Decommissioning of Nuclear
Power Plants –
what are the challenges?
Magnus Oskarsson
BU Nuclear Decommissioning
2016-02-04
SNEC
Outline
• Nuclear Operations within Vattenfall
• Nuclear Decommissioning in Sweden:
• Decommissioning planning
• Ringhals 1 & 2
• Strategy
• Challenges
Ringhals
2
Forsmark
Nuclear Operations within Vattenfall
Nuclear operation within Vattenfall
BA Generation
Fleet Development
Human Resources
Business Control
BU Hydro
BU Hydro Power
Plants Germany
BU Services
Nordic
BU Nuclear
Generation
Forsmark
Ringhals
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BU SKB
SKB
BU Nuclear
Decommissioning
BU Nuclear Fuel
BU KSU
Decommissioning Sweden
SVAFO
Decommissioning Germany
BU Projects &
Services
Vattenfall – Nuclear Operations in Sweden
Vattenfall is the majority owner of:
• Forsmark Kraftgrupp AB
• Ringhals AB
• SKB (Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co)
- the final repository for operational waste (SFR)
BWR
PWR
Other
Forsmark
- the interim storage for spent fuel (CLAB)
• SVAFO
- nuclear license for the R2/R2-0 research reactor
- applied to take over the nuclear license for
Ågesta former NPP (PHWR)
Ringhals
Oskarshamn
Barsebäck
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Managing operational waste
[SFR]
SVENSK KÄRNBRÄNSLEHANTERING
Managing decommissioning waste
Interim storage and
Encapsulation plant
for spent fuel (Clink)
NPP
Landfill at NPP for
VLLW (optional)
Final repository for
spent fuel
Conventional
waste, ~ 95%
On site backfilling,
1m below ground
Free release
External
treatment
of LILW
e.g. Studsvik
SFL, Final
repository for
long-lived waste
SFR, Final repository short-lived waste
Interim storage long-lived waste
SVENSK KÄRNBRÄNSLEHANTERING
Nuclear Decommissioning in Sweden
Planned end of operation - start of decommissioning
Oskarshamn 1
Oskarshamn 2
2015
SVAFO
R2/R2-0
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2020
Ringhals 2
Ringhals 1
Ågesta
2025
Barsebäck 1 & 2
2030
2035
Forsmark 2
Ringhals 3
Forsmark 3
Oskarshamn 3
2040
2045
Forsmark 1
Facilities at SVAFO
Legacy waste handling
Ringhals 4
Nuclear decommissioning in Sweden
• According to the Act on Nuclear Activities, the licensee is responsible for the
decommissioning of nuclear facilities, such as
- Establish a decommissioning plan
- Estimate the decommissioning cost (sv. Plankalkyl)
based on the Site studies
• SKB have long experience of radioactive waste management, interim storage of
spent fuel and of final disposal of operational waste in Sweden
- An application for extension of the final repository for low and intermediate
level waste (decommissioning waste) has been handed in
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Decommissioning planning within Vattenfall
Separate decommissioning from operation
- operation prioritised before decommissioning
-> separation to keep focus on decommissioning.
- Decommissioning should be viewed as an industrial process with adjusted
authority demands.
Decommissioning knowledge and skills concentrated in a
decommissioning organisation.
- The organisation will be an ”intelligent client”.
- The competence built within a decommissioning organisation will be of use for
the whole Vattenfall group.
Vattenfall is developing decommissioning knowledge and experiences,
both through actual decommissioning projects (SVAFO) and through
further studies and international benchmark.
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Decommissioning of
Ringhals 1 & 2
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Ringhals – Decommissioning of R1 and R2
Estimated time scale
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Operation of R1 and R2
R1 Shutdown
R2 shutdown
Planning
Separation of R1/R2 from R3/R4
RAB holds the nuclear licensee
Vattenfall decommissioning
company holds the nuclear
licensee
Fuel removed
Decommissioning project
Decommissioning R1
Analysis
Planning
Decommissioning R2
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Infrastructure - separation of R1/R2 from R3/R4
Today: Operation of R1/R2/R3/R4
• one integrated site sharing some functions/buildings
(such as waste treatment, physical protection etc)
Tomorrow, new demands on the site:
• Ongoing operation of R3/R4
• Decommissioning of R1/R2
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Project organisation – Decommissioning Ringhals 1 & 2
Project manager
Reference group
Engineering
Project Scope
Reference concept
RadWaste
Transport
Logistics
CAD
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Communication
External
Internal
Administration
Controller
Planning
Risk management
Procurement
Legal
Safety & Radiation protection
Physical protection
Radiological characterisation
Planning – phases in the project
2016
2017
2018
2020
2019
2021
(example)
2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
2027
2028
2029
Planning
Contract
Phase I
Closing
Planning
Phase II
Contract
Planning
Closing
Closing
Planning
Contract
Contract
Closing
Closing
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Phase
III
Estimated cost for decommissioning of Ringhals 1 & 2
- Ringhals site study 2013 estimated the cost for
decommissioning of R1/R2 to 4-5 Billion SEK
• Site studies are done every third years, by the Nuclear licensees
- an assessment of the decommissioning cost
- Based on the estimated decommissioning cost (“Plankalkyl”) the
authority (SSM) propose the fee to be paid to the Nuclear Waste Fund
• Current fee 4 öre/kWh
• proposed to increase due to different reasons, such as earlier
decommissioning start
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Strategy
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Strategy
• Safe
• Cost effective
• Optimised
Decommissioning
• Use well known methods and techniques for the
decommissioning and demolition
ALARA  BAT  Cost
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Strategic issues
• Final repository for decommissioning waste (expanded SFR 2028)
• Temporary storage and waste conditioning facilities;
- final repository for long-lived waste planned to be in operation in the
2040s
• Develop an industry guideline for free release of decommissioning waste
• Changing and developing regulatory framework
• Logistics (O1/O2, B1/2, R1/R2 and Ågesta <-> 1 ship “Sigrid” and limited
number of transport casks etc)
• Luck of competence and experienced staff (retirements)
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Challenges
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Challenge: Optimised Logistics
A typical Nuclear Power Plant:
•
1500 rooms in 20-30 isolated structures/buildings
•
Tall buildings with multiple basement floors, demands both vertical and
horizontal material movement and people flow.
•
Constructed of 200 000 m3 reinforced concrete.
•
More than 100 km pipes and tubes, and >100 000 components
•
Building area of about 500 000 to 1 000 000 m2
•
The access to the site is restricted, the buildings are divided into subs
without physical interconnection
•
The Decommissioning & Demolition should take place while electricity
production is ongoing on the site.
• How to get optimised logistics?
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Challange: Radwaste handling
Where and when should the radwaste be handled and
temporarily stored/buffered?
New waste management culture.
• Long- and short-lived waste could be stored temporarily on site
• Short-lived waste could be end-conditioned on site
• Where long-lived waste is end-conditioned determined later
Argument for handling and temporarily stored/buffered at Ringhals:
• Non-conditioned waste is bulky to transport
• Space for buffering are available at Ringhals
• Experience and capacity to manage waste at Ringhals
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Challenge: Large components
What strategic aspects is the choice between
segmenting or directly deposited Reactor
Pressure Vessels (RPV)?
• The ability to deposit these components are
strategically important for an effective resolution:
• Reactor pressure vessel including internal
parts (BWRs and PWRs), Steam generators
(BWRs)
Arguments for direct depositing of RPV:
• Higher flexibility
• Segmentation is time consuming
• Simplified management provides significantly
lower dose
Segmented or whole RPV deposited?
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Challenge: Deposition of free released material
Concreate and steel that are free released can be recycled and used for
other application.
(i.e material with zero or very low radioactivity)
• Public acceptance
• Acceptance by the community
• Acceptance by companies (such as recycling of metals)
Example: Use the concrete as filling material in road constructions
How should acceptance by the stakeholders be achieved?
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Challenge: Lessons Learned
•
There is a need to build-up competence/resources within the
decommissioning area (sub-contractors with high competence)
•
Nordic experience from decommissioning is related to small facilities.
However at the NPP’s we have experience removing everything except
RPV
•
Internationally, experience exist
Commercial NPPs have been taken out of operation and have partly, or
completely, been dismantled.
Goal
To gather national, as well as international, experiences and lessons learned in
an understandable way, which takes the specific preconditions on the Nordic
market into consideration.
How to collect and document experiences from upcoming
decommissioning in an effective and flexible manner?
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Decommissioning: an area with many challenges
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
• 100% certainty that the projects will be implemented
• The area is multidisciplinary
• everything from Bq to SEK
• Competence is needed now and for the next 30-40 years!
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Thank you for your attention!
[email protected]
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