Chapter 2
Atoms and Elements
2.1 Elements and Symbols
2.2 Periodic Table
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Elements
 Pure substances that cannot be separated into
different substances by ordinary processes
 Are the building blocks of matter
 112 elements known today
Examples:
carbon
gold
calcium
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Symbols of Elements
 Use 1 or 2 letter abbreviations
 Capitalize the first letter only
Examples:
C carbon
N nitrogen
F fluorine
O oxygen
Co
cobalt
Ca calcium
Br bromine
Mg magnesium
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Symbols from Latin Names
Element
Copper
Gold
Lead
Mercury
Potassium
Silver
Sodium
Tin
Symbol
Cu
Au
Pb
Hg
K
Ag
Na
Sn
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Latin name
cuprum
aurum
plumbum
hydrargyrum
kalium
argentum
natrium
stannum
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% Major Elements in the Body
O 65.0 %
K
0.34
C 18.0
S
0.26
H 10.0
Na
0.14
N 3.0
Cl
0.14
Ca 1.4
Fe
0.004
P 1.0
Zn
0.003
Mg 0.50
Trace Elements
As, Cr, Co, Cu, F, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Si, V
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Learning Check
Select the correct symbol for each:
A. Calcium
1) C
2) Ca
3) CA
B. Sulfur
1) S
C. Iron
1) Ir
2) Sl
3) Su
2) FE
3) Fe
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Solution
Select the correct symbol for each:
A. Calcium
2) Ca
B. Sulfur
1) S
C. Iron
3) Fe
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Learning Check
Select the correct name for each:
A. N
1) neon 2) nitrogen
3) nickel
B. P
1) potassium
2) phogiston
3) phosphorus
C. Ag
1) silver 2) agean 3) gold
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Solution
Select the correct name for each:
A. N
2) nitrogen
B. P
3) phosphorus
C. Ag
1) silver
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Periodic Table
The periodic table is an arrangement of
the elements according to similarities in
their chemical and physical properties.
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Physical Properties
The characteristics of a substance that can be
observed without changing the substance.
 Color
 Size
 Shape
 Density
 Freezing and Boiling Points
 Odor
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Groups of Elements
 Vertical columns on the periodic table
 Similar physical properties
 Similar chemical properties
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Groups on the Periodic Table
1
2
3 4 5 6 7
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Representative Groups
 Group 1
Alkali Metals
 Group 2
Alkaline Earth Metals
 Group 7
Halogens
 Group 8
Noble Gases
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Location of Some Groups
1
A
l m
k e
a t
l a
i l
s
2
3
4
A
l
k
a
l
i
n
e
5
6 7
8
H
a
l
o
g
e
n
s
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I
n
e
r
t
G
a
s
e
s
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Periods on the Periodic Table
 Horizontal rows from Group 1 to Group 8.
 Numbered 1, 2, 3, ….
 Include representative elements and transition
elements
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Periods on the Periodic Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
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Learning Check
A. Element in Group VIIA, Period 4
1) Br
2) Cl
3) Mn
B. Element in Group IIA, Period 3
1) beryllium
2) magnesium
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3) boron
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Solution
A. Element in Group 7A, period 4
1) Br
B. Element in Group 2A, Period 3
2) magnesium
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Learning Check
A. Element in Group VIIA, period 4
1) Br
2) Cl
3) Mn
B. Element in Group IIA, Period 3
1) beryllium
2) magnesium
C. Metals in Group IVA
1) Ge, Sn, Pb 2) C, Si
3) boron
3) C, Si, Ge, Sn
D. Nonmetals in Group VA
1) As, Sb, Bi
2) N, P, As
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3) N, P, As, Sb
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Solution
A. Element in Group VIIA, period 4
1) Br
B. Element in Group IIA, Period 3
2) magnesium
C. Metals in Group IVA
1) Ge, Sn, Pb
D. Nonmetals in Group VA
2) N, P, As
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Metals and Nonmetals
Metals
 Located to the left of the heavy line
 Shiny, ductile
 Good conductors of heat and electricity
Nonmetals
 Located to the right of the heavy line
 Dull and brittle
 Poor conductors, good insulators
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Metals and Nonmetals
Transition
metals
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Learning Check
Specify metal (1) or nonmetal (2) for each:
A. sulfur
____
B. chlorine
____
C. sodium
____
D. iron
____
E. carbon
____
F. silver
____
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Solution
Specify metal (1) or nonmetal (2) for each:
A. sulfur
2
B. chlorine
2
C. sodium
1
D. iron
1
E. carbon
2
F. silver
1
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Learning Check
Select the correct elements:
A. Metals in Group IVA
1) Ge, Sn, Pb
2) C, Si
3) C, Si, Ge, Sn
B. Nonmetals in Group VA
1) As, Sb, Bi
2) N, P, As
3) N, P, As, Sb
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Solution
A.
Metals in Group 4A
1)
Ge, Sn, Pb
B.
Nonmetals in Group 5A
2)
N, P, As
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