NAT.H
I
S
T
.BUL
L
.S
IAMS
o
c
.5
4
(
2
)
:239-260，2006
SA
VINGA FOREST:THECOMPOSITIONANDSTRUCTURE
OFA DECIDUOUSFORESTUNDERCOMMUNITY
MANAGEMENTINNORTHEASTTHAILAND
1
Md.EnamulKabirandEdwardL
.Webb
ABSTRACT
百l
i
ss
t
u
d
yi
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
e
dt
h
ec
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
na
n
ds
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
eo
fa560
・
.
h
ad
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
sf
o
r
e
s
ti
n
N
o
r
t
h
e
a
s
tTh
a
i
l
a
n
d白紙 h
a
sb
e
e
nu
n
d
e
rcommunityp
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
na
n
dmanagements
i
n
c
e由e
1980s.ηles
i
t
ehadal
o
n
gh
i
s
t
o
r
yo
ft
i
m
b
e
rh
a
r
v
e
s
t
i
n
gf
o
rl
o
c
a
la
n
dr
e
g
i
o
n
a
ln
e
e
d
su
n
t
i
lt
h
e
wi
出 町i
c
tp
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
na
g
a
i
n
s
t回 ec
u
t
t
i
n
gb
e
g
i
n
n
i
n
g泊 t
h
el
a
t
e1
9
8
0
s
.Weω
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
1
9
7
0
s，
3
1t
e
m
p
o
r
a
r
yc
i
r
c
u
l
a
rp
l
o
t
si
nt
h
ef
o
r
e
s
tt
os
a
m
p
l
e田 e
s 1
0cmd
i
a
m
e
t
e
r(
d
b
h
)(
0
.
9
7h
a
)，
s
a
p
l
i
n
g
s2
.
5
9
.
9cmdbh(
0
.
0
9h
a
)，
s
e
e
d
l
i
n
g
s2
.
5cmdbh(
0
.
0
1h
a
)，
andv
i
n
e
s
/
w
o
o
d
yc
l
i
m
b
e
r
s
.
Wer
e
c
o
r
d
e
d97s
p
e
c
i
e
si
n48f
a
m
i
l
i
e
s
.S
i
n
d
o
r
as
i
a
m
e
n
s
i
sv
a
r
.s
i
a
m
e
n
s
i
s，
X
y
l
i
a巧I
l
o
c
a
r
p
av釘 .
k
e
r
r
i
i，E
.
ηI
t
h
r
o
p
h
l
o
e
u
ms
u
c
c
i
r
u
b
r
u
m，and8
a
u
h
i
n
i
as
a
c
c
o
c
a
l
y
xwere血.
emosti
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
ts
p
e
c
i
e
s
i
n出i
sf
o
r
e
s
t，
anda
c
c
o
u
n
t
e
df
o
ra
b
o
u
t92%o
fa
l
lr
e
c
o
r
d
e
ds
t
e
m
s2
.
5cmd
b
h
.Le
guminosae，
P
a
p
i
l
i
o
n
o
i
d
e
a
ewast
h
emosta
b
u
n
d
a
n
tf
a
m
i
l
yi
nt
h
i
sf
o
r
e
s
t
.S
p
e
c
i
e
sc
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
nands
t
a
n
d
S
官 邸t
u
r
er
e
f
l
e
c
t
e
d出ef
o
r
e
s
t
'
sd
e
g
r
a
d
e
dc
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
nf
r
o
mp
e
r
s
i
s
t
e
n
td
i
s
t
u
r
b
a
n
c
e
s
.However
，t
h
e
f
o
r
e
s
ta
p
p
e
a
r
官dt
ober
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
n
ga
n
dt
h
ev
i
l
l
a
g
e
r
sh
a
db
e
e
na
b
l
et
oh
a
r
v
e
s
ts
e
v
e
r
a
ln
o
n
t
i
m
b
e
r
f
o
r
e
s
tp
r
叫u
c
t
st
os
u
p
p
l
e
m
e
n
tt
h
e
i
rl
i
v
e
l
i
h
o
o
d
s
.Wecompar
官ds
p
e
c
i
e
sc
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
nandf
o
r
e
s
t
紺u
c
旬r
eo
fKh
okBungP
r
e
uf
o
r
e
s
tw
i
t
ho
t
h
e
rs
i
m
i
l
a
rf
o
r
e
s
t
st
y
p
e
si
n百l
a
i
l
a
n
d
.Kh
okBung
P
r
e
uwasl
e
s
sd
i
v
e
r
s
e由加 f
o
問自 u
n
d
e
rp
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
nm組 agementi
nTh
a
i
l
a
n
d
.W
i
t
h
o
u
tt
h
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
i
v
eo
ft
h
ecommunityl
e
a
d
e
r
s，
t
h
ee
x
i
s
t
i
n
gf
o
r
e
s
twouldh
a
v
eb
e
e
nc
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
dt
oa
.
割c
u
l
t
u
r
e
泊t
h
e1
9
7
0
s
.Asar
e
s
u
l
t
，
Kh
okBungP
r
e
uf
o
r
e
s
tc
o
n
t
a
i
n
saf
a
i
r
l
yd
i
v
e
r
s
ef
l
o
r
aanda
p
p
a
r
e
n
t
l
y
r
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
n
g町 民 commu
凶t
y
.Yetp
e
r
s
i
s
胞n
td
i
s
t
u
r
b
a
n
c
e
sa
n
dr
a
r
i
t
yo
fs
e
v
e
r
a
ls
μ
c
i
e
s，
combined
a
g
m
e
n
t
，
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
et
h
a
tp
r
o
a
c
t
i
v
emanagements
h
o
u
l
dbei
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
e
d
.
w
i
t
ht
h
ei
s
o
l
a
t
i
o
no
ft
h
i
s合'
P
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
na
g
a
i
n
s
te
n
c
r
o
a
c
h
m
e
n
t
，i
l
l
i
c
i
tf
e
l
l
i
n
g，c
h
a
r
c
o
a
lmaking，s
e
t
t
i
n
gf
i
r
e，g
r
a
z
i
n
g，
釘l
d
h
u
n
t
i
n
gw
i
l
d
l
i
f
es
h
o
u
l
da
s
s
i
s
tn
a
t
u
r
a
ls
u
c
c
e
s
s
i
o
no
ft
h
ef
o
r
e
s
t
.Moreover
，r
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
nc
a
nb
e
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
dbyp
l
a
n
t
i
n
gi
n
d
i
g
e
n
o
u
s田 es
p
e
c
i
e
sa
t
t
r
a
c
t
i
v
et
ow
i
l
d
l
i
f
e，andbyp
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
n
gs
e
e
d
d
i
s
p
e
r
s
a
la
g
e
n
臼
， p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
l
y合u
g
i
v
o
r
o
u
sb
i
r
d
sa
n
db
a
t
s
.Lo
n
g
t
e
r
mm
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
gi
sn
e
e
d
e
dt
o
a
t
eo
ff
o
問:
s
tr
e
c
o
v
e
r
yo
rd
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n，a
n
dt
h
ee
f
f
e
c
t
so
f
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
eb
o
t
ht
h
et
r
a
j
e
c
t
o
r
y釦 dr
v
i
l
l
a
g
eu
s
e
r
sonf
o
悶 s
tc
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
.
問唱位y
，d
i
s
t
u
r
b
a
n
c
e
s，d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y，r
e
m
n
a
n
tf
o
陀:
s
t，s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e，Th
a
i
l
a
n
d
Keyw
o
r
d
s
:Communityf
o
別 TRODUCTION
Forestcoverinτbailandhasdecreaseds
u
b
s
t
a
n
t
i
a
l
l
yduringthel
a
s
t30yearsdueto
heavycommercialloggingoft
r
e
e
s followedbylarge-scaleconversionofforestlandto
non-forestuses.ForestcoverinTh
ailandhasdecreasedfrom53%in1961to23%泊 1995
(FAO，1999)and 17%by 1999(PRAYURASIDDHIE
TA
L
.，1999)，whichmayhaveresulted
，S
c
h
o
o
lo
fE
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t，R
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s& Development
，Th
eA
s
i
a
nI
ns
t
i
t
u
t
eo
f
I
N
a
t
u
r
a
lR
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
sManagement
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y，P
.
O
.Box4，KlongLuang
，PathumTha
n
i1
2
1
2
0，Tha
i
l
a
n
d
.C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
c
e
:E
.L
.Webb，e
m
a
i
l
:
b@a
i
t
.a
c
.
t
h
;F
a
x
:662
・5
2
4
6
4
31.百l
ea
u
t
h
o
r
sh
a
v
ec
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
de
q
u
a
l
1
yt
ot
h
i
sp
a
p
e
r
.
eweb
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d25J
u
1
y2
0
0
6
;a
c
c
e
p
t
e
d28O
c
t
o
b
e
r2
0
0
6
.
239
240
N
OE
O
W
A
R
DL
.W
EBB
M
o
.E
N
A
M
M
U
LKABIRA
i
ng
r
e
a
t
l
yr
e
d
u
c
e
df
o
r
e
s
tb
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
.I
np
a
r
t
i
c
u
1
訂， t
h
en
o
r
t
h
e
a
s
tr
e
g
i
o
no
fτ
b
a
i
1
a
n
dh部
u
n
d
e
r
g
o
n
ea
l
m
o
s
tt
o
凶 c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
nbetween196
0and1990(WES
百 R& Y
ONGVANIT
，
2
0
0
5
)，
fromp
r
i
m
a
r
i
1
yd
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
sf
o
r
e
s
tc
o
v
e
rt
oa
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
ei
n
t
e
r
s
p
e
r
s
e
dw
i
t
hd
e
g
r
a
d
e
df
o
r
e
s
t
p
a
t
c
h
e
s
.
C
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
no
fb
i
o
1
o
g
i
c
a
ld
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
yi
n百 l
a
i
1
a
n
dr
e
q
u
i
r
e
sn
o
to
n
1
yp
r
o
t
e
c
t
e
d紅 白
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n，
b
u
ta
l
s
oe
f
f
o
r
t
st
or
e
s
t
o
r
eandp
r
e
s
e
r
v
er
e
m
a
i
n
i
n
gf
o
r
e
s
t
so
u
t
s
i
d
ep
r
o
t
e
c
t
e
d
a
r
e
部
(VANDERGEEST
，1
9
9
6
;WITTAYAPAK&DEARDEN
，1
9
9
9
; JOHNSON&FORSYTH，
2
0
0
2
)
.L
o
c
a
l
1
e
v
e
1community-basedf
o
r
e
s
tmanagement(CBFM)i
ss
e
e
na
sonep
o
s
s
i
b
1
e
紺 a
t
e
g
yf
o
rf
o
r
e
s
tc
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
，a
s1
0
c
a
lc
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
sc
a
nc
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
et
oc
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
nu
n
d
e
r
t
h
ea
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
ec
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s，
andwhenc
e
r
t
a
i
n1
e
v
e
1
so
fc
o
n
t
r
o
1釘 ev
e
s
t
e
dt
othem(Os
百 OM
，
1
9
9
0
;百 APA
，1
9
9
8
;WEBB& KHURSHID
，2
0
0
0
;WEBB& GAUTAM
，2
0
0
1
)
.T
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
lo
r
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
l(
i
.e
.，
n
o
ts
t
a
t
e
s
a
n
c
t
i
o
n
e
d
)CBFMi
sw
i
d
e
s
p
r
e
a
dt
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
tA
s
i
a(Asc
田 R
，1995;
PO
開 E
悶 皿GER
，1
9
9
9
)andf
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
dcommu
凶t
yf
o
r
e
s
町 programsa
r
eg
a
i
n
i
n
gp
o
p
u
1
a
r
i
t
y
i
ns
e
v
e
r
a
1 Asianc
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s(
e
.
g
.，FISHER，1
9
8
9
; GLIMOUR
，1
9
9
0
; BARTLETT，1
9
9
2
;
，1
9
9
6
;ARNOLD
，1
9
9
8
;POFFENBERGER
，1
9
9
9
;WITTAYAPAK& DEARDEN
，
VANDERGEEST
1
9
9
9
;CHAUDHARY
，
2
0
0
0
;SATO，2
0
0
0
;WEBB&GAUTAM
，
2
0
0
1
;DELANG，
2
0
0
2
;JOHNSON
& FORSYTH，
2
0
0
2
;VANDERGEEST
，2003).
h官l
a
i
l
a
n
d
，
communitymanagemento
ff
o
r
e
s
t
so
c
c
u
r
so
u
t
s
i
d
ep
r
o
t
e
c
t
e
da
r
e
a
s，
a
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
o
f
t
e
nt
h
ee
f
f
o
r
t
so
fc
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
st
op
r
o
t
e
c
to
rc
1
a
i
mf
o
r
e
s
t
sf
o
rt
h
e
i
ru
s
eh
a
s1
e
dt
o
c
o
n
f
r
o
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
，c
o
n
f
l
i
c
t
，andi
nsomec
a
s
e
sv
i
o
1
e
n
c
e(MATSUMURA
，1
9
9
4
;POFFENBERGER
，
1
9
9
9
;W'
I
π'AYAPAK，2
0
0
2
)
.Moreover
，血e
r
eh
a
sbeenwidep
u
b
l
i
c
i
t
yandc
o
附 o
v
e
r
s
y
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
gt
h
e proposed Thai Community F
o
r
e
s
t
r
yB
i
l
ls
i
n
c
et
h
ee
a
r
1
y 1990s
F
l
司E
NBERGER
，1999)，whichhasbeenunderd
i
s
c
u
s
s
i
o
nandr
e
v
i
s
i
o
nbyas
e
r
i
e
so
f
(PO
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
lg
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
s，y
e
th
a
sf
a
i
1
e
dt
op
a
s
st
h
r
o
u
g
hp
a
r
l
i
創n
en
t
.
I
no
r
d
e
rt
oe
v
a
l
u
a
t
ew
h
e
t
h
e
rCBFMc
組 s
e
r
v
ea
sas
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
tc
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
nt
o
o
1i
n
官l
a
i
l
a
n
d
，
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
sneedt
oi
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
e出ei
m
p
a
c
t
so
fCBFMonf
o
r
e
s
tc
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n佃 d
柑 u
c
ω
r
e
.Givent
h
eh
i
g
hd
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
yo
ff
o
r
e
s
tt
y
p
e
s，
b
i
o
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
y，
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
s，1
a
n
d
s
c
a
p
e
s，and
communitymanagemento
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
si
nTh
a
i
1
a
n
d，出.
emostr
e
l
i
a
b
1
ea
p
p
r
o
a
c
ht
ou
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
CBFM'sp
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
lcon
凶b
u
t
i
o
nt
oc
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
ni
s白roughc
a
s
es
t
u
d
i
e
sands
i
t
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
，
t
h
e
r
eh
a
sbeenv
e
r
yl
i
t
t
1
es
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
ci
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
nont
h
ec
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
.Tod
a
t
e
ands
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
eo
fcommunitymanagedf
o
r
e
s
t
si
n百 a
i
1
a
n
d(
b
u
ts
e
eKI
口'E
WACHAKULEfAL.，
2
0
0
4
)
.
官邸 s
t
u
d
yi
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
e
dt
h
ev
e
g
e
t
a
t
i
o
nc
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
nand紺 u
c
t
u
r
ei
nacommunitymanagedf
o
r
e
s
t泊 N
o
r
t
h
e
a
s
tτ
b
a
i
1
a
n
d
.Kh
okBungP
r
e
u，
ar
e
m
n
a
n
tc
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
e
d
f
o
r
e
s
ti
nNakhonR
a
t
c
h
a
s
i
m
aP
r
o
v
泊c
e
，i
san加 p
o
r
t
a
n
tcompone
凶 o
ft
h
el
i
v
e
1
i
h
o
o
d
so
f
s
e
v
e
r
a
lv
i
l
l
a
g
e
st
h
a
ta
c
c
e
s
sandmanagei
t
.I
ti
saw
e
l
l
p
u
b
l
i
c
i
z
e
df
o
r
e
s
ti
nTh
a
i
l
a
n
db
e
c
a
u
s
e
o
fi
t
sh
i
s
t
o
r
y泊 which出 ev
i
l
l
a
g
e
r
sovercames
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
s
o
m
e
t
i
m
e
sv
i
o
1
e
n
t
b
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
，
andh
a
s甜 ong1
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
pande
釘'
e
c
t
i
v
emanagemen
t
.Th
i
sf
o
r
e
s
ti
sc
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
da“
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
f
u
1
communi
旬f
o
r
e
s
t
"fromas
o
c
i
a
lp
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
，butr
e
q
u
i
r
e
sq
u
a
n
t
i
t
a
t
i
v
e蜘 dyt
oa
s
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
h
eb
i
o
1
o
g
i
c
a
ls
u
c
c
四 so
fcommunityp
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
nandmanagement.
COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF A COMMUNITY-MANAGED DECIDUOUS FOREST
241
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
Khok Bung Preu is a remnant, lowland deciduous forest located in Dan Khuntot
District, Nakhon Ratchas.ima Province, Northeast Thailand (Fig. 1). It is an isolated 560ha forest fragment surrounded mainly by agricultural land and settlements. T he topography
is f lat and at an elevation of 240 m msl. The soil is a well-drained sandy loam. The climate
is tropical seasonal monsoon with a rainy period from June to October and a mean ann ual
rainfall of about 950 mm (Fig. 2). There are three seasons, namely hot and dry from March
to April , rainy from May to October, and dry from November to May. The mean monthly
temperature is 27"C with the mean maximum of 31 ·c in April and minimum of 23 ·c in
December (Fig. 2). During the dry season, temperatures can reach 4o·c or more. The mean
monthly humidity of the study area is 70% . The vegetation is highly susceptible to fire in
the dry season.
N
A
00
200
100
0
1m
200
1~
100
400 Kilometers
Figure I. Study area. Black clot show in g the location of Khok Bung Preu forest in Nakhon Ratchasima Province
in Northeast Thailand .
242
MD. E NA MMU L K AB IR AND EDWARD
50
L.
W EBB
. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - r 3500
--+-- Temperature
u
40
3000
-+-- Rainfall
2500 .-
0
~ 30
2000
:::J
~
Q)
0..
E
E
E
-
1500 ~
c
ro
1000 0:::
20
Q)
I-
10
500
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
Figure 2. Meteorological data (1981 - 2001) from meteorological station number 431201 based in Nakhon
Ratchasima. Source: Meteorologi cal Department of Thailand.
Survey Design
To understand the history of the site and contemporary management patterns, key
informant interviews and opportunistic informal group discussions were held with people
living in the vicinity of the forest. Key informants were purposively selected among elderly
villagers, village leaders, township administrative officials, local forest officials, and members
from the forest management committee. Informal group discussion and key informant
interviews provided us the inf01mation on site history, history of community forest forn1ation ,
forest management practices, and forest resources use.
We investigated the vegetation composition and structure ofKhok Bung Preu community
forest by using a 3-stage random sampling method to establish 31 0.03-ha temporary
sample plots. Using GPS combined with mapping of the existing forest patch from an
orthorectified Landsat ETM+ image (acquisition date February 18, 2002), we established
a temporary transect that bisected the forest in a N-S direction. Subsequently we randomly
selected 31 points along the transect. At each point, we randomly chose a direction (east
or west) by flipping a coin, randomly selected a distance between each point and the edge
of the forest using a random number generator, and then entered that coordinate into the
GPS. After finding the coordinate on the ground, we established the center of each vegetation
plot. In this way, every point in the forest had an equal chance of being selected as a plot
location. The final plot locations are shown in Figure 3.
Vegetation plots were concentric circles of 1, 3, and 10-m radius, totaling 0.01, 0.09,
and 0.97 ha, respectively. In each 1-m plot all woody stems with a diameter at 1.3 m height
(dbh) 2.5 em or with a height less than 1.0 m (referred to as seedlings) were identified
and tallied. In the _3-m plots, aU woody stems with a dbh 2.5-9.9 em (saplings) were
identified, and the dbh and height recorded. In the 10-m plots all trees with dbh 10 em
were identified and measured for dbh and height. In all plots, vines/woody climbers were
COMPOSITION ANDSTRUCTUREOFA COMMUNITY-MANAGEDDECIDUOUS FOREST
2 Kilometers
pd
'EL
-、
免u
n
u
n
し
し
ρv
V
ハU
OH
o
b
ma
00
刊
。
2
4
3
-t
i
lei
l
1
1a
g
巴o
fpa
th1
28出 l
c
lr
ow 50(
a
c
qu
is
i
t
ionc
l
a
l
eFeb
r
u
a
r
y1
8，
2002)s
howi
ng
F
i
g
u
l巴 3.LandsatETM+WRS2
KhokBungPr
euf
o
r
es
t(
pu
r
p
le
)i
nNorrheas
lT
h
a
il
and.Whitep
o
i
n
tsa
r
el
hel
o
c
a
t
i
o
nso
f31r
an
c
lol
l
l
ly
S
巴l
e
ct
e
c
ls
a
l
l
l
p
lep
l
o
ls
.Thr
e
epl
o
l
sa
r
ev
e
r
yc
i
o
s
ei
nt
henonher
n1ll0S
1p
a
r
lo
fI
hef
o
r
e
sl
，andt
wopl
ot
s
1
1o
feachol
hera
nd出 er
epr
e
s
en
t
e
c
lbyas
i
ngl
巴 p
oi
nl
. Y巴1I0wp
oi
nt
s出 et
h
巴 l
ocal
ions
ar
ewi
t
h
i
n501
巴 m山 nl
ls
erandman
agem巴n
lg
r
oupvi
l
l
ag
e
s
.Agr
icu
l
t
u
r
a
ll
a
nc
l
ss
u
r
r
o
u
n
c
lt
h
ew巴s
la
n
c
ls
ou
l
h
o
fl
het
h
r
e
r
a
c
ledb
a
r
r
enl
an
c
lsa
n
c
ls
et
l
lel
l
len
tsa
r
e"
1
0t
hen
o
r
t
h巴as
to
ft
hef
o
r
e
st
.
s
i
c
leofKhok Bung P
r
e
u
;d巴g
244
M
o
.ENAMMULKABIRANOEOWAROL
.WEBB
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
dandt
a
l
l
i
e
d
.T
r
e
ed
i
a
m
e
t
e
r
sw
e
r
em
e
a
s
u
r
e
du
s
i
n
gad
i
a
m
e
t
e
rt
a
p
eandh
e
i
g
h
t
s
werec
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
du
s
i
n
gaSUUNTO
O
lc
l
i
n
o
m
e
t
e
r
.Vouchers
p
e
c
i
m
e
n
sw
e
r
ec
o
l
l
e
c
t
e
dand
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
dbyJ
.F
.Maxwell，a
n
dd
e
p
o
s
i
t
e
d泊 t
h
eh
e
r
b
a
r
i
u
mo
fC
h
i
a
n
gMaiU
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y，
Th
a
i
l
a
n
d
.
，2003，a
f
t
e
rt
h
er
a
i
n
y
Thef
i
e
l
dworkwasc
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
dd
u
r
i
n
gNovembera
n
dDecember
s
e
a
s
o
nandd
u
r
i
n
gt
h
eb
e
g
i
n
n
i
n
go
ft
h
ed
r
ys
e
a
s
o
n
.百l
e
r
e
f
o
r
e，
o
u
rr
e
s
u
l
t
su
n
d
e
r
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
et
h
e
t
o
t
a
ld
e
n
s
i
t
yandd
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
yo
ft
h
eg
r
o
u
n
df
l
o
r
a
.
，wec
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
dt
h
ea
v
e
r
a
g
es
p
e
c
i
e
s
a
r
e
a
Tov
e
r
i
f
yt
h
ea
d
e
q
u
a
c
yo
ft
h
es
a
m
p
l
i
n
ge
f
f
o
r
t
c
u
r
v
e
s(
O
s
τ'ROM，1
9
9
0
)o
f位'
e
e
s，s
a
p
l
i
n
g
s，a
n
ds
e
e
d
l
i
n
g
ss
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
l
y
.Themeanc
u
r
v
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
e
d由a
to
u
rr
e
s
u
l
t
sp
r
o
v
i
d
e
dav
e
r
ygoodp
i
c
t
u
r
eo
ft
h
ec
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
nands
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
t
.
o
ft
h
ef
o
r
e
s
DataA
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
Abundance，b
a
s
a
la
r
e
a
，f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y，andi
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
ev
a
l
u
e
sf
o
rt
r
e
e
sands
a
p
l
i
n
g
so
f
e
a
c
hs
p
e
c
i
e
swerecomputed(Cox
，1
9
9
0
)
.官 l
ei
m
p
o
r
t
佃 c
ev
a
l
u
ei
n
d
e
x(
I
V
I
)i
s白 esumo
f
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
ea
b
u
n
d
a
n
c
e
，r
e
l
a
t
i
v
eb
a
s
a
la
r
e
a
，andr
e
l
a
t
i
v
ef
詑q
u
e
n
c
y
.R
a
r
e
f
a
c
t
i
o
nc
u
r
v
e
sw
e
r
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
e
dt
oe
x
p
r
e
s
st
h
ee
x
p
e
c
t
e
dnumbero
fs
p
e
c
i
e
sfromar
a
n
d
o
m
l
ys
e
l
e
c
t
e
dnumber
o
fi
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
sf
r
o
mt
h
ef
o
r
e
s
t
.P
r
e
s
e
n
c
e
a
b
s
e
n
c
ed
a
t
af
o
rs
e
e
d
l
i
n
g
sa
n
dv
i
n
e
s
/
w
o
o
d
yc
l
i
m
b
e
r
s
w
e
r
ea
n
a
l
y
z
e
dt
ocomputes
p
e
c
i
e
sr
e
l
a
t
i
v
ef
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
i
e
si
nt
h
ef
o
r
e
s
t
.
D
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
yi
n
d
i
c
e
sm
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
lm
e
a
s
u
r
e
so
fs
p
e
c
i
e
sd
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
yi
nacommunityp
r
o
v
i
d
e
di
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
na
b
o
u
tcommunityc
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
nt
a
k
i
n
gt
h
er
e
l
a
t
i
v
ea
b
u
n
d
a
n
c
e
so
f
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
ts
p
e
c
i
e
si
n
t
oa
c
c
o
u
n
t
.T
r
e
eands
a
p
l
i
n
gd
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
i
e
sw
e
r
ed
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
du
s
i
n
gs
p
e
c
i
e
s
r
i
c
h
n
e
s
si
n
d
i
c
e
sNo(
a
b
s
o
l
u
t
er
i
c
h
n
e
s
s
)，
R1(MARGALEF
，1
9
5
8
)，
a
n
dR2(MENH
凹I
C
K
，1
9
6
4
)
.
Wea
l
s
oc
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
dtwow
i
d
e
l
yu
s
e
dm
e
a
s
u
r
e
so
fs
p
e
c
i
e
sd
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
yi
n
d
i
c
e
s，S
i
m
p
s
o
n
'
s
λ
(
S
I
M
P
S
O
N，1
9
4
9
)佃 dS
h
a
n
n
o
n
'sH
'(SHANNON& WEA
VER
，1
9
4
9
)a
sw
e
l
la
stwos
p
e
c
i
e
s
dominance泊d
i
c
e
s，N1(
n
u
m
b
e
ro
fd
o
m
i
n
a
n
ts
p
e
c
i
e
s
)a
n
dN2 (
n
u
m
b
e
ro
fv
e
r
yd
o
m
i
n
a
n
t
s
p
e
c
i
e
s
)[
H
I
L
L
，1
9
7
3
]
.Twoe
v
e
n
n
e
s
si
n
d
i
c
e
s，P
i
e
l
o
u
'
sJo
rE
l(
P
I
E
L
O
U
，1
9
7
5
;1
9
7
7
)and
E
s(
H
I
L
L
，1
9
7
3
)，w
e
r
ea
l
s
oc
o
m
p
u
t
e
d
.TheBASICp
r
o
g
r
創 nS
PDIVERS.BAS(LUDWIG&
REYNOLDS，1
9
8
8
)wasemployedt
oc
o
m
p
u
t
et
h
ei
n
d
i
c
e
su
s
i
n
gs
t
e
m
sha- 1•
Thec
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
nands
甘u
c
t
u
r
eo
fKh
okBungP
r
e
uf
o
r
e
s
twascomparedw
i
t
ho
t
h
e
r
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
ds
t
u
d
i
e
sfromTh
a
i
l
a
n
d
. However
，oned
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
yw
i
t
hc
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
si
st
h
a
t
n
o
m
e
n
c
l
a
t
u
r
ef
o
rf
o
r
e
s
tt
y
p
e
si
nTh
a
i
l
a
n
dd
i
f
f
e
r
samongr
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
.MAx
WELL(
2
0
0
4
)h
a
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
dt
h
ea
m
b
i
g
u
i
t
i
e
so
ff
o
r
e
s
tt
y
p
en
o
m
e
n
c
l
a
t
u
r
ef
o
r百 聞l
a
n
d
，andhes
u
g
g
e
s
t
e
da
s
i
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
dv
e
g
e
t
a
t
i
o
nc
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
nf
o
rt
h
ec
o
u
n
t
r
y
.A
f
t
e
rc
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
gMAXWELL's(
2
0
0
4
)
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
，
weu
s
e
ds
t
u
d
i
e
st
h
a
twew
e
r
ec
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
tt
obes
i
m
i
l
a
rt
ot
h
eKh
okBungP
r
e
u
f
o
r
e
s
t
.
RESULTS
S
i
t
eH
i
s
t
o
r
y
Theo
r
i
g
i
n
a
lT
h
a
iKh
o
r
a
ta
n
dLaos
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
si
nt
h
es
t
u
d
ya
r
e
aw
e
r
er
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
l
y
h
r
o
u
g
hm
i
g
r
a
t
i
o
nf
r
o
mDaNokandDaNaii
nNakhon
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
e
da
r
o
u
n
dt
h
e1
8
3
0
s，t
R
a
t
c
h
a
s
i
m
aP
r
o
v
i
n
c
e
.百 l
ep
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
ni
n2004i
nTambonS
r
aC
h
a
r
o
k
h
e
a(
S
u
b
d
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
)was
COMPOSITIONANDSTRUCTUREOFA COMMUNITY-MANAGEDDECIDUOUSFOREST 2
4
5
2a
/km
ndu
n
e
v
e
n
l
y
5678 (
m
a
l
e
s2816andf
e
m
a
l
e
s2
8
6
2
)w
i
t
had
e
n
s
i
t
yo
f6
7p
e
o
p
l
e
d
i
s
凶b
u
t
e
da
r
o
u
n
dt
h
ef
o
r
e
s
t
.A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
l
y90%o
f出ep
e
o
p
l
el
i
v
i
n
ga
r
o
u
n
dt
h
ef
o
r
e
s
t釘 e
f
a
r
m
e
r
sg
r
o
w
i
n
gr
i
c
e
，c
o
r
n
，c
h
i
l
i
e
s，c
a
s
s
a
v
a
，andr
e
a
r
i
n
ga
n
i
m
a
l
ss
u
c
ha
sc
h
i
c
k
e
n
sa
n
d
c
a
t
t
l
e
.Th
ea
v
e
r
a
g
el
a
n
dh
o
l
d
i
n
go
fe
a
c
hh
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
di
s2.
4
0h
a
.Ol
dh
o
u
s
e
s，t
e
m
p
l
e
s，s
h
o
p
s
ando
t
h
e
r柑 u
c
伽r
e
s泊 t
h
e訂 '
e
a紅 ec
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
e
do
fwood
，w
h
e
r
e
a
snews
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
sa
r
emade
f
r
o
mb
r
i
c
k
sandc
o
n
c
r
e
t
ed
u
et
od
e
p
l
e
t
i
o
no
ft
i
m
b
e
rf
r
o
mt
h
ef
o
r
e
s
t
.
百l
eh
i
s
t
o
r
yo
ft
h
ef
o
r
e
s
t
，a
st
o
l
dbyt
h
ee
l
d
e
r
so
ft
h
ev
i
l
l
a
g
e
s，i
soneo
fc
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
f
o
r
e
s
td
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
nl
e
a
d
i
n
gt
oc
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
v
ea
c
t
i
o
nt
op
r
o
t
e
c
tt
h
erema
泊i
n
gd
e
g
r
a
d
e
df
o
r
e
s
t合om
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
nt
oa
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
.A
s
i
d
ef
r
o
mt
h
ei
m
m
e
d
i
a
t
ec
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
no
ft
h
ei
n
i
t
i
a
l
l
yv
a
s
tand
i
n
t
a
c
tf
o
r
e
s
tt
oa
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
ebyt
h
eo
r
i
g
i
n
a
ls
e
t
t
l
e
r
s，血eh
i
s
t
o
r
i
e
sweh
e
a
r
dwereo
n
l
ya
b
l
e
t
oc
o
n
f
i
r
mt
h
a
tt
h
ef
o
r
e
s
thadc
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
l
ys
h
r
u
n
ks
i
n
c
et
h
eo
r
i
g
i
n
a
ls
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
swere
f
o
u
n
d
e
d
.I
n
t
e
n
s
i
v
eh
a
r
v
e
s
t
泊 go
ff
o
r
e
s
tt
r
e
e
swasp
r
e
v
a
l
e
n
ti
nKh
okBungP
r
e
us
i
n
c
et
h
e
1
9
5
0
s，m
a
i
n
l
yf
o
rp
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
gc
h
a
r
c
o
a
l，r
a
i
l
w
a
ys
l
e
e
p
e
r
s，'
a
n
dwoodf
o
rb
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
si
n由e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
gv
i
l
l
a
g
e
s
.Asp
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
nd
e
n
s
i
t
yi
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
，
t
h
ec
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
no
ff
o
r
e
s
tt
op
e
r
m
a
n
e
n
t
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
ee
s
c
a
l
a
t
e
d
.
百l
ei
d
e
ao
fc
o
n
s
e
r
v
i
n
gt
h
ef
o
r
e
s
ta
r
o
s
ei
nt
h
e1
9
7
0
swhent
h
er
e
m
a
i
n
i
n
gf
o
r
e
s
tc
o
v
e
r
e
d
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
l
y 1520h
a
. Oneo
ft
h
ec
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
o
r
i
e
n
t
e
dv
i
l
l
a
g
eheadmenopposed
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
no
ft
h
i
sf
o
r
e
s
tt
oa
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
l
a
n
d
.Hewasl
a
t
e
ra
s
s
a
s
s
i
n
a
t
e
dbyunknownk
i
l
l
e
r
s
whow
e
r
er
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
l
yh
i
r
e
dbysomeoneo
u
t
s
i
d
et
h
ev
i
l
l
a
g
e
st
oe
n
c
r
o
a
c
hont
h
i
sf
o
r
e
s
tf
o
r
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
lc
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
.A
f
t
e
rt
h
ea
s
s
a
s
s
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
，a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
l
y900hawerec
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
dt
o
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
lf
i
e
l
d
s
.L
o
c
a
lv
i
l
l
a
g
el
e
a
d
e
r
s，r
e
a
l
i
z
i
n
gt
h
ed
a
n
g
e
ro
fd
e
f
o
r
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
，begana
p
r
o
c
e
s
so
fc
o
n
v
i
n
c
i
n
gt
h
eo
t
h
e
rv
i
l
l
a
g
e
r
so
ft
h
ei
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
eo
fs
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
ef
o
r
e
s
tp
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
de
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
e
dt
h
e
m
s
e
l
v
e
sa
sa“
s
e
l
f
d
e
f
e
n
s
ev
i
l
l
a
g
e
"
，
w
h
i
c
hi
n
c
l
u
d
e
db
o
t
ha
c
t
i
v
eP
t
:
O
飽c
t
i
o
n
o
ft
h
ef
o
r
e
s
ta
sw
e
l
la
st
h
ee
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
m
e
n
to
fv
a
r
i
o
u
sc
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
e
ss
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
gf
o
r
e
s
tp
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
I
n1988t
h
evi
1
l
a
g
e
r
sa
g
r
e
e
dt
os
t
o
pc
u
t
t
泊 gt
r
e
e
si
nt
h
ef
o
r
e
s
tf
o
r佃 ypu
甲o
s
e
.I
n1992，
t
h
ec
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
sp
r
o
p
o
s
e
d白紙 t
h
ef
o
r
e
s
tb
er
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
e
da
sacommunityf
o
r
e
s
t泊 出e
CommunityF
o
r
e
s
tO
f
f
i
c
eo
ft
h
eR
o
y
a
lF
o
r
e
s
町 D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
，whichr
e
c
o
伊i
z
e
d血i
sf
o
r
e
s
t
a
sacommunityf
o
r
e
s
tu
n
d
e
rt
h
emanagement阻 dj
u
r
i
s
d
i
c
t
i
o
no
ft
h
el
o
c
a
lc
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
si
n
1
9
9
8
.
F
o
r
e
s
tManagementP
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
S
e
v
e
r
a
lv
i
l
l
a
g
eheadmeni
nc
o
n
s
u
l
t
a
t
i
o
nw
i
t
hv
i
l
l
a
g
e
r
sa
l
o
n
gw
i
t
ht
h
et
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
la
s
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
f
r
o
mp
r
o
v
i
n
c
i
a
lf
o
r
e
s
to
f
f
i
c
i
a
l
sf
o
r
m
e
dt
h
eKh
okBungP
r
e
uF
o
r
e
s
tManagementCommittee，
whichc
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
do
f310membersh
e
a
d
e
dbyap
r
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
.百 r
r
e
ev
i
l
l
a
g
e
s，
namelyBanLung
(moo1
)，
BanNonBoad(moo乃
，a
n
dBanT
r
a
iTong(moo1
2
)o
fTambonS
r
aC
h
a
r
o
k
h
e
a
(
S
u
b
d
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
)，
c
o
n
s
i
s
to
fat
o
t
a
lo
f310h
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
sa
n
dw
e
r
et
h
emainu
s
e
rg
r
o
u
p
so
fKh
ok
BungP
r
e
uf
o
r
e
s
t
.An
yonea
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
ga
n
du
s
i
n
gKh
okBungP
r
e
uf
o
r
e
s
to
u
to
ft
h
o
s
e310
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
swasd
e
s
i
g
n
a
t
e
da
sa
no
u
t
s
i
d
eu
s
e
r
.百l
eh
e
a
do
fe
a
c
hh
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
dfromt
h
e
v
i
l
l
a
g
e
sw儲 byd
e
f
a
u
l
tt
h
emembero
ft
h
eManagementC
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
e
.
τ'
h
eh
e
a
do
f血e
TambonS
r
aC
h
a
r
o
k
h
e
a(
S
u
b
d
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
)wass
e
l
e
c
t
e
da
st
h
ep
r
e
s
i
d
e
n
to
ft
h
eManagement
Committeef
o
rl
i
f
e
.R
u
l
e
sa
n
dr
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
sr
e
l
a
t
e
dt
oa
c
c
e
s
s，u
s
e
，c
a
r
e
，m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
，and
s
a
n
c
t
i
o
n
sw
e
r
ef
o
r
m
e
dbyt
h
eManagementC
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
e
.An
ymembero
ft
h
eManagement
Committeec
a
np
r
o
p
o
s
eac
h
a
n
g
ei
n出er
u
l
e
sa
n
dr
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
sr
e
l
a
t
e
dt
of
o
r
e
s
tm佃 a
g
e
m
e
n
t
，
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
，c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
，andu
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
nd
u
r
i
n
gt
h
eg
e
n
e
r
a
lm
e
e
t
i
n
go
ft
h
eManagement
Committee
，w
i
t
haf
m
a
ld
e
c
i
s
i
o
nmadet
h
r
o
u
g
hav
o
t
e
.A t
e
a
mo
f6
8p
e
r
s
o
n
sv
o
l
u
n
t
a
r
i
l
y
246
Mo.ENAMMULKABIRANDEOWAROL
.WEBB
pa
住o
l
st
h
ef
o
r
e
s
tonad
a
i
l
yb
a
s
i
sd
u
r
i
n
gt
h
e命ys
e
a
s
o
n
，whent
h
e
r
ei
sah
i
g
hr
i
s
ko
ff
o
r
e
s
t
a
t
r
o
l
l
i
n
gi
sn
o
tda
i
1
yb
u
ta
tr
e
g
u
l
a
ri
n
t
e
r
v
a
1
s
.Th
e
f
r
r
e
.D
u
r
i
n
gt
h
er
e
m
a
i
n
i
n
gmonths，p
p
e
r
s
o
n
sd
e
s
i
g
n
a
t
e
df
o
rp
a
t
r
o
l
l
泊gw
ereg
i
v
e
nt
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l位a
i
n
i
n
g泊 f
o
r
e
s
tpa
住o
l
l
i
n
gandon
白eu
s
eo
ff
r
r
e
a
r
m
sbyt
h
ep
r
o
v
i
n
c
i
a
1f
o
r
e
s
to
f
f
i
c
e
.L
a
t
e
re
a
c
ht
r
a
i
n
e
dp
e
r
s
o
nwasg
i
v
e
na
a
1g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
.A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
l
y1
0
0v
o
l
u
n
t
e
e
r
s(
1
o
c
a
1
1
yc
a
1
1
e
d
l
i
c
e
n
s
e
df
r
r
e
a
r
mbyt
h
el
o
c
l
o
s
o
a
t
o
h
p
o
)amongt
h
emainu
s
e
rg
r
o
u
p
sa
1
s
oh
a
v
eb
e
e
nt
r
a
i
n
e
dbyt
h
ep
r
o
v
i
n
c
i
a
lf
o
r
e
s
t
o
f
f
i
c
et
oa
s
s
i
s
tt
h
eManagementCommitteei
nf
o
r
e
s
tp
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
na
n
dc
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
na
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
.
T
r
a
i
n
e
dv
o
l
u
n
t
e
e
r
s紅 es
u
p
p
o
s
e
dt
op
r
o
v
i
d
es
i
m
i
1
a
rt
r
a
i
n
i
n
g泊 f
o
r
e
s
tp
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
nand
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
nt
oo
t
h
e
rcommunity members i
nc
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
nw
i
t
ht
h
eRoyalF
o
r
e
s
t
Dep
釘 t
men
t
.
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
1r
u
l
e
sgovem血eu
s
eo
ft
h
eKh
okBungP
r
e
uf
o
r
e
s
tbyb
o
t
ht
h
emaina
n
d
o
u
t
s
i
d
eu
s
e
rg
r
o
u
p
s
.Asas
t
a
n
d
a
r
dr
u
l
e，c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
no
faw
i
d
ev
a
r
i
e
t
yo
fn
o
n
t
i
m
b
e
rf
o
r
e
s
t
1
10wedf
o
rb
o
t
hc
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
na
n
ds
a
1
ebymemberso
ft
h
emainu
s
e
rg
r
o
u
p
s
.
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
si
sa
O
u
t
s
i
d
eu
s
e
rg
r
o
u
p
sa
r
eo
n
l
ya
1
10wedt
oh
a
r
v
e
s
tc
e
r
t
a
i
nn
o
n
t
i
m
b
e
rf
o
r
e
s
tp
r
o
d
u
c
t
sf
o
r
中o
s
e
s
，and釘 '
ef
o
r
b
i
d
d
e
nt
oc
a
r
可紅白c
u
t
t
i
n
ge
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t凶 ot
h
ef
o
r
e
s
t
.Th
e
s
u
b
s
i
s
t
e
n
c
epu
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
1r
u
l
e
sp
r
o
h
i
b
i
te
n
c
r
o
a
c
h
i
n
gonf
o
r
e
s
tl
a
n
d
，
i
l
l
i
c
i
t
l
yc
u
t
t
泊 gf
o
r
e
s
tt
r
e
e
s，
making
c
h
a
r
c
o
a
l
，c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
n
gt
i
m
b
e
rf
o
rc
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
lp
u
r
p
o
s
e
s，s
e
t
t
i
n
gf
r
r
e
s，g
r
沼 恒go
rb
r
o
w
s
i
n
g
u
n
t
i
n
gw
i
l
d
l
i
f
e
. A monet
釘 yf
i
n
efrom 500t
o1
0，
000Bahtupont
h
e
c
a
t
t
l
e，andh
recommendation企'
o
mt
h
eManagementCommitteei
sc
h
a
r
g
e
dt
oa
n
yf
i
r
s
t
t
i
m
e0
百e
n
d
e
r
，
makesc
h
a
r
c
o
a
l
，
c
a
r
r
i
e
s回 ec
u
t
t
i
n
ge
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
to
rh
u
n
t
swi
1
d
l
i
f
e
.A 2，
000
whof
e
l
l
st
i
m
b
e
r
t
o1
0
，
000Bahtfmei
sc
h
a
r
g
e
dt
oa
n
yf
i
r
s
t
t
加 eo
f
f
e
n
d
e
rwhoe
n
c
r
o
a
c
h
e
sf
o
r
e
s
tl
a
n
d
sf
o
r
a
1o
rcommerci
a
1u
s
e
，g
r
但 e
sc
a
t
t
l
e
，o
rs
t
紅t
sf
r
r
e
s
.S
e
c
o
n
d
t
i
m
e0
百e
n
d
e
r
sa
r
et
obe
p
e
r
s
o
n
t
a
k
e
nt
oco
町t
f
o
rt
h
ea
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
1punishmenta
l
o
n
gw
i
t
ht
h
efmei
s
s
u
e
dbyt
h
eManagement
C
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
e
.
F
o
r
e
s
tR
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
sUse
A widev紅 i
e
t
yo
fn
o
n
t
i
m
b
e
rf
o
r
e
s
tp
r
o
d
u
c
t
sw
e
r
eh
a
r
v
e
s
t
e
donar
e
g
u
1
a
rb
a
s
i
s合om
Kh
okBungP
r
e
ucommunityf
o
r
e
s
tbybo
血m
aina
n
do
u
t
s
i
d
eu
s
e
rg
r
o
u
p
s
.Twov
a
r
i
e
t
i
e
s
l
o
c
a
1
1
yc
a
1
1
e
dh
e
tl
a
n
g
o
oa
n
dh
e
tk
h
u
n，wereh
a
r
v
e
s
t
e
dp
r
i
m
a
r
i
l
yf
o
rs
a
1
e
o
fmushrooms，
ぽ g
r
o
u
p
s
.T
e
n
d
e
rl
e
a
v
e
so
f“
'
p
h
a
kwan"(
M
e
l
i
e
n
t
h
as
u
a
v
i
sP
i
e
r
r
es
s
p
.s
u
a
v
i
s
byt
h
emainu
s
[
O
p
i
1
i
a
c
e
a
e
]
)，
werem
a
i
n
l
yh
a
r
v
e
s
t
e
df
o
rs
e
l
f
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
nw
i
t
hnor
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
i
o
non出eq
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
h紅 v
e
s
t
e
d阻 dc
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
np
a
t
t
e
m
.An
te
g
g
swereh
a
r
v
e
s
t
e
dbyt
h
emainu
s
e
rg
r
o
u
p
s
m
a
i
n
l
yf
o
rs
e
l
l
i
n
ga
sf
o
o
da
n
da
sf
i
s
h
i
n
gb
a
i
t
.Wi
1
d企u
i
t
so
ft
o
nkhop(
F
l
a
c
o
u
r
t
i
ai
n
d
i
c
a
a
k
h
r
a
o(
S
c
h
l
e
i
c
h
e
r
ao
l
e
o
s
a(
L
o
u
r
.
)Oken)，somkung(A
m
p
e
l
o
c
i
s
s
u
sm
a
r
t
i
n
iP
l
よ
Meηよ t
nomwua(
F
i
s
s
i
s
t
i
g
m
al
a
t
i
f
o
l
i
u
mMerr
ふ kuyetao(
P
u
e
r
a
r
i
at
h
o
m
s
o
n
i
iB
e
n
t
h
よ andt
i
n
g
ωng(
G
e
t
o
n
i
a
f
l
o
r
i
b
u
n
d
aR
o
x
b
.
)w
e
r
ec
o
l
l
e
c
t
e
dbyt
h
emainu
s
e
rg
r
o
u
p
sm
a
i
n
l
yf
o
rs
e
l
l
i
n
g，
w
i
t
hnor
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
i
o
nonq
u
a
n
t
i
t
yh
a
r
v
e
s
t
e
da
n
ds
a
1
e
.A l
o
c
a
1v
e
g
e
t
a
b
l
ec
a
l
l
e
dphaksams
i
p
(
A
s
p
a
r
a
g
u
sr
a
c
e
m
o
s
u
sWi
1
1
d
)wascommo
n
1
yh
a
r
v
e
s
t
e
df
o
rc
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
.Makhampoam
(
P
h
y
l
l
a
n
t
h
u
se
m
b
l
i
c
aLよnoot
a
i
y
a
n
g(C
l
i
.
ωr
i
ah
a
n
c
e
a
n
aHems
1
.
)
，h
a
t
加
， k
hun(Micromelum
minutum(
0
.F
o
r
s
t
.
)Wight& Amよ a
n
dk
h
a
tkhao(
R
a
n
d
i
ah
o
r
r
i
d
aRoem.& S
c
h
u
l
t
.
)were
血.
em
a
j
o
rh
e
r
b
sh
a
r
v
e
s
t
e
dbymostp
e
o
p
l
ef
o
rm
e
d
i
c
i
n
a
1u
s
e
.Toadsandf
r
o
g
s，l
i
z
a
r
d
s，
r
a
b
b
i
t
s
，
wi
1
dc
h
i
c
k
e
n
s
，
b
i
r
d
s，
s
q
u
i
π
'
e
l
s，
a
n
dbamboos
h
o
o
t
swereh
a
r
v
e
s
t
e
dm
a
i
n
l
yf
o
rf
o
o
d
.
Yana
，aclimber，w部 usedt
omaker
o
p
ef
o
rr
o
o
f
m
g
.
I
na
d
d
i
t
i
o
nt
on
o
n
t
i
m
b
e
rf
o
r
e
s
tp
r
o
d
u
c
t
s，t
h
e
r
ew
e
r
es
e
v
e
r
a
1o
t
h
e
rp
r
o
d
u
c
t
s白 紙 c
o
u
l
d
beh
a
r
v
e
s
t
e
du
n
d
e
r印 刷i
nr
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
i
o
n
ss
u
c
ha
st
i
m
b
e
r
，f
i
r
e
w
o
o
d
，andhoney，f
o
rwhich
COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF A COMMUNITY-MANAGED DECIDUOUS FOREST
247
outside user groups had no access. Harvest of timber without permission was also banned
for the main user groups. With approval from the Management Committee, timber could
be harvested during stressful periods due to natural disasters such as fire and storms or for
building and/or renovating public buildings such as the school, temple or community
center. Fuel wood could be collected only for household use. Honey could only be harvested
without causing any damage to the vegetation of the forest. The only non-consumptive use
of the forest was utilization of a place in the forest called the ' house of spirits', locally
"san chao", which vil lagers would occas ionally visit to pray.
Species Composition and Diversity
A total of 97 species in 48 families were recorded: 39 species in 23 families were
trees, 31 species in 21 families were saplings, 48 species in 30 families were seedlings, and
10 species in 8 families were vines and woody climbers (Table 1). Families with the most
species were Leguminosae, Papilionoideae (8), Rubiaceae (7); Leguminosae,
Caesalpinioideae (6), and Gramineae (5). Approximately 23% of the total number of families
(11/48) had more than 3 species and the remaining 77 % of families (37 /48) had only 1 to
2 species each. Approximately 26% of tree species were represented by 1 individual
ha- 1 and 39% of the sapling species were represented 11 individuals ha- 1 (Figure 4).
Sindora siamensis var. siamensis, Xylia xylocarpa var. ke rrii , Erythrophloeum
succirubrum, and Bauhinia saccoca/yx were the 4 most common species in this forest,
accounting for 92% of the stems 2.5 em dbh. Shorea siamensis var. siamensis and
Dipterocarpus gracilis represented the only 2 species of Dipterocarpaceae. The tree
community was dominated by X. xy/ocarpa var. kerrii and Sindora siamensis var. siamensis.
The sapling community was dominated by Sindora siamensis var. siamensis, B. saccocalyx,
and E. succirubrum (Table I).
30
25
Q)
tl
c 20
ro
c
::l
.a 15
ro
-Trees
--o- Saplings
TI
Q)
>
w 10
Qi
0::
5
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Species rank
Figu re 4. Spec ies-rank plots of trees and sapl ings of Khok Bung Preu forest in Northeast Thai land. Total area
sampled for trees 0.97 ha and for sap lings 0.09 ha.
F
a
m
i
l
y
H
a
b
i
t
T悶
A
A
S
e
e
d
l
i
n
g
s
BA l
V
l NPRF
V
i
n
e
/W
o
o
d
yc
1
i
m
b
e
r
A
RF NPRF
2
.
0
6 3
.
4
1
.
0
3 1
.
7
5
.
3
5
.
3
1
.0
30
.
0
2 1
.3
.
0
1 1
11 6
.
2
1
.0
30
.
1 3
3.
3
3 0.
・内
∞0.59 37.5
2
0
0
.
nunUAU
司
t
，
司
，
-7
-
﹃
2
.
0
6O
.
ω
'A 勾4 0ツ a
u
1
.
0
30
.
0
1
4
.
12 0
.
18
1
0.
310
.
11
2
2
.
2
2 0
.
0
4 5
.
1
7
.
2
2 0
.
14 6
.
9
1
.
0
30
.
0
1 1
.
1
1
1
.
11 0
.
0
3 2
.
9
.
8
3.ω0.04 2
2
.
4 5
5
.
5
6 0
1
3
.
4
00
.
16 1
.
18 1
1
.8
0
.
7
1
.2
.
3
.
0
90
.
0
5 3
0 4
4
.
4
4 0
.
18 1
.
0
3 2
8 5
.
2
3
.
0
90
.
16 4
.
1
11
Il
l
1-1
1
1
.
2
5 1
0
.
7
5
5.
56 0
nununu
•
4
.
12 0
.
0
6 2
.
7
1
.
3
司
'
'
司
，
，
司
，
，
-
.
0
1
1
.
0
30
2
0
.
0
5 3.
3
o
.
ω 2.
5
9
.
2
80
.
12 7
.
9
3
8.
14 0.
4
7 2
8
.
2 1
33 0
.
3
72
5.
4
3
3.
6 4
.
0
窓口・閏Z﹀冨玄CF関﹀国岡田﹀Zロ関口当﹀同U F・4宅開園田
0
.
7
・'
・O
・
'l
7・ 3
L
e
g
u
m
i
n
o
s
a
e
，
M
i
m
o
s
o
i
d
e
a
e
A戸 c
y
n
a
ω
a
e
帥
A
l
a
n
g
i
a
c
L
e
g
u
m
i
n
o
s
a
e
，
Mimωoid
伺e
V
i
胞c
e
a
e
E
u
p
h
o
r
b
i
a
関節
E
u
p
h
o
r
b
i
a
c
e
a
e
M
e
l
i
a
c
e
a
e
，
C
a
e
s
a
l
p
i
n
i
o
i
d
e
a
e
L
e
g
u
m
i
n
o
s
a
e
B
o
m
b
a
c
a
c
e
a
e
面
白s
a
e
，C
a
e
s
a
l
p
i
n
i
o
i
d
e
a
e
L
e
gum
，
P
a
p
出o
n
o
i
d
蹴
L
e
g
u
m
i
n
o
s
a
e
B
u
r
s
e
r
a
c
e
a
e
L
e
c
帥i
d
a
c
e
a
e
伺e
.
，
C
a
e
s
a
l
p
i
n
i
o
i
d
e
a
e
L
e
g
u
m
i
n
o
R
u
b
i
a
c
e
a
e
V
i
t
a
c
e
a
e
G
u
t
t
i
f
e
r
a
e
L
e
g
u
m
i
n
o
s
a
e
，P
a
p
i
1
i
o
n
o
i
d
e
a
e
C
o
m
m
e
l
i
n
a
c
e
a
e
L
e
g
u
m
i
n
o
s
a
e
，
P
a
p
i
1
i
o
n
o
i
d
e
a
e
G
r
a
m
i
n
e
a
e
E
b
e
n
a
c
e
a
e
E
b
e
n
a
c
e
温E
E
b
e
n
a
c
e
a
e
組曲a
閃a
e
Ac
O
i
p
t
e
r
o
c
a
r
p
a
c
e
a
e
C
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
a
e
C
o
n
n
a
r
a
c
e
a
e
C
a
e
s
a
l
p
i
n
i
o
i
d
e
a
e
L
e
g
u
m
i
n
o
s
a
e，
C
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
a
e
舵vTTHTTTTTHHTTTTHTHHTHTTTHTHTTH
A
c
a
c
i
ac
s
e
s
i
aι)W
i
l
l
d
.v
a
r
.s
u
b
n
u
d
a(
C
r
a
i
b
)N
i
e
l
s
.
A
g
a
n
o
s
m
a刷 r
g
i
n
a
ωG.Oon
醐
， s
a
l
v
i
i
f
o
l
i
u
m(
1
.
f
.
)W
a
n
g
.s
s
p
.h
e
x
a
p
e
t
a
l
u
m(
L
m
k
.
)W
a
n
g
.
A
l
a
n
g
i
A
l
b
i
z
i
ao
d
o
r
a
t
a
s
s
i
m
a(
1
.
f
.
)B血.
A
m
p
e
l
o
c
i
s
s
u
s脚 r
t
i
n
iP.
l
A
n
t
i
d
e
s
m
ag
h
a
e
s
e
m
b
i
l
l
aG
a
e
r
t
n
.
A
p
o
r
u
s
ao
c
t
a
n
d
r
a(
H
a
m
.e
xO
.O
o
n
)V
i
c
k
.v
a
r
.o
c
t
a
n
d
r
a
A
z
a
d
i
r
a
c
h
t
ai
n
d
i
c
aA
.J
u
s
s
.
B
a
u
h
i
n
i
as
a
c
c
o
c
a
l
y
xP
i
e
r
r
e
i
e
r
r
ev
a
r
.a
n
c
e
p
s
B
o
m
b
a
xa
n
c
e
p
sP
C
a
e
s
a
l
p
i
n
i
ad
，
砂naRo
凶.
C勾'
a
n
凶 s
c
a
r
a
b
a
e
o
i
d
e
s(
1
.
)百10U.v
a
r
.s
c
a
r
a
b
a
e
o
i
d
e
s
，
聞 r
i
u
ms
u
b
u
l
a
t
u
mG
u
i
l
l
.
Ca
C
a
r
e
y
aa
r
b
o
r
e
aR
o
x
b
.
C
a
s
s
i
af
i
s
t
u
l
aL
.
Ca
印 刷r
e
g
a
mω'
m
e
n
t
o
s
a(
B
.
le
xO
C
.
)T
i
r
v
.
C
i
s
s
u
sr
e
p
e
n
sL
m
k
.
C
r
a
t
o
x
y
l
u
mt
h
o
r
e
l
i
iP
i
e
r
r
ee
xG
a
g
n
e
p
.
.
l&P
e
π
.
C
r
o
t
a
l
a
r
i
ag
o
r
e
e
n
s
i
sG
u
i
l
C
y
a
n
o
t
i
sc
r
i
s
t
a
t
aι
.
)
0
.Do
n
D
a
l
b
e
r
g
i
am
e
r
i
c
a
nG
r
a
h
a
me
xB白.
D
i
g
i
t
a
r
i
as
e
t
i
g
e
r
aRo
血e
xR
o
e
m
.&S
c
h
u
l
.
t
D
i
o
s
p
y
r
o
sb
e
j
a
u
d
i
iL
e
c
.
D
i
o
s
p
y
r
o
sm
o
l
l
i
sG
r
i
丘
D
i
o
s
p
y
r
o
sm
e
r
i
c
aR
o
x
b
.
D
i
p
t
e
r
a
c
a
n
t
h
u
sr
e
p
e
n
s(
L
.
)Hぉs
k
.
D伊'
t
e
r
o
c
a
r
p
u
sg
r
a
c
i
l
i
sB.
l
E
l
e
p
h
a
n
t
o
p
u
ss
c
a
b
e
rL
.s
s
p
.s
c
a
b
e
rv
a
r
.s
c
a
b
e
r
u
r
zv
a
r
.
ωm
e
n
ωs
u
s
E
l
l
i
p
a
n
t
h
u
st
o
m
e
n
t
o
s
u
sK
E
r
y
t
h
r
o
p
h
l
o
e
u
ms
u
c
c
i
r
u
b
r
u
mG
a
g
n
e
p
.
E
u
p
a
t
o
r
i
u
mo
d
o
r
a
t
u
mL
.
S
a
p
l
i
n
g
s
S
BA l
V
1
∞
S
戸c
i
凶
MhF
T
a
b
l
e1
.L
i
s
to
fs
p
e
c
i
e
sf
o
u
n
di
nKh
okBungPre
uF
o
r
e
s
ti
nN
o
r
t
h
e
a
s
t百 a
i
l
a
n
d
.Herb但
)
，S
駐日b(
S
)，T
r
e
e(
T
)，V
i
n
e(
V
)，Woodyc
l
i
m
b
e
r(WC
)
.A，a
b
u
n
d
a
n
c
e(
h
a
-I); BA
，
2h
b
a
s
a
la
r
e
a(m
a
-I); IVI，i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
ev
a
l
u
ei
n
d
e
x
;NPi
s血巴 numbero
fp
l
o
t
(
s
)i
nw
h
i
c
ht
h
es
p
e
c
i
e
swぉ f
o
u
n
d
;RF，r
e
l
a
t
i
v
ef
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
.
S
p
e
c
i
e
s
F
a
m
i
l
y
H
a
b
i
t
T
r
e
e
s
S
a
p
l
i
n
g
s
A
S
e
e
d
l
i
n
g
s
V
i
n
e/W
o
o
d
yc
l
i
m
b
e
r
BA I
V
I NP RF
A
RF NPRF
0
.
7
2 1
.3
nununυ
勾
'
'
司
，
，
円
，
，
-
1
.
0
30
.
0
1 1
.
1
1
.
0
30
.
0
4 1
6
.
5
.
3
8
8
.
8
9 0.
13 1
4
.
1
4 2
.
6
5 3
.
3
.
2
5 1
3
.0
90
.
0
3 3
7
.7
8 0
5
.
0
.
5 7
1ω0.03 2
.
7
4
60
.
2
3 1
4.
1 3
.
12 9
.
1
1
5.
33 0
3.
0
.
7
2 1
.3
2
2
.
2
2 0
.
0
9 4
.
9
5 3
.
3
0
.
7
司'
n
H
v
r
n
v '
r
n
u
内
，
勾
dnHU
d O 来U
••.
d
・
ZJo'' 1
、
司
5
.
3
Mhp
1
.
0
3 1
.7
0
.
0
1 2
.
2
。
-
l
l
•
、
句、
，
2
.
0
60
.
0
2 1
.
0
3 4
.
6 2
2
.
2
2 0
.
8
nu
44aaマAU 4，
弓
0
.
0
5 3
.
3
0
.
0
1 2
.
2
・
5
.
15 0
.
10 5
.
1
11
.
0
1 1
1
.
0
3 0
.
1
.
12 5
8
.
2
50
.
6
•••••
弓
2
.
2
2 0
.
0
5 3
2
.
0
60
.8 2
.
0
3 1
.
9
37' laa--a
.
0
1 2
1
1
.
11 0
.
3
7
7.
78 0
.
11 1
3
.
0
i
m
c
q﹃CMN開 。 明 ﹀ AUO宮室CZHIHad?玄 ﹀Z﹀。開U U問。問。coc臼司o
m開印、﹃
1
.0
3 1
7
.
.
8
9 5
3 2
.
0
Il
l
1-1
HHTTTSH舵SHTHHTTTSTHTTTHTTTTTTHHTVT
E
v
o
l
v
u
/
u
sa
l
s
i
n
o
i
d
e
s(
1
.
)v
a
r
.d
e
c
u
m
b
e
n
s(
R
.B
r
.
)O
o
s
l
.
F
i
m
b
r
i
s
t
y
l
i
ss
m
i
t
i
n
a
n
d
i
iT
.K
o
y
.
G
a
r
d
e
n
i
as
o
o
t
e
p
e
n
s
i
sH
u
t
c
h
.
G
m
e
l
i
n
aa
r
b
o
r
e
aR
o
x
b
.
G
r
e
w
i
ae
r
i
o
c
a
r
p
aA
.J
u
s
s
.
G
r
e
w
i
am
e
r
i
c
aV油l
H
a
p
a
l
，
初eb
e
n
t
a
h
m
i
a
n
aS
c
h
o
t
t
H
a
r
r
i
s
o
n
i
am
e
r
i
c
a
n
a(
B
l
a
n
c
o
)Me
町.
H
e
l
i
c
t
e
r
e
sl
a
n
a
t
a(
T
e
i
j
s
m
.&B
i
n
n
.
)K
u
r
z
H
e
t
e
r
o
p
o
g
o
nc
o
n
t
o
r
ωs(
L
.
)P
.B
e
a
u
v
.e
xR
o
e
m
.&S
c
h
u
l
l
.
H
y
m
e
n
o
d
i
c
t
y
o
no
r
i
x
e
n
s
e(
R
o
x
b
.
)M
a
b
b
.
H
y
p
s
e
r
p
an
i
t
i
d
aM
i
e
r
s
K
a
e
m
p
f
e
r
i
as
i
a
m
e
n
s
i
sS
i
r
i
L
a
g
e
r
s
t
r
o
e
m
i
ac
o
c
h
i
n
c
h
i
n
e
n
s
i
sP
i
e
r
r
ee
xG
a
g
n
e
p
.
L
a
g
e
r
s
t
r
o
e
m
i
aj
1
0
r
i
b
u
n
d
aJ
a
c
k
.v
釘 .b
r
e
v
i
f
o
l
i
aC
r
a
i
b
μ'
n
n
e
ac
o
r
o
m
a
n
d
e
l
i
c
a(
H
o
u
t
t
.
)M
e
r
r
.
L
e
e
aa
e
q
u
a
t
aL
.
L
i
m
o
n
i
aa
c
i
d
i
s
s
i
m
oL
.
L
i
n
d
e
r
n
i
am
e
r
i
c
a
n
a(
L
.
)F
.M
u
e
l
l
.v
紅 .m
e
r
i
c
a
n
a
r
.
)C
.
B
.R
o
b
.v
訂 .g
l
u
t
i
n
o
s
a
L
i
t
s
e
ag
l
u
t
i
n
o
s
a(Lou
M
a
r
k
h
a
m
i
am
e
r
i
c
a
n
aS
e
e
m
.e
xK
.S
c
h
u
m
.v
訂 .s
t
i
p
u
l
a
ω
M
e
m
e
c
y
l
o
ns
c
u
t
e
l
l
a
t
u
m(Lou
r
.
)N
a
u
d
.
M
e
r
r
e
m
i
am
e
r
i
c
a
n
a(
L
.
)H
a
l
.
lF
.民p
.o
r
i
e
n
t
a
l
i
s(
H
a
l
.
lF
.
)O
o
s
l
.
M
i
c
r
o
c
o
sp
a
n
i
c
u
l
a
t
aL
.
M
i
c
r
o
m
e
l
u
mm
i
n
u
t
u
mσ
'
o
r
s
.
tf
.
)W
i
g
h
t&Am.
M
i
n
凶a
'v
e
l
u
t
i
n
a(
D
u
n
.
)H
k
.F
.&百1.
M
i
l
l
e
t
t
i
ax
y
l
o
c
a
r
p
aM
i
q
.
M
i
t
r
a
g
y
n
ar
o
t
u
n
d
i
f
o
l
i
a(
R
o
x
b
.
)O
.K
.
M
o
r
i
n
d
ac
o
r
e
i
aH畑 .
M
u
r
d
a
n
n
i
an
u
d
i
f
1
0
r
a(
L
.
)B
r
e
n
.
M
u
r
d
a
n
n
i
as
p
e
c
t
a
b
i
l
i
s(Ku
r
z
)F
a
d
.
加ai
n
t
e
g
e
r
r
i
m
o(Lo肌)M
e
r
r
.
O
c
P
a
c
h
y
g
o
n
ed
a
s
y
c
a
r
p
aK
u
r
z
e
n
t
o
s
aR
o
x
b
.e
xS
m
.v
a
r
.
ωm
e
n
ω'
s
a
P
a
v
e
t
t
aωm
BA I
V
I
・
同
。。玄明。切口同OZ ﹀ZU 臼
A
F
細川]
y
Ha
b
i
t
T悶
A
A
BA I
V
I NPRF
V
i
n
e
/W
o
o
d
yc
l
i
m
b
e
r
A
RF NPRF
3 2
.
0
6
6
.
6
7 0
.
16 1
3
.
5
-
l
l
•
3
.
0
90
.
5
.
0
8 3
1
.3
0
.
7
3
.
9
0
.
0
1 2
.
2
1
.
0
3 1
.
7
5
.
3
1
.
0
3 1
.7
5
.
3
.
6
0
.
0
2 2
.
2
8 5
2
.
2
2 0
.
0
2
3.
710
.
4
4 1
.
12 7
7.
7 2
6 3
.
9
7
7
.
7
81
9
0
.
7
21
.3
1 5
8
.
0 3
.
15 6
3.
4
5
.
15 0
.
14 5
.
0
1
l
•
1
1
.1
1 0
.
0
1 2
.
4
.
0
3 2
1
1
.
11 0
.
7
同
.
0
1
1
.
0
30
4
5 U F・者包囲
3 2
.
0
.
6
4 2
3
.
3
3 0
.
0
4 2
.
6 3
.
0
4 4
2
.
0
60
.
5
2 1
.3
5 3
.
3
0AM 内
，--nHvnHV
u
w伺
a
a
.，n
'
'
勾
，
，
8
.
2
5 1
5
.
9
3
.
6 31
••..
6
0
.
8
2
守' 1 A
1
5
5
5
.
5
64
.
2
9
A
側.
3
56
.
0
5
3
・
A 弓d
w
u，・
ω
ω
L1
川刑
川訓
0
.
7
。
1
日411
3
.
0
90
.
0
6 3
.
9 1
1
.
11 0
.
0
1 2
.
4
0
.
4 3
.
0
6 7
8
3
.5
11
.
4
4 6
.
6
3.
33 0
宮口・開 Z﹀玄玄巴F 同協同開﹀ZU関
口
3au 守
内，，“内4J
•••
1
1
1
1
d
.
0
6
5
.
15 0
.
0
2
2
.
0
60
3
.
ω 0.03
4
・'
弓 1
o
1
.
0
30
.
0
1 1
.
1
1
1
.3
40
.
15 7
.
6
‘
勾
4
8
BA I
V
I
S
e
e
d
l
i
n
g
s
。。勾
To
凶:
9
7
，
F﹂ FLPU
G
r
a
m
i
n
e
a
e
E
u
p
h
o
r
b
i
a
c
e
a
e
A
n
n
o
n
a
c
e
a
e
A
n
n
o
n
a
c
e
a
e
P
o
r
t
u
l
a
c
a
ω
a
e
L
e
g
u
m
i
n
o
蜘， P
a
p
i
l
i
o
n
o
i
d
e
a
e
A
r
a
c
e
a
e
R
u
b
i
a
c
e
a
e
S
a
p
i
n
d
a
悶 E
L
e
g
u
m
i
n
o
s
a
e
，
C
a
e
s
a
l
p
i
n
i
o
i
d
e
a
e
G
r
a
n
由e
a
e
D
i
p
胞r
o
c
a
r
p
a
c
e
a
e
M
a
l
v
a
c
e
a
e
Le伊凶n
o
s
飽，白e
s
叫.
p
i
n
i
o
泌総
A
n
a
c
a
r
d
i
脱却
S
t
e
m
o
n
a
c
e
a
e
A
s
c
l
e
p
i
a
d
a
c
e
a
e
L
o
g
a
n
i
a
c
e
a
e
E
u
p
h
o
r
b
i
a
c
e
a
e
L
e
gum
泊o
s
鶴， P
a
p
i
l
i
o
n
o
i
d
e
a
e
Comb
児 観 閲a
e
Le伊凶n
o
s
a
e，
P
a
p
i
l
i
o
n
o
i
d
e
a
e
G百凶E伺 E
A
n
n
o
n
a
c
e
a
e
G
r
a
m
i
n
e
a
e
，
B
a
m
b
u
s
o
i
d
e
a
e
伽c
u
l
i
a
c
伺B
S
A
p
o
c
y
n
a
c
e
a
e
Le
g
u
m
i
n
o
s
a
e
，
M
i
m
o
s
o
i
d
e
a
e
Rh
a
m
n
前e
a
e
Rhamn
a
c
e
a
e
Rh
a
m
n
a
c
e
a
e
L
e
g
u
m
i
n
o
s
a
e，
P
a
p
i
l
i
o
n
o
i
d
e
a
e
HTTTHTVTTTHTSTTVHTTHTHHWHSTTWWWH
P
e
r
o
t
i
si
n
d
i
c
aι)O.K.
P
h
y
l
l
a
n
t
h
u
se
m
b
/
i
c
aL
.
P
o
l
y
a
l
t
h
i
ac
e
r
a
s
o
i
d
e
s(
R
o
x
b
.
)B曲.e
xB
e
d
d
.
P
o
l
y
a
l
t
h
i
ae
v
e
c
旬(Pi
e
r
r
e
)F
i
n
.& G
a
g
n
e
p
.
P
o
r
ωl
a
c
ap
i
l
o
s
aL
.
P
t
e
r
o
c
a
r
p
u
sm
a
c
r
o
c
a
r
p
u
sK
u
r
z
.
R
h
a
p
i
d
o
p
h
o
r
ap
e
e
p
l
a(
R
o
x
b
.
)S
c
h
o
t
t
R
o
t
肋
，ωn
n
i
aw
i
t
t
i
i(
C
r
a
i
b
.
)B
r
e
m
.
S
c
h
l
e
i
c
h
e
r
ao
l
e
o
s
a(
L
o
u
r
.
)O
k
e
n
S
e
n
n
ag
a
r
r
e
t
t
i
a
n
a(
C
r
a
i
b
)
S
e
t
a
r
i
ap
a
r
v
i
f
l
o
r
a(
p
o
i
r
.
)K
e
r
g
.
S
h
o
r
e
as
i
a
m
e
n
s
i
sM
i
q
.v
a
r
.s
i
鵬 n
s
i
s
S
i
d
ac
o
r
d
i
f
o
/
i
aL
.
S
i
n
d
a
r
as
i
a
m
e
n
s
i
sT
e
y
s
m
.e
xM
i
q
.v
a
r
.s
i
a
m
e
n
s
i
s
S
p
o
n
d
i
a
sp
i
n
n
a
t
a(
L
.f
.
)K
u
r
z
S
t
e
m
o
n
am
e
r
i
c
a
nL
o
u
r
.v
a
r
.t
u
b
e
r
o
s
a
S
t
r
e
p
t
o
c
a
u
l
o
nj
u
v
e
n
t
a
s仏o
u
r
.
)M巴町.
S
t
r
y
c
h
n
o
sn
u
x
v
o
m
i
c
aL
.
S
u
r
e
g
a
d
am
u
l
t
i
f
l
o
r
a(
A
.J
u
s
s
.
)B
a
i
l
.
lv
a
r
.m
u
l
t
i
f
l
o
r
a
T
e
p
h
r
o
s
i
ak
e
r
r
i
iD
r
u
m
.&C
ぬi
b
T
e
r
m
i
n
a
l
i
am
u
c
r
o
n
a
t
aC凶 b&H
u
t
c
h
.
U
r
a
r
i
ac
a
m
p
a
n
u
l
a
t
a(W
a
l
l
.e
xB曲
.
)G
a
g
n
e
p
.
U
r
o
c
h
l
o
ap
a
n
i
c
o
i
d
e
sP
.B関 u
v
.v
訂'. p
a
n
i
c
o
i
d
e
s
U
v
a
r
i
ar
u
f
aB.
l
V
i
e
t
n
a
脚 '
s
a
s
ac
i
l
i
a
t
a(
A
.Cam
u
s
)T
.Q
.N
g
u
y
e
n
W
a
l
t
h
e
r
i
am
e
r
i
c
a
n
aL
.
Wr
句h
t
i
aa
r
b
o
r
e
a(Den
n
.
)M
a
b
b
.
X
y
l
i
a砂 l
o
c
a
r
p
a(
R
o
x
b
.
)T
a
u
b
.v
a
r
.k
e
r
r
i
i(
C
r
a
i
b&H
u
t
c
h
)N
i
e
l
s
.
Z
i
z
y
p
h
u
sc
a
m
b
o
d
i
a
n
aP
i
e
r
r
e
Z
i
z
y
p
h
u
sn
u
m
m
u
l
a
r
i
a(
B
u
r
m
.F
.
)W
i
g
h
t&Am.
Z
i
z
y
p
h
u
so
e
n
o
p
l
i
aM
i
l
.
lv
a
r
.o
e
n
o
p
/
i
a
Z
o
r
n
i
ag
幼b
o
s
aS
p
釦.
S
a
p
l
i
n
g
s
S
NUO
S
p
e
c
i
e
s
84
2.
3
15
.
3
1 5
.
3
COMPOS ITION AND STRUCTURE OF A COMMUN ITY-MANAGED DECIDUOUS FOREST 251
Table 2. Diversity indices for trees and saplings of Khok Bung Preu forest in northeast
Thailand. Trees dbh 10 em and saplings dbh 2.5 to 9.9 em. N 0 is absolute
richness. R 1 (MARGALEF, 1958) and R2 (MENHINICK, 1964) are the two species
richness indices. Simpson' s A (S IMPSON, 1949) and Shannon's H' (SHANNON &
WEA YER, 1949) are the two species diversity indices. N 1 and N2 represent
the number of dominant and very dominant species (HILL, 1973) in the forest.
Pielou 's J or E 1 (PIELOU , 1975; 1977) and E 5 (HILL, 1973) are species evenness
indices.
Diversity
Richness
Evenness
Life
forms
Area
sampled (ha)
No
Rl
R2
A
H'
Nl
N2
Tree
0.97
39
6.43
2.03
0.12
2.81
14.37
8.06
Sapling
0.09
31
6.07
2.62
0.09
2.67 16.05
El
Es
0.73 0.53
10.72 0.82 0.62
40
en
Q)
"(3
Q)
0..
(J)
30
'+-
0
0
z
20
-+-Trees
Saplings
-o-
""0
Q)
.......
(.)
Q)
10
0..
X
w
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Sample Size
Figure 5. Rarefaction curves of trees and saplings of Khok Bung Preu fores t in Northeast Thailand show ing the
expected number of spec ies from a certain number of nmdomly selected individuals.
Trees and saplings in Khok Bung Preu forest were similar in species diversity (Simpson
A= 0.12 for trees and 0.09 for saplings, Shannon H' = 2.81 for trees and 2.67 for saplings),
evenness (Pielou J' or E 1 = 0.73 for trees and 0.82 for saplings, Hill's E 5 = 0.53 for trees
and 0.62 for saplings (Table 2), and in rarefraction (Fig. 5).
252
MD.ENAMMULKABIR刷 DEDWARDL
.WEBB
Abundance
，
Dominance
，
andS
i
z
e
'C
l
a
s
s
e
s
百l
emeanp
l
o
tabundan
印 a
ndba
叫 釘'
e
av
a
l
u
e
sf
o
ra
l
ls
t
e
m
s2
.
5cmdbhwere1
9
3
6
s
t
e
mh
a
-Iand1
0
.
3
4m2h
a
-I，r
e
s
p
即 t
i
v
e
l
y
.百l
emeanp
l
o
t回 ea
b
u
n
d
a
n
c
ewas380s
t
e
m
s
h
a
-I釦 db
出 a
l紅 e
ao
f6
.
0
5m2ha- I • F
o
rs
a
p
l
i
n
g
s
，a
b
u
n
d
a
n
c
ew儲 1
5
5
6s
飽 msh
a
-Iandb
a
s
a
l
紅e
a4
.
2
9m2h
a
-I(
T
a
b
l
e1
)
.A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
l
y75%o
ft
h
et
r
e
e
swerel
e
s
st
h
a
n1
5cmdbhw
i
t
h
o
n
l
y1%o
f紅 白 s>30cmd
b
h
.S加 i
l
a
r
l
y，
64%o
fa
l
lt
r
e
e
swere<1
0m h
e
i
g
h
t
，
w
i
t
ho
n
l
y
1%o
ft
h
e住'
e
e
s>1
5m h
e
i
g
h
t佃 dt
h
er
e
s
t(
3
5
%
)b
e
t
w
e
e
n1
0and1
5m h
e
i
g
h
t(
T
a
b
l
e3
)
.
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
o
s
a
s
ac
i
l
i
a
t
awast
h
emostcommonh
e
r
b
a
c
e
o
u
ss
p
e
c
i
e
s加 t
h
ef
o
r
e
s
tf
o
l
l
o
w
e
d
byH
e
l
i
c
t
e
r
e
sl
a
n
a
t
aandMurdannias
p
e
c
t
a
b
i
l
i
s
. 官l
eme
佃 a
b
u
n
d
a
n
c
ef
o
rv
i
n
e
sand
woodyc
l
i
m
b
e
r
swas6
1i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
sha- I • Z
i
z
y
p
h
u
sc
a
m
b
o
d
i
a
n
awas血emostcommon
s
p
e
c
i
e
s創 nongv
i
n
e
sandwoodyc
l
i
m
b
e
r
sf
o
l
l
o
w
e
dbyU
v
a
r
i
ar~向 (Table 1
)
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
b
l
eq
u
a
n
t
i
t
a
t
i
v
ev
e
g
e
t
a
t
i
o
ns
t
u
d
i
e
so
fd
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
sf
o
r
e
s
t
si
nTh
a
i
l
a
n
di
n
c
l
u
d
e
community-managedf
o
r
e
s
t
s (KIJTEWACHAKULETAL.，2
0
0
4
) andp
r
o
t
e
c
t
e
df
o
r
e
s
t
s
(BUNYAVEJC
田 W別， 1
9
9
9
;MARODETAL.，1
9
9
9
;BUNYAVEJCHEW
別 町A
L.，
2
0
0
1
;VANDE
BULT&G
即 日M
ANs，2006;VVEBB，S
l
吉郎脇田'Z， VAND
EBULT，SEUATURIEN，&CHUTlPONG，
u
n
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
dd
a
t
a
)
.Kh
okBeungP
r
e
ue
x
h
i
b
i
t
e
ds
p
e
c
i
e
sr
i
c
h
n
e
s
sf
o
ra
l
ls
t
e
m
ss
i
m
i
l
紅白
commu
凶t
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
df
o
r
e
s
t
s(
b
o
白 o
fw
h
i
c
hhadh
i
s
t
o
r
i
c
a
ld
i
s
t
u
r
b
a
n
c
e
s
)andad
i
s
t
u
r
b
e
d
w
a
t
e
r
s
h
e
dp
l
o
t(Y
ARWUD
凹 ETA
L.，
1
9
9
6
)，b
u
tl
o
w
e
rr
i
c
h
n
e
s
sv
a
l
u
e
sf
o
rt
r
l
閃 s 5cmdbh
出a
np
r
o
t
e
c
t
e
df
o
r
e
s
t
sw
i
t
hl
i
岱l
eo
rnor
e
c
e
n
th
i
s
t
o
r
yo
fm
a
j
o
rd
i
s
t
u
r
b
a
n
c
eo
t
h
e
r白a
nf
i
r
e
.
I
nc
o
n
t
r
a
s
t
，stemabundancev
a
l
u
e
sf
o
rKh
okBungP
r
e
uw
e
r
ea
tt
h
eh
i
g
hendo
ft
h
e
s
p
e
c
回 m，
b
e
i
n
gmuchh
i
g
h
e
r白.
a
nt
h
eo
t
h
e
rcommunity
・m
anagedf
o
r
e
s
tandsomep
r
o
t
e
c
t
e
d
f
o
r
e
s
t
s
.B
a
s
a
la
r
e
av
a
l
u
e
sf
o
rKh
okBungP
r
e
u
，
ont
h
eo
t
h
e
rhand
，
showedt
h
esamep
a
t
t
e
m
a
ss
p
e
c
i
e
sr
i
c
h
n
e
s
s
:s
i
m
i
l
a
rt
ocommunity-managedf
o
r
e
s
t
sandw
e
l
lbelowp
r
o
t
e
c
t
e
df
o
r
e
s
t
v
a
l
u
e
s
.P
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
l
yn
o
t
a
b
l
ei
st
h
eb
a
s
a
la
r
e
ao
f紅 白s1
0cmdbh
，whichw部 a
b
o
u
to
n
e
出i
r
d白紙 o
ft
y
p
i
c
a
lp
r
o
t
e
c
t
e
dd
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
sf
o
r
e
s
to
fTh
a
i
l
a
n
d(
T
a
b
l
e4
)
.Takent
o
g
e
血e
r
，出e
b
i
o
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
lp紅 a
m
e
t
e
r
so
fKh
okBungP
r
e
ui
n
d
i
c
a
t
e白 紙 出.
ep
r
o
l
o
n
g
e
dh
i
s
t
o
r
yo
fhumani
n
d
u
c
e
dd
i
s
t
u
r
b
a
n
c
eh
a
sr
e
s
u
l
t
e
di
nad
e
g
r
a
d
e
df
o
r
e
s
tw
i
t
hr
e
d
u
c
e
ds
p
e
c
i
e
sd
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
yand
v
i
r
t
u
a
l
l
yno1
紅g
et
r
e
e
s
. Howevert
h
ef
o
r
e
s
ta
p
p
e
釘 st
oc
o
n
t
a
i
ns
u
b
s
t
a
n
t
i
a
ll
e
v
e
l
so
f
r
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
ni
n
d
i
c
a
t
i
n
gap
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
lf
o
rs
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
lr
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
.
T
a
b
l
e3
.H
e
i
g
h
tanddbhc
l
a
s
sf
o
rt
r
e
e
so
fKh
okBungP
r
e
uf
o
r
e
s
ti
nN
o
r
t
h
e
a
s
tTh
a
i
l
a
n
d
.
At
o
t
a
lo
f369i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
so
f町 田 s( 1
0cmd
b
h
)r
e
c
o
r
d
e
d合om0
.
9
7ha紅 '
e
a
s
a
m
p
l
e
d
.P
e
r
c
e
n
to
ft
h
et
o
t
a
lnumbero
fi
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
so
f佐 田si
si
np
a
r
e
n
t
h
e
s
i
s
.
。
<
H
e
i
g
h
t(
m
)
5
1
0<1
1
5<2
5
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
1
5
1
5<30
30<45
45
2
0
1
34
1
74
52
2
5
T
o
t
a
l
236(
6
4
)
1
2
8(
3
5
)
dbh(
c
m
)
。
<
1
0
。
。
。
。
。
5(
1
)
T
o
t
a
l
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
275(
7
5
)
9
1(
2
4
)
3(
1
)
0(0)
369
T
a
b
l
e4
.C
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
a
la
n
ds
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
lcomp
釘i
s
o
no
fKh
okBungP
r
e
ucommunityf
o
r
e
s
tw
i
t
ho
t
h
e
rs
i
m
i
l
a
rf
o
r
e
s
t
si
n
τ
b
a
i
l
a
n
d
.
一
m5
5 一釦
P
r
o
t
e
c
t
e
d釘 切
0
.
2
3
3
3
6
4
2
2
.
2
8
d
eB
u
1
t&G
r
e
i
j
m
畑 s
，
2
0
0
6 D
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
sh
a
r
d
w
∞d
出b
a
m
b
o
o
w
i
P
r
o
t
e
c
t
e
da
r
e
a
0
.
2
6
4
5
3
4
1
6.
7
7
1
0
3
3
3
9
1
4
4
9
.
2
7
(
1
)
3
3
3
5
6
6
4
3
6
1
7
1
1
5
9
2
2
7
i
1
l
7
.
5
2
9
.
0
8
(
1
)
1
4
.
5
5
(
1
)
.
4
5
(
2
1
3
0
3
(
1
1
6
8
)
1
3
5
6
(
3
)
1
1
1
5
(
3
)
1
4
9
9
(
3
)
1
同
2
9.
2
9
.
8
(
3
)
2
9
.
4
(
3
)
2
8
.
9
(
3
)
9
4
4
.
0
9
3
1
7
1
1
7
.
2
4
.
0
7
6
2
0
4
17
1
7.
4
.
0
3
6
2
5
4
1
.
7
6
針。旬c
t
e
d釘 e
a
，
4
.
0
8
6
7
3
6
0
1
3
4
3
2
1
.6
2
0
.
6
a
n
n
u
a
lf
i
r
e
s
針。t
e
c
t
e
da
r
e
a
，
o
c
c
a
s
i
o
n
a
lf
r
r
e
s
1
.0
7
8
5
3
。
判
2
2
0
1
8
.
5
1
7
.
9
知o
t
e
c
飴df
o
r
e
s
t
w
a
t
e
r
s
h
e
dr
e
s
e
a
r
c
hs
t
a
t
i
o
n
D
i
s
加r
b
e
df
o
r
e
s
tw
a
t
e
r
s
h
e
d
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
hs
t
a
t
i
o
n
M
i
x
e
dd
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
s
a
n
dg
r
a
s
s
l
a
n
d
M
i
x
e
de
v
e
r
:
伊 e
np
l
u
s
d
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
s
川川川
D
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
s
げ
0
.
0
2
、
，
De
c
i
d
u
o
u
s
羽
1
6
1
3
(
n
n
町
、
， nnη
nvvnfnHV HL
A
d
，
、'huuH"H
au 引U
S
蹴 o
n
a
l防 yE
v
e
ゅ'
e
e
n
P
r
o
t
印刷
1
.
0
e
n
v
加I
n
m
e
n
阻l
r
e
鶴 田:
hs
t
a
幅削(4) 1
.
0
1
.
0
1
.
0
M
i
x
e
dD
e
ci
d
u
o
u
s P
r
o
t
e
c
t
e
dw
a
t
e
r
百h
e
d
r
e
s
e
釘c
hs
t
a
t
i
o
n
，
匂
，
S
t
e
i
n
m
e
t
z
，
v
組
W
e
b
b
d
eB
u
l
t
，
S
e
u
a
t
u
r
i
e
n
飽
&
α
I
U
t
i
p
o
n
gu
n
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
dd
a
5
0
.
0
1
0
.
3
4
知 ηβ一附
Y
a
r
w
u
d
h
ie
ta
l
.，
1
9
9
6
v
引 aaea--a
M卸
'
o
de
ta
l
.，1
9
9
9
防 yE
v
e
r
g
r
e
e
n
mmm
一h
白 C C一
加
一
w-w
m
一m
・
叫一叫
nn-nD
G
i
i
U
i
s
o
n佃 dL
i
s
w
a
n
t
i，1
9
9
9
M
i
x
e
dD
r
yD
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
s
川畑白川同一.凶
∞
m 醐蜘蜘一蹴
向-
deB
叫t
&G
r
e
i
j
m
a
n
s
，
2
0
0
6 D
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
sD
i
p
也r
o
c
紅p
伽伽附・凹・剛一蹴
m
)
0
.
9
7(
1
0c
0
.
0
9(
2
.
5
9
.
9c
m
)
m
)
0
.
0
1(
2
.
5c
c
l
u
d
e
sb
a
m
b
∞;
ω 1
.
0cmd
b
h
;問 >4
.
5cmd
b
h
;拘 R
e
s
u
l
t
s間 関p
e
a
t
e
dme
制 r
e
sf
r
o
m出es
叩 e
.p
l
o
to
v
e
rs
e
v
e
r
a
ly
e
a
r
s
.
明m
。。宮司。∞司同OZ﹀ZU2HNC角c
川﹃
m開。司﹀のO冨冨CZコ︿・冨﹀Z﹀。問。。関門川Bc。C臼o
同
盟 aMU一凶
側
Mm
飴
J出
。
一
2
.
5cm
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
応i
j
t
e
w
a
c
h
紘u
1e
ta
，
.
l2 4
(1)加
nn
1
9
3
6
m
o
2
.
5cm
3
9
一
1
0cm
4
7
m
5cm
附 m 一一切
V飢
V釦
D
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
s
胞d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
A
b
s
o
1
u
伽
T
h
i
ss
t
u
d
y
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t A
r
e
as
a
m
p
l
ω(
h
a
)
m
F
o
r
e
s
tt
y
p
e
A
S
制d
y
254
Mo.ENAMM札 K
A
B
I
RANOEOWA即 L
.WEBB
DISCUSSION
Kh'O
kBungP
r
euF'Or
e
s
th
a
sal
'
O
ngh
i
s
t
'
O
r
y'Ofl
'
O
g
g
i
n
g，
f
r
r
e
，andgrazing.Selective
'
O
g
g
i
n
gandr
e
p
e
a
t
e
df
i
r
e
si
nt
h
ed
e
c
i
d
u'Ou
sf
'
O
r
e
s
th
a
sr
e
s
u
l
t
e
di
nr
e
d
u
c
e
dd
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
，l
'
Ow
er
l
d
e
n
s
i
t
y，anda
l
t
e
r
e
ds
加 C
伽r
ec
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
z
e
dbyl
'
O
wera
v
e
r
a
g
et
r
e
eh
e
i
g
h
t
sandd
i
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
.
h
e
rs
t
u
d
i
e
s(STOTIEIAL.，1
9
9
0
;UHL& KAUFFMAN
，
S
i
m
i
l
a
rr
e
s
u
l
t
shavebeens
e
e
ni
n'Ot
1
9
9
0
;MAXWELL
，1996;MILLER& KAu開 MAN，1998;BUNYAVEJCHEW町 EIAL.，2001;
RAMIREz-MARCIALEIAL.，
2
0
0
1
)
.A
l
t
h
'
O
ughwec
創 m'
O
tc
'
O
n
f
i
d
e
n
t
l
ys
t
a
t
ewhatt
h
e‘'Or
i
g
i
n
a
l
'
s
p
e
c
i
e
sc
'
O
mp'Os
i
t
i
'
O
n'Oft
h
ef
'
O
r
e
s
twas，
wea
r
ec
'
O
n
f
i
d
e
n
t白紙 l
'
O
g
g
i
n
gh
a
sh
e
a
v
i
l
yi
m
p
a
c
t
e
d
u
l
a
t
i
'
O
n
s'OfS
h
o
r
e
as
i
a
m
e
n
s
i
s
，
whichi
nd
e
c
i
d
u
'
O
u
sf
'
O
r
e
s
t'Of
t
e
nC
'
O
・
'
O
c
c
u
r
sw
i
t
hQ
u
e
r
c
u
s
t
h
ep'Op
s
p
e
c
i
e
s (MAXWELL & ELLIOπ，2
0
0
1
; Webb，S
t
e
i
n
m
e
t
z，vandeB
u
l
t
，S
e
u
a
t
u
r
i
e
n，&
C
h
u
t
i
p
'
O
ng
，unpublishedd
a
t
a
;J
.F
.Maxwell
，pers'On
a
lc
'
O
mmunicati'On
)
.
Repeatedd
i
s
t
u
r
b
a
n
c
e
ss
u
c
ha
sf
r
r
emayf
a
v
'
O
r問 g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
'
O
nbys
p
e
c
i
e
s出a
tg
r
'
O
wb
e
s
t
'
O
n
d
i
t
i
'
O
n
s，s
u
c
ha
slegumes(BRAK
聞HlE
LM& L町
， 1
9
9
8
)
.I
n
deed
，b'Ot
ht
h
e
i
nd
e
g
r
a
d
e
dc
紅白 a
nds
a
p
l
i
n
gc
'
O
mmunitieswered'Om
i
n
a
t
e
dbys
e
v
e
r
a
ls
p
e
c
i
e
s'Ofl
e
g
u
m
e
s
.Ourr
e
s
u
l
t
s
'
O
fr
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
l
yh
i
g
hs
a
p
l
i
n
gabundance，
s
m
a
l
l位'
e
eh
e
i
g
h
tanddbhc
l
a
s
sd
i
s
釘i
b
u
t
i
'
O
n(
T
a
b
l
e3
)，
l
'
O
wb
a
s
a
la
r
e
a
，
andd'Om
i
n
a
t
i'Onbylegumes，
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
s白a
tKh'OkBungP
r
euf
'
O
r
e
s
ti
sh
e
a
v
i
l
y
'
O
mi
t
s'Or
i
g
i
n
a
ls
t
a
t
ea
f
t
e
rc
'
O
n
t
i
n
u
e
dl
'
O
g
g
i
n
g，f
r
r
i
n
g，andg
r
a
z
泊g
.
d
e
g
r
a
d
e
df
r
D
e
s
p
i
t
e白 er
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
l
yp'O'Orp
h
y
s
i
c
a
lc
'
O
n
d
i
t
i
'
O
n'Oft
h
ef
'
O
r
e
s
tandi
t
si
s
'
Ol
a
t
i
'
O
n，i
ti
ss
t
i
l
l
'
O
r
t
a
n
tr
e
p
'
O
s
i
t
'
O
r
y'Ofb
i
'
O
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
yandc
'
O
n甘i
b
u
t
e
st
'
Os
p
e
c
i
e
sc
'
O
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
'
O
nandl
i
v
e
l
i
h
'
O
od
animp
s
u
p
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
'
O
nf
'
O
rl
'
O
c
a
lv
i
l
l
a
g
e
r
s
.F'Or
e
s
tf
r
a
g
m
e
n
t
s'Of
t
e
nc
'
O
n
t
a
i
nr
a
r
es
p
e
c
i
e
ss
u
b
j
e
c
tt
'
O
l
'
Oc
a
le
x
t
i
甲a
t
i
'
O
n(THEBAUD& S百 ASBERO
，1997)a
swef
'
O
undi
nt
h
ec
a
s
e'OfKh'OkBung
P
r
euf
'
O
r
e
s
t
.Ofp釘 t
i
c
u
l
a
ri
n
t
e
r
e
s
ti
sV
i
e
t
n
a
m
o
s
a
s
ac
i
l
i
a
t
a，abamb'O'O speciesb即'Oming
unc'Om m
'
O
n泊 f
'
O
r
e
s
t
s'OfTh
a
i
l
a
n
db
e
c
a
u
s
ei
ti
sg
e
n
e
r
a
l
l
y'On
l
yf
'
O
und'Ons
'
Oi
lt
h
a
th
a
sn'Ot
beent
i
l
l
e
d(
J
.F
.Maxwell
，p
e
r
s'On
a
lc
'
O
mmunicati
'
O
n
)
.L
i
v
e
l
i
h
'
O
'
Od'
O
ft
h
el
'
O
c
a
lc
'
O
mmunity
'
O
ught
h
es
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
eh
a
r
v
e
s
t'Ofn'On
t
i
m
b
e
rp
r
'
O
d
u
c
t
s，p紅 t
i
c
u
l
a
r
l
y
wass
u
p
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
e
dt
h
r
'
O
'
O
m，
p
h
a
kwan，wild仕u
i
t
s，
anda
n
te
g
g
sf
r
'
O
mt
h
ef
'
O
r
e
s
t
.
mushr
Kh'O
kBungP
r
euf
a
c
e
ss
e
v
e
r
a
lc
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
st
'
Ol
'
O
n
g
t
e
r
mr
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
'
O
n
.L'Og
g
i
n
g'Of1
紅'
g
e
t
r
e
e
si
nt
h
ep出 thads
e
v
e
r
e
l
yr
e
d
u
c
e
dt
h
eabundance'Ofs
e
e
d
b
e
a
r
i
n
gm'Ot
h
e
r甘'
e
e
s，which
'
O
r
a
t
et
h
eg
e
n
e
t
i
cq
u
a
l
i
t
y'Oft
h
ep
r
'
O
p
a
g
u
l
e
s(CORL
町 T& T
URNER
，1
9
9
7
)
.R
e
p
e
a
t
e
d
mayd
e
t
e
r
i
h
ef
'
O
r
e
s
tf
l'O'Orwhichl
e
a
d
st
'
Od
r
yandnu
凶e
n
t
p
'
O
'
O
rs
'
Oi
l
f
r
r
e
sr
e
d
u
c
ea
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
e
dl
i
t
t
e
r'Ont
(ZHUANO，
1
9
9
7
;RAMIREZ-MARCIALEIAL.，
2
0
0
1
)
.F
i
r
e
s
，
g
r
沼 恒g
，
and佐'
a
m
p
l
泊 gb
yl
i
v
e
s
t
'
O
ck
e
p
r
e
s
s
e
ss
e
e
dg
e
r
m
i
n
a
t
i
'
O
n，andc
h
a
n
g
e
ss
'
O
i
lm'Oi
s
t
u
r
eandt
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e，
k
i
l
l
ss
e
e
d
l
i
n
g
s，d
.
p'Ot
e
n
t
i
a
l
l
ya
l
t
e
r
i
n
gl
'
O
n
g
t
e
r
ms
p
e
c
i
e
sc
'
O
mp'Os
i
t
i
'
O
n ands
加 c
t
u
r
e(GUINDON
，1996). I
n
a
d
d
i
t
i'On，t
h
ef
'
O
r
e
s
ti
sah
i
g
h
l
yi
s'Ol
a
t
e
df
r
a
g
m
e
n
tS
'
Ot
h
e
r
ei
sv
e
r
yl
i
t
t
l
es
c'Opef
'
O
rs
e
e
d
d
i
s
p
e
r
s
a
l合oml
a
r
g
e
rf
'
O
r
e
s
ta
r
e
儲 (
Gu
町 DON
，1996;THEBAUD& SτRASBERG，1997;VIANA
EIA
L
.，1
9
9
7
;LEMENIH& TEKETAY
，2
0
0
5
)
.官lUS
，p'O'Orm佃 agement'OfKh'OkBungP
r
eu
'
O
u
l
dl
e
a
dt
'
Ol
'
O
c
a
le
x
t
i
中a
t
i
'
O
n'Org
e
n
e
t
i
cd
e
t
e
r
i
'
O
r
a
t
i
'
O
n'Ofr
紅 es
p
e
c
i
e
s，
ands
p
a
t
i
a
li
s'Ol
a
t
i'On
c
'
O
wsl
i
t
t
l
echance'Ofg
e
n
e
t
i
c'Ou
t
c
r
'
O
s
s
i
n
gt
h
r
'
O
ughp'Ol
l
i
n
a
t
i
'
O
n'Ord
i
s
p
e
r
s
a
l
.
a
l
l
I
ti
simp
'
O
r
t
組 t
t
'
Oc
'
O
n
s
i
d
e
rt
h
er
'
Ol
e'Oft
h
el
'
O
c
a
lv
i
l
l
a
g
ec
'
O
mmu
凶t
y泊 f
'
O
r
e
s
tp
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
'
O
n，
management
，andc'On
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
'
O
n
.百 l
ev
i
l
l
a
g
e
ss
u
r
r
'
O
u
n
d
i
n
gKh'OkBungP
r
euf
'
O
r
e
s
tt
'
O
'
O
k出e
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
i
v
et
'
Op
r
'
O
t
e
c
tt
h
ef
'
O
r
e
s
tfromf
u
r
t
h
e
re
n
c
r
'
Oa
chment
，
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
hmanagementr
u
l
e
s，
and
'
O
r
c
et
h
e
m
.I
ti
sn'Ow w
i
d
e
l
yackn
'
Ow
ledgedbys
'
O
c
i
a
ls
c
i
e
n
t
i
s
t
st
h
a
tc
'
O
l
l
e
c
t
i
v
ea
c
t
i
'
O
nand
e
n
f
'
O
c
a
l
l
y
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
df
'
O
r
e
s
tc
'
O
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
'
O
ncanl
e
a
dt
'
Os
u
c
c
e
s
s
f
u
lf
'
O
r
e
s
tc
'
O
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
'
O
n'Ou
t
c'Omes
l
9
9
0
;BALAND& PLATTEAU，1
9
9
6
;Ao
臥 WAL
，1
9
9
9
;BANANA& Go
MBYA(OSTROM，1
r
w
E
， 2000;JOHNSON&FORSYTH，2002;RJ
汀E
WACHAKULEIAL.，
2
0
0
4
;WEBB&
SSEMBAJ
，2007)，andb'Ot
ht
h
ee
x
i
s
t
e
n
c
e'Oft
h
ef
'
O
r
e
s
tandt
h
es
p
e
c
i
e
sd
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y'OfKh'Ok
SmVAKOTI
COMPOSITIONANDSTRUCTUREOFACOMMUNπY-MANAGEDDECIDUOUSFOREST 255
eudem
'
O
n
s
t
r
a
t
et
h
i
s
.W
e
l
l
d
e
f
i
n
e
dp
r
'
O
t
e
c
t
i
'
O
nandmanagementr
u
l
e
sa
p
p
e
a
r
e
dt
obe
BungPr
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
f
u
li
np
r
o
t
e
c
t
泊 gt
h
ef
o
r
e
s
tf
r
'
O
mc
o
m
p
l
e
t
ed
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
'
O
nandl
o
s
s
.I
na
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
，
p
r
o
v
i
s
i
o
n
andi
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
no
fg
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
ds
a
n
c
t
i
o
n
supont
h
ev
i
o
l
a
t
i
o
no
fe
x
i
s
t
i
n
gr
u
l
e
si
nu
s
ea
l
s
o
紅e
dt
'
Ob
ee
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
et
o
o
l
sf
o
rf
'
O
r
e
s
tc
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
.S
e
l
f
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
dp
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n，
g
i
v
e
nr
i
g
h
t
s
a
p
p
e
t
ou
s
e，ands
住o
ngcommunityl
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
pc
'
O
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
dt
ot
h
es
a
f
e
g
u
a
r
d
i
n
go
fKhokBung
P
r
euf
o
r
e
s
t
.
t
h
o
u
g
hp
r
o
t
e
c
t
e
df
o
r
e
s
t
sa
r
eu
s
u
a
l
l
ymoree
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
er
e
p
o
s
i
t
o
r
i
e
s'Ofp
l
a
n
td
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
Al
t
h
阻 f
o
r
e
s
t
su
n
d
e
rmanagementf
o
re
x
t
r
a
c
t
i
v
eu
s
e(BRUNERETAL.，
2
0
0
1
;SALAFSKYETAL.，
2
0
0
1
)，
community-managedf
'
O
r
e
s
ti
sav
i
t
a
lr
e
p
o
s
i
t
o
r
yo
fb
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
yv
a
l
u
e
sa
l
'
O
n
g
s
i
d
et
h
e
p
r
'
O
t
e
c
t
e
da
r
e
as
y
s
t
e
m
.With
'
O
u
tt
h
e泊 i
t
i
a
t
i
v
eo
ft
h
ecommunityl
e
a
d
e
r
s，Kh'OkBungP
r
e
u
抑 制e
dt
oa
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
ei
n白 1
9
7
0
s
.R
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
gfromt
h
ec
'
O
mmunity
f
o
r
e
s
twouldh
a
v
eb
e
e
nc
o
e
f
f
o
r
ti
saf
o
r
e
s
tt
h
a
ts
t
i
l
lc
o
n
t
a
i
n
saf
a
i
r
l
yd
i
v
e
r
s
ef
l
o
r
awi
由加 a
pp
訂e
n
t
l
yr
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
出1
9
'
O
mmunity紺 u
c
t
u
r
e
.Thi
ss
h
o
u
l
db
ec
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
dan
e
a
r
t
e
r
mc
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
b
a
s
e
dc
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
'
O
n
c
s
u
c
c
e
s
s，
e
v
e
nt
h
o
u
g
ht
h
el
e
v
e
lo
fd
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
yanddominancewase
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
dl
'
Ow c
omparedt
o
o
t
h
e
rf
o
r
e
s
t
s泊Th
a
i
l
a
n
du
n
d
e
rm'Or
ec
o
m
p
l
e
t
ep
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
t
h
o
u
g
hi
n
d
e
e
di
n血i
sc
a
s
es
t
u
d
y
C
a
r
emustbet
a
k
e
nwheni
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
i
n
go
u
rr
e
s
u
l
t
s
.Al
t
h
ecommunitymanagementd
i
dr
e
s
u
l
ti
nt
h
er
e
t
e
n
t
i
o
no
ff
o
r
e
s
tc
o
v
e
r
，t
h
ef
u
t
u
r
e佐'
a
j
e
c
t
o
r
y
，出i
ss
i
n
g
l
ec
a
s
es
t
u
d
yi
s
o
fb
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
yands
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
lv
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
si
sn
o
tknown.Moreover
n
o
tn
e
c
e
s
s
紅i
l
yr
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
v
eo
fa
l
lc
'
O
mmunityf
o
r
e
s
t
si
nTha
i
l
a
n
d
.A
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
no
f
l
'
O
n
g
i
伽d
i
n
a
lc
a
s
es
t
u
d
i
e
sw
i
l
lb
er
e
q
u
i
r
芭db
e
f
o
r
ewemayg
e
n
e
r
a
l
i
z
er
e
s
u
l
t
sl
i
k
eo
u
r
s
.
r
e
a
t
l
yi
nb
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y，
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
yo
fu
s
e，
and甘'
e
n
d
so
v
e
rt
i
m
e
.
Communityf
o
r
e
s
t
smayv紅 yg
m
p
a
c
t
so
fcommunitym佃 agementon
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
ymorer
e
s
e
a
r
c
hi
sr
e
q
u
i
r
e
don出 ei
f
o
r
e
s
tc
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
ni
n百 l
a
i
l
a
n
d
，andi
nA
s
i
a
.
RECOMMENDEDACτ10NS
Al
t
h
'
O
ught
h
e'Ov
e
r
a
l
lr
e
s
u
l
t
ss
u
g
g
e
s
t白 紙 K hokBungP
r
e
uf
o
r
e
s
ts
t
i
l
lr
e
t
a
i
n
senough
訂 tt
os
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
ys
u
c
c
e
s
s
i
o
n，i
ti
ss
t
i
l
ld
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
tt
o
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
lc
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
yt
og
i
v
eagoods
t
e
s
t
i
r
n
a
t
eh'Ow l
o
n
gi
tw
i
l
lt
a
k
et
'
Or
e
c
o
v
e
rt
o‘
m
a
t
u
r
e
'c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
.Givent
h
ec
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
st
o
，a
c
t
i
o
ns
h
o
u
l
dbet
a
k
e
nt
oa
s
s
i
s
ti
nt
h
er
e
s
t
o
r
a
t
i
'
O
n
l
o
n
g
t
e
r
mr
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
nd
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
da
b
o
v
e
e
u
.Werecommendtwoi
n
v
e
s
t
m
e
n
t
st
h
a
ts
h
o
u
l
di
n
c
r
e
a
s
et
h
ep
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
fK honBungPr
o
fl
o
n
g
t
e
r
mf
o
r
e
s
tr
e
s
t
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
F
i
r
s
t
，f
o
r
e
s
tr
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
nn
e
e
d
st
ob
ef
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
d
.R
e
s
t
o
r
a
t
i
o
no
fb
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
yimpr
'
O
v
e
s
9
9
7
;ZHUANG，1
9
9
7
;
w
i
t
hmanuale
n
r
i
c
h
m
e
n
to
fn
a
t
i
v
ep
l
a
n
ts
p
e
c
i
e
s(PARROTTAETAL.，1
BLAKESLEYETAL.，
2
0
0
2
)a
n
dh
a
sb
e
e
nt
h
ef
o
c
u
s'Ofl
o
n
g
t
e
r
me
f
f
o
r
t
si
nNorthem百 a
i
l
a
n
d
(FORESTREs
TORATIONRESEARCHUNπ，
2
0
0
0
)
.W
e
l
l
p
加 mede
n
r
i
c
h
m
e
n
tp
l
a
n
t
i
n
go
fn
a
t
i
v
e
u
1
dr
e
d
u
c
ef
i
r
eh
a
z
a
r
d
s，i
m
p
r
o
v
es
o
i
lc
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s，a
t
t
r
a
c
ts
e
e
dd
i
s
p
e
r
s
a
la
g
e
n
t
s
s
p
e
c
i
e
swo
訂t
i
c
u
l
a
r
l
yb
i
r
d
s
)叩 dc
r
e
a
t
em
i
c
r
o
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
sf
a
v
o
r
a
b
l
ef
o
rt
h
en
a
t
u
r
a
le
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
m
e
n
t
(
p
o
fn
a
t
i
v
ef
o
r
e
s
ts
p
e
c
i
e
s(Co
乱 Eπ&Tu
RNER
，1
9
9
7
;JOSEPH& WUNDE
乱 E
，1
9
9
7
;LAMB
ETAL.，1
9
9
7
;BRAKENHIELM& LIU，1
9
9
8
;B
A
'
甘 A
GLIAETAL.，2
0
0
4
)
.Werecommend23
n
a
t
i
v
ef
o
r
e
s
ts
p
e
c
i
e
ss
u
i
t
a
b
l
ef
o
re
n
r
i
c
h
m
e
n
tp
l
a
n
血 gi
nKhokBungP
r
e
uf
o
r
e
s
t
，
b
a
s
e
don
t
h
e
i
rp
r
e
s
e
n
c
e泊 t
h
ef
o
r
e
s
t，
l
e
a
f
i
n
gp
h
e
n
o
l
o
g
y，
andp
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
lt
oc
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
et
ot
h
ei
m
m
e
d
i
a
t
e
andl
o
n
g
t
e
r
mmechanisms'Off
o
r
e
s
tr
e
s
t
'
O
r
a
t
i
o
n(
T
a
b
l
e5
)
.E
n
r
i
c
h
m
e
n
tp
l
佃 t
i
n
gwould
r
e
q
u
i
r
eam
a
j
o
rhumanr
e
s
o
u
r
c
ei
n
v
e
s
t
m
e
n
tbyt
h
ec
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
sa
sw
e
l
l出 g
e
n
e
r
o
u
st
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
b
a
c
k
s
t
o
p
p
泊 ga
ndd
i
s
住i
b
u
t
i
o
no
fa
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
es
e
e
d
l
i
n
g
sbyt
h
eRoyalF
o
r
e
s
tD
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
，
b
u
t
c
o
u
l
dpo
飽n
t
i
a
l
l
yhaves
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
tandp
o
s
i
t
i
v
ei
m
p
a
c
tonf
o
r
e
s
tc
o
n
d
i
t
i
'
O
n
s
.
，
，
町e
s
e
n
t
D
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
s
D
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
s
P
r
e
s
e
n
t
D
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
s
P
r
e
s
e
n
t
N
o
tp
r
e
s
e
n
t
D
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
s
R曹関口t
D
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
s
E
v
e
r
g
r
e
e
n
ρ
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
s N
o
tp
r
e
回n
t
E
v
e
r
g
r
e
e
n
ρ
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
s N
e
n
t
o
t開 s
D
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
s
P
r
e
s
e
n
t
D
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
s
r
e
s
e
n
t
N
o
tP
聞 l
E
v
e
r
g
r
N
o
tp
r
e
s
e
n
t
針路e
n
t
D
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
s
p
r
e
回目t
D
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
s
N
o
t開 糊t
E
v
e
r
g
r
e
e
n
D
e
c
i
d
u
o
ω
N
o
tp
r
e
s
e
n
t
回目t
p
r
e
D
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
s
日
芭s
e
n
t
D
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
s
D
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
s
N
o
tp
r
e
s
e
n
t
R凶 e
n
t
D
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
s
日宮田:
n
t
D
e
c
i
d
u
o
凶
関節目I
N
o
t
p
E
v
e
r
g
r
e
e
n
D
e
c
i
d
u
o
凶
P
r
e
s
e
n
t
毘羽目t
N
o
t
p
D
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
s
毘s
e
n
t
N
o
t
p
D
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
s
E
C
a
n
o
p
y伽 e
，f
a
s
tg
r
o
w
i
n
g，p
r
o
v
i
d
e
ss
h
a
d
e
，l
e
a
v
e
su
s
e
d
ω
f
o
d
d
e
r
，
m
e
d
i
c
i
n
a
l，
e
d
i
b
l
ef
n
雌 f
o
r佃加a
l
s
.
F
o
d
d
e
r
蜘C
出gf
l
o
w
e
r
s，
c
a
n
o
p
y
B凶・a
l
o
w
e
r
s
，
f
i
r
er
e
s
i
l
i
e
n
t
B凶 御 鉱 山gf
国i
b
l
ef
r
u
i
t
sf
o
rb
o
由h
u
m
a
na
n
d組 i
m
a
l
s
C
a
n
o
p
yt
r
e
e
，
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
ss
h
a
d
e
，
∞mmon恒 d
i
s
t
u
r
b
e
da
r
e
俗
研o
v
i
d
e
ss
h
耐， o
f
t
e
ni
ns
削 抽r
y
g
r
o
耐1
C
a
n
o
p
y悦 e
，
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
ss
h
a
d
e
，
t
i
m
b
e
rt
r
e
e
r
e
e
，
r
e
g
e
s
i
悶 総s
i
no
p
e
na
r
e
a
s，
b
i
r
d
a
蜘 c
伽g
If
l
o
w
e
r
s
C
a
n
o
p
yt
r
e
e，加i
t
se
d
i
b
l
e
U
n
d
e
rs
t
o
r
yt
白m
m
o
ni
ns
e
c
o
n
伽r
y
g
r
o
叫1
， 側y
p
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n
拘
置t
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
， 捌o
p
y蜘， p
r
o
v
i
d
e
ss
h
a
d
e
C
a
n
o
p
yt
r
e
e
，
p
r
o
v
i
d
凶 s
h
a
d
e
，
e
d
i
b
l
ef
r
u
i
包
O
f
t
e
np
l
a
n
叫泊d
r
i
e
ra
n
ds
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
yf
o
r
e
s
t
U
n
d
e
r
s
t
o
r
yt
r
e
e
，
e
d
i
b
l
ef
r
u
i
随
白
，m
m
o
ni
nu
n
d
e
rs
t
o
r
yo
fd
i
s
t
u
r
b
e
df
o
r
e
s
，t b
a
t
p
o
l
l
i
凶.
e
d，
白m
m
o
ni
n蹴 0油 r
yg
r
o
w
曲
，b
a
tp
o
l
l
i
n
a
t
e
d
，f
r
u
i
te
d
i
b
l
e
臼n
o
p
y臨， p
r
o
v
i
d
e
ss
h
a
d
e
，o
f
t
e
np
l
初制，自n
b
e
r臨
国i
b
l
ef
r
u
i
t
s
，
p
r
o
v
i
伽 s
h
a
d
e
，
m叫 c
i
n
a
l
ぉt
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
，o
f
t
e
np
l
a
n
t
e
d
，u
n
d
e
r
s
伽 Yt
r
e
e
，e
d
i
b
l
el
e
a
v
e
s
F
F
l
o
w
e
r
，
f
r
u
i
箇組dl
e
a
v
e
s眠 e
d
i
b
l
ef
o
r加血組加a
l
sa
n
dh
u
m
叩S
C
o
m
m
o
n加 d
i
s
t
u
r
b
e
df
o
r
e
s
t
，
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
ss
h
a
d
e
，
m
e
d
i
c
i
n
a
l
C
a
n
o
p
y悦 e
4︿開回目
ι
也K
B
P
EF 関協同﹀ZU開口当﹀同U F・
，
C
町四n
ts
t
a
同S N
o
t
e
s
窓口・開予冨
A
l
b
i
z
i
a0ゐ'
r
a
t
i
s
s
i
l
脚仏.f
.
)B
血 L e
g
u
m
i
n
o
s
a
e
，
M
i
m
o
s
o
i
d
蹴
，
z
A仰 r
i
c
h
t
ai
n
d
i
c
aA
.J
u
s
s
.
M
e
l
i
a
c
e
a
e
B
o
m
b
a
xa
n
c
e
p
sP
i
e
r
r
ev
a
r
.a
n
c
e
p
s
B
o
m
b
抑 制E
B
u
t
e
a脚 '
n
o
s
p
e
r
m
a(
L
I
此)T
a
u
b
.
L
e
;
伊
凶n
ω
a
e
，
P
a
p
迎
。n
o
i
d
，悶
C
a
n
a
r
i
肌
， s
u
b
u
l
a
t
脚 G
u
i
l
l
.
B
u
r
s
e
r
a
c
e
a
e
D
a
l
b
e
r
g
i
ac
o
c
h
i
n
c
h
i
n
e
n
s
i
sP
i
e
r
r
ee
xU
I
l
I
e
s
L
e
g
u
m
i
n
o
s
a
e
，
P
a
p
出o
n
o
i
d
蹴
D
i
l
l
e
n
i
ao
v
a
ωW
a
I
l
.
D
i
l
l
個 師a
e
D
i
，ω
r
p
y
r
o
s脚 U
i
sG
r
i
f
f
.
E
b
e
n
a
c
蹴
E
r
y
t
h
r
i
n
a抑制aR
o
x
b
.
Le伊国n
o
s
a
e
，
P
a
p
i
l
i
o
n
o
i
d
e
a
e
F
i
c
u
sh
i
平i
，
d
aL
..
fv
鉱 h
i
s
p
i
d
a
M
o
r
a
c
e
a
e
G
m
e
l
i
n
aa
r
b
o
r
e
aR
o
x
b
.
V
e
r
b
e
n
a
c
e
a
e
H
y
m
e
n
o
d
i
，c砂
'
o
no
r
i
x
e
n
s
e(
R
o
x
b
.
)M
a
b
b
.
R
u
b
i
a
c
e
a
e
I
r
v
i
n
g
i
am
a
l
a
y
a
n
aO
l
i
v
.e
xB
e
D
l
1
.
I
r
v
泊1
9i脱却
L
a
g
e
r
s
t
r
o
e
m
i
aj
l
o
r
i
b
u
n
d
aJ
a
c
kv
a
r
.j
l
o
r
i
b
u
n
d
a
L
同即蹴
L
i
t
s
e
ag
l
u
t
i
n
o
s
a(
L
o
町
.
)C
.
B
.R
o
b
.v
a
r
.g
l
u
t
仰
，'
s
a
L
a
u
r
a
悶 E
M
a
r
k
加
，m
i
as
t
i
p
u
J
a
t
aS
e
e
m
.e
xK
.S
c
h
u
m
.v
低 s
t
i
p
u
l
a
ωBign
叫 蹴a
e
O
r
o
x
y
l
，
脚 i
叫b
馴
(
L
.
)K
J
四
B
i
g
l
l
O
u
i
a
白鶴
P
t
e
r
o
c
仰 山 間c
r
o
c
a
r
p
u
sK四
U伊凶n
o
蹴， P
a
p
出o
n
o
i
d
蜘
S
c
h
l
e
i
c
h
e
r
ao
l
e
o
s
a(
L
o
u
r
.
)O
k
e
n
S
a
p
i
n
d
a
瑚 E
S
e
n
n
as
i
a
m
e
am
k
.
)
I
r
w
恒
&B
a
m
.
L
e
g
u
m
i
n
o
s
，
e
aC
a
叫p
凶o
d
蹴
S
p
o
n
d
i
ω
，p
i
n
n
a
ωι.f
.
)K四
A
n
制r
d
i
脱却
S
t
e
r
c
u
l
i
ap
e
x
aP
i
e
r
r
e
S
t
e
r
c
u
I
i
l
悶 E
T
e
r
m
i
n
a
l
i
ab
e
l
l
i
r
i
c
a(
G
a
e
r
t
n
.
)R
o
x
b
.
C
o
m
b
r
e
旬α
a
e
L
e
a
f
i
n
gP
h
e
n
o
l
o
g
y
A凶
F
a
m
i
l
y
S
p
e
c
i
e
唱
M凶
T
a
b
l
e5
.N
a
t
i
v
es
p
e
c
i
e
srecommendedf
o
re
n
r
i
c
h
m
e
n
tp
l
a
n
t
i
n
gi
nKh
okBungP
r
e
uf
o
r
e
s
t
，w
i
t
ht
h
ej
u
s
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
no
ft
h
es
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
COMPOSITIONANDSTRUCTUREOFA COMMVNITY-MANAGEDDECIDUOUSFOREST 2
57
，t
h
e
r
en
e
e
d
st
ob
es
t
r
i
c
ti
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
no
fo
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
lr
u
l
e
s，as
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
i
n
g
Second
o
fi
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
sf
o
rr
e
g
u
l
a
rm
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
，
a
n
di
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
da
u
t
h
o
r
i
t
yt
oi
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
ts
a
n
c
t
i
o
n
sa
g
a
泊s
t
v
i
o
l
a
t
o
r
s
.A s
t
r
o
n
gc
o
r
eo
fconcemedl
e
a
d
e
r
sandc
i
t
i
z
e
n
si
nc
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
sl
i
k
et
h
o
s
e
okBungP
r
e
ub
e
n
e
f
i
t
sfromi
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
da
u
t
h
o
r
i
t
y佃 di
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
gp
o
w
e
r
.
suπoundingKh
V
e
s
t
e
di
n
t
e
r
e
s
t泊 t
h
ef
o
r
e
s
tandi
t
sb
e
n
e
f
i
t
s，combinedw
i
t
ht
h
ec
a
p
a
c
i
t
yanda
u
t
h
o
r
i
t
yt
o
，shouldimprovet
h
eo
u
t
c
o
m
e
so
fmanagementandr
e
s
t
o
r
a
t
i
o
nbyt
h
e
p
r
o
t
e
c
tt
h
ef
o
r
e
s
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
.Manyd
e
g
r
a
d
e
df
o
r
e
s
t企a
g
m
e
n
t
sh
a
v
eb
e
e
ns
u
c
c
e
s
s
f
u
l
l
yr
e
s
t
o
r
e
d白 血e住o
p
i
c
a
l
RNER，1
9
9
7
;
r
e
g
i
o
n
sa
f
t
e
rg
i
v
e
nc
e
r
t
a
i
np
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
na
g
a
i
n
s
td
i
s
t
u
r
b
a
n
c
e
s(CORLETT& Tu
ZHUANG，1
9
9
7
)
.I
fbo出 f
o
r
e
s
tr
e
s
t
o
r
a
t
i
o
nandv
i
g
i
1
a
n
tp
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
ni
si
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
dp
r
o
m
p
t
l
y，
Kh
okBungPr
e
uc
o
u
l
dbeona 回~ectory t
o
w
a
r
d
ss
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
timprovemento
ff
o
r
e
s
t
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
h
eWorkshopi
nP
o
l
i
t
i
c
a
lT
h
e
o
r
yandP
o
l
i
c
yA
n
a
l
y
s
i
so
ft
h
eC
e
n
t
e
rf
o
rt
h
e
We血ankt
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
s
，
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n，
andE
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
lChange
，
I
n
d
i
a
n
aU
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
，
f
o
rf
u
n
d
i
n
g
S
t
u
d
yo
fI
血et
r
a
i
n
i
n
gprogrammeont
h
eI
n
t
e
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
lF
o
r
e
s
位yR
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
sandI
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
nR
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
lh
e
l
da
tt
h
eA
s
i
a
nI
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
eo
fT
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y，
Bangkok
，Th
a
i
1
andi
nSeptember2
0
0
3
.
h
eIFRIt
r
a
i
n
i
n
gprogrammec
o
l
l
e
c
t
e
dt
h
ed
a
t
auponwhichwep
r
e
p
a
r
e
dt
h
i
sm
a
n
u
s
c
r
i
p
t
.
τ'
I
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
o
r
sandp紅 白i
p
a
n
t
si
n
c
l
u
d
e
dAm
b
i
k
aP
.Gautam，J
u
l
i
eEngland
，Tran官1IMaiA
n
，
h
u
t
i
p
o
n
g，
A
s
t
i
aDendi，
Aru
nD
h
a
k
a
l，
NgoT
r
iDung，
S
h
i
r
o
m
a
n
iGyawali，
B
h
a
r
a
t
i
W叫 opC
J
o
s
h
i
，
Ub
o
l
r
a
t
a
n
aS
u
n
t
o
r
n
r
a
t
a
n
a
，
D田 p
s
h
i
k
h
aT
a
l
w
a
r
，
τ
'
r
a
nNamTh
a
n
g，百世l
a
，
andY
o
n
a
r
i
z
a
.
泊o
rOstromandK
r
i
s
t
e
rAn
d
e
r
s
s
o
np
r
o
v
i
d
e
d住a
i
n
i
n
gm
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
.P
l
a
n
ti
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s組 d
E
I
commentsont
h
em
a
n
u
s
c
r
i
p
twereg
i
v
e
nbyJ
.FM
a
x
w
e
l
l
.M
a
r
t
i
nvandeB
u
l
tcon
凶b
u
t
e
d
組 t
h
a
b
i
tc
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
na
n
ds
p
e
c
i
e
ss
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
nf
o
re
n
r
i
c
h
m
e
n
tp
l
a
n
t
i
n
gi
n
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
yi
np
l
Kh
okBungP
r
e
u
.A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
lf
i
e
l
da
s
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
ewasp
r
o
v
i
d
e
dbyNikomA
s
a
k
a
t
iandR
a
c
h
e
l
回 t
i
v
es
u
p
p
o
r
twasp
r
o
v
i
d
e
dbyKh
anongSumkhunthod，
C
o
n
e
j
o
s
.T
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
landa
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
h
ev
i
l
l
a
g
eheadmano
fv
i
l
l
a
g
eBanNonB
o
a
d
.百l
el
a
t
eM
r
.TongSumkhunthod組 dMr.
YeamS
h
e
p
a
i
s
a
nn
a
r
r
a
t
e
dt
ou
st
h
eh
i
s
t
o
r
yo
f血ef
o
r
e
s
t
.ChumnanS
u
n
t
k
h
u
n
t
h
o
dp
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
g
e
n
e
r
o
u
ss
u
p
p
o
r
tw
i
t
hl
o
d
g
i
n
gd
u
r
i
n
gf
i
e
l
dw
o
r
k
.G
u
i
d
a
n
c
ed
u
r
i
n
go
u
rf
i
e
l
dworkwas
e
ecommunityf
o
r
e
s
tg
u
a
r
d
s，
M
r
.SommayS
a
i
p
a
i
s
a
n
，
Mr.TumSamkhunthod
，
e
n
s
u
r
e
dby出r
otwoanonymousr
e
v
i
e
w
e
r
sf
o
rt
h
e
i
r
andMr.TawinP
h
u
k
s
u
n
g
n
o
n
.Ours
i
n
c
e
r
e白ankt
sm
a
n
u
s
c
r
i
p
t
.
v
a
l
u
a
b
l
ecommentsont
h
ee
a
r
l
yv
e
r
s
i
o
no
f出i
258
MD.ENAMMULKABIRANDEDWARDL
.WEBB
RE
回 RENCES
AGRAW
札， A
.1
9
9
9
.G
r
e
e
n
e
rP
a
s
t
u
r
e
s
:P
o
l
i
t
i
c
s，M
a
r
k
e
t
s
.andCommuni
，
砂 amongaM
i
g
r
a
n
tP
a
s
t
o
r
a
lP
e
o
p
l
e
.
DukeU
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y，
DurhamNC，
U
.
S
.A
.
ARNOLD，
J
.E
.M.1
9
9
8
.Managingforestsωcommonp
r
o
p
e
r
t
y
.FAOF
o
r
e
s
t
r
yP
a
p
e
rN
o
.
1
3
6
.FAO，
Rome.
，W.1
9
9
5
.C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
sandS
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
eF
o
r
e
s
t
r
yi
nD
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
gC
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
.I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
ef
o
rContemporary
ASCHER
r
a
n
c
i
s
c
o，C
a
l
i
f
o
r
n
i
a
，1
7
7p
p
.
S
t
u
d
i
e
s，SanF
BALAND
，J
.，ANDJ
.PLAITEAu. 1
9
9
6
.H
a
l
t
i
n
gD
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
no
fN
a
t
u
r
a
lR
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
:
・I
sT
h
e
r
eaR
o
l
ef
o
rR
u
r
a
l
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
?C
l
a
r
官n
donP
r
e
s
s，Oxford，U.
K
.
BANANA，
A.Y
.，ANDW.GOMBYA-SSEMBAJJWE.2000.Successfulf
o
r
e
s
tmanagem
巴n
t:恥 i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
eo
fs
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
釦 d
飢 F
o
r
e
s.
t87-98i
nC
.C
.Gibson，
M.A.McKean，
andE
.印 刷m
t
e
n
u
r
eandr
u
l
ee
n
f
o
r
c
e
m
e
n
t泊 Ug
(
e
d
s
.
)P
e
o
p
l
eandF
o
r
e
s
t
s
:C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
s，I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
s
.andGovernance，MITP
r
e
s
s，Cambridge，M A，
U
.
S
.
A
.
BARTL
町 T
，
A.G.1
9
9
2
.A r
e
v
i
e
wo
fcommunityf
o
r
e
s
t
r
ya
d
v
a
n
c
e
si
nN
e
p
a
l
.CommonwealthF
o
r
e
s
t
ヴ
，R
eview7
1
:
9
5
1
0
0
.
BATTAGLIA
，L
.L
.
，B
.S
.COLLINS，ANDR
.R
.S臥 悶π.2
0
0
4
.Dop
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
dt
o
l
e
r
a
n
c
er
a
t
i
n
g
sandd
i
s
p
e
r
s
a
lf
a
c
t
o
r
s
o
r
e
s
tE
c
o
l
.M
g
t
.1
9
8
:1
5
3
0
.
p
r
e
d
i
c
ts
p
e
c
i
e
sd
i
s
t
r
l
b
u
t
i
o
n
si
nb
o
t
t
o
m
l
a
n
dhardwoods?F
BLAKESLEY，D.，S
.E
L
L
I
O
'
π ，C
.KUARAK，P
.NAVAKITBUMRUNG，S
.ZANGKUM，ANDV
.ANUSARNSUNTHORN.2
0
0
2
.
r
e
es
p
e
c
i
e
st
or
e
s
t
o
r
es
e
a
s
o
n
a
l
l
y世 y位。p
i
c
a
lf
o
r
e
s
t
:i
m
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
so
fs
e
a
s
o
n
a
l
P
r
o
p
a
g
a
t泊g仕'ameworkt
s
e
e
dd
i
s
p
e
r
s
a
landdormancy.F
o
r
e
s
tEc
o
l
.M
g
t
.1
6
4
:3
1
3
8
.
BRA
阻 N
HIELM，S
.，ANDQ
.L
I
U
.1
9
9
8
.Lo
n
g
t
e
r
me
f
f
e
c
t
so
fc
l
e
a
r
f
e
l
l
i
n
gonv
e
g
e
t
a
t
i
o
ndynamicsands
p
e
c
i
e
s
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
yi
nab
o
r
e
a
lp
i
n
ef
o
r
e
s
t
.B
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
η
，a
ndC
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n7
:2
0
7
2
2
0
.
BRUNER
，A.G.，R
.E
.GULLISON，R
.E
.RICE
，G.A.B
.DAF
O
N
S
E
C
A
.2001
.E臨 c
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
so
fp
a
r
k
si
np
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
n
g
位。p
i
c
a
lb
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
.S
c
i
e
n
c
e2
9
1
:1
2
5
1
2
8
.
B聞 YAVEJC
田 W凧 S
.1
9
9
9
.S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e加 ddynamicsi
ns
e
a
s
o
n
a
ld
r
ye
v
e
r
g
r
e
e
nf
o
r
e
s
ti
nn
o
r
t
h
蹴 t
em百 a
i
l
a
n
d
.
よV
e
g
e
t
a
t
i
o
nS
c
i
.1
0
:7
8
2
7
9
2
.
.，P
.J
.BARKER，J
.V
.LAFRAN
阻E
，ANDP
.S
.ASTHON.2001
.S
t
a
n
ds
回 c
t
町 eo
fs
e
a
s
o
n
a
ld
r
y
BUNYAVEJCHEWIN，S
aKh
aengW
i
l
d
l
i
f
eS
a
n
c
t
u
a
r
y，westemTh
a
i
l
a
n
d
.N
a
t
.H
i
s
t
.B
u
l
l
.SiamS
o
c
.
e
v
e
r
g
r
e
e
nf
o
r
e
s
ta
tHuaiKh
4
9
:8
9
1
0
6
.
R
.P
.2
0
0
0
.F
o
r
e
s
tc
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
nande
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
lmanagementi
nN
e
p
a
l
:a陀 v
i
e
w
.B
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
yand
CHAUDHARY，
C
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n9
:1
2
3
5
1
2
6
0
.
CORLE
打， R
.T
.，AND1
.M.TUR
阻 R
.1
9
9
7
.Long-terms
u
r
v
i
v
a
li
n出et
r
o
p
i
c
a
lf
o
r
e
s
tremn
飢 t
si
nS
i
n
g
a
p
o
r
eand
ー
345i
nW.F
.La
u
r
a
n
c
e，
andR
.O.Bierregaard(
e
d
s
.
)T
r
o
p
i
c
a
lF
o
r
e
s
tR
e
m
n
a
n
t
s
:
HongKong.Pages333
n
i
v
.ChicagoP
r
e
s
s，Chi
cago
E
c
o
l
o
g
y
.Management.andC
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
no
fFragmentedC
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
.U
IL，U
.
S
.
A
.
Cox，
G.1
9
9
0
.P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
nandCommunityS
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
:Q
u
a
d
r
a
tSamplingT
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
.Pages69
73i
nLa
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
ManualofG
e
n
e
r
a
lE
c
o
l
o
g
y
.W mC Brown，
Dubuque，
I
A
.
D乱 ANG
，C.O.2002. Def
o
r
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n泊 N
o
r
t
h
e
r
n百 a
i
l
a
n
d
:百巴 r
e
s
u
l
to
fHm
ongFarmingP
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
so
rTh
a
i
o
c
i
e
t
yandN
a
t
u
r
a
lR
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s1
5
:483-501
.
DevelopmentS
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
.S
FAO.1
9
9
9
.TheS
t
a
t
eo
fW
o
r
l
d
'sFo
r
e
s
t
.FoodandA
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
eO
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
no
ft
h
eU
n
i
t
e
dN
a
t
i
o
n
s
.Rome，
l
t
a
l
y
.
F
I
S
H
E
R，
R
.J
.1
9
8
9
.I
n
d
i
g
e
n
o
u
ss
y
s
t
e
m
so
fcommonp
r
o
p
e
r
t
yf
o
r
e
s
tmanagement泊 N
e
p
a
l
.WorkingP
a
p
e
rNo1
8
.
EnvironmentandP
o
l
i
c
yI
n
s
t
i
t
u
飽
， Honolulu，Hawaii，U
.
S
.
A
.
FORESTRESTORATIONRESEARCHUNIT，
2
0
0
0
.T
r
e
eS
e
e
d
sandS
e
e
d
l
i
n
g
sf
o
rR
e
s
t
o
r
i
n
gF
o
r
e
s
t
si
nN
o
r
t
h
e
r
nTh
a
i
l
a
n
d
.
B
i
o
l
o
g
yD
e
p
a
r
t
r
n
e
n
t，S
c
i
e
n
c
eF
a
c
u
l
t
y，ChiangMaiU
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y，Th
a
i
l
a
n
d
.
G
I
L
L
I
S
O
N
.A
.，
ANDN.LISWANT
I
.1
9
9
9
.S
u
r
v
e
yr
e
v
e
a
l
su
n
u
s
u
a
l
l
yh
i
g
hb
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
yi
nd
r
yd
i
p
t
e
r
o
c
a
r
pf
o
陀 s
t
sof
n
o
r
t
h
w
e
s
tTh
a
i
l
a
n
d
.C
i
f
o
rNews2
3
:1
0
.
GLIMOUR，D
.A. 1
9
9
0
.R
e
s
o
u
r
c
ea
v
a
i
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
yandi
n
d
i
g
e
n
o
u
sf
o
r
e
s
tmanagements
y
s
t
e
mi
nNepa
l
.S
o
c
i
e
t
yand
N
a
t
u
r
a
lR
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s3
:1
4
5
1
5
8
.
GUINDON，C
.F
.1
9
9
6
.百l
ei
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
eo
ff
o
r
e
s
tf
r
a
g
m
e
n
t
st
o血.
em
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
eo
fr
e
g
i
o
n
a
lb
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
yi
nC
o
s
t
a
R
i
c
a
.Pages1
6
8-186i
nJ
.S
c
h
e
l
h
a
sandR
.G
r
e
e
n
b
e
r
g(
e
d
s
.
)F
o
r
e
s
tP
a
t
c
h
e
si
nT
r
o
p
i
c
a
lLa
n
d
s
c
a
p
e
s
.
I
s
l
a
n
dP
r
es
s，WashingtonD.C.
H札，L，M.O
.1
9
7
3
.D
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
yande
v
e
n
n
e
s
s
:au
n
i
f
y
i
n
gn
o
t
a
t
i
o
nandi
t
s∞n
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
.E
c
o
l
o
g
y5
4
:427
ー
4
3
2
.
C
.，
ANDT
.F
O
R
S
γ
T
H
.2
0
0
2
.I
nt
h
eEyeso
ft
h
eS
t
a
t
e
:N
e
g
o
t
i
a
t
i
n
ga“
R
i
g
h
t
s
B
a
s
e
dApproach"t
oF
o
r
e
s
t
JOHNSON，
a
i
l
a
n
d
.WorldD
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t3
0
(
9
)
:1
5
9
1
1
6
0
5
.
C
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
ni
nTh
COMPOSITIONANDSTRUCTUREOFA COMMUNITY-MANAGEDDECIDUOUSFOREST 2
59
J
O
S
E
P
H，M.，J
R
.ANDJ
.M.WUNDERLE，J
R
.1
9
9
7
.Ther
o
l
eo
fa
n
i
m
a
ls
e
e
dd
i
s
p
e
r
s
a
li
na
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
n
gn
a
t
i
v
ef
o
r
e
s
t
o
r
e
s
tE
c
o
l
.M
g
t
.9
9
:2
2
3
2
3
5
.
r
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
nond
e
g
r
a
d
e
dt
r
o
p
i
c
a
l
l
a
n
d
s
.F
WACHAKUL
，K
.，G
.P
.S
H
I
V
A
K
O
T
1
，A
NDE
.L
.WEBB.2
0
0
4
.F
o
r
e
s
th
e
a
l
血
，c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
v
eb
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s，組dmanagemen
t
.
K
l
I
T
E
3
:62
0-6
3
6
.
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
.M
g
t
.3
LAMB，D
.，J
.PARR0
1T
A，R
.KEENAN，ANDN
.Tu
C
K
E
R
.1
9
9
7
.R
e
j
o
i
n
i
n
gh
a
b
i
t
a
tr
e
m
n
a
n
t
s
:r
e
s
t
o
r
i
n
gd
e
g
r
a
d
e
d
r
a
i
n
f
o
r
e
s
tl
a
n
d
s
.P
a
g
e
s36
63
8
5
.i
nW.F
.L
a
u
r
a
n
c
e， 釦dR
.O
.B
i
e
r
r
e
g
a
a
r
d(
e
d
s
.
)T
r
o
p
i
c
a
lF
o
r
e
s
t
RemnantsE
c
o
l
o
g
y
，
Management
，
andC
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
no
fFragmentedC
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
.U
n
i
v
.C
h
i
c
a
g
oP
r
e
s
s，
I
L
，U
.
S
.
A
.
C
h
i
c
a
g
o，
LE~組問H ， M
.，
ANDD
.T
E
K
E
T
A
Y
.2
0
0
5
.E
f
f
e
c
to
f
p
r
i
o
rl
a
n
du
s
eont
h
巴r
e
c
o
l
o
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
no
fn
a
t
i
v
ewoodys
p
e
c
i
e
su
n
d
e
r
p
l
加 国i
o
nf
o
r
e
s
t
si
nt
h
eh
i
g
h
l
a
n
d
so
fE
t
h
i
o
p
i
a
.F
o
r
e
s
tE
c
o
l
.M
g
t
.2
1
8
:60
ー
7
3
.
LUDWIG，J
.A
.，ANDJ
.F
.R
E
Y
N
O
L
D
S
.1
9
8
8
.S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
lE
c
o
l
o
g
y
.J
o
h
nW
i
l
e
ya
n
dS
o
n
s，NewY
o
r
k
.
MARGALEF
，R
.1
9
5
8
.I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
nt
h
e
o
r
yi
ne
c
o
l
o
g
y
.GeneralS
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
s3
:36
ー
71
.
MAROD，D
.，U
.K町tNTARA，C
.YARWUDHI，H
.T
A
N
.
ば A
，ANDT
.N
A
K
A
S
H
I
S
U
K
A
.1
9
9
9
.S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
ld
y
n
a
m
i
c
so
fa
問 s
tm w
e
s
t
e
m百 l
a
i
l
a
n
d
.J
.V
e
g
e
t
a
t
i
o
nS
c
i
.1
0
:7
7
7
7
8
6
.
n
a
t
u
r
a
lm
i
x
e
dd
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
sf
o
MATSUMURA，M.1
9
9
4
.C
ωrcivec
o
n
s
巴r
v
a
t
i
o
n，d
e
f
e
n
s
i
v
er
e
a
c
t
i
o
n，a
n
d由ecommons回 g
吋 yi
nN
o
r
t
h
e
a
s
t
τ'
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
.
HABITATINTL1
8
:1
0
5
1
1
5
.
MAxwELL， J
.F
.2
0
0
4
.A s
y
n
o
p
s
i
so
f血e
.v
e
g
e
t
a
t
i
o
no
fTha
i
l
a
n
d
.N
a
t
.H
i
s
t
.よ C
h
u
l
a
l
o
n
g
k
o
r
nU
n
i
v
.4
:1
9
2
9
.
MAxwE
L
L
.J
.F
.1
9
9
6
.V
e
g
e
t
a
t
i
o
no
f白 eMaeS
o
ic
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
na
r
e
a
，ChomT
ongD
i
s
位i
c
t
，Ch
i
a
n
gMaiPr
o
v
i
n
c
e，
Tha
i
l
a
n
d
.TigerPaper23(
1
)
:2
2
2
7
.
MAxwEL
L
，J
.F
.，ANDS
.Eは 1
0
1T.2
001
.V
e
g
e
t
a
t
i
o
na
n
dV
a
s
c
u
l
a
rF
l
o
r
ao
fD
o
iS
u
t
e
p
P
u
iN
a
t
i
o
n
a
lP
a
r
k，Northem
Th
a
i
l
a
n
d
.ThaiS
t
u
d
i
e
si
nB必>
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y5
:1
2
0
5
.
M
E
N
H
I
N
I
C
K
，E
.F
.1
9
6
4
.A c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
no
fsomes
p
e
c
i
e
s
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
sd
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
yi
n
d
i
c
e
sa
p
p
l
i
e
dt
os
a
m
p
l
e
so
ff
i
e
l
d
i
n
s
e
c
t
s
.Ec
o
l
o
g
y4
5
:859
-8
61
.
M比L
E
R
，P
.M.，ANDJ
.B
.KAUFFM
凶.1
9
9
8
.E伽 t
so
fs
l
a
s
h削 buma
g
r
l
c
u
l
t
u
r
eo
ns
p
e
c
i
e
sa
b
u
n
d
a
n
c
ea
n
d
c
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
no
fa位。p
i
c
a
ld
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
sf
o
r
e
st
.F
o
r
e
s
tE
c
o
l
.M
g
t
.
1
0
3
:191-201
.
OSTROM，
E
.1
9
9
0
.Governingt
h
eCommons;
・T
heE
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
nofI
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
sf
o
rC
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
v
eA
c
t
i
o
n
.C
a
m
b
r
i
d
g
eU
n
i
v
.，
NewY
o
r
k
.
.A
.，O
.H
.KNOWLES，ANDJ
.M.W山 D
E
R
L
E
.1
9
9
7
.D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
to
ff
l
o
r
i
s
t
i
cd
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
yi
nlOy
e
訂 o
l
d
P成 RO円 A，J
r
e
s
t
o
r
a
t
i
o
nf
o
r
e
s
t
sonab
a
u
x
i
t
em
i
n
e
ds
i
t
ei
nA
m
a
z
o
n
i
a
.F
o
r
e
s
tEco
l
.M
g
t
.9
9
:2
1-4
2
.
P
I
E
L
O
U，E
.C
.1
9
7
5
.Ec
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
lD
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
.W
i
l
e
y，NewY
o
r
k
.
Pa
L
O
U，
E
.C
.1
9
7
7
.M
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
lE
c
o
l
o
g
y
.W
i
l
e
y，
NewY
o
r
k
.
P
O
F
F
E
N
B
E
R
G
E
R，M.(
e
d
ふ1
9
9
9
.C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
sa
n
dFo
児 s
tManagementi
nS
o
u
t
h
e
a
s
tA
s
i
a
.A R
e
g
i
o
n
a
lP
r
o
f
i
l
eo
f
血.
eW
o
r
k
i
n
gGroupo
nCommunityI
n
v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
ti
nF
o
r
e
s
tManagement(WG-CIFM).IUCNIDFID/Asia
F
o
r
e
s
tN
e
t
w
o
r
k
.pp1
3
7
.
.，S
.CHAIWATANA，ANDS
.N
A
P
O
R
N
.1
9
9
9
.F
o
r
e
s
tComplexesi
nT
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
.P
r
u
e
k
s
i
r
i
nP
r
i
n
t
i
n
g，
P
R
A
Y
U
R
A
S
I
D
D
H
I，T
R
o
y
a
lFo
陀 s
tDep
釘t
r
n
e
n
t，B
a
n
g
k
o
k
.
R
A
M
I
R
E
Z
M
A
R
C
I
A
L，M.，M.Go
N
Z
A
L
E
Z
E
s
P
I
N
O
S
A，ANDG
.WIL
L
lA
M
S
L
I
N
E
R
A
.2001
.A
n
t
h
r
o
p
o
g
e
n
i
cd
i
s
t
u
r
b
a
n
c
ea
n
d
位'
e
ed
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
yi
nM
o
n
t
a
n
eR
a
i
nF
o
r
e
s
t
si
nC
h
i
a
p
a
s，
M
e
x
i
c
o
.F
o
r
e
s
tE
c
o
l
.M
g
t
.1
5
4
:3
1
1
3
2
6
.
S
A
L
A
F
S
K
Y，N
.，H.CAULEY，G
.BALACHANDER，B
.C
O
R
D
E
S，J
.P
A
R
K
S，C
.MARGOLUIS，S
.BHAπ，E
N
C
A
R
N
A
C
I
O
N，D
.
R
U
S
S
E
L
L，ANDR
.M
A
R
G
O
L
U
I
S
.2
0
0
1
.A s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
ct
e
s
to
fa
ne
n
t
e
r
p
r
i
s
es
t
r
a
t
e
g
yf
o
rc
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
s
.B
i
o
l
.1
5
:1
5
8
5
1
5
9
5
.
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
yc
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
.C
SATO
，J
.2
0
0
0
.P
e
o
p
l
ei
nb
e
t
w
e
e
n
:c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
na
n
dc
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
no
ff
o
r
e
s
tl
a
n
d
si
nT
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
.Developmentand
Change3
1
:1
5
5
1
7
7
.
SHANNON，C
.E
.，ANDW.WEAVER.1
9
4
9
.TheM
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
lT
h
e
o
r
yo
f
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
.U
n
i
v
.
l
l
l
i
n
o
i
s，U
r
b
a
n
aI
L，
U
.
S
.
A
・
S
I
M
P
S
O
N，E
.H. 1
9
4
9
.M
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
to
fd
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
.Nature1
6
3
:6
8
8
.
S
T
Q
'
π，P
.A
.，1
.G
.GOLDAMMER，ANDW.L
.W
E
R
N
E
R
.1
9
9
0
.T
her
o
l
eo
ff
r
r
ei
nt
h
et
r
o
p
i
c
a
l
l
o
w
l
a
n
dd
e
c
i
d
u
o
u
s
-44i
nJ
.G
.Goladammer(
e
d
.
)F
i
r
ei
nt
h
eT
r
o
p
i
c
a
lB
i
o
t
a
:E
c
o
s
y
s
t
e
mP
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
s
f
o
r
e
s
t
so
fA
s
i
a
.P
a
g
e
s32
andG
l
o
b
a
lC
h
a
l
l
e
n
e
g
e
s
.S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r
V
e
r
l
a
g，NewY
o
r
k
.
THAPA，G
.B
.1
9
9
8
.I
s
s
u
e
si
nt
h
ec
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
na
n
dm
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
to
ff
o
陀 s
t
si
nL
a
o
s
:Thec
a
s
eo
ft
h
eS
a
n
g
t
h
o
n
g
.S
i
n
g
a
p
o
r
eJ
.T
r
o
p
.G
e
o
g
r
.1
9
:71-91
.
D
i
s
t
r
i
ct
THEBAUD，C
.，ANDD
.S
T
R
A
S
B
E
R
G
.1
9
9
7
.P
l
a
n
td
i
s
p
e
r
s
a
li
nf
r
a
g
m
e
n
t
叫 l
a
n
d
s
c
a
p
巴s
:A f
i
e
l
ds
t
u
d
yo
fwoody
c
o
l
o
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
ni
nr
a
i
n
f
o
r
e
s
t陀 m
n
a
n
t
so
ft
h
eM
a
s
c
a
r
e
n
eA
r
c
h
i
p
e
l
a
g
o
.P
a
g
e
s321-332i
nW.F
.L
a
u
r
a
n
c
e
r
o
p
i
c
a
lF
o
r
e
s
tRemnantsE
c
o
l
o
g
y，Management，andC
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
nof
a
n
dR
.O
.B
i
e
r
r
e
g
a
a
r
dJ
r
.(
e
d
s
.
)T
FragmentedC
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
.U
n
i
v
.C
h
i
c
a
g
o，C
h
i
c
a
g
o，U
.
S
.
A
.
2
6
0
MD.ENAMMULKABIRANDEDWARDL
.WEBB
r
r
es
u
s
c
e
p
曲i
l
i
t
y，andpo
蜘 l
t
i
a
l田 er
e
s
p
o
n
s
et
of
i
r
e加 t
h
e
UHL
，C
.，刷DJ
.B
.KAUFFMAN.1
9
9
0
.D
e
f
o
r
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n，f
eastemAmazon.J
.Ecol.71:437
ー
4
4
9
.
VANDEBULT
，M.，ANDM.G阻 JMANS.2006.Veg
瑚 .
t
i
o
ntypωand血ed
e
c
i
d
u
o
us
e
v
e
r
g
r
e
e
nf
o
r
e
s
tcontinuum
a
l
o
n
g佃 e
l
e
v
a
t
i
o
ng
r
a
d
i
e
n
ti
nMa
eWongN
a
t
i
o
n
a
lP
a
r
k，
WestemTh
a
i
l
a
n
d
.N
a
t
.H
i
s
t
.B
u
l
l
.SiamS
o
c
.
5
4
(
1
)
:2
7
7
4
.
，P
.1
9
9
6
.P
r
o
p
e
r
t
yr
i
g
h
t
s泊 p
r
o
t
e
c
t
e
d間 制 :o
b
s
t
a
c
l
e
st
o∞mmunity加 v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
ta
sas
o
l
u
t
i
o
ni
n
VANDERGEEST
Th
a
i
l
a
n
d
.E
n
v
i
r
o
n
.C
o
n
s
.2
3
:259
2
6
8
.
VANDERGE
邸T
，P
.2
0
0
3
.R
a
c
i
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n加 dc
i
t
i
z
e
n
s
h
i
pi
目別別 f
o
r
e
s
tp
o
l
i
t
i
c
s
.S
o
c
i
e
ηN
a
t
.R
e
s
.1
6
:19
ー
3
7
.
VIANA，V
.M.，A
.A.J
.TABANEZ
，ANDJ
.L
.B
A
T
I
S
T
A
.1
9
9
7
.Dynamicsandr
e
s
t
o
r
a
t
i
o
no
ff
o
r
e
s
t企agments泊 血e
.
tPages351-365i
nW.F
.La
u
r
a
n
c
e
，andR
.O.Bierregaard，J
r
.(
e
d
s
.
)
B
r
a
z
i
l
i
a
nA
t
l
a
n
t
i
cm
o
i
s
tf
o
r
e
s
T
r
o
p
i
c
a
lF
o
r
e
s
tRemnantsE
c
o
l
o
g
y，
Management
，
andC
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
no
fFragmentedC
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
.U
n
i
v
.
L
， U.S.A.
Chicago，Chicagol
WEBB，
E
.L
.，
ANDA.P
.GAUTAM.2001
.E百e
c
t
so
fcommunityf
o
r
e
s
tmanagementon曲 目 岡 山l
r
eandd
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
fas
u
c
c
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
lb
r
o
a
d
l
e
a
ff
o
r
e
s
ti
nN
e
p
a
l
.1
m
.Fo
r
e
s
t
ηR
e
v
.3
:1
46-1
5
7
.
WEBB，
E
.L
.，
ANDM.KHURSHID.20
叩.D
i
v
e
r
g
e
n
td
e
s
t
i
n
i
e
samongp
i
n
ef
o
館副 i
nNorthemP
a
k
i
s
t
a
n
:l
i
n
k
i
n
g
e
c
o
s
y
s
t
e
mc
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
sw
i
t
hcommunitys
e
l
f
g
o
v
e
m
a
n
c
eandl
o
c
a
li
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
s
.
l
n
t
.J
.S
u
s
t
.D
e
v
.World
E
c
o
l
.
7
:1
8
9
ー
2
W回 B，E
.L
.
， andG
.P
.S
H
I
V
A
K
O
T
I但d
s
.
)
.2
0
0
7
. Decen
回 l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
，F
o
r
e
s
t
sandR
u
r
a
lCommunities :P
o
l
i
c
y
Outcomesi
nS
o
u
t
handS
o
u
t
h
e
a
s
tA
s
i
a
.SageP
r
e
s
s，NewDelh
i
.
W酪 施R，L
.
， ANDS
.YONGVANπ.2
0
0
5
.F
a
r
m
e
r
s，f
o
r
e
s
t
e
r
sandf
o
r
e
s
tt
e
m
p
l
e
s
:c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
ni
n由巴 DongMun
u
p
l
釦 d
s，N
o
r
t
h
e
a
s
t百l
a
i
l
a
n
d
.G
e
o
f
o
r
胴
3
6
:7
3
5
7
4
9
.
C
.2
0
0
2
.Commu
凶t
y舗 a戸 l
l
i
t
i
c
a
ls
p
a
c
ef
o
rs
凶 g
g
l
e
so
v
e
ra
c
c
e
s
st
on
a
t
u
r
a
lr
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
sandc
u
l
佃r
a
l
WITTAYAPAK，
m
e
a
n
i
n
g
.P
a
g
e
s275-297i
nP
.D
e
訂den，(
e
d
.
)E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
lP
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
nandR
u
r
a
lD
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
ti
n
・C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
sandO
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
.Wh
i
t
eLo
t
u
sP
r
e
s
s
，Bangkok，Tha
i
l
a
n
d
.
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
:
W 汀 TAYAPAK，C
.，AND P
. DEARDEN. 1
9
9
9
.D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
m
a
k
i
n
ga
r
r
加 g
ementsi
ncommunity-basedw
a
t
e
r
s
h
e
d
a
n
d
.S
o
c
i
e
t
yN
a
t
.R
e
s
.1
2
:67
3-6
91
.
managementi
nNorthem百 凶l
YARW
叩阻， C
.，S
.KOBAYASHI，U.KUTINTARA，M.TAKAHASHI，D.MAROD
，K.H
i
R
A
I
， W.EIDTONG，H.TANAKA，
t
u
r
e佃 dcommunityd抑 制 凶csofana
阿 国 組dad
i
s
t
u
r
b
e
d回 l
p
i
c
a
l
ANDT
.NAKASHIZUKA.1
9
9
6
.S加 c
s
e
a
s
o
n
a
lf
o
r
e
s
t泊 百 凶l
a
n
d
.P
r
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
so
ft
h
eFORTROP'96:T
r
o
p
i
c
a
lF
o
r
e
s
甘y泊 t
h
e2
1 C
e
n
t
u
r
y
.
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y，Bangkok，Th
a
i
l
叩 d
.pp218
ー
2
3
2
.
25-28November
，1
9
9
6
.Kお 郎 副 U
X.1
9
9
7
.R
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
nanddevelopm
巴n
to
ff
o
r
e
s
tond
e
g
r
a
d
e
dh
i
l
l
so
fHongKong.F
o
r
e
s
tE
c
o
l
.M
g
t
.
ZHUANG，
9
9
:1
9
2
.
.
.
.
:
却1.
∞
.
剖

List of participants - European Forest Institute

Marco Marchetti - Università degli Studi del Molise

Hybrids and Taxonomy - International Association for Plant Taxonomy

II Congresso Internazionale di Selvicoltura Progettare il futuro per il

Untitled - Società Italiana Scienza della Vegetazione

Preview - Magnolia Press

0-1 tutto inizia

Preview - Magnolia Press