3& ࣮࢜ࢹ࢜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࠾ࡅࡿືస⎔ቃࢹࢪࢱࣝಙྕୖࡢ MLWWHU ࡢ㛵ಀ 22 ㄽ ᩥ Article PC ࣮࢜ࢹ࢜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࠾ࡅࡿ ືస⎔ቃࢹࢪࢱࣝಙྕୖࡢ jitter ࡢ㛵ಀ ཎ✏ཷ ᖺ ᭶ ᪥ ࡶࡢࡘࡃࡾᏛ⣖せ ➨㸲ྕ㸦㸧 㹼 ୕ ᐇ*1㸪 㔠Ꮚ *2㸪㉥ᇼ ⫕*3㸪▼ᕝ ᬛ*4㸪ᐑཎ ㄔ*5 *1 ࡶࡢࡘࡃࡾᏛ ᢏ⬟ᕤⱁᏛ㒊 〇㐀Ꮫ⛉ *2 ࡶࡢࡘࡃࡾᏛ Ꮫ㝔ࡶࡢࡘࡃࡾ◊✲⛉ *3 ឡ▱ᕤᴗᏛ Ꮫ㝔ᕤᏛ◊✲⛉ *4 Ᏹ㒔ᐑᏛ Ꮫ㝔ᕤᏛ◊✲⛉ *4 ᮾிᕤᴗᏛ ୡ⏺ᩥ᫂ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ The Relationship between Hardware Requirements of PC and Digital Signal Jitter on PC Audio Systems Minoru MITSUI*1, Dasuke KANEKO*2, Hajime AKAHORI*3, Tomoharu ISHIKAWA*4 and Makoto MIYAHARA*5 *1 Dept. of Manufacturing, Institute of Technologists *2 *5 Abstract Graduate School, Institute of Technologists *3 Graduate School, Aichi Institute of Technology *4 Faculty of Engineering, Utsunomiya University Center for the Study of World Civilizations, Tokyo Institute of Technology In this paper, relationship between the hardware requirements of PC, the value of digital signal jitter was clarified. Recently, PC audio systems as sound reproduction equipment are popular. The sound quality deterioration would be affected by D/A conversion are performed inside PC. The other hand, it is said that the sound quality are deteriorated with the hardware requirements of PC. These causes might be digital signal jitter in clock signal of D/A conversion. Jitter is fluctuation of the time interval upon digital pulse waveform. If jitter is contained in digital signal, the analog output signal which should not change theoretically will change, and sound quality will be deteriorated. To clarify cause of these deteriorations of sound quality, we devised D/A Converter and PC audio system and measurement experiment was proposed. The significant difference in value of jitter in D/A conversion clock was measured when CPU and memory equipment of PC were changed. Key Words: Digital signal jitter, PC audio systems, Hardware requirements of PC, ࡣࡌࡵ ࣮࢜ࢹ࢜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࡼ࠺࠸࠺ືࡁࡀጞ ࡲࡿ 1)㸬2000 ᖺ௨㝆㸪Apple 〇ࡢ iPod ࡸ SONY 〇 ᮏ◊✲ࡢ⫼ᬒ┠ⓗ WALKMAN ࡞㸪グ㘓፹యࣇࣛࢵࢩ࣓ࣗࣔࣜ 1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆㸪ࠕPC㸦Personal Computer㸧ࡀᣢ ࡸᑠᆺ HDD㸦Hard Disk Drive㸧ࢆ⏝ࡋࡓ DAP ࡘ㧗࠸ィ⟬ฎ⌮⬟ຊࢆ࣮࢜ࢹ࢜ྥࡅࡓࡽ࠺ 㸦Digital Audio Player㸧ࡢⓏሙࡼࡾ㸪㡢ᴦࢹ࣮ࢱ ࡞ࡿ㸽ࠖ࠸࠺Ⓨࡢඖ㸪᪂ࡋ࠸ษࡾཱྀ࡛ PC ࡢ⟶⌮࣭⏕ࢆ PC ࡛⾜࠺ࡇࡀ୍⯡ࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚ 1 2 7KH%XOOHWLQRI,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJLVWV1R ࠸ࡿ㸬ᚑ᮶ࡢ CD ࣉ࡛ࣞࣖࡣࢹ࣮ࢱࡢㄞࡳྲྀ ࡲࡓ㸪㉥ᇼࡽࡼࡿ CD ࢺࣛࣥࢫ࣏࣮ࢺࡢฟຊ ࡾ࣭⏕ࢆ㝈ࡽࢀࡓ㛫ࡢ୰࡛ྠ⾜࠺ᚲせࡀ jitter ࢆຍࡋࡓほホ౯ᐇ㦂 6)ࡸ㸪➹⪅ࡽࡼ ࠶ࡗࡓࡀ㸪PC ࡣࡑࢀࡽࢆูࠎฎ⌮ࡍࡿࡇࡀ ࡿ jitter 㔞ࡢ␗࡞ࡿ⏕ᶵჾࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ ᐃ࠾ࡼࡧ ฟ᮶ࡿࡓࡵ⌮ㄽୖࡣ㡢㉁ࡀⰋ࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ ほホ౯ᐇ㦂 7)ࡢ⤖ᯝࡽ㸪ᩘ ps ࣮࢜ࢲࡢ jitter 2) ≉ᛶࡢ㐪࠸ࡼࡾ㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡀ D/A ኚᚋࡢࢼࣟ 㸬 ࡋࡋ㸪PC ⮬యࡀᵝࠎ࡞ࣀࢬࡢሢゝࡗ࡚ ࢢ㡢ኌಙྕࡢኚࢆ▱ぬࡍࡿࡇࡀศࡗࡓ㸬 ࡶ㐣ゝ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ㸪D/A㸦Digital/Analogue㸧ኚ ᭦㸪➹⪅ࡽࡣࢹࢪࢱ࣮ࣝ࢜ࢹ࢜ᶵჾࡢ ࢆ PC ෆ㒊࡛⾜࠺㸪᭱⤊ⓗ㡢㉁┤᥋ⓗ ᵝࠎ࡞㒊ࢆ ᐃࡋ㸪jitter ࡢ㡢㉁ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣ㸪 ᙳ㡪ࡍࡿࢼࣟࢢ㡢ኌಙྕࢆຎࡉࡏ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺㸬 ಙྕ⤒㊰ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪㟁※⤒㊰࡞㸪㟁Ẽᅇ㊰ ࡑࡢ᪉⟇ࡋ࡚㸪⌧ᅾࡢ PC ࣮࢜ࢹ࢜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ ⯡ࡽఏᦙࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆ♧၀ࡋࡓ 14)㸬 ࡛ࡣእ㒊 DAC㸦Digital to Analog Converter㸧ࡼ ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ᮏ◊✲ࡀ┠ᣦࡍ㧗ရ࡞ PC ࣮࢜ࢹ ࡾ D/A ኚ㒊ࢆ PC ෆ㒊ษࡾ㞳ࡍࡇ࡛㸪ࣀ ࢜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᵓ⠏ࡢࡓࡵࡣ㸪ప jitter ࡞ࢹ ࢬࡢᙳ㡪ࢆపῶࡉࡏࡿពᅗࡢ〇ရࡀከ࠸㸬ࢹࢪ ࢪࢱ࣮ࣝ࢜ࢹ࢜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᵓ⠏ ࢱࣝಙྕࡋᢅࢃ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ PC ࡽฟຊࡉࢀࡿ ᙜࡓࡾ PC ෆ㒊ࡢືస⎔ቃࡸ⏝࠸ࡿࣃ࣮ࢶࢆ⇍⪃ ಙྕࡣ⌮ㄽⓗࡣຎࡋ࡞࠸ࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ᐇ㝿 ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣ㸪ࡲࡎ㸪 ᐃࡀᐜ᫆ ࡣእ㒊 DAC ࡛ D/A ኚࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡶ PC ࡢືస ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ㸪ᨵ㐀ࡀᐜ࡛᫆࠶ࡿࡇࡽ㸪PC ⎔ቃࡼࡾ㡢㉁ࡀຎࡍࡿゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢ ࣮࢜ࢹ࢜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒యࢆ⮬సࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡢࣃ࣮ ཎᅉࡋ࡚㸪ࢹࢪࢱࣝಙྕࡿ jitter ࡢᙳ㡪 ࢶࡸືస⎔ቃࢆኚࡉࡏ㸪jitter 㔞ࡢ ᐃࢆ⾜ࡗ 3) ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ 㸬 ࡓ㸬 jitter ࡣࣃࣝࢫಙྕἼᙧࡢ㛫㍈᪉ྥࡢᦂࡽ ࡂ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬PC ෆ㒊࡛ఱࡋࡽࡢࣀࢬࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ ࡓሙྜ, ࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢ Clock jitter ࡀࡿ㸬ࡍࡿ ࣮࢜ࢹ࢜ᶵჾࡢ〇స 㸪D/A ኚࡢࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢ㛫㝸ࡀኚືࡍࡿ㸬 ࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢ㛫㝸ࡀኚືࡍࡿࢼࣟࢢ㡢ኌಙྕ ᐇ㦂⏝࣮࢜ࢹ࢜ᑓ⏝ 3& ࡢᵓ⠏ ࡢ㛫㍈᪉ྥኚㄪ㸦࿘Ἴᩘኚㄪࡶࡋࡃࡣ┦ኚ PC ࣮࢜ࢹ࡛࢜ࡣᕷ㈍ࡢࢹࢫࢡࢺࢵࣉ PC ࡸࣀ ㄪ㸧ࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠸㸪ᮏ᮶ࡢ㡢ኌಙྕࢆṍࡲࡏ㡢㉁ ࣮ࢺ PC ࡀ⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡀከ࠸ࡀ㸪ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ ຎ⧅ࡀࡿ㸬 PC ࣃ࣮ࢶࡢ㸦ᐇ㦂᮲௳ࡢኚ᭦㸧ࢆᐜ᫆ࡍࡿ ࡑࡇ࡛ᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣ, ࣮࢜ࢹ࢜⏝ PC ࡢືస⎔ ࡓࡵ࣮࢜ࢹ࢜ᑓ⏝ PC ࢆ⮬సࡋࡓ㸬ྛࣃ࣮ࢶ ቃࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢ Clock ࡢ jitter ࡢ㛵ಀᛶ╔┠ ࡣᏳᐃᛶࢆ㔜どࡋࡓ㒊ရࢆ㑅ᐃࡋࡓ㸬࡞࠾㸪ࣀ ࡋ㸪㧗ရ㡢ᴦ⏕ࢆ┠ⓗࡋࡓ PC ࣮࢜ࢹ࢜ ࢬ㸪ື࡞ࡢእⓎ⏕ࢆᴟຊᢚ࠼ࡿࡓࡵࡢᨵ㐀 ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᵓ⠏ࢆ┠ᣦࡍ㸬 ࢆ PC ྛ㒊ࡋࡓ㸬PC ࡢᵓᡂࢆ⾲ 1 ♧ࡍ㸬 Table.1 Component of PC 㛵㐃◊✲ᮏ◊✲ࡢ⨨࡙ࡅ jitter 㡢㉁ࡢ㛵ಀࢆㄪᰝࡋࡓ◊✲ࡣከᩘ⾜ OS Windows7 Home Premium 32bit CPU Intel Pentium G630T CPU cooler SCYTHE KABUTO CKBT-1000 jitter ࡀ㸪D/A ኚ࿘Ἴᩘ࣭┦ኚㄪࢆᘬࡁ㉳ Mother board ASUS P8Z77-M PRO ࡇࡍ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ᐃࡋ࡚㸪ணࡵ㡢ᴦࢹ࣮ࢱࢆࢹ Memory Corsair CML8GX3M2A1600C9W ࢪࢱࣝಙྕฎ⌮ࡼࡾኚㄪࡉࡏ㸪ࡑࡢ⏕㡢ࢆ⿕ SSD Intel 520 Series SSDSC2CW120A3K5 㦂⪅⫈ࡏࡿࡇ࡛㸪ᩘⓒ ns ࣮࢜ࢲࡢ࿘Ἴ Power unit Seasonic X series SS-400FL Case LIAN LIPC-C50B ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ 4-15) 㸬 ࡑࡢ୰࡛㸪⸼ཎࡽࡣ DAC ࡢࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢ Clock ᩘ࣭┦ኚㄪࡀே㛫ࡢ᳨▱㝈࡛࠶ࡿ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 9) 㸬 23 3& ࣮࢜ࢹ࢜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࠾ࡅࡿືస⎔ቃࢹࢪࢱࣝಙྕୖࡢ MLWWHU ࡢ㛵ಀ 24 Sound card 3 ONKYO SE-300PCIE Fig.3 Equipment diagram ௨ୖࡢ⌮⏤ࡽ㸪PC ࡽఏ㏦ࡉࢀࡿ Clock ಙྕ እ㒊 '$& ࡢ〇స ᕷ㈍ࡢእ㒊 DAC ࡢࢇࡣỈᬗືᏊ㸪ྠ ࢆ┤᥋ⓗ DAC ࡢ Clock ಙྕࡋ࡚⏝࡛ࡁࡿ ᮇᅇ㊰ࢆᦚ㍕ࡋ㸪DAC ෆ㒊࡛ Clock ࢆ⏕ᡂࡋ PLL DAC ࢆタィ࣭〇సࡋࡓ 16-17)㸬ᅇ㊰ᅗࢆᅗ 1 㸪ไ 㸦Phase Locked Loop㸧ࡼࡾ㸪๓ẁࡢᶵჾࡽࡢ సࡋࡓ DAC ࢆᅗ 2 ♧ࡍ㸬 clock ಙྕᑐࡋ࡚Ᏻᐃⓗྠᮇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡋ ࡋ㸪PC ෆ㒊࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓ jitter ࡣࢣ࣮ࣈࣝࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ ᐇ㦂ᴫせ 14) DAC ࡢ Clock ಙྕᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍ ࡓࡵ㸪PC ഃ ࡢ Clock ಙྕࡢ jitter 㔞ࢆㄪࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬 ᐇ 㦂 ࡛ ࡣ ᕷ ㈍ ࡢ ࢧ ࢘ ࣥ ࢻ ࢝ ࣮ ࢻ (ONKYO 〇 SE300-PCIE) ࡼ ࡾ ฟ ຊ ࡋ ࡓ ࢹ ࢪ ࢱ ࣝ ಙ ྕ (S/PDIF)ࢆ D/A Converter ෆࡢ Receiver ࡛ศ㞳ࡋ㸪 10,000 ಶศࡢ Clock ಙྕࣃࣝࢫ㛫㝸ࡢᦂࢀ(ᶆ‽೫ ᕪȪ)ࢆ jitter 㔞ࡋ࡚ ᐃࡍࡿ㸬 ᐃࡣ㸪ᶓἙ 㟁ᶵ♫〇ࡢ Time Interval Analyzer TA520 (㛫ศ ゎ⬟:25ps)ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ㸬⏝ᶵჾࢆ⾲ 2 㸪ᐇ㦂 ⏝࠸ࡓࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆᅗ 3 ♧ࡍ㸬 Table.2 Equipment list PC Fig.1 Circuit diagram PC for Audio(self-produced) DAC(self-produced) ࣭Digital audio receiver IC㸸 DAC CIRRUS LOGIC CS8414 ࣭DAC IC㸸PHILIPS TDA1543 Amplifier Speaker Measurement Fig.2 Digital to Analog Converter equipment AB-class Amplifier(self-produced) ࣭Amp IC㸸Texas Instruments TPA1517 6.5cm full-range(self-produced) Content㸸2.1[L] YOKOGAWA Time Interval Analyzer TA520 Digital Analogue D/A Converter Musical OS࣭Application data Sound card Receiver DAC SE300-PCIE Storage Clock Memory PC Time Interval Analyzer YOKOGAWA Amplifier LTD Speaker 4 7KH%XOOHWLQRI,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJLVWV1R MLWWHU 㔞 ᐃᐇ㦂 25 Table.3 Result of experimental 1 KM Player ᐇ㦂 㸸⏕ࣉࣜࡢ㐪࠸ࡼࡿ MLWWHU ᐃ Applications ᐇ㦂 Reclock -Reclock ᕷ㈍ࡢ࣓࣮࢝〇 PC ࡢෆ㒊ࡣ≉Ṧ࡞ᵓ㐀ࡢࡓࡵ㸪 CPU ࣃ࣮ࢶࡢࡣไ㝈ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪୍⯡ utilization ⓗ࡞ PC ࣮࢜ࢹ࡛࢜ࡣ⏕ࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ Memory ࡼࡿ㡢㉁ᨵၿࢆヨࡳ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࡀከ࠸㸬ࡇࡢࡇ usage ࡽ㸪PC ࡢືస⎔ቃࡋ࡚㸪ࡲࡎ⏕ࣉࣜࢣ Jitter value ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ jitter ࡢ≉ᛶ㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࢆㄪࡿ ࡓࡵ Clock jitter 㔞ࡢ ᐃᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬 Non Ȫ(ps) PlayPcmWin WASAPI WASAPI exclusion 2㹼7% 0㹼6% 724MB 994MB 260㹼287 433㹼459 252㹼281 265㹼287 ᐇ㦂 㸸㈇Ⲵࡢ᭷↓ࡼࡿ MLWWHU ᐃᐇ㦂 ᐇ㦂 ࡢ ᐃ᮲௳ ᐇ㦂⏝ࡍࡿ⏕ࣉࣜࡣ㸪୍⯡ⓗ㡢㉁ ᐃホࡢ࠶ࡿ KMPlayer 㸪PlayPcmWin18)ࡍࡿ㸬ྛ ⏕ࣉࣜࡣ㡢㉁ᨵၿࢆ┠ⓗࡋࡓᶵ⬟ࡀ⤌ࡳ ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡶ᮲௳ຍ࠼ࡿ㸬 ReClock ࡣࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢ Clock ࢆㄪᩚࡍࡿࣇ ࣝࢱ࣮㸪WASAPI ࣮ࣔࢻࡣ࣮࢝ࢿ࣑ࣝ࢟ࢧ ࣮ࢆࣂࣃࢫࡍࡿࣉࣟࢢ࣒࡛ࣛ࠶ࡿ㸬௨ୖࡢ᮲௳ ࡛ᅗ 3 ♧ࡋࡓࢩࢫࢸ࣒࠾࠸࡚ ᐃᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜ࡗ ࡓ㸬 ᐇ㦂 ࡢ⤖ᯝ PC ෆ࡛ሗฎ⌮ࢆ⾜࠺ CPU ࡣ㧗㏿ฎ⌮ࡢࡓࡵ 㠀ᖖ㧗࠸࿘Ἴᩘ(1~3GHz)࡛ືసࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬 GHz ࣮࢜ࢲࡢືస࡛ࡣ CPU ⮬యࡀእ㒊ࣀࢬ ࢆᨺฟࡋ㸪ືస࿘Ἴᩘࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࣀࢬ㔞ࡶ ከࡃ࡞ࡿ㸬ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪㧗࿘Ἴᩘ࡛ືసࡍࡿ CPU ㈇Ⲵࡀࡿࡇ㉳ᅉࡋࡓࣀࢬࡀ Clock ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ㸪jitter 㔞ࡀቑຍࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶ ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ᐇ㦂 1 ࡛ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚㸪CPU ㉳※ࡢࣀࢬࡢᙳ㡪ࡢ᭷↓ࢆㄪࡿࡓࡵ㸪↓㈇Ⲵ 㸪CPU ᑐࡋ࡚₇⟬㈇Ⲵࢆࡅࡿࢯࣇࢺ࢘ ࢙ࢆືసࡉࡏࡓࡁ㸪DAC Clock jitter 㔞ࡢ ᐃᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬 ᐇ㦂 ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ⾲ ♧ࡍ㸬ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ PC ࡽఏ㏦ࡉࢀࡿ Clock ಙྕࢆ┤᥋ⓗ Clock ಙྕ ࡋ࡚⏝࡛ࡁࡿ DAC ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇࡽ㸪jitter 㔞 ࡀᦂࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡓࡵ㸪 ᐃࡢ᭱ప್᭱㧗್ࡢ ⠊ᅖࢆ♧ࡍ㸬⾲ ࡼࡾ㸪ReClock ᶵ⬟ࢆ⏝ࡋࡓ KMPlayer ࠾࠸࡚㸪jitter 㔞ࡀ 100[ps]௨ୖቑຍࡋ ࡓ㸬 jitter 㔞ࡢ᭱ᑠ್್᭱ࡢᦂࢀᖜ௨ୖ࡛ యⓗ jitter 㔞ࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀほ ࡛ࡁࡓ㸬 ᐃჾࡢ㛫ศゎ⬟ࡀ >SV@࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡢᐇ㦂 ᮲௳࠾ࡅࡿ jitter 㔞ẚࡋ࡚㸪᫂ࡽኚືࡀ ࡳࡽࢀࡿࡓࡵ㸪᭷ព࡞ᕪ⪃࠼ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ jitter 㔞 ࡢቑຍࡣ㸪ReClock ࡼࡿࣇࣝࢱ࣮ฎ⌮ࡢࡓࡵ CPU(Central Processing Unit)₇⟬㔞ࡀቑຍࡋࡓࡇ ㉳ᅉࡍࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬₇⟬㔞ቑຍࡼࡿ CPU ࣀࢬࡢᙳ㡪㸪ࡑࢀࡶ PC ࢣ࣮ࢫෆࡢࣇ ࣥࡀᅇࡿࡇࡼࡿࣇࣥࣀࢬࡢᙳ㡪ࢆㄪ ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᐇ㦂 㸪ᐇ㦂 ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬 ᐇ㦂 ࡢ ᐃ᮲௳ ↓㈇Ⲵࡣ⏕ࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢࡳࢆ㉳ືࡋ ࡚ ᐃࢆ⾜࠺㸬㧗㈇Ⲵࡣࢫࢺࣞࢫࢶ࣮ࣝ Prime95 ࢆ㉳ືࡋᙉไⓗ CPU ㈇Ⲵࢆ 100%ࡋ ࡚ ᐃࢆ⾜࠺㸬⏝࠸ࡓ⏕ࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡣ㸪 KMPlayer ࡛㸪ReClock ↓ࡋࡢ࣮ࣔࢻࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ㸬 ᐇ㦂 ࡢ⤖ᯝ ᐇ㦂 ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ⾲ ࡲࡵࡿ㸬⾲ ࡼࡾ㸪 CPU ₇⟬㈇Ⲵࢆࡅࡓሙྜ࡛ࡶ jitter 㔞ࡢ᭱ᑠ ್್᭱ࡢᏑᅾᇦ㸪ኚࡣࢇぢࡽࢀ࡞ ࠸ࡇࡀศࡿ㸬ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪CPU ࡢ₇⟬㈇Ⲵ jitter 㔞ࡢቑຍࡢ㛵ಀᛶࡣㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓ㸬 ⏕ࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ᭱ᑠ್್᭱ ࡢኚࡢᖜከᑡࡢ㐪࠸ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡀ㸪࠸ࡎࢀࡶ ᐃჾࡢ㛫ศゎ⬟ 25[ps]௨ෆ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵ㸪 ᐃ 3& ࣮࢜ࢹ࢜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࠾ࡅࡿືస⎔ቃࢹࢪࢱࣝಙྕୖࡢ MLWWHU ࡢ㛵ಀ 26 5 ჾࡢㄗᕪ⠊ᅖ⪃࠼ࡽ࠼ࡿ㸬 ᐇ㦂 ࡢ⤖ᯝ ⾲ 5 ᐇ㦂 3 ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡍ㸬⾲ 5 ࡼࡾ㸪ࣇࣥ Table.4 Result of experiment 2 Computing load applications non-loaded KMPlayer PlayPcmWin high-loaded KMPlayer PlayPcmWin ࡢ᭷↓㛵ࢃࡽࡎ jitter 㔞ࡣࢇኚࡀほ ฟ᮶࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪CPU ₇⟬㔞ࡢቑຍ కࡗࡓࣇࣥືసࡼࡿࣀࢬ㸪ᶵᲔⓗື㸪 jitter 㔞ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࡣㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓ㸬㧗㈇Ⲵ㸪 Temperature 51Υ of CPU 61Υ ࣇࣥ࡞ࡋࡢሙྜ CPU ᗘࡀ 70Υ㸪MB ᗘࡀ 41Υ࡞ࡾ㸪PC ࡢືస⎔ቃࡋ࡚ࡣࡸࡸ㧗࠸ Temperature of 31Υ 31Υ ᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀほᐹ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬 Motherboard Table.5 Result of experimental 3 Rotation number of 1900rpm 2250rpm CPU fan Fan 1150rpm 1350rpm case fan Jitter value Ȫ(ps) non-loaded load Rotation number of Computing Temperature of CPU 260㹼287 252㹼281 259㹼289 255㹼306 high-loaded ۑ ۑ 50Υ 56Υ 60Υ 70Υ 27Υ 37Υ 27Υ 41Υ 1900rpm 2250rpm 2170rpm 3139rpm 1150rpm non 1205rpm non 283㹼362 289㹼364 293㹼367 282㹼362 Temperature of Motherboard ᐇ㦂 㸸ࣇࣥࡢ᭷↓ࡼࡿ MLWWHU ᐃᐇ㦂 PC ෆ㒊ࡣ෭༷⏝ࡢࣇࣥࡀ」ᩘᦚ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡿ㸬ࣇࣥࡀᅇ㌿ࡍࡿ㝿ࡣᚲࡎࣀࢬࡸᶵᲔ ⓗືࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪Clock ࡢ jitter ᙳ㡪ࢆཬ ࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ᐇ㦂 1 ࡛ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆཷࡅ㸪 ᐇ㦂 2 ࡛ࡣཎᅉࢆ᥈ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵ㸪 ࣇࣥࣀࢬࡢᙳ㡪ࢆࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࢀࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࡓ ࡵ㸪㏻ᖖ㏻ࡾࢣ࣮ࢫࣇࣥࢆྲྀࡾࡅືసࡉࡏࡓ ሙྜ㸪ྲྀࡾ㝖࠸ࡓ≧ែ࡛ Clock ࡢ jitter 㔞ࡢ ᐃᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬 ᐇ㦂 ࡢ ᐃ᮲௳ CPU ࢡ࣮࣮ࣛࡢࣇࣥࢆእࡋࡓሙྜ CPU ࡢ෭ ༷ࡀ㏣࠸ࡎ㸪⇕ᭀ㉮ࡉࡽࡣ㸪CPU ◚ቯࡢ ᜍࢀࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵ㸪CPU ࣇࣥࡣእࡏ࡞࠸㸬ࡑࡇ ࡛ᐇ㦂 3 ࡛ࡣࢣ࣮ࢫࣇࣥࡢࡳྲྀࡾእࡍ㸬࡞࠾㸪 ࢣ࣮ࢫࣇࣥࡣపࣀࢬࢱࣉࡢࡶࡢ (ENERMAX EVEREST UCEV12)ࡋ࡚ᐇ㦂 ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬⏝࠸ࡓ⏕ࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡣ㸪 KMPlayer ࡛㸪ReClock ↓ࡋࡢ࣮ࣔࢻࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ㸬 Rotation number of CPU fan Rotation number of case fan Jitter value Ȫ(ps) ᐇ㦂 㸸࣓ࣔࣜࡢ㐪࠸ࡼࡿ MLWWHU ᐃᐇ㦂 ᐇ㦂 1 ࠾࠸࡚㸪PC ୖ࡛ᐇ⾜ࡍࡿ㡢ᴦ⏕ ࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㐪࠸ࡼࡾ㸪jitter 㔞ᕪ␗ࡀ ほ ฟ᮶ࡓ㸬ࡇࡢࡇࡽ㸪ཎᅉࢆ᥈ࡿࡃ㸪 CPU ₇⟬㈇Ⲵࡢᙳ㡪ࢆㄪࡿᐇ㦂 2㸪ࣇࣥࡢ ᙳ㡪ࢆㄪࡿᐇ㦂 3 ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬ࡋࡋࡇࢀࡽ 2 ᐇ 㦂࡛ࡣ jitter 㔞ࢇኚࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞ࡗ ࡓ㸬ࡑࡢࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡋ࡚㸪⏕ࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙ ࣥࡢ㐪࠸ࡼࡾ㸪సᴗ㡿ᇦࡸ㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ୍᱁⣡ 㡿ᇦࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡇࡽ㸪࣓ࣔࣜࡢရ㉁ࡀཎᅉࡢ୍ ࡘ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡓ㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪࣓ࣔࣜࢆ♫ 〇ရࡢࡶࡢࡋ Clock jitter 㔞ࡢ ᐃᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜ 6 7KH%XOOHWLQRI,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJLVWV1R 27 ᐇ㦂 㸸࣓ࣔࣜࡢືస࿘Ἴᩘࡢ㐪࠸ࡼࡿ ࡗࡓ㸬 MLWWHU ᐃᐇ㦂 ᐇ㦂 ࡢ ᐃ᮲௳ ࣓ࣔࣜࢆ Corsair 〇(ືస㟁ᅽ 1.35V㸪ࣄ࣮ࢺࢩ ᐇ㦂 ࡢ ᐃ᮲௳ ࣥࢡ࠶ࡾ)ࡽ CFD 〇(ືస㟁ᅽ 1.5V㸪ࣄ࣮ࢺࢩࣥ ᐇ㦂 1 ࡼࡾᚓࡓ jitter 㔞ቑຍࡣ࣓ࣔࣜࡢືస ࢡ࡞ࡋ)ࡋ ᐃࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬⏝࠸ࡓ⏕ࣉ ࿘Ἴᩘࡶᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆ⪃៖ࡋ㸪ᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜ ࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡣ㸪KMPlayer ࡛㸪ReClock ᭷ࡾࡢࣔ ࡗࡓ㸬ᐇ㦂 1 ࡢ⤖ᯝࡼࡾ jitter 㔞ࡀᑡ࡞ࡗࡓ ࣮ࢻࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪PC ࢣ࣮ࢫࣇࣥࡣ㸪ᐇ㦂 3 Corsair 〇࣓ࣔࣜ⤠ࡾᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜࠺㸬ືస࿘Ἴᩘ ࠾࠸࡚ jitter 㔞ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࡀ♧ࡏ࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵ㸪 ࡣ BIOS ࡚ 800MHz㸪1600MHz ኚ᭦ࡍࡿ㸬⏝ ᐇ㦂 4 ࡛ࡣືసࡉࡏࡓ≧ែ࡛ ᐃࡋࡓ㸬 ࠸ࡓ⏕ࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡣ㸪KMPlayer ࡛㸪 ReClock ᭷ࡾࡢ࣮ࣔࢻࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ㸬PC ࢣ࣮ࢫࣇࣥ ࢆືసࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ែ࡛ ᐃࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬 ᐇ㦂 ࡢ⤖ᯝ ⾲ 6 ᐇ㦂 4 ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆࡲࡵࡿ㸬⾲ 6 ࡽ㸪 ᐇ㦂 ࡢ⤖ᯝ Corsair ♫〇ẚ CFD ♫〇ࡢ࣓ࣔࣜࡢ᪉ࡀ jitter ⾲ 7 ᐇ㦂 5 ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆࡲࡵࡿ㸬⾲ 7 ࡽ㸪ື 㔞ࡢ᭱ᑠ್ࡽ್᭱ࡢᖜࡀయⓗ⣙ 30[ps]ቑ స࿘Ἴᩘࡀ㧗࠸㸪jitter 㔞ࡢ᭱ᑠ್್᭱ ຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀศࡿ㸬ᐇ㦂 1 ࠾࠸࡚ᚓࡽࢀ ࡢᖜࡣ㸪ⱝᖸ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀయⓗప࠸್࡞ࡿࡇ ࡓ⣙ 100[ps]௨ୖࡢ㐪࠸ࡽẚࡿ㸪 ᐃჾࡢ ࡀほᐹ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡽࡢᕪࡣ ᐃჾࡢ㛫ศゎ ศゎ⬟㸦25ps㸧ࡂࡾࡂࡾࡢᑡ࡞࠸ᕪ␗࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪 ⬟㸦25[ps]㸧ࡂࡾࡂࡾࡢᕪศ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪୧᮲௳ ୧᮲௳࠾ࡅࡿ㸪jitter 㔞ࡢ᭱ᑠ್್᭱ࡢᖜ ࠾ࡅࡿ㸪jitter 㔞ࡢ᭱ᑠ್್᭱ࡢᖜࡀ㔜࡞ ࡀ㔜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵ㸪ᕪ␗ࡀศほ ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㡿ᇦࡀᑡ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ㸪ᕪ␗ࡀほ ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ ࡿ⪃࠼ࡿ㸬ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪࣓ࣔࣜࡢ㐪࠸ࡼࡾ㸪 ࡿ⪃࠼ࡿ㸬ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪BIOS ୖ࡛ࢯࣇࢺⓗኚ DAC clock ࡢ jitter 㔞ࡀኚࡍࡿࡇࡀศࡗࡓ㸬 ᭦ࡋࡓ࣓ࣔࣜࡢືస࿘Ἴᩘࡀ jitter ᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ jitter 㔞ࡀኚࡋࡓཎᅉࡋ࡚㸪࣓ࣔࣜࡢᵓ㐀ࡢ ࡿࡇࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬 㐪࠸ࡼࡿືࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ࣓ࣔࣜ Table.7 Result of experimental 5 ࢆኚ࠼ࡿࡇࡼࡾ㸪ືస࿘Ἴᩘ࡞ࡢ᮲௳ࡶ㛵 ಀࡋ࡚ࡃࡿࡓࡵ㸪ḟ㡯࡛ࡣ㸪BIOS ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝືస Application KMPlayer ࿘Ἴᩘࢆኚࡉࡏ㸪ࡑࡢࡢ jitter 㔞ࢆ ᐃࡍࡿ Reclock on ᐇ㦂 5 ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬 Memory Corsair Frequency of memory Table.6 Result of experimental 4 Application KMPlayer Jitter value ReClock on Ȫ(ps) memory CFD Corsair W3U1333Q-2G CML8GX3M2A16009W Frequency of Jitter value Ȫ(ps) 465㹼483 800MHz 1600MHz 㹼 㹼 ࡲࡵ⪃ᐹ 1066MHz memory clock clock 435㹼456 ᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣ㸪㧗ရ࡞ PC ࣮࢜ࢹ࢜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ ࡢᵓ⠏ࢆ┠ᣦࡋ㸪PC ࡢືస⎔ቃࢆኚࡉࡏࡓ ࡁࡢ jitter 㔞ࢆ ᐃࡋࡓ㸬ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ࡲࡎ㸪⏕ ࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㐪࠸࡛ jitter 㔞ࡀኚࡍࡿࡇ 3& ࣮࢜ࢹ࢜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࠾ࡅࡿືస⎔ቃࢹࢪࢱࣝಙྕୖࡢ MLWWHU ࡢ㛵ಀ 28 ࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࡢཎᅉࢆ᥈ࡿࡓࡵ㸪PC ࣃ࣮ࢶࢆኚ᭦ࡋ࡚㸪ྠ᮲௳࡛ jitter 㔞ࢆ ᐃࡋࡓ ࡇࢁ㸪࣓ࣔࣜࡢ㐪࠸ࡸ㸪࣓ࣔࣜࡢືస࿘Ἴᩘࡢ 㐪࠸ࡼࡾ㸪ⱝᖸ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪jitter 㔞ࡢ㐪࠸ࡀ ほ ࡉࢀࡓ㸬ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪PC ࡢືస⎔ቃ㸪≉ ⏕ࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ㸪࣓ࣔࣜ㛵㐃ࡢ᮲௳ࡣ jitter ࡢኚࢆࡋ࡚㸪㡢㉁ᙳ㡪ࡍࡿࡇࢆ♧ ၀࡛ࡁࡓ㸬௨ୖࡼࡾ㧗ရ࡞㡢㉁⏕ࡀྍ⬟࡞ PC ࣮࢜ࢹ࢜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᵓ⠏ࡢࡓࡵࡣ㸪᭱㐺 ࡞⏕ࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩ࣓ࣙࣥࣔࣜࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿᚲせ ࡀ࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡿ㸬⌧Ꮡࡍࡿ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ࣁ࢚ࣥࢻ࢜ ࣮ࢹ࢜ࡶᅇ㊰ࡢ୰࣓ࣔࣜࡀࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ ࡀከ࠸ࡓࡵ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢᡂᯝࡣ㸪PC ࣮࢜ࢹ࢜ ࢩࢫࢸ࣒㝈ࡗࡓヰ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪୍⯡ⓗ࡞࣮࢜ࢹ ࢜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡶᛂ⏝ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ᚋࡢᒎᮃ ᚋࡣ OS㸪CPU㸪࣓ࣔࣜ㸪㟁※࡞ PC ࡢືస ⎔ቃࢆከ✀ኚ᭦ࡋ࡚ᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜࠸㸪ࢹࢪࢱࣝಙ ྕࡢ Clock jitter ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿ㸬᭦㸪ほ ホ౯ᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜࠸ jitter 㔞ᐇ㝿ࡢ⏕㡢㉁ࡢ㛵 ಀᛶࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡿ㸪 jitter ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆྲྀࡾ㝖ࡅࡿ࣮࢜ࢹ࢜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀ 㛤Ⓨྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᚋ㸪㧗ရ⏕ࡀྍ⬟࡞ PC ࡢᵓ⠏ࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㸬 ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩ 1) 㯞 ᛭ኈ㸪͆㧗㡢㉁ಖ㞀㸟㯞ᘧ PC ࣮࢜ࢹ͇࢜㸪 pp.3-11㸪ࢫ࣮࢟᪂᭩(2011)㸬 2) ͆ࡇࢀ㸯࡛⌮ゎ PC ࣮࢜ࢹ͇࢜㸪pp.6-9㸪᪥ ⤒ BP ♫(2012)㸬 3) ᓥ ᖾኴ㑻㸪͆᪂∧ PC ࣮࢜ࢹ࢜࢞ࢻࣈࢵࢡ͇㸪 ࣥࣉࣞࢫࢪࣕࣃࣥ(2011)㸬 4) ᮌ ┿࿃㸪ᑠᯘ ᖾኵ㸪▼ᕝ ᬛ㸪ᐑཎ ㄔ㸪͆ࢹ ࢪࢱࣝ㡢ኌಙྕࡢ jitter ㉳ᅉࡍࡿ㧗ᗘឤሗࡢḞⴠ͆㞺ᅖẼ͇㸪͆✵Ẽឤ㸦῝ࠎࡉ㸧͇ࡢ⃭ῶ⾶ẚ-͇㸪 ಙᏛᢏሗ㸪EA97-104㸪pp.9-16(1998)㸬 5) ᑠᯘ ᖾኵ㸪㉥ᇼ ⫕㸪ᐑཎ ㄔ㸪͆㧗ᗘឤᛶሗࢆᦆ ࡞࠺ࢹࢪࢱࣝಙྕࢪࢵࢱࡢᙳ㡪͇㸪ಙᏛᢏሗ㸪 CQ99-48㸪pp.7-13(1999)ࡶࡢࡔ࠸ኴ㑻㸸ᩍ⫱⏝ᶵჾ㸪 ≉㛤ᖹ 22-12345678 (2010)㸬 6) ㉥ᇼ ⫕㸪▼ᕝ ᬛ㸪ᑠᯘ ᖾኵ㸪ᐑཎ ㄔ㸪"ࢹࢪ ࢱ࣭࣮ࣝ࢜ࢹ࣭࢜ࣥࢱ࣮ࣇ࢙ࢫ(AES/EBU)ࡢ jitter 㡢㉁ࡢ㛵ಀ"㸪ಙᏛᢏሗ㸪EA99-40㸪pp.1-18(1999)㸬 7) ୕ ᐇ㸪▼ᕝ ᬛ㸪ᑠᯘ ᖾኵ㸪ᐑཎ ㄔ㸪͆✵Ẽឤ ⌧ࢹࢪࢱࣝࣅࢵࢺࢫࢺ࣮࣒ࣜୖࡢ jitter ࡢ㛵 ಀ͇㸪ಙᏛᢏሗ㸪EA2001-60㸪pp.73-80(2001)㸬 8) ⸼ཎ 㑳㸪᱒⏕ ࿃㸪͆ࢹࢪࢱ࣮ࣝ࢜ࢹ࢜ࡢ㛫 ࡺࡽࡂࡼࡿ㡢㉁ຎࡢࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩ͇ࣙࣥ㸪᪥ᮏ㡢 㡪Ꮫㄅ㸪58 ᕳ 4 ྕ㸪pp.232-238(2002)㸬 9) ⸼ཎ 㑳㸪᱒⏕ ࿃㸪బ⸨ ᐀⣧㸪͆ࢹࢪࢱ࣮ࣝ࢜ ࢹ࢜ࡢ㛫ࡺࡽࡂチᐜ್ཬࡧ᳨▱㜈͇㸪᪥ᮏ㡢㡪Ꮫ ㄅ㸪59 ᕳ 5 ྕ㸪pp.241-249(2003)㸬 10) ୕ ᐇ㸪▼ᕝ ᬛ㸪ᑠᯘ ᖾኵ㸪ᐑཎ ㄔ㸪͆ࢹࢪ ࢱࣝಙྕࡢ jitter 㧗ᗘឤᛶሗࡢఏ㐩ᦆኻࡢ㛵ಀ͇ , AES ᮾிࢥࣥ࣋ࣥࢩࣙࣥண⾜㞟㸪pp.80-83(2003)㸬 11) ୕ ᐇ㸪⡿ᒣ ⪔ኴ㸪▼ᕝ ᬛ㸪ᐑཎ ㄔ㸪͆ ࢹ ࢪࢱ࣮ࣝ࢜ࢹ࢜ᶵჾ࠾ࡅࡿ㡢㉁ຎ≀⌮せᅉ ࡢ㛵ಀࡢ⪃ᐹ͇㸪ᫎീሗ࣓ࢹᏛᢏሗ㸪Vol.30㸪 No.68㸪pp.67-79(2006)㸬 12) すᮧ ᫂㸪ᑠἨ ᐉኵ㸪"AD/DA ኚჾ࠾ࡅࡿࢧࣥࣉ ࣜࣥࢢ࣭ࢪࢵࢱ࣮ࡢ ᐃ"㸪᪥ᮏ㡢㡪Ꮫㅮ₇ㄽᩥ㞟㸪 ⛅㸪pp.659-660(2001)㸬 13) すᮧ ᫂㸪ᑠἨ ᐉኵ㸪" ࢹࢪࢱ࣭࣮ࣝ࢜ࢹ࢜ᶵჾ ࠾ࡅࡿࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢ࣭ࢪࢵࢱ࣮ࡢㅖᵝ┦ࡑࡢせᅉ "㸪ᮾிሗᏛ◊✲ㄽ㞟㸪Vol.7㸪No.2㸪pp.79-92(2004)㸬 14) ୕ ᐇ㸪▼ᕝ ᬛ㸪ඪ ᘓṊ㸪ᐑཎ ㄔ㸪" ࢹࢪࢱ ࣮ࣝ࢜ࢹ࢜࠾ࡅࡿ῝࠸ឤᛶ㛵㐃ࡋࡓ㡢㉁ຎ ࡢཎᅉ✲᫂"㸪᪥ᮏឤᛶᕤᏛ◊✲ㄽᩥ㞟㸪Vol.7㸪No.4㸪 pp.759-764(2008)㸬 15) ᑠᒣ ⿱㈗㸪⏿ ῟㸪ྜྷ⏣ Ꮥ༤㸪ቑ ᫂㸪͆㟁※⎔ ቃࡀࢹࢪࢱ࣮ࣝ࢜ࢹ࢜ࣥࢱ࣮ࣇ࢙ࢫࡢࢪࢵ ࢱ ཬ ࡰ ࡍ ᙳ 㡪 ͇ 㸪 ಙ Ꮫ ᢏ ሗ 㸪 EA2010-118 㸪 pp.77-82(2011)㸬 16) http://ta2020.huuryuu.com/nosDAC.html 17) http://nontroppo2010.web.fc2.com/dac_hitobashira.htm 18) PC ࣮࢜ࢹ࢜ fan No.4㸪pp.31-42㸪ඹྠ㏻ಙ♫(2011) 7
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