CAMPBELL
BIOLOGY
TENTH
EDITION
Reece • Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson
30
Plant Diversity II:
The Evolution of
Seed Plants
Clicker Questions by
Roberta Batorsky
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The reason that two sperm nuclei travel down the
pollen tube is that
a) they both stimulate growth of the pollen tube.
b) one fertilizes the egg, and the other
combines with the two polar nuclei.
c) one fertilizes the egg, and the other fertilizes the
synergid.
d) one is for fertilizing the egg, and one directs the
pollen tube toward the micropyle.
e) if one fails in fertilization, there is a backup
nucleus.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The reason that two sperm nuclei travel down the
pollen tube is that
a) they both stimulate growth of the pollen tube.
b) one fertilizes the egg, and the other
combines with the two polar nuclei.
c) one fertilizes the egg, and the other fertilizes the
synergid.
d) one is for fertilizing the egg, and one directs the
pollen tube toward the micropyle.
e) if one fails in fertilization, there is a backup
nucleus.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Adaptations that have contributed to the success of
plants in terrestrial environments include seeds,
vascular tissue, cuticle, and flowers. There are other
significant adaptations as well. Which of the following
correctly lists the adaptations in the order in which they
appeared in the fossil record?
a) seeds, vascular tissue, flowers, cuticle
b) cuticle, seeds, flowers, vascular tissue
c) cuticle, vascular tissue, seeds, flowers
d) vascular tissue, cuticle, seeds, flowers
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Adaptations that have contributed to the success of
plants in terrestrial environments include seeds,
vascular tissue, cuticle, and flowers. There are other
significant adaptations as well. Which of the following
correctly lists the adaptations in the order in which they
appeared in the fossil record?
a) seeds, vascular tissue, flowers, cuticle
b) cuticle, seeds, flowers, vascular tissue
c) cuticle, vascular tissue, seeds, flowers
d) vascular tissue, cuticle, seeds, flowers
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
These four adaptations (cuticle, vascular tissue, seeds,
and flowers) are key characters that define four major
modern plant groups. Complete the following table
using the key provided.
a) ferns (and relatives)
c) flowering plants
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
b) bryophytes (mosses)
d) gymnosperms
These four adaptations (cuticle, vascular tissue, seeds,
and flowers) are key characters that define four major
modern plant groups. Complete the following table
using the key provided.
a) ferns (and relatives)
c) flowering plants
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
b) bryophytes (mosses)
d) gymnosperms
These four adaptations (cuticle, vascular tissue, seeds,
and flowers) are key characters that define four major
modern plant groups. Complete the following table
using the key provided.
a) ferns (and relatives)
c) flowering plants
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
b) bryophytes (mosses)
d) gymnosperms
These four adaptations (cuticle, vascular tissue, seeds,
and flowers) are key characters that define four major
modern plant groups. Complete the following table
using the key provided.
a) ferns (and relatives)
c) flowering plants
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
b) bryophytes (mosses)
d) gymnosperms
The reason that two sperm nuclei travel down the
pollen tube is that
a) they both stimulate growth of the pollen tube.
b) one fertilizes the egg, and the other combines with
the two polar nuclei.
c) one fertilizes the egg, and the other fertilizes the
synergid.
d) one is for fertilizing the egg, and one directs the
pollen tube toward the micropyle.
e) if one fails in fertilization, there is a backup nucleus.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The reason that two sperm nuclei travel down the
pollen tube is that
a) they both stimulate growth of the pollen tube.
b) one fertilizes the egg, and the other combines
with the two polar nuclei.
c) one fertilizes the egg, and the other fertilizes the
synergid.
d) one is for fertilizing the egg, and one directs the
pollen tube toward the micropyle.
e) if one fails in fertilization, there is a backup nucleus.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
In dicotyledon seed germination, usually the first organ
to emerge from the seed is the
a) shoot tip, as the most important function to get under
way is breaking through the soil.
b) hypocotyl, as the most important function to get
under way is breaking through the soil.
c) cotyledon(s), as the most important function to get
under way is photosynthesis.
d) radicle, as the most important function to get
under way is the absorption of water and
nutrients.
e) root, as the most important function to get under way
is the anchoring of the plant to the soil.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
In dicotyledon seed germination, usually the first organ
to emerge from the seed is the
a) shoot tip, as the most important function to get under
way is breaking through the soil.
b) hypocotyl, as the most important function to get
under way is breaking through the soil.
c) cotyledon(s), as the most important function to get
under way is photosynthesis.
d) radicle, as the most important function to get
under way is the absorption of water and
nutrients.
e) root, as the most important function to get under way
is the anchoring of the plant to the soil.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
All of the following statements regarding double
fertilization in the angiosperms is true except which
one?
a) The angiosperm embryo is diploid.
b) The pollen tube reaching the micropyle results in the
death of one of the synergids.
c) The fertilized angiosperm ovule consists of diploid
and triploid cells.
d) The megasporangium gives rise to four
haploid eggs through meiosis.
e) One of the pollen nuclei contributes to the genome of
the endosperm.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
All of the following statements regarding double
fertilization in the angiosperms is true except which
one?
a) The angiosperm embryo is diploid.
b) The pollen tube reaching the micropyle results in the
death of one of the synergids.
c) The fertilized angiosperm ovule consists of diploid
and triploid cells.
d) The megasporangium gives rise to four haploid
eggs through meiosis.
e) One of the pollen nuclei contributes to the genome of
the endosperm.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The flowers of wind-pollinated plants
a) usually have flat blades to direct the wind.
b) produce sticky pollen.
c) are usually green and inconspicuous.
d) are usually white and small.
e) usually occur on separate male and female plants.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The flowers of wind-pollinated plants
a) usually have flat blades to direct the wind.
b) produce sticky pollen.
c) are usually green and inconspicuous.
d) are usually white and small.
e) usually occur on separate male and female plants.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
An accessory fruit is one that
a) grows from a lateral meristem.
b) develops from tissue other than the ovary.
c) develops from the pericarp.
d) consists of multiple receptacles.
e) is not necessary for reproduction.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
An accessory fruit is one that
a) grows from a lateral meristem.
b) develops from tissue other than the ovary.
c) develops from the pericarp.
d) consists of multiple receptacles.
e) is not necessary for reproduction.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following lists an aggregate fruit, a multiple
fruit, and an accessory fruit, in that order?
a) guava, blackberry, cherry
b) watermelon, orange, fig
c) apple, pear, cherry
d) pineapple, tangerine, cranberry
e) strawberry, fig, pear
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following lists an aggregate fruit, a
multiple fruit, and an accessory fruit, in that order?
a) guava, blackberry, cherry
b) watermelon, orange, fig
c) apple, pear, cherry
d) pineapple, tangerine, cranberry
e) strawberry, fig, pear
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Scientific Skills Exercises
One unusual opportunity to test how long seeds can remain
viable occurred when seeds from date palm trees (Phoenix
dactylifera) were discovered under the rubble of a 2,000-yearold fortress near the Dead Sea. Scientists measured the
fraction of carbon-14 that remained in three of the ancient date
palm seeds: two that were not planted and one that was
planted and germinated. (For the germinated seed, the
scientists used a seed-coat fragment found clinging to a root of
the seedling.) The table shows their results.
Data from S. Sallon, et al., Germination, genetics, and growth of an
ancient date seed. Science 320:1464 (2008).
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
An ancient date palm seed germinated and grew into
a healthy plant. What was the source of nutrients for
the young sporophyte embryo during germination of
the date palm seed?
a) sunlight
b) food stored within the seed
c) water taken up by the germinating seed
d) the surrounding soil
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
An ancient date palm seed germinated and grew into
a healthy plant. What was the source of nutrients for
the young sporophyte embryo during germination of
the date palm seed?
a) sunlight
b) food stored within the seed
c) water taken up by the germinating seed
d) the surrounding soil
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why is seed dormancy adaptive for many plant
species?
a) Seed dormancy increases the longevity of an
individual sporophyte plant.
b) Seed dormancy allows seeds to germinate when
conditions are favorable for seedling growth.
c) Seed dormancy ensures that a seedling does not
compete with its parents.
d) Seed dormancy ensures that a seedling does not
germinate when a source of food is not available for
the young seedling.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why is seed dormancy adaptive for many plant
species?
a) Seed dormancy increases the longevity of an
individual sporophyte plant.
b) Seed dormancy allows seeds to germinate when
conditions are favorable for seedling growth.
c) Seed dormancy ensures that a seedling does not
compete with its parents.
d) Seed dormancy ensures that a seedling does not
germinate when a source of food is not available for
the young seedling.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
A logarithm is the power to which a base is raised to
produce a given number x. For example, if the base is
10 and x = 100, the logarithm of 100 equals 2 (because
102 = 100). A natural logarithm (ln) is the logarithm of a
number x to the base e, where e is about 2.718.
Natural logarithms are useful in calculating rates of
some natural processes, such as radioactive decay.
The equation F = e–kt describes the fraction F of an
original isotope remaining after a period of t years; the
exponent is negative because it refers to a
decrease over time. The constant k provides a
measure of how rapidly the original isotope decays. For
the decay of carbon-14 to nitrogen-14, k = 0.00012097.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
You can rearrange this equation to solve for t by
following these steps:
1. Take the natural logarithm of both sides of the
equation ln(F) = ln(e–kt ). Rewrite the right side
of this equation by applying the following rule:
ln(ex) = x ln(e).
2. Since ln(e) = 1, simplify the equation.
3. Now solve for t in the form “t = ____.”
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which equation correctly solves for t?
a) t = ln(F) − k ∗ ln(e)
b) t = ln(F) − k
c) t = ln(F)ln(e − k)
d) t = log10(F) − k
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which equation correctly solves for t?
a) t = ln(F) − k ∗ ln(e)
b) t = ln(F) − k
c) t = ln(F)ln(e − k)
d) t = log10(F) − k
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.