሗ࿌ ᬮࡍࡿࢩ࣋ࣜࡢ⮬↛
ே㸸Ỉ⎔ቃࢆࡣࡌࡵࡍࡿ㝣ᇦ⏕ែ⣔ኚࡢ♫ࡢ㐺ᛂ࠘㸦ᆅ⌫◊ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ C-07㸧㸸
165–182. ி㒔㸸⥲ྜᆅ⌫⎔ቃᏛ◊✲ᡤࠊpp. 173–174 ヂฟࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ┬␎ࡍࡿࠋ
࠙F2ࠚࢧ࣮࣑ேࡢỈࡢዿࡓࡕ
࣭ฟ㸸Holmberg, Uno. 1913. Die Wassergottheiten der finnisch-ugrischen Völker. (Mémoires de la
Société Finno-Ougrienne; 32). Helsinki: Druckerei der Finnischen Literatur-Gesellschaft, S. 36–46.
࣭ⴭ⪅㸸࣒࣍ࣝ࣋ࣜ㸦Holmberg, Uno; 1927 ᖺ௨ᚋ Uno Harva ᨵጣࠊ1882–1949㸧ࡣࣇࣥࣛࣥࢻ
ࡢẸ᪘Ꮫ⪅ࠋ
࣭ᴫせ㸸ἢᓊ㒊࡛▱ࡽࢀࡿ༙ே༙㨶࡛ᾏ㞴ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍዿࠊ⁒Ṛ⪅ࡢ㟋ࠊἙ❺ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ዿࠊࢭ
ࣞࣥࡢࡼ࠺⯪ࡾࢆࡲࢃࡍ〄፬࡞ࠋⴭ⪅࣒࣍ࣝ࣋ࣜࡢ◊✲ᡂᯝ࡞ࡢ࡛ࠊせ⣙ࡋࡓᙧ࡛♧
ࡋࡓ᪉ࡀࡼ࠸ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
࣭ഛ⪃㸸௨ୗࡢᩥ⊩ࡶせཧ↷㸸Holmberg㸦Harva㸧ⴭࡢ Mythology of All Races ࠾ࡼࡧ Die religiösen
Vorstellungen der altaischen Völker㸹Paulson ࡢ Religion der Menschheit㸹Pentikäinen ࡢࢧ࣮࣑⚄ヰࣔ
160
㻝㻢㻜
ࣀࢢࣛࣇ㸹Bäckman & Hultkrantz, Saami Pre-Christian Religion㸹Wörterbuch der Mythologie ࡢࢧ࣮࣑
⦅㸹Diederichs ♫ࡢ Märchen aus Lappland. ୖࡢ࠙F1ࠚࡶỈࡢᜍࢁࡋࡉࢆ♧ࡍࠋ
࠙F3ࠚ࣑࣮࣑ࣝࡢᬛᜨࡢἨ㸦ࢤ࣐ࣝࣥࠝḢࠞ⚄ヰ㸧
࣭ฟ㸸
࢚ࠗྂࢵࢲ࠘
ࠕᕩዪࡢணゝࠖ9۠OXVSá, 28ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࠕࢠࣦࣗࣝࡓࡪࡽࡋࠖGylfaginning, 15
㸦࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠗࢫࣀࣜࡢ࢚ࢵࢲ࠘ࡢ୍㒊㸧ࠋࢫࣛࣥࢻࡢᨻᐙ࣭ᩥᏛ⪅ࢫࣀ࣭ࣜࢫࢺࣝࣝࢯࣥ
㸦Snorri Sturluson, 1178–1241㸧ࡼࡿࠊ࢚ࠗྂࢵࢲ࠘ᑐࡍࡿ୍✀ࡢゎㄝ᭩ࠋࢠࣦࣗࣝ⋤ࡀ᪑ே
㌟ࢆኚ࠼ࠊ࢞ࣥࢢࣞࣜྡࡗ࡚ྂ࠸⚄ヰࡘ࠸࡚㸱ேࡢ⚄ࠎ㸦ࣁ࣮ࣝࠊࣦࣖࣥࣁ࣮ࣝࠊࢫࣜ
ࢪ㸧ㄒࡾྜ࠺ࠋ᭱ᚋࢠࣦࣗࣝࡣ✺↛㔝ཎ❧ࡕࠊࡲ࡛࠶ࡗࡓኊ㯇࡞ᐑẊࡀ㊧ᙧࡶ࡞ࡃᾘ
࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡇẼ࡙ࡃࠋࡇࢀࡀ᭩ྡࡢ⏤᮶ࠋ
࣭᪤Ꮡࡢ㑥ヂ㸸㇂ཱྀᖾ⏨㸦ヂ㸧
࢚ࠗࢵࢲ㸸ྂ௦Ḣḷㅴ㞟࠘᪂₻♫ࠊ1973 ᖺࠋ
࣭ᴫせ㸸ୡ⏺ᶞࣘࢢࢻࣛࢩࣝࡢ᰿ࡶἨࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡇࡣ㈼ࡉᬛᜨࡀ㞃ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᣢࡕ
ࡢ࣑࣮࣑ࣝࡣゅᮼ࡛ࡑࡢỈࢆ㣧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ▱㆑‶ࡕ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣮࢜ࢪࣥࡣࡑࡢỈࢆᡤᮃࡋࠊ
∦║ࢆᢸಖࡋ୍ཱྀ࡚ࡢࡲࡏ࡚ࡶࡽࡗࡓࠋ
࣭㑥ヂ㸸
ࠕᕩዪࡢணゝࠖ28 ⠇㸦㇂ཱྀヂ⿵㊊㸧
ࠝࢃࡓࡋ㸻ᕩዪࡀ୍ࠞே࡛እᆘࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࣮ࢫࡢ⪁⋤ࠝYggiungr ása; ࣮࢜ࢹࣥࠞࡀࡸ
ࡗ࡚ࡇࡽࢀࠊࢃࡓࡋࡢ║ࡢ୰ࢆࡢࡒࡁࡇࡲࢀࡓࠋఱࢆࢃࡓࡋ࠾ࡓࡎࡡ࡞ࡿࡢࠋ࡞ࡐࠊࢃࡓ
ࡋࢆ࠾ࡓࡵࡋ࡞ࡿࡢࠋ࣮࢜ࢹࣥࡼࠊ࠶࡞ࡓࡀࡇ║ࢆ㞃ࡉࢀࡓࠊࢃࡓࡋࡣࡼࡃ▱ࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋ࠶ࡢྡ㧗࠸࣑࣮࣑ࣝࡢἨࡢ୰࡛ࡍࠋ࣑࣮࣑ࣝࡣẖᮅࡢࡼ࠺ࠊᡓኈࡢ∗ࠝ9DOI۠ðr; ࣮࢜ࢹ
ࣥࠞࡢᢸಖࡽ⻤㓇ࢆ㣧ࡴࠋ࠾ࢃࡾࠋ
㸨ཎᩥ㸦ྂࢫࣛࣥࢻㄒ㸧ࡣ Neckel/Kuhn ∧ࢆཧ↷ࠋࢻࢶㄒ࣭᪥ᮏㄒྵࡵྛ✀ヂ࠶ࡾࠋ
࣭㑥ヂ㸸
ࠕࢠࣦࣗࣝࡓࡪࡽࡋࠖ15 ❶㸦㇂ཱྀヂ⿵㊊㸧
ࡔࡀࠊ㟖ࡢᕧேࠝHrímþursar; ᕧேࡽࡢ♽࣑ࣘࣝ Ymir ࡣịࡽㄌ⏕ࠞࡢ࠸ࡿ᪉ࡴ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠝୡ
⏺ᶞࣘࢢࢻࣛࢩࣝࡢࠞ᰿ࡢୗࡣ࣑࣮࣑ࣝࡢἨࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ▱ᜨ▱㆑ࡀ㞃ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢἨࡢ
ᣢࡣ࣑࣮࣑ࣝ࠸࠺ࠋᙼࡣ▱ᜨࡢᅛࡲࡾࡔࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣࠊᙼࡀἨࡢỈࢆࢠࣕࣛࣝ࣍ࣝࣥࠝGjallarhorn
ࠕ㧗ࡃ㡪ࡃゅࠖ
ࠞ࠸࠺ゅᮼ࡛㣧ࢇࡔࡽ࡞ࡢࡔࠋࡑࡇ≀ࡢ∗ࠝ$OI۠ðr; ࣮࢜ࢹࣥࠞࡀࡸࡗ
࡚ࡁ࡚ࠊἨࡽ୍ཱྀ㣧ࡲࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࠊ࠸ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ⮬ศࡢ║ࢆᙜࡋ࡚ࡸࡗ㣧ࡲࡋ࡚ࡶ
ࡽࡗࡓࠋ
㸨ཎᩥ㸦ྂࢫࣛࣥࢻㄒ㸧ࡣ Jónsson ∧ࢆཧ↷ࠋReclam ∧ࡢ⊂ヂࡶཧ↷ࠋ
࣭ഛ⪃㸸Ⳣཎ㑥ᇛࠗḢ⚄ヰ࠘ᮾி᭩⡠ࠊ1984 ᖺࠊpp. 112–113 ࡞ཧ↷ࠋỈࡢ㇏㤨ᛶࠋ
3 㞷
࠙F4ࠚ᭶ࡢ⏨ࡀ㝆ࡽࡍ㞷㸦ࢢ࣮ࣜࣥࣛࣥࢻ࣭࢚ࢫ࣮࢟ࣔ㸧
࣭ฟ㸸Rink, Henry. 1875. Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo. Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons, pp.
440–441.
࣭ⴭ⪅㸸ࣜࣥࢡ㸦Rink, Hinrich Johannes, 1819–93㸧ࡣࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡࡢᆅ㉁Ꮫ⪅࡛ịἙᏛ㸦glaciology㸧
ࡢࣃ࢜ࢽࠋ
࣭ཎ㢟ࠕ᭶ࠖ
㸦The moon㸧
࣭ⴭ⪅ࡼࡿὀグ㸸᭶⾜ࡗࡓேࡢヰࡣ࠸ࡃࡘ▱ࡽࢀࡿࠋḟࡣࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⚄ヰࡢ୍ࠋ
࣭ᴫせ㸸Kanak ࠸࠺⏨ࡀṚ⪅ࡢ㐨ࢆࡓࡗ࡚᭶ࢆゼࢀࡓࠋ᭶ఫࡴ⏨ࡢᐙࡢ㛛ࡣᕧ࡛ࠊ⊛≟
ࡀᏲࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋఱ୰ධࡿࠊ୍ேࡢዪࡀ㣗≀ࢆᣢࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚ࡃࢀࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢ⫼ࡣ㧁㦵ࡢࡼ
࠺ࡔࡗࡓࠋ᭶ࡢ⏨ࡀࡁ࡞↮⟶ࢆࡩࡋࠊᗋࡢ✰ࡽ Kanak ᆅ⌫ࢆぢࡏࡓࠋᆅ⌫࡛ࡣ㞷ࡀ㝆ࡗ
161
㻝㻢㻝
࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ࡸࡀ࡚ Kanak ࡣẼ⤯ࡋࠊ
㏣ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ♽ẕࡼࡾᆅୖᖐࡉࢀ࡚ࠊ
೧࡞ࢩ࣐ࣕࣥ㸦angakok㸧
࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
࠙F5ࠚ㞷ࡀ≟ኚࡎࡿヰ㸦࢚ࢫ࣮࢟ࣔ㸦࢝ࣥࣂ࣮ࣛࣥࢻ‴㸧
㸧
࣭ฟ㸸Boas, Franz. 1901. The Eskimo of Baffin Land and Hudson Bay. (Bulletin of American Museum of
Natural History; 15). New York, p. 323–325.
࣭ⴭ⪅㸸࣎ࢬ㸦1858–1942㸧ࡣࢻࢶ⏕ࡲࢀࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ே㢮Ꮫࡢᇶ♏ࢆ⠏࠸ࡓࠋ⡿ྛᆅ࡛⦓ᐦ
࡞ㄪᰝࢆ⾜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
࣭ཎ㢟㸸
ࠕ➨ 24 ヰ ⪁ዪᏞࠖ
㸦The Old Woman and her Grandchild㸧
࣭ⴭ⪅ࡢὀグ㸸➨ 40 ヰ㸦p. 221㸧
࣭➨ 54 ヰ㸦p. 248㸧ࡶཧ↷ࡏࡼࠋ
࣭ᴫせ㸸᫇ࠊ㣚㣹ࡢࡓࡵேࠎࡣᮧࢆᲠ࡚ࠊ⪁ዪࡑࡢᏞፉࡔࡅࡀṧࡉࢀࡓࠋ✵⭡ࡢࡓࡵࠊ⪁ዪࡣ
࿚ᩥ࡛≴ࢆࡰ࠺ࡍࡿࡀࠊ࢝ࣜࣈ࣮ࠊࢪࣕࢥ࢘∵ࠊ⊋ࠊ⇃ࠊࢡࢬࣜࠊඡࡀ᮶࡚ࠊḟ≴ࡓࡕࡀ
᮶ࡓࠋ⪁ዪࡣᲨᲬ࡛ࡳ࡞ẅࡋࡓࠋḟࣛࣥࣉࡢⅉࡾࡢࡓࡵࡢ⋇⬡ࡀᚲせ࡞ࡾࠊ⪁ዪࡣᑠ౽࡛ị
✰ࢆ࠶ࡅࠊࢨࣛࢩࢆ⋓ࡗ࡚ࡓࡗࡾ⋇⬡ࢆᡭධࢀࡓࠋ
ࡇࢀ࡛㊊ࡾ࡞࠸ࡢࡣ⏨ࡔࡅ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ⪁ዪࡣࠊࣛࣥࣉࡢⅆຊㄪ⠇ࡢࡓࡵࡢ㦵ࢆ࣌ࢽࢫࡋࠊⅆ
ᡴ▼ࢆ╺ࡋ࡚ࠊࢨࣛࢩ⊟⾜ࡗࡓࠋ㝜㒊ࢆᶧኚ࠼ࠊࡑࢀࡽ౽ࡋ࡚ࠊ㞷࡛ởࢀࢆᣔ࠸
ࡓࠋᙼዪࡣࠊởࢀࢆᣔ࠸ࡓ㞷∦ࢆᆅ㠃ᢞࡆࠊ≟ࡓࡕኚ࠼ࡓࠋ㢠ࡢධቚࡽ࢝ࣖࢵࢡࢆసࡾࠊ
㢏ࡢධቚࡽᷫࢆసࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡽᙼዪࡣᑡዪ⤖፧ࡋࠝㄗヂ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠞ
ࠊᑡዪࡣ㛫ࡶ࡞ࡃ㌟ࡈࡶ
ࡗࡓࠋ࠶ࡿࠊ୍ேࡢ⏨ࡀᙼዪࡽࡢ㞷ࡢᐙࡸࡗ࡚᮶ࡓࠋ⪁ዪࡣࢨࣛࢩ⊟ࡽᖐࡗ࡚᮶ࡓࡀࠊ
ᐙࡢධཱྀࡽ⏨ࡢ⬮ࡀぢ࠼ࡓࡓࡵࠊࡎࡋࡉࡢ࠶ࡲࡾⴠࡕ࡚༙ࠝᆅୗᘧࡢᐙᒇᵓ㐀ࠞṚࢇࡔࠋ
⏨ࡣࡇࡢⱝ࠸ዪᛶࢆ㐃ࢀ࡚⾜ࡇ࠺ᛮ࠸ࠊே࡛ᶧᗙࡗࡓࡀࠊ≟㠴ࢆ࠶࡚ࡿ≟ࡓࡕࡣ㞷
ኚࡌࠊᶧࡶࡶࡢ≀ᡠࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀ࡛ேࡣṌ࠸࡚࢟ࣕࣥࣉࡲ࡛⾜ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢᚋࡲࡶ࡞ࡃࡇࡢ
ⱝ࠸ዪᛶࡣṚࢇ࡛ࡋࡲࡗࡓࠋ
࣭ഛ⪃㸸⡿ࡢࢺࣜࢵࢡࢫࢱ࣮㆓ࡼࡃ࠶ࡾࡀࡕ࡞ࠊⲨ၈↓✍⊢㞧ࡉࡀ≉ᚩࠋᩥ㌟㸦ධቚ㸧ࡢ
ᥥࡶ࠾ࡶࡋࢁ࠸ࠋ
࠙F6ࠚⅆയຠࡃ㞷ࡸịࡢ࿚ᩥ㸦࢝ࣞ࣡ࣛࡼࡾ㸧
࣭ฟ㸸ࣜࣙࣥࣟࢵࢺ 1976ࠗ࢝ࣞ࣡ࣛ㸸ࣇࣥࣛࣥࢻླྀリ࠘ୖୗ㸦ᒾἼᩥᗜ㸧ᑠἨಖ㸦ヂ㸧ᮾ
ி㸸ᒾἼ᭩ᗑࠊୗᕳ 350–352 㡫ࠋ
࣭ࣜࣙࣥࣟࢵࢺ㸦Elias Lönnrot, 1802–84㸧ࡣࣇࣥࣛࣥࢻࡢ་ᖌ࣭ẸᏛ⪅ࠋ⪺᭩ࢆ⥆ࡅ࡚ 1835
ᖺࠗ࢝ࣞ࣡ࣛ࠘ࢆ⦅⧩ࠋࡇࢀࡣࣇࣥࣛࣥࢻࡢୡࡽጞࡲࡿᅜẸⓗླྀリ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
࣭㑥ヂ㸦ᑠἨヂᒣ⏣⿵㊊㸧
㸸
ࠕⅆࡼ⚄ࡢࡘࡃࡾࡶࡢ,㐀≀ࡼࠊⅆ⅖ࡼኴ㝧ࡢᜥᏊࡼ㸟࡞ࡐ࠾๓ࡣᝏࢆࡋࡓࠊࡑࢀ࡛ࢃࡋࡢ
㢏ࢆ↝ࡁࠊࢃࡋࡢ⭜ࢆ↔ࡀࡋࠊࢃࡋࡢ⬥ࢆ③ࡵࡓ㸽㸭࠺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲⅆࢆ㙠ࡵࡿࠊ⅖ࢆᢲࡉ࠼
ࡿࠊⅆࢆ↓⬟ࡋࠊ⅖ࢆ↓ຊࡍࡿࠊ㛗ࡃ③ࡵ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ࠊࡎࡗஂࡋࡃⱞࡋࡵ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺㸽
㸭ፉࡼࢺࣜࣖࠝTurja; ࣝࢳࣖ Rutja ྠࡌࠋࣇࣥࣛࣥࢻேࡼࡿࣀ࢙࣮ࣝ࢘㒊ࡢ⛠ࠞࡢ
ᅜࡽ᮶࡚࠾ࡃࢀࠊஎዪࡼࠊࣛࢵࣉࠝLappi; ࣛࢵࣉ㸻ࢧ࣮࣑ேࡲࡓࡣᙼࡽࡢᒃఫᆅࠞࡽࡸࡗ࡚
ࡠࡿࡳ
࠾࠸࡛ࠋἾ 㠐ୗࢆࠊị㠐ࢆࠊ㟖ࢫ࣮࢝ࢺࡢ⋢㣭ࡾࢆࠊ㟓ࡢᖹ㘠ࢆᡭࡋࠊᖹ㘠ịࡢ
ᮨࢆධࢀ㸟෭ࡓ࠸Ỉࢆᧈ࠸࡚ࡃࢀࠊ㟓ࢆ㞽ࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࠊ⇞࠼ࡓሙᡤࠊⅆࡢ㓶࠸യ㊧㸟㸭ࡑࢀ࡛
ࡶศ࡛࡞࠸࡞ࡽࡤࠊᑡᖺࡼ࣏࣍ࣖࠝPohjaࠕᗏࠖࡢពࠋ௨ୗࡢ࣏࣍ࣚࣛ Pohjola ྠࡌ࡛ࠊ᪉
࠶ࡿ㝜ࡢᅜࠋㅖᝏࡢ᰿※ᆅぢ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠞࡽࡸࡗ࡚ࡇ࠸ࠊᏊ౪ࡼࣛࢵࣉᮏᅵࡽࠊ⫼ࡢ
㧗࠸ேࡼࣆ࣓ࣥࢺࣛࠝPimentola; ࣏࣍ࣚࣛࡢู⛠ࠞࡽࠊ᳃ࡢᵻࡢᮌࡢࡢࠊᯇࡢ
162
㻝㻢㻞
ࡁࡉࡢࠊ㟓ࡢᡭ⿄ࢆᡭࡋࠊ㟓ࡢ㛗㠐ࢆ㊊ࡋࠊ㟓ࡢᖗᏊࢆ㢌ࡋࠊ㟓ࡢᖏࢆ⭜⥾ࡵ㸟㸭㟓ࢆ
࣏࣍ࣖࡽᣢࡗ࡚ࡇ࠸ࠊịࢆᐮ࠸ᮧࡽ㸟࣏࣍ࣚࣛࡣ㟓ࡀከ࠸ࠊᐮ࠸ᮧࡣịࡀከ࠸ࠋὶࢀ
㟓ࡀࠊ†ịࡀࠊẼࡣࡗ࡚ị⤖ࡋࠊ㟓ࡢඡࡣ㊴ࡡᅇࡾࠊịࡢ⇃ࡣ㋀ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋịࡢୣࡢ┿୰
䜈 䜚
࡛ࠊịࡢᒣࡢ〈㔝࡛ࠊ㟓ࡢⓑ㫽ࡣࡾࠊịࡢ㬞ࡣὋ࠸ࡔࠋ㞷ࡢᕝࡢ୰ࢆࠊịࡢᛴὶࡢ ⦕ ࢆࠋ㸭
㟓ࢆᶧ࡛㐠ࢇ࡛ࡇ࠸ࠊịࢆᶧ࡛ᘬ࠸࡚ࡇ࠸ࠋ㝤ࡋ࠸⚼ᒣࡢୖࡽࠊᙉ࡞ᒣࡢ〈ࡽ㸟ࡑࡢ㟓࡛
࠼ࡉࡏࠊịࡢᐮࡉ࡛ࡽࡏࡼࠋⅆࡀࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓയ㊧ࢆࠊⅆ⅏ࡢ㓞ࡃ↔ࡋࡓᡤࢆ㸟㸭ࡑࢀ࡛ࡶ
ศ࡛࡞࠸࡞ࡽࡤࠊ࠾࠾࢘ࢵࢥࠝUkko; ⪁ேࡢጼࢆࡋࡓ㞾⚄ࠞ⮳㧗ࡢ⚄ࡼࠊ࢘ࢵࢥ㞼ࡢᏲㆤ⪅ࡼࠊ
䜐䜙䛟 䜒
ษࢀ㞼ࡢᨭ㓄⪅ࡼࠊᮾࡽ㞼ࢆ㉳ࡇࡏࠊすࡽ ྀ㞼 ࢆ㏦ࢀࠊ⦕ࢆ୍⥴ᐤࡏྜࢃࡏࠊ➃➃
ࢆ㔜ࡡࡼ㸟㟓ࢆ㝆ࡽࡋịࢆ㝆ࡽࡋࠊ
Ⰻ࠸㌾⭯ࢆ㝆ࡽࡏࡼࠋ↝ࡅࡓሙᡤࠊ
ࡲࡉࡋࡃⅆയࡋࡓᡤ㸟ࠖ
࣭ഛ⪃㸸ࣇࣥࣛࣥࢻㄒཎᩥࡣ http://fi.wikisource.org/wiki/Kalevala. ௨ୗࡢᩥ⊩ࡶཧ↷ࠋ
࣭᳃ᮏぬ㸦ヂ㸧1983ࠗ࢝ࣞ࣡ࣛ㸸ࣇࣥࣛࣥࢻᅜẸⓗླྀリ࠘ୖୗ㸦ㅮㄯ♫Ꮫ⾡ᩥᗜ㸹612࣭613㸧
ᮾி㸸ㅮㄯ♫.㸦ⱥヂࡽࡢ㔜ヂ㸧
࣭Lönnrot, Elias. 1999. The Kalevala. Translated from the Finnish with an Introduction and Notes by Keith
Bosley. (Oxford World’s Classics). Oxford: Oxford Press.
࣭ᑠἨಖ㸦⦅ヂ㸧2008ࠗ࢝ࣞ࣡ࣛ≀ㄒ㸸ࣇࣥࣛࣥࢻࡢ⚄ࠎ࠘
㸦ᒾἼᑡᖺᩥᗜ㸹587㸧
࣭ᑠἨಖ 1999ࠗ࢝ࣞ࣡ࣛ⚄ヰ᪥ᮏ⚄ヰ࠘㸦NHK ࣈࢵࢡࢫ㸹855㸧᪥ᮏᨺ㏦ฟ∧༠.
࣭Krohn, Kaarle. 1924–28. Kalevalastudien, 6 Bde. (FF Communications; 53࣭67࣭71࣭72࣭75࣭76). Helsinki:
Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.
࠙F7ࠚࣝࣛࣥࢻ㸦ࢣࣝࢺ㸧ᮍ㑅ᐃࠋᩥ⊩ࡣධᡭ῭ࠋ㹙㹛ࡣࢺࣥࣉࢯࣥࣔࢳ࣮ࣇ␒ྕ
࣭
ࠕ㞷ࡢ㉳※ࠖ
㹙A1135.2㹛
EࠝÉriu, the Journal of the School of Irish Learning, DublinࠞV 25.
࣭
ࠕ㞷ࡢ࿚ⓗࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࠖ
㹙D2143.6㹛
RCࠝRevue CeltiqueࠞXII 351, XXIII 419;
TLࠝTripartite Life of Saint Patrick with other Documents relating to that Saint, Whitley Stokes, 2 Vols.,
London, 1887ࠞI 55;
IHKࠝIrische Helden- und Königsage bis zum Siebzehnten Jahrhundert, Rudolf Thurneysen, Teil I und II,
Halle a.S., 1921ࠞ152, 237;
BNEࠝBethada Náem n-Érenn, Lives of Irish Saints, Charles Plummer, 2 Vols., Oxford, 1922ࠞII 13, 33,
81, 112, 122, 129;
SGࠝSilva Gadelica, a Collection of Tales in Irish, Standish H. O’Grady, 2 Vols., London, 1892ࠞII 32.
ࠕ࿚⾡ࡼࡾࡾฟࡉࢀࡓ㞷ࠖ
㹙D2143.6.3㹛
࣭
TL I 55.
࣭
ࠕ࿚⾡ⓗ⇞࠼ࡿ㸦⁐ࡉࢀࡿ㸧㞷ࠖ
㹙D2143.6.4㹛
TL I 57;
BNE II 33, 152.
࣭
ࠕ࿚⾡ⓗ⁐ࡅ࡞࠸㞷ࠖ
㹙D2143.6.5㹛
BNE II 13;
CHASࠝCork Historical and Archaeological Society, JournalࠞII 65;
VSHࠝVitae Sanctorum Hiberniae, Charles Plummer, 2 Vols., Oxford, 1910ࠞI cxxxviii.
࣭
ࠕ࣡ࣥࡢࡀࡍࡿ㞷ࠖ
㹙F962.11.1㹛
163
㻝㻢㻟
LGࠝLeabar Gabála Érenn, Livre des Invasions, Henry Lizeray and William O’Dwyer, Paris, 1884ࠞ119,
122;
ITSࠝComann na Sgríbheann Gaedhilge, Irish Texts SocietyࠞVIII 135;
ITࠝIrische Texte, Whitley Stokes and Ernst Windischࠞ3 Ser II 293, 391;
ZCPࠝZeitschrift für celtische PhiloilogieࠞXIV 67;
FMࠝAnnala Rioghachta Eireann, Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland, by the Four Masters, John
O’Donovan, 6 Vols., Dublin, 1856ࠞI 55, 61.
࣭
ࠕ㞷ᔒࡢ୰࡛⏕ࡲࢀࡓᏊ౪ࠖ
㹙T581.5㹛
RC XXVII 263.
࣭
ࠕ⪷࡞ࡿ㉥ඣࡢ࿘ᅖࡢ㞷ࢆࠊኳࡓࡕࡀ⁐ࡍࠖ
㹙V238.2㹛
RC XXVII 265.
࣭ᩥ⊩㸸Cross, Tom Peete, Motif-Index of Early Irish Literature, Bloomington: Indiana University Press,
1952.
࠙F8ࠚ㞷ᔒࡢఏᢎ㸦ࢳࣗࢡࢳ㸧
࣭ฟ㸸Maydell, Gerhard. 1893. Reise in den nordöstlichsten Theil des jakutskischen Gebietes in den
Jahren 1868–1870. (Beiträge zur Kenntnis des russischen Reiches und der angränzenden Länder Asiens; 4.
Folge, Bd. 1). St. Petersburg: Buchdruckerei der K. Akademie der Wissenschaften, S. 618.
࣭ⴭ⪅㸸࣐ࢹࣝ Gerhard Baron von Maydell (1835–94), ࢚ࢫࢺࢽࡢࢻࢶ⣔ᆅ⌮Ꮫ⪅࣭Ẹ᪘Ꮫ
⪅ࠊᮾࢩ࣋ࣜ◊✲⪅
࣭1870 ᖺࠊErri ᓁ࠾࠸࡚ࢳࣗࢡࢳேࡽㄒࡽࢀࡓヰࠋཎึࡣ୍ேࡢ⏨୍ேࡢዪࡔࡅࡀࡽ
ࢀࠊ࡚ࡢே㛫ࡣᙼࡽ⏤᮶ࡍࡿࠋࡋࡋேࠎࡣࡶ㠀ᖖ㑧ᝏ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ၿ㟋ࡀ
⨩ࡋ࡚ࠊᙜࡲࡔศࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓᆅࡦ࠸㞷ᔒࢆ㉳ࡇࡉࡏࡓࠋࡇࡢ㞷ᔒࡣࢇࡢ
ே㛫ࢆṚ࡞ࡏࠊࡑࡢࡢ⪅ࡓࡕࢆศᩓࡉࡏࡓࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊᆅࢆࡁࠊᗈࡃศࡅᨺࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓ
ࡵ Kergaulen ࡢᅵᆅࠊKoljutschin ‴ࠊWrangell ᆅ᪉ࠊ⇃ᓥ㸦Bären-Insel㸧
ࠊࡑࡢࡢㅖᆅ᪉ࡀ⏕ࡌࠊ
ศᩓࡋࡓே㛫ࡓࡕࡽࡣㅖẸ᪘ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࢳࣗࢡࢳேࠊ࣒࣮ࣛࢺேࠊࣘ࢝ࢠ࣮ࣝேࠊࣟࢩே࡞
ࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓࠋ
࠙F9ࠚ㐀ࡀ㞷ࢆཱྀࡩࡃࡳྤࡁฟࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㏨㉮㸦ࢥ࣮ࣜࣖࢡ㸧
࣭ฟ㸸Jochelson, Waldemar. 1908. The Koryak. (The Jesup North Pacific Expedition; Vol. 6). Leiden: E.
J. Brill, pp. 170–171.
࣭ⴭ⪅㸸ࣚ࣊ࣜࢯࣥ㸦1855–1937㸧ࣜࢺࢽ㸦ᙜࣟࢩ㡿㸧⏕ࡲࢀࡢẸ᪘Ꮫ⪅ࠋ
࣭ᴫせ㸸㐀㸦WHQDQWRƍPZ$Q㸧ࡣἑᒣࡢࢺࢼ࢝ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛ࠊ⩎ࡲࡋࡃᛮࡗࡓࢳࣗࢡࢳ
ேࢺࢼ࣭࢝ࢥ࣮ࣜࣖࢡேࡀᙼࢆẅࡑ࠺㏣࠺ࠋ㐀ࡣᾏịࡢୖࢆ㏨ࡆࠊ㞷ࢆཱྀࡩࡃࢇ࡛
ྤࡁฟࡍࠊᚋࢁࡢᾏịࡀ⁐ࡅࡿࠋḟࠊࡶ࠺ᑡࡋከࡃࡢ㞷ࢆཱྀࡩࡃࢇ࡛ᄘࡳࠊྤࡁฟࡍࠊ
∾ⲡᆅࡀᗈࡀࡿࠋ
4 ị
࠙F10ࠚị㟝ⅎ⇕ࡢཎึୡ⏺㸦ⅎ⇕ᐮ෭ࡢᑐ❧ࠋࢤ࣐ࣝࣥࠝḢࠞ⚄ヰ㸧
࣭㑥ヂ㸸㇂ཱྀᖾ⏨㸦ヂ㸧
࢚ࠗࢵࢲ㸸ྂ௦Ḣḷㅴ㞟࠘᪂₻♫ࠊ1973 ᖺࠋ
࣭࢚ࢵࢲࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ F3 ཧ↷ࠋ
࣭Ⳣཎヂ㸸
164
㻝㻢㻠
ࡑࢀࡽࣦࣖࣥࣁ࣮ࣝࡀゝࡗࡓࠊ
ࠕᆅࡀ㐀ࡽࢀࡿࡼࡾࡶఱ௦ࡶఱ௦ࡶ๓ࢽࣦ࣒ࣝ࣊ࡀ࡛ࡁ
࡚࠸࡚ࠊࡑࡢ୰ኸࣇ࢙࢘ࣝࢤ࣑ࣝࣝ࠸࠺ྡࡢἨࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡇࡽࡇ࠺࠸࠺ྡ๓ࡢᕝࡀὶࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࠋࡘࡲࡾࢫࣦ࢛ࣝࠊࢢࣥࢫ࣮ࣛࠊࣇ࣒ࣚࣜࠊࣇࣥࣈࣝࢫࣝࠊࢫ࣮ࣜࢬࡑࢀࡽࣇ
࣮ࣜࢬࠊࢩࣗࣝࢢࣘࣝࢢࠊࣦ࣮ࢬࠋࢠࣙࢵࣝࡀ࣊ࣝࡢᰙ࠸ࡕࡤࢇ㏆࠸ᕝࡔࠋ
ࠖ
ࡍࡿࢫࣜࢪࡀゝࡗࡓࠊ
ࠕࡔࡀ᭱ึࡣࠊ༡༙ศ࣒ࢫ࣌ࢵࣝ࠸࠺ୡ⏺ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡢࡔࠋࡑࡇࡣ᫂
ࡿࡃ࡚⇕࠸ࠊࡑࡢᆅ᪉ࡣ⅖ࢆ࠶ࡆࠊ⇞࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇࡣࡲࡓࠊࡼࡑࡢᅵᆅࡢฟ㌟࡛ࡑࡇඛ♽ఏ
᮶ࡢᐙᒇᩜࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸⪅ࡓࡕࡣఫࡵࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᅜࡊ࠸࠸࡚ᅜࡢᏲഛᙜࡓࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ
⏨ࡣࠊࢫ࣒ࣝࢺ࠸࠺ྡ๓ࡔࠋࡇ࠸ࡘࡣ⇞࠼ࡉࡿࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡲࡓୡ⏺ࡢ⤊ࢃࡾࡣฟ
ࡅ࡚࠸ࡗ࡚Ⲩࡋࠊ⚄ࠎࢆࡇࡈࡃᡴࡕ㈇ࡋࠊⅆ࡛ୡ⏺ࢆ↝ࡁᑾࡍࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
㸦ᚋ␎㸧
ࠖ㸦ᅄ❶㸧
࢞ࣥࢢࣞࣜࡀゝࡗࡓࠊ
ࠕㅖ᪘ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓࡾࠊே㛫ࡀᩘࢆቑࡍ๓ࡣࠊࢇ࡞ࡩ࠺ࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡋࡻ
࠺ࠋ
ࠖࡍࡿࣁ࣮ࣝࡀゝࡗࡓࠊ
ࠕ࢚࣮ࣦ࣮ࣜ࢞ࣝࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡿἙࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡀࡑࡢ※
䛛䛺䛟䛭
ࡽ㠀ᖖ㐲ࡃࡲ࡛㐩ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢࡓࡵἙࡘ࠸࡚ࡁࡓẘἻࡀⅆࡽ㣕ࡧࡔࡍ 㔠ᒉ ࡢࡼ࠺ᅛࡃ࡞
ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࡁࠊࡑࢀࡣị࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢịࡀṆࡲࡗ࡚ὶࢀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠊẘࡽⓎࡋࡓ
㟝㞵ࡀࡇࢀࢆそࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡋ࡚㟖࡞ࡾࠊࡇࡢ㟖ࡣቑ࠼࡚㔜࡞ࡾྜࡗ࡚ࢠࣥࢾࣥ࢞࢞ࣉ
ࠝGinnungagap; ୡ௨๓ࡢཎึୡ⏺ࡢ⛠ࠞࡲ࡛⮳ࡗࡓࡢࡔࠋ
ࠖ
ࡑࢀࡽࣦࣖࣥࣁ࣮ࣝࡀゝࡗࡓࠊ
ࠕࢠࣥࢾࣥ࢞࢞ࣉࠊࡇࢀࡀഃ㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠺ࡣࠊ㔜ࡃ࡚ࠊ
ࡲࡓ┠᪉ࡢ࠶ࡿị㟖࡛࠸ࡗࡥ࠸࡞ࡾࠊࡑࡢ୰࡛ࡣ㟝㞵ࡀ❧ࡕࡇࡵ✺㢼ࡀ྿࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋ
ࢠࣥࢾࣥ࢞࢞ࣉࡢ༡ഃࡣࠊ࣒ࢫ࣌ࢵࣝࢫ࣒࣊ࡽ㣕ࢇ࡛ࡁࡓⅆࡢ⢊ⅆⰼฟࡃࢃࡋ࡚㍍ࡃ࡞
ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠖ
ࡍࡿࢫࣜࢪࡀゝࡗࡓࠊ
ࠕᐮࡉẼᝏ࠸ࡶࡢࡀ㒊ࢽࣦ࣒ࣝ࣊ࡽⓎࡋࡓࡢྠᵝࠊ࣒ࢫ
࣌ࢵࣝࡢ㏆ࡃ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡣ᫂ࡿࡃ࡚⇕ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࢠࣥࢾࣥ࢞࢞ࣉࡣࠊ㢼ࡢ࡞࠸Ẽྠࡌࡼ
࠺✜ࡸࡔࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚㟖⇕㢼ࡀࡪࡘࡗࡓࡁࠊ㟖ࡀ⁐ࡅ࡚ࡋࡓࡓࡾࠊࡑࡢࡋࡓࡓࡾⴠࡕ
ࡿ㞸ࡽࠊ⇕ࢆ㏦ࡗ࡚ࡼࡇࡋࡓ⪅ࠝᕧேࡸ⚄ࠎඃ㉺ࡍࡿ⚄ⓗᏑᅾ㸸Ⳣཎࡼࡿࠞࡢຊ࡛⏕
ࡀ㉳ࡇࡾࠊே㛫ఝࡓࡶࡢࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ࣑ࣘࣝྡ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡓࡀࠊ㟖ࡢᕧேࡶࡣ࢘ࣝ
ࢤ࣑ࣝࣝࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠸ࡘࡽࠊ
ࠗᕩዪࡢணゝ▷⠍࡛࠘࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ㟖ࡢᕧேࡢㅖ᪘
ࡀⓎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࠋ
㸦ᚋ␎㸧
ࠖ
ࡍࡿ࢞ࣥࢢࣞࣜࡀゝࡗࡓࠊ
ࠕࡢࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡽㅖ᪘ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࠊࡲࡓࡢࡼ࠺
ࡋࡓࡓࡵࡓࡃࡉࢇࡢே㛫ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ࠶࡞ࡓࡣࠊ࠶࡞ࡓࡀ࠸ࡲㄒࡗ࡚ࡃࢀࡓ⪅ࢆ⚄ࡔ
⪃࠼࡚࠾ࡽࢀࡲࡍࠋ
ࠖ
ࡍࡿࣁ࣮ࣝࡀ⟅࠼ࡓࠊ
ࠕ⚾ࡓࡕࡣᑡࡋࡶࡑࡢ⪅ࢆ⚄ࡔㄆࡵࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࠶ࢀࡣ㑧ᝏ࡛ࠊ
ࡑࡢ୍᪘ࡶࡳ࡞ࡑ࠺ࡔࠋ࠶࠸ࡘࡽࢆ⚾ࡓࡕࡣ㟖ࡢᕧேࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢁ࡛ࠊࡇ࠺ゝ࠸ఏ࠼ࡽ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࠶࠸ࡘࡣ╀ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡁờࢆ࠸ࡓࠋ
ࡍࡿᕥ⭎ࡢୗࡽ⏨ዪࡀ⏕ࡲࢀฟ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ᙼࡢ∦᪉ࡢ㊊ࡀูࡢ㊊ᜥᏊࢆࡇࡋࡽ࠼ࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽㅖ᪘ࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࡢࡔࠊࡘࡲࡾ
㟖ࡢᕧேࡔࠋࡑࡢ⪁ᕧேࢆ⚾ࡓࡕࡣ࣑ࣘࣝࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠖ
㸦❶㸧
࣭ഛ⪃㸸Ⳣཎ㑥ᇛࠗḢ⚄ヰ࠘ᮾி᭩⡠ࠊ1984 ᖺࠊpp. 16–20 ࡞ཧ↷ࠋ
࠙F11ࠚཝᐮᮇࡢᚋࠊịࡀ⁐ࡅ࡚ὥỈࡀ㉳ࡁࡓヰ㸦⡿ࢹࢿ࣭ࢳࢵ࣌࣡㸦࢜ࢪࣈ࣡㸧
㸧
࣭ฟ㸸Petitot, Émile. 1886. Traditions indiennes du Canada nord-ouest. (Les littératures populaires de
toutes les nations; tome 23). Paris: Maisonneuve Frères et Ch. Leclerc, pp. 373–378.
࣭ⴭ⪅㸸ࣉࢸࢺ࣮㸦Petitot, Émile, 1838–1916㸧ࡣࣇࣛࣥࢫ⏕ࡲࢀࡢ࣮࣐࣭ࣟ࢝ࢺࣜࢵࢡྖ⚍ࠊ
࢝ࢼࢲࡢ᥈᳨ᚑࠋ
࣭ཎ㢟㸸ୡ⏺ࡢ⤊ᮎ㸸Nni-na-oudléy㸦La fin du monde㸧
165
㻝㻢㻡
࣭ⴭ⪅ࡢὀグ㸸1862 ᖺ㸷᭶ࠊࢢ࣮ࣞࢺࢫ࣮ࣦࣞ†㸦Grand-Lac des Esclaves㸧␁ࡢ࢚࣮ࣟࢼࣇ
ᕷ㸦Couteau-Jaune㸧࡚ࠊTsinnayiné ࡀㄒࡗࡓヰࠋ
࣭ᴫせ㸸ୡࡢጞࡵࡢࡇࠋ࠶ࡿ㞷ࡀ㝆ࡾ✚ࡶࡾࠊᆅୖࡣᇙࡶࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚ࠊ࠸ࡕࡤࢇ㧗࠸ᵻ
ࡢᮌࡢᲈࡔࡅࡀぢ࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋ⪏࠼㞴࠸ࡇࡔࡗࡓࠋேࠎඹᬽࡽࡋࠊヰࡋ࡚࠸ࡓື≀ࡓࡕࡶ
ⓙࠊ⇕ࢆồࡵ࡚✵ࡵࡀࡅ࡚ฟⓎࡋࡓࠋᆅୖࡣࡍࡗࡾịཎ࡞ࡾࠊᐮࡉ㣚࠼࡛Ṛࡑ࠺ࡔࡗࡓ
ࡽࠋᛴࡀ࡞࠸ࠊୡ⏺ࡣᾘ⁛ࡍࡿࡢࡣ᫂ࡽࡔࡗࡓࠋື≀ࡢ୰࡛࠸ࡕࡤࢇᶵᩄ࡞ࣜࢫࡀࠊ࠸ࡕ
ࡤࢇ㧗࠸ᵻࡢᮌࡢᲈⓏࡾࠊኳ✰ࢆ࠶ࡅࡓࡇࢁࠊࡇࢀࡀኴ㝧࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࣜࢫࡣࠊ
ࡑࢀࡲ࡛ᬯࡃᐮࡗࡓᆅୖ࠸࠺ࡶࡢࢆసࡗࡓࠋḟ⇃ࡀኪࢆసࡾࠊᆅୖࢆᬯ㜌ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ
ࡗࡓࠋ⇃ࡣᝏ⪅࡛ࠊኳࡢ୰ኸ⫇࠼ࡿᶞࡢᯞࠊከࡃࡢ㠉⿄ࢆࡪࡽୗࡆࠊࡑࡢ୰⇕ࡸࡽࡑࡢ
ࠊ✵ࡽ㝆ࡿࡶࡢࢆࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠾ࡁࠊぢᙇࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ㸸㞵ࠊ㞷ࠊᬕኳࠊᔒࠊᐮࡉࠊ⇕ࠋື≀ࡓࡕࡣ
ㄡࡀࡇࡢ⇕ࢆዣࡗ࡚᮶ࡿヰࡋྜ࠸ࠊࢺࢼ࢝ࡀὋ࠸࡛⾜ࡁࠊᓥ⫇࠼ࡓࡇࡢᶞࡽ⇕ࡢ⿄ࢆ
ዣࡗ࡚ᣢࡕᖐࡗࡓࠋ࠶ࡿࠊ⮬ศࡢ࣎ࣟ㠐ࢆࡇࡢ⿄ࡢ㠉࡛⿵ಟࡋࡼ࠺ࡋࡓࣁࢶ࢝ࢿࢬ࣑ࡀࡇࡢ
㠉ࢆษࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊ⇕ࡣᆅୖᗈࡀࡾࠊࡑࡇࢆそࡗ࡚࠸ࡓᕧ࡞ịࡶ⁐ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊὥỈ
ࡀ㉳ࡁࠊỈࡣࢇࢇୖ᪼ࡋ࡚ࠊ࠸ࡕࡤࢇ㧗࠸ᒣࡲ࡛そࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࠋ
࣭࣭࣭ࠝṧࡗࡓື≀ࡓࡕࡀ
Ỉ୰ࡽᅵࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࣮ࢫ࣭ࢲࣂ࣮ࡢヰࡀ⥆ࡃࠞ
ࠋ
࠙F12ࠚịࡀ⋇⬡ኚࡎࡿヰ
࣭ฟ㸸
㸦༡࣮ࣘࢺ㸧Lowie, Robert H. 1924. Shoshonean Tales. Journal of American Folk-Lore, 37: 1–242,
p. 11 No. 5.
࣭ⴭ⪅㸸࣮ࣟ࢘㸦1883–1957㸧࣮࢘ࣥ⏕ࡲࢀࠊ࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ά㌍ࡋࡓே㢮Ꮫ⪅ࠋ
࣭ෆᐜᮍ☜ㄆࠋ
࣭ഛ⪃㸸
㸦࣓ࣀ࣑ࢽ㸧Skinner, Alanson & John Valentine Satterlee. 1915. Folklore of the Menomini Indians.
(Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History; 13). New York, p. 270.࠙ᮍぢࠚ
㸹
㸦ࢡ
ࣟ࢘㸧Lowie, Robert H. 1918. Myths and Traditions of the Crow Indians. (Anthropological Papers of the
American Museum of Natural History; 25). New York, p. 23ff.ࡶ㢮ヰࠋ
࠙F13ࠚዪᛶࢩ࣐ࣕࣥࡀࢫ࣭ࢪ࣒ࣕࢆࡗࡓヰ㸦࢚ࢫ࣮࢟ࣔ㸦ࢢ࣮ࣜࣥࣛࣥࢻ㸧
㸧
࣭ฟ㸸Rink, Henry. 1875. Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo. Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons, pp.
148–152.
࣭ⴭ⪅㸸F4 ཧ↷ࠋ
࣭ཎ㢟㸸ዷࡢጔ㸦The barren wife㸧
࣭ⴭ⪅ࡢὀグ㸸ࡇࡢኚࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀࡓヰࡣࠊせ࡞Ⅼ࠾࠸୍࡚⮴ࡍࡿ㸱✀ࡢᩥ᭩ࡽ㞟ᡂࡉࢀ
ࡓࠋ
࣭ᴫせ㸸ዷࡢጔࢆᣢࡗࡓ⏨ࡀࠊࢨࣛࢩ⊟ࢆࡸࡵࡓ⪁࿚⾡ᖌ㢗ࢇࡔࡇࢁࠊጔࡣዷፎࡋࠊᜥ
ᏊࢆࡉࡎࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢᜥᏊࡣ Kujavarsuk ྡࡅࡽࢀࡓ㸦ࢢ࣮ࣜࣥࣛࣥࢻࡣࡇࡢேබࡘ࠸
࡚ࡢ≀ㄒࡀᩘከ࠸㸧
ࠋᙼࡣ࢝ࣖࢵࢡ࡛ᾏฟࡿࠊẖᅇ 10 㢌ࡢࢨࣛࢩࢆ⋓ࡿࡢࡀᖖࡔࡗࡓࠋ࠶
ࡿࡢࡇࠊᾏࡣ᪩ࡃࡾጞࡵࠊࡸࡀ࡚ịࡢ㝽㛫ࡣ㸯⟠ᡤࡔࡅ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡛ᙼࡣẖ
᪥ࠊ10 㢌ࡢࢨࣛࢩࢆ⋓ࡗࡓࠋࡉࡽࠊࡑࡢࡅ┠ࡣ⊃ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊᙼࡢ࢝ࣖࢵࢡࡢ୧ഃࡀị᥋ࡍ
ࡿ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚࠺࠺ࠊࡍࡗࡾ㛢ࡊࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࠋᾏయࡀịそࢃࢀࠊேࠎࡣ
ኚᅔࡗ࡚ࠊangakok㸦ࢩ࣐ࣕࣥ㸧ࢆࡤࡡࡤヰࡋྜࡗࡓࠋIgdlutsialik ࠸࠺ᐻ፬ࡢፉࡀࢩ࣐ࣕ
ࣥ♩㏻ࡌ࡚࠸ࡓࠋKujavarsuk ࡣࠊịࢆࡗ࡚ࡃࢀࡓࡽࡁ࡞ࢨࣛࢩ⓶ࢆ࠶ࡆࡿ࠸ࢆฟ
ࡋࡓࡀࠊ᩿ࡽࢀࡓࠋḟ᭹ࡸࣛࣥࣉ࡛㢗ࢇࡔࡀࠊ᩿ࡽࢀࡓࠋ᭱ᚋ୍ᦨࡳࡢࣅ࣮ࢬࢆᒆࡅࡿࠊ
ࡇࢀࡣᙼዪࡢẼධࡗࡓࠋᙼዪࡣ┒ࡋࠊᾏᓊᩓࡽࡤࡗࡓịሢࡢ㛫ࡽᾏ୰ධࡗ࡚⾜ࡗࡓࠋ
166
㻝㻢㻢
ᙼዪࡣ㸱᪥㛫ࠊᾏ୰῝ࡃ␃ࡲࡾࠊ⪁ዪ㸦࢚ࢫ࣮࢟ࣔ⚄ヰࡢ arnarkuagssâkࠝࢭࢻࢼ࡞ࠊ࠶ࡿ✀
ࡢࠑᾏ⋇ࡢዪேࠒࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ꮡᅾࠞ
㸧㜚ࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡢ⪁ዪࡀ⮬ࡽࡢࣛࣥࣉࡢୗ␃ࡵ࡚࠸ࡓᾏ⋇ࡓ
ࡕࢆゎᨺࡉࡏࡓࠋ㸱᪥┠ࡢኤ᪉ࠊᙼዪࡣịሢࡢ㛫ࡽᾏᓊ⌧ࢀࡓࠋࡋࡋᾏࡣࡲࡔị࡛そࢃࢀ
࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡅࢀࡶ⩣ᮅࠊịࡣࢀ࡚ࠊᐙࠎࡢ㏆ࡃࡶ㝽㛫ࡀ⌧ࢀࡓࠋࡋࡤࡽࡃࡍࡿ㝽㛫ࡣᗈࡀ
ࡾࠊ⏨ࡓࡕࡣ࢝ࣖࢵࢡࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋᙼࡽࡣྛࠎࠊࡍࡄ㸰㢌ࡢࢨࣛࢩࢆ␃ࡵࡓࡀࠊ
Kujavarsuk ࡣ࠸ࡘࡶࡢࡼ࠺ 10 㢌⋓ࡗࡓ࣭࣭࣭ࠋ
5 ࡲࡵᒎᮃ
௨ୖࠊ༑ศ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ᪉࠾ࡅࡿỈ࣭㞷࣭ࣇ࢛࣮ࢡࣟࡢᐇࢆᣲࡆ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽ
ࡽⱝᖸࡢ⪃ᐹࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡳࡓ࠸ࠋࡲࡎぢࡽࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊỈࡢ୧⩏ᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ୍᪉࠾ࡅࡿᜍ
ࢁࡋ࠸Ỉ㸦ὥỈࠊᾏ㞴ࠊ⁒Ṛ……㸧
࠙F1࣭2ࠚࠊỈࡢ㇏✨ᛶ㸦▱ᜨࡢἨ㸧ࡸ⏕άືࡢ᰿※ࡋ
࡚ࡢỈ࠙F3ࠚ
ࠊ࠸࠺┦ᑐࡍࡿほᛕࡀᣦ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡲࡓỈࡢᜍᛧࡣࠊH2O ࡢูࡢᙧࡋ࡚ࠊୡ⏺
ࢆ⁛ஸ㏣࠸ࡸࡾࡡ࡞࠸㞷ᔒ࡞ࡢᙧ࡛ࡶ⌧ࢀࡿ࠙F8ࠚ
ࠋࡉࡽᑐ❧ࡣࠊᐮ෭ᬬ⇕ࡢ㛫
ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋᐮ෭ࡢ㇟ᚩࡋ࡚㞷࣭ị࣭㟓࡞ࡀ⌧ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠙F6࣭10ࠚࠋ
ࣇ࢛࣮ࢡࣟࡣࠊ㇏࡞ീຊࡶ⾲⌧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤ㞷ࡀ↮ⲡࡢ⅊㸦㸽㸧ࡸ≟⤖ࡧ
ࡘࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠙F4࣭5ࠚ
ࠋ
⌧ᐇ㉳ࡁࡓ⅏ᐖࡢయ㦂ࡸグ᠈ᇶ࡙ࡃグ㏙ᛮࢃࢀࡿࡶࡢࡶᩓぢࡉࢀࡿࠋỏ℃ࡼࡿὥỈ
࠙F1ࠚ
ࠊ✚㞷ịཎࡢᥥ࠙F11ࠚ
ࠊị࡛そࢃࢀࡓᾏ࣭ࢫࢪ࣒ࣕ࠙F13ࠚ࡞ࡀࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ࡛࠶
ࡾࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢆᚋࡉࡽ᥈✲ࡋ࡚ࡺࡃࡇࡀᙜ㠃ࡢㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
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(5) il-il (n) İ(ĥNVM
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(7) qaritku-n (n) ÃĥNVM
(8) tlq--r--n (n) â(1 < tlq--k (vi) â(1
CMN
(9) aju-r--n (n) ĥƹ(=ƢNVM
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(II) ƲtƳ'ƨƜ<ƌì
2 Šƽ(Ƴ(12, 13)3 Šƽ(Ʋ(15-17)@¥<Ƴ
9,Ʋ@:?²Ɖƌç:)Üò
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(12) pau-pa (n) ƪ "<ƳNVM
a. pau-sat--k (vi)ƪ<VNI
b. pau-t--k (vi)ƪ<NVM
c. pau-tku-k (vi)ƪ<NVM
(13) l-l (n) !5 Ƴ > l-at--k (vi)ƪ<NVM
(14) nia-k (vi) Ƴ'À5=<NVM
(15) ari-n (n) Ʋ NVM
a. arin-at--k (vi)ƪ<NVM
b. arin--sat--k (vi) ƲÙ;<NVM
(16) il--il (n) ũƲĴģNVM > il-at--kƪ<
(17) ate--n (n) ƚ;Ʋ'?ƲNVM > ate-at--kƪ<
(18) kii--n (n) Ƶ> kii--lat--kǁ<NVM
(19) ja-j (n) ƴƲƴƷNVM > j-at--kƷ<
(20) wjal-l (n) ´ƳNVM > wjal-at--k
(21) qiral--n (n) <9&ÚNVM > qiral-at--kÚ&<
(22) qajaw (n) ƶNVM
(23) kirir--s--n (n) !::VNI
(24) ala-tv--r--n (n) Ƹ"<$>CMN < ala-al È
(III) â'ƨƜ<ƌì
(25) wajam (n) â(Ōö(²$"55<) NVM
(26) wali-jus--n (n) â(ĭ=9%AĮ$>GTN
(27) ekat (n) âáNVM > ekat-i-at--k (vi)âá'ĩ "Ğ
(28) jr-r (n) GTN
(29) kar--n (n) Ĩ¦¾yÞ(ƦƢVNI
(30) pu-tkn (n) â(xĭNVM
(31) vni-n (n) â(ı$>GTN
(32) iml-at--k (vi)
ǃDŽħĸ<NVM ǃ
Ĥ:(ĬʼnƌDŽ
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(33) ims--sv--k (vi)IJ<CMN
(34) iwss (adv) yĭ'ây'VNI ǃcf. iwtly'
DŽ
(35) rus (adv) xĭ'âx'NVMǃcf. rulx'
DŽ
(36) wiwiv--k (vi)
ǃDŽâ@y<VNI
(IV) İ'ƨƜ<ƌì
İ@:?('ċäœ'5:=<ƌ) 1 ƌĢƊ(}#)ƭ¾:ơư=İ@:?
ƌì5:=<(38-40)İá$âá)==vĝƌ#¥=<
(37) aqa-n (n) İNVM
(38) min-aqa-n (n) ÊİGTN
(39) kv--aqa-n (n) ƭ¾:ơư=İCMN, MDA
(40) amijuqa-n (n) ƭ¾:ơư=İGTN
(41) ari (n) İáNVM
(42) inu--qal (adv) İ'ǃDŽ
GTN
(43) vl--kki (vi)ĩáƢ:ƭƢ.żİŇńŅ7Ķ :\^IEƝŀ.Ç
?<Ø(Ì(Ƣ'żNVM
(44) iwini-k (vi)İ'"İŇńŅ'żGTN
(45) aqeat--k (vi)Ÿ=<NVM
(46) mu-ru--k (vi)Īƿ&<<mum (n)ĪNVM
5 ?;'
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ªŲĆņ
Jochelson W. 1908/1975. The Koryak: The Jesup North Pacific Expedition. Vol. 6. AMS Press: New York (reprint
from the edition of 1908, Leiden and New York).
Kilpalin, K. V. (1993) Ania: skazki severa [Ania: tales of the North], RIOKOT: Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
Nagayama, Y. (2003) Ocherk grammatiki aliutorskogo iazyka [Grammatical Outline of Alutor], ÊƩÕƬÊÕø
ÄÕƢ.
Zhukova, A. N. (1988) Materialy i issledovania po koriakskomu iazyku [Materials and Studies on the Koryak
Language] .Leningrad: Nauka.
176
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ࠋࢧࣁㄒࡢヰ⪅ᩘࡣࠊ2010 ᖺࡢࣟࢩᅜໃㄪᰝࡼࢀࡤ⣙ 45 ே࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ㒊ศࡣࢧࣁඹ
ᅜෆᒃఫࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢧࣁㄒヰ⪅ࡢࢇࡣࣟࢩㄒࡢゝㄒ⏝⪅࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢧࣁẸ᪘ࡢ
ఏ⤫ⓗ⏕ᴗࡣ∵㤿㣫⫱࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᐀ᩍⓗࡣ⮬↛ᓫᣏࡸࢩ࣐ࣕࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ⾜࠺㹙㧗 (2012: 11, 36)㹛ࠋ
ࢩ࡛࣋ࣜヰࡉࢀࡿᑡᩘẸ᪘ゝㄒࡢከࡃࡀᾘ⁛ࡢ༴ᶵℜࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ୰࡛㹙Tsumagari et al.
(2007)㹛ࠊࢧࣁㄒࡢ⨨ࢀࡓ≧ἣࡣࡸࡸ≉Ṧ࡛࠶ࡿゝ࠼ࡿࠋɑɟɪɟɦɢɫɢɧɚ (1992) ࡼࢀࡤࠊࢧࣁ
ேࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࢧࣁẸ᪘࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ⮬ㄆࡍࡿேࡢ࠺ࡕࠊࢧࣁㄒࢆẕㄒࡍࡿ⏦࿌ࡋࡓேࡢྜ
ࡣ 93.5%࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᩘᏐࡣࠊྠࡌࡃࢳࣗࣝࢡㅖㄒࡢ 1 ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࢺࣂㄒࡢ 98.5%ḟࡄࠊ✺ฟ
ࡋ࡚㧗࠸ᩘᏐ࡛࠶ࡿ3ࠋࡇࢀࡣ 2 ࡘࡢ⌮⏤ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ1 ࡘࡣࠊࢧࣁㄒࡣࣟࢩ㐃㑥య
ࡽぢࢀࡤᑡᩘゝㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࢧࣁඹᅜෆ࡛ࡣ㐣༙ᩘࡢேࠎࡀヰࡍẚ㍑ⓗࡁ࡞ゝㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ
࡛࠶ࡿ4ࠋ⌧ᅾࠊࢧࣁඹᅜࡢබ⏝ㄒࡣࣟࢩㄒࢧࣁㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶ࠺ 1 ࡘࡢ⌮⏤ࡋ࡚ࠊࢧࣁࡢ
ேࠎࡣ≉ᐃࡢᆅᇦᅛࡲࡗ࡚ᒃఫࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ➹⪅ࡀ」ᩘࡢࢧࣁㄒヰ⪅ᑐࡋ࡚⾜
ࡗࡓ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾㄪᰝࡼࢀࡤࠊ࠸ࡃࡘࡢ㎰ᮧ㒊ࡢᆅ᪉࡛ࡣேཱྀࡢࡰ 100%ࡀࢧࣁㄒヰ⪅࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᆅ᪉ฟ㌟ࡢேࠎࡣ⩏ົᩍ⫱㛤ጞ௨๓ࡣࢧࣁㄒࡢࡳࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡔ࠸࠺ࠋࡇࡢࡼ
࠺࡞ᆅ᪉ฟ㌟ࡢࢧࣁㄒヰ⪅ࡣࠊ᪥ᖖ⏕ά࠾ࡅࡿ⏝㢖ᗘ࠾࠸࡚ࠊࣟࢩㄒࡼࡾࡶࢧࣁㄒࡢ᪉
ࡀඃໃ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀከ࠸5ࠋ
2
ᮏሗ࿌䛾ෆᐜ䛿䚸䛂ᆅ⌫◊䝅䝧䝸䜰䝥䝻䝆䜵䜽䝖ᖹᡂ ᖺᗘయሗ࿌䛃䛻䛚䛡䜛ཱྀ㢌Ⓨ⾲䠄 ᖺ ᭶ ᪥䚸ྡྂᒇᏛ䠅䛻ᇶ䛵䛔䛶䛔䜛䚹
2
䝃䝝ㄒ䛾䛻䛂䝲䜽䞊䝖ㄒ䛃䛾ྡ⛠䜒⏝䛔䜙䜜䜛䛜䚸ᮏ✏䛷䛿ᆅྡ䛾䛂䝃䝝ඹᅜ䛃䛻ೌ䛔䚸ゝㄒྡ䜢䛂䝃䝝
ㄒ䛃䛻⤫୍䛩䜛䚹
3
ɑɟɪɟɦɢɫɢɧɚ (1992) ࡢ䝃䝝ㄒ䞉䝖䜳䝞ㄒ䛾䝕䞊䝍䛿 1989 ᖺ䛾ᅜໃㄪᰝ䛻ᇶ䛵䛟䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䜴䜵䝤ୖ䛷☜ㄆ
䛷䛝䜛 2010 ᖺᅜໃㄪᰝ䛾⤖ᯝ䜢ぢ䜛㝈䜚 [http://www.perepis-2010.ru/] 䚸䛣䛾≧ἣ䛿䛝䛟䛿ኚ䜟䛳䛶䛔䛺
䛔䛸ᛮ䜟䜜䜛䚹
4
䝃䝝ඹᅜ䛷ヰ䛥䜜䜛ㅖゝㄒ䛾ᴫせ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿Ụ⏿ (2012) 䜒ཧ↷䛥䜜䛯䛔䚹
5
୍᪉䛷䚸1970 ᖺ௦䜔 1980 ᖺ௦䛾䝲䜽䞊䝒䜽ᕷෆ䛷䛿䚸䝞䝇䜔ၟᗑ䛺䛹䛷䝃䝝ㄒ䜢⏝䛔䜛䛣䛸䛿䚸᫂ᩥ䛣
䛭䛥䜜䛺䛔䜒䛾䛾䚸ᬯ㯲⿹䛻⚗䛨䜙䜜䛶䛔䛯䚹
177
3 ࢧࣁࡢࣇ࢛࣮ࢡࣟ
3.1 ࣇ࢛࣮ࢡࣟࡢ⨨࡙ࡅ
ࣇ࢛࣮ࢡࣟࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࡣࠕẸヰࠖヂࡉࢀࡿࠋɋɢɜɰɟɜ (1996: 5) 䛿䛭䛾ᗎᩥ䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸䛂Ẹヰ䛃
(ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪ) 䜢䛂ᩥᏛ䛃(ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ) 䛸ᑐ⨨䛧䛺䛜䜙ḟ䛾䜘䛖䛺ᑟධ䜢⾜䛖䠖䛂ᩥᏛ䛿䚸᭩グ䜢ᣢ䛳䛶䛿䛨䜑
䛶ㅖẸ᪘䛻Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䛃䠄ᣋヂ䛻䜘䜛䚹௨ୗ䜒ྠ䛨䠅䚹୍᪉䛾Ẹヰ䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸䜃 ɋɢɜɰɟɜ
(1996) 䜢ᘬ⏝䛩䜛䠖 䛂Ẹ᪘䛾䚸䛣䛸䜀䛻䜘䜛ⱁ⾡సရ䛿Ẹヰ (ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪ) 䛸䜀䜜䜛䚹ඛ䛻㏙䜉䛯䜘䛖䛻䚸
Ẹヰ䛿᭩グ䛾ຓ䛡↓䛧䛻⏕䜏ฟ䛥䜜䜛䚹Ẹ᪘䛾ḷ䛔ᡭ䛿⮬㌟䛾ḷ䜔䜸䝻䞁䝩䚸᫇ヰ䜢グ᠈䛧䛶ḷ䛖䚹䛒
䜛ே䛜ḷ䛳䛯ḷ䜒䛧䛟䛿䜸䝻䞁䝩䜢䚸ู䛺ே䛿䛭䜜䜢┿ఝ䛶䛥䜙䛻ḷ䛖䚹ḷ䛖㝿䛻䚸ඖ䛾సရ䜘䜚䜒ෆᐜ䜢
ቑ䜔䛧䛯䜚䚸ῶ䜙䛧䛯䜚䛷䛝䜛䛧䚸䛒䜛ಶᡤ䜢⮬ศ䛾ዲ䛝䛺䜘䛖䛻ኚ䛘䛶䜒Ⰻ䛔䚹䛣䛖䛧䛶ே䛛䜙ே䜈䚸ཱྀ䛛䜙
ཱྀ䜈ఏ䜟䜚䚸ᮧ䛛䜙ᮧ䜈䚸ᆅ᪉䛛䜙ᆅ᪉䜈ᗈ䜎䜛䛃䚹䛴䜎䜚䚸᭩グ䛻グ䛥䜜䛺䛔ゝㄒⱁ⾡䛜Ẹヰ䛸䜀䜜
䜛䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹ᮏ⠇࡛ࡣࡲࡎࢧࣁㄒࡢ᭩グࡢṔྐࡘ࠸࡚⡆༢ゐࢀࠊࡑࡢᚋࠊ࠸ࡃࡘࡢࣇ࢛࣮ࢡ
ࣟࢆ⤂ࡍࡿࠋ
3.2 ࢧࣁㄒࡢ᭩グ
䝃䝝Ẹ᪘䛜ṇ᭩ἲ䜢ึ䜑䛶ᣢ䛳䛯䛾䛿 1929 ᖺ䛷䛒䜚䚸ᙜึ䛿䝷䝔䞁ᩥᏐ䝧䞊䝇䛾ṇ᭩ἲ䛜⏝䛔䜙䜜
䛯䚹䛭䛾ᚋ 1939 ᖺ䛻䚸⌧ᅾ䛷䜒⏝䛔䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䜻䝸䝹ᩥᏐ䝧䞊䝇䛾ṇ᭩ἲ䛜ไᐃ䛥䜜䛯䚹1929 ᖺ௨๓䛻
䛿ṇ᭩ἲ䛜↓䛛䛳䛯䛜䚸䛭䜜䛷䜒䝃䝝䛾ே䚻䛻䜘䜛᭩ググ㘓䛜䛔䛟䛴䛛ṧ䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹
㻌 䝃䝝ே⮬㌟䛻䜘䜛䝃䝝ㄒ᭩グ䛸䛧䛶᭱ึᮇ䛾䜒䛾䛿䚸1851 ᖺ䛻 Ⱥ.ə. ɍɜɚɪɨɜɫɤɚɣ (1800-1861) 䛜䝃䞁
䝇䜽䝸䝑䝖ㄒᏛ⪅䛷䛒䜛 O. Böhtlingk 䛻ᐄ䛶䛯ᡭ⣬䛷䛒䜛䛸䛥䜜䜛䚹䛣䛾ᡭ⣬䛿䚸䝃䝝ㄒᩥἲ᭩䛸䛧䛶᭱ึ
䛾䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛 Böhtlingk (1851) 䛻㘓䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹ᡭ⣬䛾⾲グἲ䛻䛿 Böhtlingk ⮬㌟䛜⏝䛔䛯䛾䛸ྠ䛨
䜻䝸䝹ᩥᏐ䝧䞊䝇䛾᭩グἲ䛜⏝䛔䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹ᡭ⣬䛻䛿䚸Böhtlingk 䜈䛾 ɍɜɚɪɨɜɫɤɚɣ 䛾ឤㅰ䛾Ẽᣢ䛱䛸
䝃䝝ㄒ䜢᭩䛡䜛䛣䛸䜈䛾႐䜃䛜Ⰻ䛟⌧䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹
㻌 ᩥᏛసရ䛸䛧䛶᭱䜒ྂ䛔䜒䛾䛿䚸Ⱥ.ȿ. Ʉɭɥɚɤɨɜɫɤɚɣ (1877-1926䚸䝃䝝ྡ Ԧɤɫԧɤԛɥɷɷɯ Ԧɥԧɤɫԧɣ) 䛜 1900
ᖺ䛻Ⓨ⾲䛧䛯 Ȼɚɣɚɧɚɣ ɚɥɝɵΧɚ䛄䝞䝲䝘䜲䛾♳䜚䛅䛷䛒䜛䛸䛥䜜䜛䠄䝞䝲䝘䜲䛸䛿⊁⊟䛾⚄ᵝ䛾䛣䛸䛷䛒䜛䠅䚹
1917 ᖺ䛻䛿 ɋ.Ⱥ. ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ (1892-1924) 䛜ᅜ㝿㡢ኌᏐẕ䠄IPA䠅䜢ᨵⰋ䛧䛯䝃䝝ㄒ⾲グἲ䜢⪃䛧䚸
䛭䜜䛿ṇ᭩ἲไᐃ䜎䛷䛾ᮇ㛫䛻⏝䛔䜙䜜䛯䚹
3.3 䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎
ᮏ⠇࡛⤂ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊɗɪɝɢɫ (1964) 䛻䜑䜙䜜䛯䛂䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䛃(Ʌɵɵɛɵɪɞɚ) 䛸㢟䛩䜛᫇ヰ䛷䛒䜛䚹
䛣䛾ヰ䛿䚸䝃䝝ඹᅜᮾ䛾䜰䝤䜲ᆅ᪉ (Ⱥɛɵɣ) 䛾᪉ゝ䛷ㄒ䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹
--㻌 㔠䛾⥙䛸㔠䛾䝪䞊䝖䜢ᣢ䛴䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎√䛥䜣䛸䛔䛖䛾䛜ᬽ䜙䛧䛶䛔䛯䚹䛣䛾ே䛿ẖ᪥ฟ䛛䛡䛶䛿䚸㔠䛾䛖
䜝䛣䜢ᣢ䛴䜻䝳䞁䝙䝳䝧䜲6䛸䛔䛖㨶䜢⥙䛛䜙 1 ༉䛪䛴ྲྀ䜚䚸䛭䜜䜢㣗䜉䛶ᬽ䜙䛧䛶䛔䛯䚹
㻌 䛒䜛ᮅ㉳䛝䜛䛸䚸䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎√䛥䜣䛿 3 ༉䛾䜻䝳䞁䝙䝳䝧䜲䜢ྲྀ䛳䛯䚹䛭䜜䛛䜙ḷ䛔䛺䛜䜙Ṍ䛔䛯䠖䛂ኴ㝧
䛾ፉ䛿ᡃ䛜䚸㐀䛾ፉ䛿ᡃ䛜䞉䞉䞉䛃䚹
㻌 䛭䛖䛧䛶Ṍ䛔䛶䛔䜛䛸䚸᳃䛾୰䛷ே䛾ኌ䛜䛩䜛䠖䛂䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䚸䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䞊䟿 ᮶䛶䜘䚸᮶䛶䜘䞊䟿䛃䛸
ゝ䛳䛯䚹䛣䜜䜢⪺䛔䛶䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎√䛥䜣䛿ᓊ㎶䛻ฟ䛶䚸䝪䞊䝖䜢㋃䜏䛴䜆䛧䚸䜸䞊䝹䜢㋃䜏䜚䚸㨶䜢Ỉ
6
䜻䝳䞁䝙䝳䝧䜲 (ɤԛɧɧԛɛɷɣ)䚹䝃䜿䝬䝇⛉䛾㨶䛷䚸䝻䝅䜰ㄒ䛷䛿 ɪɵɛɤɚ ɤɨɧɞɺɜɤɚ 䛸䜀䜜䜛䚹ᶆ‽䝃䝝ㄒ䛷
䛿 ɤԛɧɞԛԧɛɷɣ 䛷䛒䜛䚹
178
䛻ᨺ䜚ᢞ䛢䜛䚹䛭䛧䛶䜟䜑䛝䛺䛜䜙᳃䛻ධ䛳䛯䚹ධ䛳䛶㡹ᙇ䛳䛶᥈䛧䛯䛜䚸᳃䛻䛿ఱ䜒ぢ䛴䛡䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝
䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹
㻌 ᡠ䛳䛶᮶䜛䛸䚸䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䛿䝪䞊䝖䜢䛧䛳䛛䜚┤䛧䛯䚹䝪䞊䝖䛿ඖ㏻䜚䛻┤䛳䛯䚹ḟ䛻䜸䞊䝹䜢┤䛧䛯䚹䜸
䞊䝹䜒ඖ㏻䜚䛻┤䛳䛯䚹
㻌 ᕝ䛻ධ䜛䛸䚸䜎䛯 3 ༉䛾㨶䜢ྲྀ䜛䚹䛭䜜䛛䜙䜎䛯ḷ䛖䠖䛂ኴ㝧䛾ፉ䛿ᡃ䛜䚸㐀䛾ፉ䛿ᡃ䛜䞉䞉䞉䛃
㻌 䜎䛯᳃䛾୰䛷ே䛾ኌ䛜䛩䜛䠖䛂䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䚸䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䞊䟿 ᮶䛶䜘䚸᮶䛶䜘䞊䟿䛃䛸ゝ䛖䚹
㻌 ᓊ㎶䛻ฟ䛶䚸䜸䞊䝹䜢㋃䜏䜚䚸䝪䞊䝖䜢㋃䜏䛴䜆䛧䚸㨶䜢Ỉ䛻ᨺ䜚ᢞ䛢䜛䚹䜎䛯᳃䛾୰䛻䜟䜑䛝䛺䛜䜙
ධ䜛䚹ධ䛳䛶㡹ᙇ䛳䛶᥈䛧䛯䛡䜜䛹䚸ఱ䜒ぢ䛴䛛䜙䛺䛔䚹
㻌 ᡠ䛳䛶䛝䛶䚸䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䝪䞊䝖䜢䛧䛳䛛䜚┤䛧䛯䚹䝪䞊䝖䛿ඖ㏻䜚䛻䛺䛳䛯䚹䛭䜜䛛䜙䜎䛯⥙䜢䛡䛯ᡤ
䛻ධ䜛䚹䜎䛯 3 ༉䛾㨶䜢ྲྀ䜛䚹ḷ䛔䛺䛜䜙ᐙ䛻ᖐ䛳䛯䠖䛂ኴ㝧䛾ፉ䛿ᡃ䛜䚸㐀䛾ፉ䛿ᡃ䛜䞉䞉䞉䛃䚹
㻌 ᳃䛾୰䛷䜎䛯ே䛾ኌ䛜䛩䜛䠖䛂䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䚸䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䞊䟿 ᮶䛶䜘䚸᮶䛶䜘䞊䟿䛃䛸ゝ䛖䚹
㻌 ᓊ㎶䛻ฟ䛶䚸䝪䞊䝖䜢㋃䜏䛴䜆䛧䚸䜸䞊䝹䜢㋃䜏䜚䚸㨶䜢Ỉ䛻ᨺ䜚ᢞ䛢䜛䚹䜎䛯䜟䜑䛝䛺䛜䜙᳃䛾୰䛻
ධ䛳䛯䚹㡹ᙇ䛳䛶᥈䛧䛶䚸ྂ䜌䛡䛯㤿䛾㢌䛾㦵䜢ぢ䛴䛡䛯䚹
㻌 䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䛿䛂䛣䛾㨱⋤䛜䛹䜣䛺ゝⴥ䜢䛧䜓䜉䜛䛸䛔䛖䛾䛰䠛䛃䛸ゝ䛳䛶䚸㦵䜢㊊䛷㋾䛳䛯䚹䛩䜛䛸㦵䛻
㊊䛜䛟䛳䛴䛔䛶䛧䜎䛳䛯䚹䜒䛖∦᪉䛾㊊䛷㋾䜛䛸䚸䛭䛾∦㊊䜒䛟䛳䛴䛔䛶䛧䜎䛳䛯䚹ᡭ䛷ᢲ䛧䛯䜙䚸ᡭ䜒䛟䛳
䛴䛔䛶䛧䜎䛳䛯䚹䛭䜜䛛䜙㢌䛷✺䛔䛯䛜䚸㢌䛜䛟䛳䛴䛔䛶䛧䜎䛳䛯䚹
㻌 䛣䛖䛧䛶䛔䜛䛸䚸9 䛴䛾㢌䜢ᣢ䛴ᕧே䜰䜺䝷䞉䝰䜾䝇7䛜᮶䛯䚹䝰䜾䝇䛿䛂䜸䝺䛾㋃䜏⨜8䛜㱎䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䛃䛸
ゝ䛳䛶䚸䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䜢䛴䛛䜣䛷⭜䛻䛴䛡䛯䜹䝞䞁䛻䛧䜎䛳䛶䛧䜎䛖䚹䛭䛧䛶䝰䜾䝇䛾ᐙ䛻⾜䛟䚹
㻌 ᐙ䛻╔䛔䛶䚸䝰䜾䝇䛿ጔ䛻ゝ䛖䠖䛂㯮䛔ᯈ䜢ᩜ䛡䚹1 ᑻ䛾ล䜢ᣢ䛴᩼䜢ᣢ䛳䛶䛣䛔䚹㗦䛔ย䜢‽ഛ䛧䜝䚹
䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䜢ᤕ䜎䛘䛶䛝䛯䛃䛸䛔䛖䚹
㻌 ጔ䛿❧䛱ୖ䛜䜛䛸䛩䜉䛶䛾䜒䛾䜢‽ഛ䛩䜛䚹
㻌 䝰䜾䝇䛿䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䜢䛴䛛䜏㯮䛔ᯈ䛾ୖ䛻⨨䛟䚹㗦䛔ย䜢⭜䛻‽ഛ䛩䜛䚹
㻌 䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䛿ᶓ䛻䛺䛳䛯䜎䜎ゝ䛖䠖䛂䛚䛨䛔䛱䜓䜣䚸䝽䝅䛾⫼୰䛜᪨䛔䜘䚹䝽䝅䜢ኴ䜙䛫䛶䛛䜙㣗䛘䛃䛸ゝ
䛖䚹䛭䜜䛻ᑐ䛧䝰䜾䝇䛿䛂䛣䛔䛴䛜ゝ䛖䛾䜒䜒䛳䛸䜒䛰䚹䛣䛔䛴䜢ኴ䜙䛫䜘䛖䛛䛃䛸ゝ䛖䚹ጔ䜒㈶ᡂ䛩䜛䚹
㻌 䝰䜾䝇䛯䛱䛿䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䜢ᗜ䛻㛢䛨㎸䜑䛶䛚䛔䛯䚹䛭䜜䛛䜙䚸䛣䛾⏨䛻㤿䜔∵䛾⫗䜢㣗䜉䛥䛫⫱䛶
䛯䚹1 ᖺ䛜䛯䛱䛂䛥䛶䚸䛚๓䛿䛹䜜䛟䜙䛔ኴ䛳䛯䠛䛃䛸䝰䜾䝇䛿ゝ䛖䚹
㻌 䛂䝤䞊䝒䛾ୗ䛾䜂䜒䜢⤖䜆䛾䛜䛷䛝䛺䛟䛺䛳䛯䚹䝤䞊䝒䛾ୖ䛾䜂䜒䜢⤖䜆䛾䛿䛷䛝䜛䛃䛸ゝ䛖䚹
㻌 䛭䜜䛛䜙 1 ᖺ㛫䜎䛯ኴ䜙䛫䜛䚹1 ᖺ䛜䛯䛱䚸䜎䛯䝰䜾䝇䛿ᑜ䛽䜛䛂䛥䛶䚸䛚๓䛿䛹䜜䛟䜙䛔ኴ䛳䛯䠛䛃䚹䛭䜜
䛻䛣䛯䛘䛶䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䛿䛂䝤䞊䝒䛾䜂䜒䜢⤖䜆䛾䛻ᡭ䛜ᒆ䛛䛺䛔䚹䛯䛰ᡭ㊊䛿ື䛟䛃䛸ゝ䛖䚹䛂䛭䜜䛺䜙䜒䛖
1 ᖺ㣗䜉䛥䛫䜘䛖䛃䛸䝰䜾䝇䛿ゝ䛖䚹
㻌 䝰䜾䝇䛯䛱䛿 1 ᖺ㛫㣗䜉䛥䛫䛯䚹䛭䛧䛶ᑜ䛽䜛䠖䛂䛥䛶䚸䛚๓䛿䛹䜜䛟䜙䛔ኴ䛳䛯䠛䛃䚹䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䛿䛂ᡭ
㊊䛜ື䛛䛫䛺䛟䛺䛳䛯䚹⚾䛿ኴ䛳䛯䚹䛥䛒䚸㣗䜉䛶䛟䜜䛃䛸ゝ䛖䚹
㻌 䝰䜾䝇䛿㯮䛔ᯈ䜢ᩜ䛝䚸1 ᑻ䛾ล䜢ᣢ䛴᩼䜢ྲྀ䜚䚸㗦䛔ย䜢‽ഛ䛩䜛䚹䜔 3 ᖺ㛫䛷䛩䛳䛛䜚ኴ䛳䛯
䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䜢䚸ᯈ䛾䛸䛣䜝䛻㐠䜣䛷⨨䛔䛯䚹
㻌 ᶓ䛻䛺䛳䛯䜎䜎䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䛿ゝ䛖䠖䛂䛚䛨䛔䛱䜓䜣䚸ย䜢ぢ䛫䛶䛟䜜䛃䚹䝰䜾䝇䛿ย䜢ぢ䛫䛯䚹䛂䛚䜔䜎䛒䚸
䛚䛨䛔䛱䜓䜣䚹䛒䜣䛯䛾ย䛿㕌䛳䛶䛔䜛䛨䜓䛺䛔䛛䚹䛭䜜䛷䛿⚾䛾⬡⫫䜢ษ䛳䛶㣗䜉䜛䛾䛿↓⌮䛰䜘䚹䝪
䝻䝜䜲√䛥䜣䛾ย䜢䜚䛶䚸䛭䛾ย䛷ษ䛳䛶㣗䜉䛯䜙䚸⚾䛾⬡⫫䜢వ䛩䛸䛣䜝䛺䛟㣗䜉䜙䜜䜛䛾䛻䛃䛸䝹䞊
䝤䝹䝎䛿ゝ䛖䚹
7
䜰䜺䝷䞉䝰䜾䝇 (Ⱥऄɚɥɚ Ɇɨऄɭɫ)䚹䝃䝝䛾᫇ヰ䛻䜘䛟ฟ䛶䛟䜛ហ䛛⪅䛾ᕧே䛾ጼ䜢䛧䛯≀䚹ᶆ‽䝃䝝ㄒ䛷䛿
䜰䝷䞊䞉䝰䜾䝇 (Ⱥɥɚɚ Ɇɨɝɭɫ 䜎䛯䛿 Ⱥɥɚɚ Ɇɨࣼɭɫ) 䛸䜀䜜䜛䚹
8
㋃䜏⨜ (ɱɚɚɪɯɚɚɧ)䚹ᮌ〇䛷䚸ᑠᆺື≀䜢ᤕ䜛䛯䜑䛾ᑠᆺ䛾⨜䚹䝻䝅䜰ㄒ ɱɟɪɤɚɧ䚹
179
㻌 䛣䜜䛻ᑐ䛧䝰䜾䝇䛿䛂䛭䛾㏻䜚䛰䚹䝪䝻䝜䜲√䛥䜣䛾ย䛾䛸䛣䜝䜈⾜䛣䛖䛛䛃䛸ゝ䛔䚸䛭䛖䛧䜘䛖䛸ゝ䛳䛶䚸䝹
䞊䝤䝹䝎䜢ᗜ䛻㛢䛨㎸䜑䛶䛧䜎䛖䚹ጔ䛻䛂ᙅ䜙䛫䜛䛺䚸ኴ䜙䛫䜝䛃䛸ゝ䛳䛶䝪䝻䝜䜲√䛥䜣䛾ᡤ䜈ྥ䛛䛳
䛯䚹
㻌 䝪䝻䝜䜲√䛥䜣䛾ᡤ䛻⾜䛝䝰䜾䝇䛿ゝ䛖䛂䛖䛱䛻 3 ᖺ䛾㛫䛩䛳䛛䜚ኴ䛳䛯䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䛜䛔䜛䚹䛣䛔䛴䜢ẅ䛧
䛶㣗䜉䜛䛾䛻䜸䝺䛾ย䛿㕌䛳䛶䛧䜎䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹䜰䞁䝍䛾ย䜢㈚䛧䛶䛟䜜䛃䚹
㻌 䛭䜜䛻ᑐ䛧䝪䝻䝜䜲√䛥䜣䛿䚸䛂䝽䝅䛾ย䛿䛩䛳䛛䜚㕌䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹Ꮚ౪䛯䛱䛜㕌䜙䛫䛶䛧䜎䛳䛯䚹䝝䝷䝘䜲
√䛥䜣䛾ᡤ䜈⾜䛝䚸㯮䛔▼䜢ᣢ䛳䛶䛣䛔䚹㯮䛔▼䛷◊䛔䛷䜔䜛䛃䛸ゝ䛖䚹
㻌 䝰䜾䝇䛿䛭䛳䛱䜈ྥ䛛䛳䛯䚹䝝䝷䝘䜲√䛥䜣䛾ᡤ䜈╔䛔䛶ゝ䛖䛂䜸䝺䛾ᡤ䛻 1 ༉䛾䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䛜䛔䛶䚸
ẅ䛧䛶㣗䛳䛱䜎䛖䛴䜒䜚䛰䚹䝪䝻䝜䜲√䛥䜣䛾ย䜢䜚䛯䛜䚸䛩䛳䛛䜚㕌䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹◊䛠䛯䜑䛻䜰䞁䝍䛾㯮䛔
▼䜢㈚䛧䛶䛟䜜䛃䛸ゝ䛖䚹
㻌 䝝䝷䝘䜲√䛥䜣䛿ゝ䛖䛂䝽䝅䛾㯮䛔▼䛿ㄡ䛻䜒ື䛛䛫䛺䛔▼䛰䚹၏୍䜻䝳䝺䝛䜲√䛥䜣䛾㉥ẟ∵䛰䛡䛜
ᘬ䛟䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䚹䛭䛾∵䜢㐃䜜䛶䛣䛔䛃䛸ゝ䛖䚹
㻌 䝰䜾䝇䛿䛭䛳䛱䜈ྥ䛛䛳䛯䚹䜻䝳䝺䝛䜲√䛥䜣䛾ᡤ䜈╔䛔䛶䛂䛥䛒㉥ẟ∵䜢㈚䛧䛶䛟䜜䚹䝝䝷䝘䜲√䛥䜣
䛾㯮䛔▼䜢㐠䜀䛫䛶䚸䝪䝻䝜䜲√䛥䜣䛾ย䜢◊䛔䛷䚸䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䜢ẅ䛧䛶㣗䛖䜣䛰䛃䛸䝰䜾䝇䛿ゝ䛖䚹
㻌 䛭䜜䛻ᑐ䛧䜻䝳䝺䝛䜲√䛥䜣䛿ゝ䛖䛂䝽䝅䛾∵䛿ㄡ䛻䜒ᤕ䜎䛘䜙䜜䛺䛔∵䛰䚹၏୍䜰䝷䝘䜲√䛥䜣䛾ᩬ㤿
䛰䛡䛜㏣䛔䛴䛡䜛䚹䛭䜜௨እ䛻䛿ఱ䜒㏣䛔䛴䛡䛺䛔∵䛰䛃䚹
㻌 䝰䜾䝇䛿䛭䛳䛱䜈ྥ䛛䛳䛯䚹䜰䝷䝘䜲√䛥䜣ᡤ䜈╔䛟䚹╔䛔䛶ゝ䛖䛂䜔䛑䛚√䛥䜣䚸䜸䝺䛿䛸䛳䛶䜒ᅔ䛳䛯䚹
䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䜢 3 ᖺ㛫ኴ䜙䛫䛯䚹䛣䜜䛛䜙㣗䛳䛶䜔䜛䛴䜒䜚䛰䚹䜸䝺䛾ย䛿䛩䛳䛛䜚㕌䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹䝪䝻䝜䜲√䛥
䜣䛾ย䜢䜚䛻᮶䛯䚹䝲䝒䛾䜒㕌䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹䝝䝷䝘䜲√䛥䜣䛾㯮䛔▼䜢㐠䜣䛷䛝䛶◊䛤䛖䛸ᛮ䛳䛯䚹䛣䛾㯮
䛔▼䛿၏୍䜻䝳䝺䝛䜲√䛥䜣䛾㉥ẟ∵䛰䛡䛜ᘬ䛳ᙇ䜜䜛䛭䛖䛰䚹䛭䛧䛶䜻䝳䝺䝛䜲√䛥䜣䛾㉥ẟ∵䜢䜚
䛻᮶䛯䚹ᛌ㊊䛥䛿ఱ䜒㏣䛔䛴䛡䛺䛔䜋䛹䛰䛭䛖䛰䚸䛣䛾㉥ẟ∵䛿䚹၏୍䜰䞁䝍䛾ᩬ㤿䛰䛡䛜㏣䛔䛴䛡䜛䛭
䛖䛰䚹䛰䛛䜙䜰䞁䝍䛾㤿䜢㈚䛧䛶䛟䜜䛃䚹
㻌 䛭䜜䛻ᑐ䛧䜰䝷䝘䜲√䛥䜣䛿ゝ䛖䛂ヰ䛿䛩䜉䛶ศ䛛䛳䛯䚹䝽䝅䛾㤿䛾ᘬ䛝⥘䛿ᑐᓊ䛾ᑠᒇ䛻⨨䛝䛳䜁䛺
䛧䛰䚹䛭䛣䛛䜙ᣢ䛳䛶䛟䜛䛸Ⰻ䛔䛃䛸ゝ䛖䚹
㻌 䝰䜾䝇䛿䛂䛷䜒䜸䝺䛿䛣䛾Ἑ䜢䛹䛖䜔䛳䛶Ώ䜜䜀䠛䛃䛸ᑜ䛽䜛䚹
㻌 䛂䛒䛒䟿 䛭䜜䛰䛳䛯䜙䚸୧㊊䛻 2 䛴䛾▼䜢䛡䜝䚹୧ᡭ䛻 2 䛴䛾▼䜢䛡䜝䚹㤳䛻䜒▼䜢䛡䜝䚹
䛭䛧䛶䚸┿䛳┤䛠Ἑ䜢䛴䛳䛝䜜䛃䛸ゝ䛖䚹
㻌 䝰䜾䝇䛿႐䜣䛰䚹୧㊊䛻 2 䛴䛾▼䜢䚸୧ᡭ䛻 2 䛴䛾▼䜢䚸㤳䛻䜒▼䜢⤖䜃䛴䛡䚸Ἑ䜢Ώ䛳䛯䚹Ώ
䜚䛺䛜䜙䛂䛚䛙䛔䚸䛺䜣䛶῝䛔䜣䛰䛃䛸ゝ䛖䚹
㻌 䜰䝷䝘䜲√䛥䜣䛿䛂䛭䛣䛛䜙ྥ䛣䛖䛿ὸ䛟䛺䜛䛮䛃䛸ゝ䛖䚹䝰䜾䝇䛾ኌ䛜䛂䜸䝺䛾Ṛ䛻ሙᡤ䛻᮶䛱䜎䛳䛯䛮䛃
䛸ゝ䛖䚹䝰䜾䝇䛿䝂䝪䝂䝪ỿ䜣䛷䛔䛟䚹䝰䜾䝇䛿䛂Ṛ䛻⾜䛟䜸䝺䛾㑇ゝ䜢ゝ䛖䛮䛃䛸ゝ䛖䚹
㻌 䛂㢗䜐䛛䜙䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䛻ఏ䛘䜝䚹䜸䝺䛾⬯㦵䛿ᯂ䛻䛧䜝䚹㢌㦵䛿⮻䛻䛧䜝䚹㤳䛾㦵䛿 9 ᮼ䛾Ỉ䛜ධ䜛
㔩䛻䛧䜝䚹䜸䝺䛾⫼㦵䛷㔠䛾䝞䝷䜺䞁9䜢స䜜䚹䜸䝺䛾ᣢ䛱≀䛿䛚๓䛾䜒䛾䛻䛧䜝䚹䜸䝺䛾ᐙ␆䛿䛚๓
䛾䜒䛾䛻䛧䜝䚹䜸䝺䛾ጔ䛿䛚๓䛾ጔ䛻䛧䜝䚹䜸䝺䛾Ꮚ౪䛿䛚๓䛾Ꮚ౪䛻䛧䜝䛃䛸ゝ䛔䛺䛜䜙䚸䝂䝪䝂䝪ỿ䜣
䛷䛔䛟䚹
㻌 䛭䛾ᚋ䚸䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䛿䝰䜾䝇䛜Ṛ䜣䛰䛸䛔䛖შ䜢⪺䛔䛯䚹ᙼ䛾ጔ䛻䚸ኵ䛻䛺䛳䛶䜔䜛䛸≾⊶䛻ゝ䛔䛟䜛
䜑䛶䚸䛖䜎䛟⬺ฟ䛧䛯䚹䛭䜜䛛䜙䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䛿䝰䜾䝇䛾Ꮚ౪䛸ጔ䜢ḟ䚻䛸ẅ䛧䛶䛧䜎䛳䛯䚹䝰䜾䝇䛾䛺
䛺ᣢ䛱≀䜢㑅䜣䛷ྲྀ䜚䚸䛟䛰䜙䛺䛔ᣢ䛱≀䛿ᤞ䛶䛶䛧䜎䛳䛯䚹ᙼ䛾ᐙ␆䛿⮬ศ䛾ᐙ␆䛸䛧䚸ᙼ䛾ᐙ䜢
⮬ศ䛾ᐙ䛸䛧䛯䚹
㻌 䝹䞊䝤䝹䝎䛿䛭䛾ᚋ㇏䛛䛻ᬽ䜙䛧䚸䛭䛾ᡭ䛿᪥䜎䛷ఏ䜟䜚䚸䛭䛾㧗ྡ䛥䛿䛴䛔᭱㏆䜎䛷ゝ䛔ఏ䛘
䜙䜜䛯䚹
9
䝞䝷䜺䞁 (ɛɚɥɚࣼɚɧ)䚹䝃䝝ఏ⤫䛾⏝ఫᒃ䚹
180
3.4 ࢚ࢪࢤ࣮ࣥᆅ᪉ (ɗɞɶɢɝɷɷɧ) ࡢఏㄝ
ḟ⤂ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ2012 ᖺ 5 ᭶ 24 ᪥䚸䝲䜽䞊䝒䜽䛾◊✲ᡤ䛻䛚䛔䛶 1980 ᖺ⏕䜎䜜䛾ዪᛶ◊✲⪅
䛛䜙䛾䜲䞁䝍䝡䝳䞊䛻䜘䜚ᚓ䜙䜜䛯ఏㄝ䛷䛒䜛䚹ㄒ䜚ᡭ䛿 ɉɚɜɥɨɜɚ ɇɚɞɟɠɞɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜɧɚ 䛥䜣䚹䝲䜽䞊䝒䜽
ᕷ⏕䜎䜜䛷䚸6 ṓ䛛䜙 ɇɚɦ ᆅ᪉䛾 ɏɚɬɵɪɵɤ ᮧ䛷㐣䛤䛧䚸15 ṓ䛾䛻䜃䝲䜽䞊䝒䜽ᕷ䛻ᡠ䛳䛯䛸䛔䛖䚹
䛣䛾ఏㄝ䛻䛿Ⰽ䚻䛺䝞䞊䝆䝵䞁䛜䛒䜛䛣䛸䜢᩿䛳䛯䛖䛘䛷䚸ḟ䛾䜘䛖䛻ㄒ䛳䛶䛟䜜䛯䚹
--㻌 17 ୡ⣖䚸䝶䞊䝻䝑䝟䝻䝅䜰䛛䜙䜰䜾䝹䝥䜰䝘䠄Ⱥɝɵɪɵɩɵɚɧɚ䠅䛸䛔䛖ྡ䛾ዪᛶ䛜ᨻ≢䛸䛧䛶㏦䜙䜜ᬽ䜙䛧
䛶䛔䛯䚹ᙼዪ䛿䛸䛒䜛Ἑ䛾୰ᕞ䛾ᓥ䛻ఫ䜣䛷࿚⾡䛾䜘䛖䛺䛣䛸䜢䛧䛶䛔䛯䚹ே䛾ዲ䛝᎘䛔䛜⃭䛧䛔ே䛷䚸
ே䚻䛿䜏䛺ᙼዪ䜢ᜍ䜜䛶䛔䛯䚹ᙼዪ䛜Ṛ䜣䛰ᚋ䜒䚸ே䚻䛿ⓙ䛭䛾ᓥ䜢ᜍ䜜䛶䛔䛯䚹ே䚻䛿ᑠ⯚䛻ᙼዪ
䜈䛾㉗䜚≀䛸䛧䛶ዲ䛝䛺㣗䜉≀䜔㣭ရ䜢㍕䛫䚸ᕝ䛻ὶ䛧䛶䛔䛯䛸䛔䛖䚹䛭䛾ᑠ⯚䛿䛹䛖䜔䛳䛶䛛ᓥ䜎䛷
฿㐩䛧䛶䛔䛯䜙䛧䛔䚹䛭䛖䜔䛳䛶㉗䜚≀䜢㏦䛳䛶䛔䜜䜀䚸ே䚻䛿ᖹ✜䛻ᬽ䜙䛫䛯䛸䛔䛖䚹䛸䛣䜝䛜䛣䛾ఏㄝ
䜢ಙ䛨䛺䛔ே䜒䛔䛶䚸㉗䜚≀䜢㉗䜙䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹䛭䛖䛔䛖ே䚻䛻䛿䚸✺↛䛾ᔒ䛷⯪䛜㌿そ䛧䛯䜚䛩䜛䜘䛖䛺䛣䛸
䛜㉳䛣䛳䛯䛸䛔䛖䚹䛣䛾ఏㄝ䛿䛸䛶䜒䜘䛟ᗈ䜎䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹
ࣇ࢛࣮ࢡࣟぢࡿࢧࣁேࡢ⮬↛ほ
ᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣࢧࣁࡢࣇ࢛࣮ࢡࣟࢆᴫほࡋࠊ ࡘࡢᐇ㸦 ࡘࡣฟ∧㈨ᩱࡽࡢࡶࡢࠊࡶ࠺ ࡘ
ࡣ⌧௦ࡢࢧࣁேࡀᐇ㝿ㄒࡗࡓࡶࡢ㸧ࢆ⤂ࡋࡓࠋᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣ⤂ࡋࡁࢀ࡞ࡗࡓ㈨ᩱࡶྵࡵࡓ
ࣇ࢛࣮ࢡࣟࡽᑟࡁฟࡏࡿࢧࣁேࡢ⮬↛ほࠊ≉ࠕỈࠖ㛵ࢃࡿ⮬↛ほࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋ
ࡘࡣࠊࢧࣁேࡢ⏕ᴗᐦ᥋㛵ࢃࡿሙᡤࡋ࡚ࡢࠕỈ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ㧗 ࡶᣦࡍ
ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊࢧࣁேࡗ࡚࣮ࣛࢫࡣ㔜せ࡞ሙᡤ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᐙ␆ࡢỈ㣧ࡳሙࠊⲡสࡾሙࡋ࡚⏝
ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽࢧࣁࡢேࠎࡣ᪥ᖖⓗࠊ†ࡸᕝ࡛㨶ࢆᤕࡿࠋ
ࠕ࣮ࣝࣈࣝࢲࠖࡣࠊேබ࣮ࣝࣈ
ࣝࢲࡀẖ᪥㨶ࢆᤕࡿ࠸࠺ᥥࡽጞࡲࡿࠋゝ࠸࠼ࢀࡤࠊ
ࠕỈࠖࡣ᪥ᖖ⏕άࢆ㏦ࡿሙࡢ ࡘ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡶ࠺ ࡘࡢഃ㠃ࡣࠊ㠀᪥ᖖࡢሙࡋ࡚ࡢࠕỈ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ࢚ࢪࢤ࣮ࣥᆅ᪉ࡢఏㄝ࡛ࡣࠊᕝࡢ୰ᕞ
࿚⾡ࢆ⾜࠺ࢢࣝࣉࢼࡀఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿಙࡌࡽࢀࠊேࠎࡣࡑࡢᏑᅾࢆ⏽ᛧࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ࠕ࣮ࣝࣈࣝ
ࢲࠖࡢ⤊┙࡛ࡣࠊ≀࣭࢞ࣛࣔࢢࢫࡣᕝỿࢇ࡛Ṛࡠࠋᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣ⤂ࡋࡁࢀ࡞ࡗࡓ࠸ࡃࡘ
ࡢヰ࡛ࡶࠊ†ࡸᕝࡣࡋࡤࡋࡤṚஸ࡞࠸ࡋ⮬ẅࡢሙ㠃࡞ࡿࠋ
ࠕỈࠖᑐࡍࡿࢿ࢞ࢸࣈ࡞ഃ㠃ࡣࠊ
ࡋࡤࡋࡤࣇ࢛࣮ࢡࣟྵពࡉࢀࡿゝ࠼ࡿࠋ
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
Ụ⏿ ⏕ (2012) 䛂䝃䝝ඹᅜ䛻ᬽ䜙䛩᪉ㅖẸ᪘䛾ゝㄒ䛃 ᾏ㐨❧᪉Ẹ᪘༤≀㤋 ➨ 27 ᅇ≉
ูᒎ䛂ᮾ䝅䝧䝸䜰䞉䝃䝝㻌 Ọஂᅵ䛾ᆅ䛻⏕䛝䜛䛃ᒎ♧ᅗ㘓 37-44.
㧗 ᾈᶞ (2012) 䛄ᴟ䛾∾␆Ẹ䝃䝝䛅 ᇽ䚹
Böhtlingk, Otto N. (1851) Über die Sprache der Jakuten. Grammatik, Text und Wörterbuch. St.
Petersburg.
Tsumagari, Toshiro, Megumi Kurebito, and Fubito Endo. (2007) Siberia: Tungusic and Palaeosiberian.
181
Miyaoka, O. et al. (eds.) The Vanishing Languages of the Pacific Rim. 387-405. Oxford University
Press: Oxford
ɋɢɜɰɟɜ, Ⱦ.Ʉ. (1996) ɋɚɯɚ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɚ. ɏɨɦɭɭɪɭɧɧɶɭɤ. 䠷䝃䝝䛾Ẹヰ䚹グ㘓㞟䠹 ɇɨɜɨɫɢɛɢɪɫɤ: ɇɚɭɤɚ.
ɑɟɪɟɦɢɫɢɧɚ, Ɇ.ɂ. (1992) əɡɵɤɢ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ: ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. ɇɨɜɨɫɢɛɢɪɫɤ: ɇȽɍ.
ɗɪɝɢɫ, Ƚ.ɍ. (1964) ɋɚɯɚ ɨɫɬɭɨɪɭɣɚɥɚɪɚ. (əɤɭɬɫɤɢɟ ɫɤɚɡɤɢ) ɬ. 1. əɤɭɬɫɤ: Ȼɢɱɢɤ.
182
࠾ࢃࡾ
ᷓᒣ ဴဢ
ே㛫ᩥ◊✲ᶵᵓ ⥲ྜᆅ⌫⎔ቃᏛ◊✲ᡤ
ሗ࿌᭩ࡢ᭱ᚋࠊ2012 ᖺ 12 ᭶ 5 ᪥㹼7 ᪥⾜ࢃࢀࡓᙜ◊✲ᡤദࡢ◊✲ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺⓎ
⾲࡛ࡢ㉁ᛂ⟅ෆᐜࢆࡶࠊᚠ⎔ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛᖿࡽᐤࡏࡽࢀࡓࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࢆᢤ⢋ࡋ࡚
ᥖ㍕ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ṧࡉࢀࡓ㸯ᖺ㛫࠾ࡅࡿせㄢ㢟ࢆグࡍࠋ
ᚠ⎔ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛᖿࡽࡢࢥ࣓ࣥࢺ㸦ᢤ⢋㸧
ࠕᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡣ 4 ᖺ┠ධࡾࠊከࡃࡢᡂᯝࡀ࡛࡚࠾ࡾ╔ᐇ㐍ᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿホ౯
ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡃᆅ⌫ ᬮక࠺Ỉᚠ⎔ࡸỈ⎔ቃࡢኚࡀࠊ᳃ᯘࡸࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ⏕ែ⣔
ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࠊ⮬↛࠾ࡼࡧ♫ࡢࣜࢫࢡࢆ」ྜⓗቑຍࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ᵝࠎ࡞
ᡂᯝࡣ㠀ᖖㄝᚓຊࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᆅ⌫⎔ቃ◊✲ࡋ࡚ࡢព⩏ࡀ㧗࠸ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ 1
2 ࡢ⮬↛⛉Ꮫⓗᡂᯝࡣ࠺ࡲࡃ⤖ྜࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊⅣ⣲ᚠ⎔ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ⾨ᫍࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࢢࣝ
࣮ࣉ 1 ࡢᡂᯝ⤫ྜࡣḟᖺᗘゝ࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊࡑࡢࡲࡵࢆᮇᚅࡍࡿࠋ ᬮ
ࡀᘬࡁ㔠࡞ࡗࡓ⮬↛⎔ቃኚᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡣᆅᇦ♫ࡢࠕ㐺ᛂࡢᅾࡾ᪉ࢆᥦ♧
ࡍࡿࠖ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊᖺᗘࡣࠕ㐺ᛂࡢᵝ┦ࢆぢฟࡍࠖ࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ♫ࡢ
ᐇែゎ᫂ࡼࡾຊⅬࡀ࠾ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋከࡃࡢ㉁ၥࡀ㞟୰ࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ⮬↛ኚࡢ
ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡸࢺࢼ࢝௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ 3 ࡢᡂᯝࡢ㛵ಀࠊࡶ࠺ᑡࡋㄝ᫂ࡀᚲせ
ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡉࡽࠊ᭱⤊ᖺᗘࡣࠊᡂᯝࡢ♫ⓗⓎಙࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿࠋᅜ㝿㆟࡞Ꮫ⾡
ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࣮ࡢ㑏ඖࢆ㔜どࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࢺࢼ࢝ࢆ୰ᚰࠕ㐺ᛂࠖࡢᵝ┦ࡀ࠺ࡲ
ࡃఏࢃࡿࡼ࠺᳨ウ࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ
ࠖ
ᚋࡢㄢ㢟
ṧࡉࢀࡓ⣙ 1 ᖺ㛫࡛⾜࠺ࡁ◊✲ㄢ㢟ࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
1) ᅵ⏕ែ⣔㸦⇕࣭Ỉ࣭≀㉁㍺㏦㸧ࣔࢹࣝࡢᨵⰋ㸸
ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ྠᵝࠊ2007 ᖺࢆ୰ᚰࡍࡿ㐣‵࣋ࣥࢺ╔┠ࡋ࡚ゎᯒࡍࡿࠋ≉ࠊᅵተࡢ
≀⌮≉ᛶࢆ☜ᐃࡉࡏࠊᅵተỈศ㔞᳜≀ࡢᛂ⟅╔┠ࡋ࡚ゎᯒࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
183
㻝㻤㻟
2) ⎔ቃ࣭᳜⏕ኚ㈨※ື≀㸦ࢺࢼ࢝㸧⏝ࡢᙳ㡪ゎᯒ㸸
ᐙ␆ࢺࢼ࢝ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᮾࢩ࡛࣋ࣜࡣ㐣ᨺ∾ࡼࡿࡁ࡞᳜⏕ኚࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ
ࡀࢃࡗࡓࠋᚋࡣࠊᗂ࠸ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢᡂ⫱㸦㣗ᩱ᳜≀ࡢ☜ಖ㸧ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡞㜼ᐖ࡞ࡿ
ࡢịᯈࡢᙧᡂࠊ࢟ࣕࣥࣉᆅ㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⛣ື࣮ࣝࢺἢ࠸㸧ࡢᚤᆅᙧ╔┠ࡋࠊ㈨※ື≀
ࡋ࡚ࡢᐙ␆ࢺࢼ࢝∾Ẹࡀࡋ࡞ࡸ㐺ᛂ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ⌮⏤ࢆ᥈ࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᐇྍ⬟
࡞⌧ᆅㄪᰝࡢᶵࡣࢇ↓࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊ⌧ᆅㄪᰝࡢ๓∾Ẹࡢ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾㄪᰝෆᐜࢆ᳨
ウࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ≉ࠊ
ࠕẼೃኚືࡼࡿᙳ㡪ࠖຍ࠼ࠊࠕ⏕άࡸ⏕ィࢆ❧࡚ࡿୖ࡛⤒㦂
ࡋࡓ᮲௳ࠖࢆ⪺ࡁฟࡋࠊࡼࡾከࡃࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ㞟ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ㔝⏕ࢺࢼ࢝ࡢ
ࢺࣛࢵ࢟ࣥࢢ࣮ࣝࢺ᪥࿘ᮇᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛ࠊື≀⾜ືᏛⓗ࡞㐺ᛂ㛵
ࢃࡿ◊✲ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡇࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉ࠊ⡿Ḣࡢẚ㍑ࡽࢩ࣋ࣜࡢ≉ᚩࠊ
ࡲࡓࡣᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡛᪂ࡋࡃฟ࡚ࡁࡓ▱ぢࢆᢳฟࡍࡿࡇࡀ⫢せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᖺᗘࡣࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࢆࡲࡓࡄඹ㏻ࢸ࣮࣐㸦≉ࠊࢺࢼ࢝∾Ẹ⤒῭ࡢ⎔ቃኚࡢ㐺ᛂ㸧
㛵ࡋ࡚ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢲࢼ࣑ࢵࢡࢫࣔࢹࣝࢆᛂ⏝ࡋࡓ◊✲ࢆྲྀࡾධࢀࡓࠋᖺᗘ᥇⏝ࡋࡓࢹ
࣮ࢱࡣᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢࡣ㝈ࡽࡎᩥ⊩ࡽᚓࡓࡶࡢࡀࢇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ᚋࡣࠊྍ⬟࡞㝈ࡾᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺᑟࡢ♫⤒῭ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆྲྀᚓࡋࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆྲྀࡾධࢀࡓ
ᙧ࡛ࣔࢹࣝࢆᛂ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
3) 㸦ゎị㸧ὥỈኟὥỈࡢ⅏ᐖ⎔ቃᏛ㸸
ὶᇦᅵተỈศ㔞✚㞷῝╔┠ࡋࠊࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜ㸦ゎị㸧ὥỈࡀ⅏ᐖ⤖ࡧࡘࡃ
ࡢࢆࠊỈᩥẼೃᏛⓗゎᯒே㢮Ꮫⓗ▱ぢࢆ↷ࡽࡋྜࢃࡏ࡚ᐃ㔞ⓗ᫂ࡽࡍࡿᚲせࡀ
࠶ࡿࠋ
㻝㻤㻠
184
FY2012 FR4 Research Project Report
Global Warming and the Human-Nature Dimension in Siberia: Social Adaptation to the Changes of
the Terrestrial Ecosystem, with an Emphasis on Water Environments (RIHN Project C-07)
Inter-University Research Institute Corporation, National Institutes for the Humanities, Japan
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN)
457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan
Edited by Junko FUJIWARA and Tetsuya HIYAMA
March 2013
ᖹᡂ 24 ᖺᗘ FR4 ◊✲ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺሗ࿌
ᬮࡍࡿࢩ࣋ࣜࡢ⮬↛ே 㸫Ỉ⎔ቃࢆࡣࡌࡵࡍࡿ㝣ᇦ⏕ែ⣔ኚࡢ♫ࡢ㐺ᛂ
㸦ᆅ⌫◊ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ C-07㸧
Ꮫඹྠ⏝ᶵ㛵ἲே ே㛫ᩥ◊✲ᶵᵓ
⥲ྜᆅ⌫⎔ቃᏛ◊✲ᡤ㸦ᆅ⌫◊㸧
ࠛ603-8047 ி㒔ᕷ༊ୖ㈡ⱱᮏᒣ 457 ␒ᆅ 4
⦅㞟㸸⸨ཎ₶Ꮚ࣭ᷓᒣဴဢ
Ⓨ⾜㸸2013 ᖺ 3 ᭶
ISBN978-4-902325-86-7
ISBN978-4-902325-86-7
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