OTHER CURRENTS Nicholas Mangan READER

OTHER CURRENTS
Nicholas Mangan
READER
Produced on the occasion of Other Currents
Artspace, Sydney
24 September – 1 November 2015
List of works
Gallery
Nicholas Mangan
Progress in Action, 2013
ZPUNSLJOHUULS]PKLVZPSLU[JVU]LY[LKKPLZLSNLULYH[VYJVJVU\[VPSYLÄULY` coconut oil
Nicholas Mangan
Ancient Lights, 2015
[^VJOHUULS/+]PKLVZV\UKVќNYPKZVSHYLULYN`Z\WWS`
Ideas Platform
Monitor 1
Odinadtsatyi (The Eleventh Year),1928
Dir. Dziga Vertov
52 minutes 49 seconds, black-and-white, silent
Monitor 2
This is Shell, 1970
+PY.LVќYL`1VULZ
8 minutes, colour, sound
Monitor 3
The Coconut Revolution, 2001
Dir. Dom Rotheroe
50 minutes, colour, sound
Friday the 13th, 2009
WOV[VNYHWOPJWYPU[ _JTWOV[VNYHWOVM[OLZ\U
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia on Friday the 13th, 2009.
Talk about the weather, 2010
WOV[VNYHWOLKJVSSHNLKUL^ZWYPU[
_JT
Currents of Conversion and Cognition
The following excerpt presents some of the theoretical
context of Progress In Action. This essay constituted
[OLÄUHSJOHW[LYPUH7OKZ\ITP[[LKPU0[KLS]LZ
PU[VZVTLVM[OLJVYYLSH[PVUZHUKKPZ[PUJ[PVUZIL[^LLU
my own project Progress in ActionHUK
Odinadtsatyi ;OL,SL]LU[O@LHY HÄSTPJTVU[HNLMYVT[OLLHYS`KLJHKLZVM[OL:V]PL[9L]VS\[PVU
KPYLJ[LKI`+aPNH=LY[V]
;OL[L_[JLU[LYZVULHJOÄST»ZYLZWLJ[P]LZVJPVJ\S[\YHSJVU[L_[!9\ZZPH»Z:VJPHSPZ[9L]VS\[PVUVM HUK[OLZ\IQLJ[
VMT`V^UÄST[OLWVY[YH`HSVM^OH[OHZILLU^PKLS`JP[LKHZ[OL^VYSK»ZÄYZ[Z\JJLZZM\SLJVYL]VS\[PVU"
)V\NHPU]PSSL»ZZTHSSZJHSLI\[UVUL[OLSLZZZ\JJLZZM\SPUKPNLUV\ZYLZPZ[HUJLHNHPUZ[PU[LYUH[PVUHSTPUPUN]LU[\YLZ
;OYV\NOHUHUHS`ZPZJHTLYHHUKLKP[PUN[LJOUPX\LZPUWHY[PJ\SHY[OVZLVMTVU[HNLHUKZ\WLYPTWVZP[PVU[OLLZZH`
KPZJ\ZZLZOV^LHJOÄSTOHZILLUHISL[VYLWYLZLU[[OLHPTZVMHYL]VS\[PVUHY`JVUZJPV\ZULZZ
>OPSL[OL[^VÄSTZZOHYLYL]VS\[PVUHY`Z\IQLJ[TH[[LY[OL`HYLM\UKHTLU[HSS`KPќLYLU[PU[OLPYZ[Y\J[\YPUNVM[LTWVYHS
L_WLYPLUJL=LY[V]»ZJPULTH^HZP[ZLSMWHY[VM[OLWYVJLZZVMZVJPHS[YHUZMVYTH[PVUHUKLTHUJPWH[PVUHUK^HZPUZLY[LK
PU[VPUKLLK^HZZLLU[VILPUZLWHYHISLMYVT[OH[ZHTLZVJPHSZWHJL4`^VYRVU[OLV[OLYOHUKOHZILLUYLTV]LK
MYVTP[ZOPZ[VYPJHSHUKNLVNYHWOPJHSJVU[L_[HZ^LSSHZMYVT[OLZVJPHSZWHJLVM[OLL]LU[Z[OH[[VVRWSHJLPU)V\NHPU]PSSL7HW\H5L^.\PULH75.-\Y[OLYTVYL^OPSL=LY[V]»ZÄST^HZPU[LUKLKMVYHKPYLJ[JPULTH[PJL_WLYPLUJL^P[O
]PL^LYZZLH[LKPUHISHJRLULK[OLH[YLZWHJL7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVUM\UJ[PVUZºPU[OLYV\UK»HZH[YPHUN\SH[LKHZZLTISHNL
WYVTV[PUNHUPTTLYZP]LL_WLYPLUJL^P[OV\[OH]PUNHWYLZJYPILK]PL^PUNWVZP[PVUHUK^P[OV\[[OL[PTL]PL^LYZZWLUK
^P[O[OL^VYRILPUNKPJ[H[LK0[PZPTWVY[HU[[VZ[H[LHM\Y[OLYRL`KPќLYLUJLPU[OL^VYRZH[[OLV\[ZL[
>OLYLHZ;OL,SL]LU[O@LHYZH[ZX\HYLS`PU[OLHYLUHVMWYVWHNHUKHHUK^V\SK[OLYLMVYL0Z\NNLZ[OH]LZV\NO[ZVJPHS[YHUZMVYTH[PVUVMVULRPUKVYHUV[OLY0KVUV[JSHPT[OH[[OLHY[^VYR7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVUPZJHWHISLVMVYWYPUJPWHSS`
JVUJLYULK^P[OWYVK\JPUNZVJPHS[YHUZMVYTH[PVU
;OLZ[YH[LN`VMYLMLYLUJPUN=LY[V]^HZUV[W\YLS`HMVYTHSVULI\[PUKLLKZ[LTTLKMYVT[OLYLSH[PVUZOPWIL[^LLU
[OLYL]VS\[PVUHY`VIQLJ[P]LZVM[OL[^VUHYYH[P]LZHZV\[SPULKHIV]LHZ^LSSHZ[OLOHYULZZPUNVMLULYN`[OH[ZP[ZHZH
ZOHYLK[OLTLPU[OL[^V^VYRZ1VOU4HJ2H`PUOPZLZZH`º-PST,ULYN`!7YVJLZZHUK4L[HUHYYH[P]LPU+aPNH=LY[V]»Z
;OL,SL]LU[O@LHY»THRLZL_WSPJP[YLMLYLUJL[VÄSTLULYN`!
>P[OPU=LY[V]»ZTH[\YL^VYR[OL[HZRVMKVJ\TLU[HY`TV]PUNWOV[VNYHWO`ILJVTLZ[VHZPNUPÄJHU[L_[LU[VULVM
YLNPZ[LYPUNHZ]P]PKS`HZWVZZPISL[OL[YHJLZVMLULYN`"[OLQVIVMTVU[HNLI`L_[LUZPVUPZ[VUHYYH[L[OL[YHQLJ[VY`VM
LULYN`[OLJVU]LYZPVUZP[\UKLYNVLZPUJS\KPUN[OLMVYTZ[OH[[OLZ[PSSSH[LU[LULYN`TPNO[HKVW[(UKP[PZPU;OL,SL]LU[O@LHY·HÄSTHIV\[LULYN`[OLOHYULZZPUNVMLULYN`HUK[OLMVYTZLULYN`[HRLZHZYLNPZ[LYLKHJYVZZJOHUNPUN
TH[LYPHSZ\YMHJLZ·[OH[HULULYNL[PJPZ[TVKLSVYT`[OVMJPULTH[PJZPNUPÄJH[PVUÄUKZM\SSLZ[L_WYLZZPVU^P[OPU=LY[V]»Z
VL\]YL
4`PU[LU[PVUPU7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVUPZ[VHSZVKYH^VU[OLZ\IQLJ[VMWO`ZPJHS[YHUZMVYTH[PVUVMHNP]LUTH[LYPHS[VWYVK\JLLULYN`HUK[OLYLMVYLLќLJ[ZVJPHSJOHUNL0JHWP[HSPZLVUHOPZ[VYPJHSZP[\H[PVU[OH[WYLZLU[LKHUPU[LYY\W[PVUHUK
YLKPYLJ[PVUVMHWYLLZ[HISPZOLKÅV^VMTH[[LY»ZLULYN`I`VULZL[VMO\THUPU[LU[PVUZ0UWYVQLJ[PUN[OPZÄSTPJTVU[HNL^P[OPU[OL^PKLY[YPHUN\SH[LKHZZLTISHNLVM[OLPUZ[HSSH[PVU0HPT[VWYV]PKL[OL]PL^LY^P[OHSP]LKL_WLYPLUJLVM
[YHUZMVYTH[PVU"HZLUZVY`JVUK\P[IL[^LLU[OLZWHJLVM[OLPYV^USP]LKL_WLYPLUJLVM[YHUZMVYTH[PVUHUK[OL[YHUZMVYTH[PVUZ[OH[VJJ\YPUTVU[HNLKWYVÄSTPJL]LU[Z
The Eleventh Year
;OL,SL]LU[O@LHYPZWLYOHWZVULVM[OLSLZZLYώHJRUV^SLKNLKÄSTZ[OH[[OL*V\UJPSVM;OYLLWYVK\JLK\UKLY[OL
2PUV,`L4HUPMLZ[V0U =LY[V]»Z*V\UJPSVM;OYLLHZV\[SPULKPUT`PU[YVK\J[PVU^HZLTWSV`LKI`=<-2<[OL
HSS<RYHPUPHU7OV[VÄST+PYLJ[VYH[L[VWYVK\JLHUHUUP]LYZHY`ÄSTIV[OPU[LYTZVM[OLPYV^UVIQLJ[P]LZPUWHY[PJ\SHY
[OLPYVWWVZP[PVU[V^OH[[OL`ZH^HZ‘the electric narcotic of the movie theatres’,[123] HUKPUJVU[L_[VM[OLTLTVYHUK\T[V[OLIYVHKLYZVJPHSPZ[WYVQLJ[VM[OLNV]LYUTLU[;OPZTLHU[[OH[[OLPYÄSTPJL_WLYPTLU[Z\WVU[OL[YHUZMVYTH[PVUVMTH[[LYPU[VLULYN`OHKP[Z\UKLYWPUUPUNZPUHZVJPHSPZ[JVUZJPV\ZULZZ^OPJOPUJS\KLKKPZHSSV^PUN[OL\Z\HS
WHZZP]P[`VMTHPUZ[YLHTJPULTH[PJL_WLYPLUJLBD=LY[V]HUK[OL*V\UJPSVM;OYLL[YHUZMVYTLK[OLWV[LU[PHSMVYLSLJ[YPJP[`[VVWLYH[LPUJVUJ\YYLUJL^P[OJPULTHJOHUULSLK[OYV\NOJPULTHHZHOPNOS`ZLSMJVUZJPV\ZHJ[PUHUH[[LTW[
to mobilise or activate the social domain.
º;OL,SL]LU[O@LHYMVYHSS[OLJVTWSL_P[`VMP[ZTVU[HNLPTWHY[ZHYH[OLYZPTWSLHNP[H[PVUHSTLZZHNLHZ
ILÄ[ZP[ZM\UKHTLU[HSW\YWVZLHZWYVWHNHUKHMVY[OL:V]PL[Z[H[L»ZKYP]L[V^HYKPUK\Z[YPHSPZH[PVUHUK
LSLJ[YPÄJH[PVU)LNPUUPUN^P[OHULHYS`^VYKSLZZHJJV\U[VMO\THUZHUKTHJOPULZJVSSLJ[P]LS`V]LYJVTPUN
UH[\YL»ZZ[VU`PULY[PH[VTVIPSPZL^H[LYHUKJVHSMVYO\THUW\YWVZLZPU[OLMVYTVMLSLJ[YPJP[`»BD
;OLWYPTHY`Z\IQLJ[VM;OL,SL]LU[O@LHYPZ[OLJVUZ[Y\J[PVUVMHO`KYVLSLJ[YPJKHT^OPJOVJJ\YYLKH[HTVTLU[V\Z
[\YUVML]LU[ZPU[OL9\ZZPHU:V]PL[YL]VS\[PVUHZ:[HSPUZ\JJLLKLK3LUPUBD;OLÄST»Z]PZ\HSL_WYLZZPVUHJOPL]LK
[OYV\NOP[ZHWWYVHJO[VLKP[PUNHUKTVU[HNL[YLH[LK[OLÄSTPJTH[LYPHSHZHKV\ISPUNVM[OLHJ[\HSTH[LYPHS[YHUZMVYTH[PVUZ^OPJOZ\IZLX\LU[S`^LYLNVPUN[VHќLJ[[OLIYVHKLYZVJPHSPZ[LU]PYVUTLU[-VYL_HTWSLHZ1LYLT`/PJRZ^YP[LZ
ºB[DOLK`UHTPJÅV^VM^H[LYPZTHKLLTISLTH[PJVM[OL)VSZOL]PR»ZV^U\UJLHZPUNHWWSPJH[PVUHUKZ`TIVSPJVM[OLTHNPJHS[YHUZMVYTH[P]LWV^LYVMLSLJ[YPJP[`P[ZLSM»BD
0UHUV[OLYZLX\LUJL3LUPU»ZMHTV\ZX\V[L·º*VTT\UPZTLX\HSZ:V]PL[WV^LYWS\ZLSLJ[YPÄJH[PVUVM[OLLU[PYL
JV\U[Y`»BD·PZ]PZ\HSPZLKPU;OL,SL]LU[O@LHYI`[OLÅV^PUN^H[LYVM[OLO`KYVLSLJ[YPJKHTILPUNZ\WLYPTWVZLK
I`3LUPU»ZPTHNLPUI\Z[MVYT;OLÄSTWYLZLU[ZHJVYYLSH[PVUIL[^LLUWOV[VNYHTZPUTVU[HNLHUKSVUNLYMVV[HNL
TVU[HNLK^OPJOPUJ\KLZM\SSMYHTLJSVZL\WZVM[OLOPNOS`JOHYNLKÅV^PUN^H[LYVM[OLO`KYVLSLJ[YPJKHT[OH[PZ
ILPUNOHYULZZLKMVYP[ZWV[LU[PHSLULYN`0[ZOV^Z[YHUZP[PVUZIL[^LLUÄSTLKMVV[HNLHUK[OL]HYPV\ZL_JOHUNLZHUK
[YHUZMVYTH[PVU[OH[LSLJ[YPJP[`TV]LZ[OYV\NOVUP[ZQV\YUL`MYVTÅV^PUN^H[LY[V[OLWYVQLJ[LKPTHNLZVU[OLJPULTH
ZJYLLU;OLZL[PNO[S`MYHTLKZJLULZ]PZ\HSPZL[OLJ\YYLU[ZVMLSLJ[YPJP[`PUJVU[PU\V\ZÅV^HUK^P[OJOHYNLKÅ\PKP[`(Z
4HJ2H`VIZLY]LZ!ºThe sequence of the falling water seems detached from that of the proceeding section
VM[OLO`KYVZ[H[PVU»ZJVUZ[Y\J[PVU·HUK^P[OPUUVZWH[PHSMYHTLHWHY[MYVT[OH[VM[OLZJYLLUP[ZLSM>OH[
^LNL[PUZ[LHKPZHYLWYLZLU[H[PVUVM[OLYH^TH[LYPHSWYVJLZZVMLULYNL[PJWHZZHNLMYVTSH[LU[[VHJ[P]L
across the surface of a single element B D
,ULYN`*VU]LYZPVU·(ZZLTISHNLZPUTV[PVU
-VY[OL*V\UJPSVM;OYLL»Z\ZLVMLKP[PUN1VOU4HJ2H`JVPULK[OLWOYHZLºLULYNL[PJTVU[HNL»because it is so
focused ºVUYLWYLZLU[PUN[OL[YHJLZVMLULYN`PUL_JOHUNL»BD;OLZLº[YHJLZVMLULYN`PUL_JOHUNL»HYLJSLHYS`
KLTVUZ[YH[LKPUVULLHYS`ZLX\LUJLVM;OL,SL]LU[O@LHY^OLYL[OLPU[LYJVUULJ[P]P[`HUK\UP[`VMSHIV\YPUNÄN\YLZ
^VYRPUNPU[HUKLT^P[OWPJRZHUKTHSSL[ZHYLL_WYLZZLK[OYV\NOYO`[OTPJLKP[ZVMMVV[HNL;OLTLUHYLZ\WLYPTWVZLKV]LYHSHYNLTV\UKVMOHYKώZ[VULKLHY[O^OPJO[OL`HWWLHY[VOH]LIYVRLUKV^U;OPZZLX\LUJPUNVMPTHNLY`WHY[VMHJVTWSL_HZZLTISHNLVMTH[[LYHUKTHJOPULZPZOPNOS`Z\NNLZ[P]LHUKPTWSPLZ[OLSHIV\YLYZ»\UPÄLK
HNLUJ`[V[YHUZMVYT[OLPYUH[\YHSTH[LYPHSZ\YYV\UKPUNZ>P[OZ^PUNPUNWPJRZ[OLÄN\YLZIYLHRKV^U[OLTV\U[HPU
^P[O[YHPUZH[[OLIHZLVM[OLTV\U[HPU^VYRPUNH[[OLZLY]PJLVMVYPUJVUJLY[^P[O[OPZNLZ[\YL[VYLTV]L[OLKLIYPZ
MYVT[OLZP[L;OYV\NOTVU[HNLHUKZ\WLYPTWVZP[PVU[OLJVTWSL_P[`VM[OPZZLX\LUJLWLYTP[ZHMVYTVMHZZLTISHNLPU
TV[PVU[OH[JVU[HPUZL_[LUZP]LPKLVSVNPJHSPUMLYLUJL
>OH[[OPZÄSTHJOPL]LZPZ[OLIYLHRPUNKV^UVMVULMVYTVYTH[LYPHS[V\USLHZO[OLLULYN`VMHUV[OLY-VV[HNLVM
[OLÅV^PUNVM^H[LYZ\IQLJ[[VP[ZV^UWO`ZPJHSSH^ZPZWYLJLKLKI`MVV[HNLVM^H[LYTV]PUNPUHO\THUKPYLJ[LK
ÅV^;OLJHTLYHaVVTZPUVU^H[LYÅV^PUNYHWPKS`V]LYHWYLJPWPJLHUK[OV\NOP[ZHIZ[YHJ[PVU[OPZ^H[LYILJVTLZ
suggestive of electrical currents. º>LVIZLY]L[OLJVU]LYZPVUVMYP]LY^H[LYPU[VHUVYNHUPaLKYP]LYJOHYNLK
^P[OLSLJ[YPJP[`»BD;OLKPZY\W[PVU[V[OLILOH]PVYHUKYLKPYLJ[PVUVMHNP]LUTH[LYPHSPU[OPZPUZ[HUJL[OLTHU\HS
KLNYHKH[PVUVMNLVSVNPJHSTH[LYPHSWLYTP[Z[OLYLKPYLJ[PVUHUKÅV^VM^H[LYHZLULYN`
-VY3LUPUPZ[ZVJPHSPZT^OH[IL[[LYZ`TIVSPJMVYT[OHUTVIPSPZPUN[OLWVW\SH[PVU[OYV\NO[OLÅV^VMLSLJ[YPJP[`&;OV\NO
P[JHUUV[ILZLLUP[ZLќLJ[ZYPWWSLSPRLHW\SZPUNJ\YYLU[V\[PU[V[OLZVJPHSKVTHPUILÄ[[PUN[OLPKLVSVNPJHSPTWL[\Z
VM[OLZVJPHSPZ[YL]VS\[PVU*VUZLX\LU[S`4HYR:LS[aLYVIZLY]LZº[OLLSLJ[YPJZ^P[JOYLHK`H[OHUKWYVTPZLK[V
YLJVUULJ[[OLPU[LYY\W[LKSPURZIL[^LLUJVUJLW[PVUHUKL_LJ\[PVUHNLUJ`HUKL_WYLZZPVU»BD0[PZHSZV
[OLYLMVYLZPNUPÄJHU[PU[OLJHZLVM;OL,SL]LU[O@LHY[OH[[OLMVV[HNLJHW[\YLZ[OLOHYULZZPUNVMO`KYVLSLJ[YPJP[`HZ
^LSSHZ[OL[YHUZMVYTH[PVUHUKYLSH`PUNVM[OH[LULYN`HSVUNLSLJ[YPJP[`WVSLZ[OYV\NO[OL]HYPV\ZPU[LYJOHUNLZPU[V[OL
JP[`^OLYLP[YLHJOLZ[OLJPULTHHUKMHJPSP[H[LZ[OLWV^LYPUNVM[OLJPULTHWYVQLJ[VYP[ZLSM
;OLZLZHTLWYVQLJ[VYZPSS\TPUH[LKPTHNLZVMÅV^PUNLULYN`PUTV[PVU[OLTH[LYPHS[YHUZTPZZPVUVM[OLPKLVSVNPJHS
Z[H[LTLU[VM;OL*V\UJPSVM;OYLL;OLWV^LYVMO`KYVLSLJ[YPJP[`HUKUL^JPULTH[PJMVYTZ^HZPUL]P[HIS`SPURLK
[OYV\NO[OLPYHZZLTIS`)V[OOHK[OLWV[LU[PHS[V[YHUZMVYTZVJPL[`!LSLJ[YPJP[`[OYV\NOP[ZMHJPSP[`[VHZZPZ[PUWO`ZPJHS
TV]LTLU[VMTHJOPULZHUK[YHUZWVY[H[PVU"HUKJPULTHPUP[ZJHWHJP[`[VVWLYH[LHZH[VVSMVY]PZ\HSJVTT\UPJH[PVU
(KV\ISPUNVM[OLHJ[\HSTH[LYPHS[YHUZMVYTH[PVUZHUK[OLÄSTPJTH[LYPHSPZTVZ[L]PKLU[OLYLHZ[OLLULYN`YLSLHZLPZ
two- fold. It occurs in the events recorded by the camera and in the montage structuring of these events, which brings
ZOHWL[V[OL[YHUZMVYTH[PVUVMTH[[LY»ZLULYN`MVYL_HTWSLPUZOV[ZVM^H[LYÅV^PUNTHJOPULZW\TWPUNJOPTUL`Z
IPSSV^PUNHUKJVHSILPUNTPULK:\JOHJ[P]P[`PZLKP[LK[VV^P[OMVV[HNLVMLSLJ[YPJP[`WVSLZYLSH`PUNLULYN`[VY\YHS
[V^UZHUKPUK\Z[YPHSMHJ[VYPLZ;OLZ[Y\J[\YLKLKP[PUNZLX\LUJLZHUKZ`TIVSPJ\ZLVM[OLLSLJ[YPJP[`WVSLZPZH]PZ\HS
LS\JPKH[PVUHTHRPUNJVUZJPV\ZVM[OLÄST»ZPKLVSVNPJHSPU[LU[PVUZYLHSPZLKTVZ[LќLJ[P]LS`[OYV\NO[OPZJPULTH[PJ
MVYT(S[OV\NOZWLHRPUNVM4HU^P[OH4V]PL*HTLYH1VUH[OHU)LSSLY»ZZ[H[LTLU[HWWSPLZHSZV[V;OL,SL]LU[O@LHY
^OLUOL^YP[LZ!
)`KLWPJ[PUNHKH`PU[OLSPMLVM[OLJP[`MYHTLKI`[OLL_WLYPLUJLVMJPULTH·THKLJVUZJPV\ZI`[OL
L_WLYPLUJLVMJPULTH·P[HUUV\UJLZ[OLUL^YVSLVMJPULTHPUZVJPL[`*PULTHPZ[OLILJVTPUNZLSMɫJVUsciousness of social relations— literally the relations of productionBD
0[PZZPNUPÄJHU[PUYLSH[PVU[VT`V^UWYVQLJ[[OH[[OLYLL_PZ[ZH[^VMVSKVJJ\YYLUJLVMIV[OWO`ZPJHSTH[[LYHUKO\THU
TV]LTLU[LUHISLKI`LSLJ[YPJP[`0UIV[O^VYRZ[OLWYVÄSTPJL]LU[Z[OH[JHW[\YL[OLOHYULZZPUNHUKWYVK\J[PVUVM
energy are directly linked to the subsequent social actions and events. This interlinked series of events builds a larger
L_HTWSLVM[OL[YPHUN\SH[LKHZZLTISHNL[OH[0KPZJ\ZZLKPU*OHW[LY;OYLLVM[OLL_LNLZPZ
The themes of energy, electricity and social change are also interwoven with the events that are the focus of Progress
PU(J[PVU;OPZMLH[\YLZHJ[\HSMVV[HNLVMHSLZZLYώRUV^UYL]VS\[PVUPU)V\NHPU]PSSL75.;OL\WYPZPUN^HZZWHYRLK
I`PUKPNLUV\ZSHUKV^ULYJSHPTZMVYJVTWLUZH[PVUV]LYSHUKKHTHNLZ[OH[YLZ\S[LKMYVT[OL)V\NHPU]PSSL*VWWLY3[K
VWLYH[PVUZH[[OL7HUN\UHJVWWLYTPUL(ULZJHSH[PUNJP]PS^HYIYVRLV\[PU HUKZLJLZZPVUPZ[YLILSZ[OL)V\NHPU]PSSL9L]VS\[PVUHY`(YT`)9(ILNHUHJHTWHPNU[VOHS[HSSHJ[P]P[`H[[OLTPULHUK[VZ[Y\NNSLMVYPUKLWLUKLUJL
from mainland PNG.This crisis in many ways was ignited by the initial action of Francis Ona, who would become the
secessionist rebel leader of the BRA. In an act of sabotage towards the Panguna mine, Ona dynamited the electricity
W`SVUZ[OH[ZLY]PJLK[OLTPUPUNVWLYH[PVUZ;OPZKHTHNL[V[OLWV^LYZ\WWS`HUKZ\IZLX\LU[IHYYPJHKPUNVMLU[Y`[V
[OLTPULI`[OL)9(WYV]VRLKYL[HSPH[PVUMYVT[OLTHPUSHUK75.NV]LYUTLU[PUJVSSHIVYH[PVU^P[O[OL)V\NHPU]PSSL
*VWWLY3[KHZ\IZPKPHY`VM9PV;PU[VTPUPUNJVTWHU`
;OL75.HYT`^HZIYV\NO[PU[VLUMVYJLHUHNNYLZZP]LISVJRHKLWH[YVSSPUN[OL^H[LYZ[OH[ZLWHYH[LKTHPUSHUK75.
MYVT)V\NHPU]PSSLLќLJ[P]LS`Z[VWWPUN[OL[YHUZWVY[VM[OLLZZLU[PHSM\LSZ\WWS`[V[OLPUOHIP[HU[ZVM)V\NHPU]PSSL
>P[OV\[M\LS[VWV^LY[OLPYNLULYH[VYZHUK]LOPJSLZ[OLTVIPSP[`VM[OLPUOHIP[HU[ZVM)V\NHPU]PSSL0ZSHUK^HZ[O^HY[LK
;OLPUOHIP[HU[ZYLZWVUKLK[V[OLM\LSISVJRHKLI`\[PSPZPUNHZTHSSώZJHSLZ`Z[LT[OH[OHYULZZLK[OLPNUP[PVUWV[LU[PHS
VMNS\JVZLMH[MV\UKPUJVJVU\[Z^OPJO^LYLPUHI\UKHU[Z\WWS`3PRLWYVK\JPUNLULYN`I`OHYULZZPUN^H[LY[OV\NO
O`KYVLSLJ[YPJ[LJOUVSVN`HZ^HZOPNOSPNO[LKPU;OL,SL]LU[O@LHY[OPZ[YHUZMVYTH[PVUVMTH[LYPHSLUHISLK[OLWYVK\J[PVUVMJVJVU\[VPSM\LSWV^LYLKLSLJ[YPJP[`HUKHSZVPNUP[LKZVJPHSTVIPSP[`;OPZM\LSILJHTLHUHJ[P]LHNLU[MVY[OL
BRA in their struggle against the mainland PNG government.
0U[OLPYILSPLM[OH[JPULTHOHKHUVISPNH[PVU[Vº[Y\[O»[OL*V\UJPSVM;OYLLHZZLTISLK]PZ\HSPTHNLY`[HRLUMYVTYLHSώ
SPMLL]LU[ZHZH^H`[VL_WSVYLPUNYLH[LYKLW[OOV^YLJVYKLKL]LU[ZJHUHJ[HZHNLU[ZVM[YHUZMVYTH[PVUH[IV[O[OL
SL]LSVMJVNUP[P]LL_WLYPLUJLHUKH[[OLWO`ZPJHSHUKZVJPHSSL]LSBD7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVUKYH^ZVUZPTPSHYWYPUJPWSLZVM
[YHUZMVYTH[PVUI`\ZPUNHYJOP]HSMVV[HNLWYLKVTPUH[LS`UL^ZMVV[HNLPUHUH[[LTW[[VWYV]PKLJVUJYL[LL_HTWSLZVM
O\THUHJ[PVUZZWLJPÄJHSS`[OLPU[LYHJ[PVUZIL[^LLUO\THUZHUK[OLPYLU]PYVUTLU[Z
=HYPV\ZWYVÄSTPJL]LU[ZVM[YHUZMVYTH[PVUJVU]LYZPVUHUKYLKPYLJ[PVUVMTH[[LYHYLHTHZZLKPU[VHSHYNLYHZZLTISHNL
VMHJ[PVUZ/V^L]LY7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVUHSZVPUJS\KLZJVTWHU`LK\JH[PVUHSWYVWHNHUKHÄSTZ[OH[HSZV\ZLKºYLHSSPML
L]LU[Z»[VJVU]L`HZWLJPÄJPKLVSVN`·PU[OPZJHZLHJHWP[HSPZ[TVKLS;OYV\NO[OLZ\IZLX\LU[HZZLTIS`VM[OLZL
ZJLULZPU[VHUL^ZLX\LUJL[OLHPT^HZ[VYLW\YWVZLZ\JOPKLVSVNPJHSKYP]LZ[O\ZX\LZ[PVUPUN[OLPYPU[LUKLKHNLUKH;OLTLZZHNL[OH[7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVUWYLZLU[ZPZUV[HZ]LOLTLU[PUP[ZPKLVSVNPJHSWVZP[PVUHZ;OL,SL]LU[O@LHY
^HZHZHUL_LTWSPÄJH[PVUVM=LY[V]»Z2PUVώ,`LTHUPMLZ[V9H[OLY7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVUWYLZLU[Z]HYPV\ZL_WYLZZPVUZ
VMWYVNYLZZPU[OLHZZLTISHNLVM[OLZJLULZHUK[OLPUZ[HSSH[PVUP[ZLSM>OH[SPURZ7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVUHUK[OL,SL]LU[O
Year is the use of montage as a way to fuse isolated actions and events into an assemblage, which in turn allows for
transformation in diverse and normally disconnected situations.
0UYLMLYLUJL[V=LY[V]»Z\ZLVMTVU[HNL.PSSLZ+LSL\aLVIZLY]LZ!º>OL[OLY[OL`^LYLTHJOPULZSHUKZJHWLZ
I\PSKPUNZVYTLU^HZVMSP[[SLJVUZLX\LUJL!LHJO¯^HZWYLZLU[LKHZHTH[LYPHSZ`Z[LTPUWLYWL[\HSPU[LYHJ[PVU;OL`^LYLJH[HS`Z[ZJVU]LY[LYZ[YHUZMVYTLYZ^OPJOYLJLP]LKHUKYLLTP[[LKTV]LTLU[Z^OVZL
ZWLLKKPYLJ[PVUVYKLY[OL`JOHUNLKTHRPUNTH[[LYL]VS]L[V^HYKZSLZZºWYVIHISL»Z[H[LZIYPUNPUNHIV\[
JOHUNLZV\[VMHSSWYVWVY[PVU[V[OLPYV^UKPTLUZPVUZ»BD
7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVUH[[LTW[LKHZPTPSHYHZZLTISHNL/V^L]LY\USPRL;OL,SL]LU[O@LHY^OPJOOHYULZZLKHZPUNSLWVPU[
VM]PL^HUKHVULώ^H`ÅV^VMLULYN`MYVTTPUL[VZJYLLU[OPZÄSTWYVWVZLKHT\S[PKPYLJ[PVUHS]PL^;OL,SL]LU[O
@LHYYLWYLZLU[ZHZPUNSLPKLVSVNPJHSYLWYLZLU[H[PVUHWYVWHNHUKHÄST^OLYLHZVWWVZPUNPKLVSVNPJHSJ\YYLU[ZOH]L
ILLUL_WSPJH[LKPU7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVU;OLYLWYLZLU[H[PVUVM[OLZLVWWVZPUNJ\YYLU[ZPZHK]HUJLK[OYV\NO[OL\ZLVM
TVU[HNLP[ZZ\IQLJ[TH[[LYILPUNUV[VUS`[OL\UPώKPYLJ[PVUHSY\W[\YLVMJVWWLYTPUPUNP[ZZVJPHS\WOLH]HSHUK[OL
ÅV^VMLULYN`HUKTH[LYPHSZ[OH[HYLYLSLHZLKPU[OPZHJ[PVUI\[HSZV[OL[LUZPVUWYVK\JLKIL[^LLU[OL]HYPV\ZZ[HRLholders in the Bougainville story.
;LUZPVUZIL[^LLUVWWVZPUNPKLVSVNPLZTLHU[[OH[HJVTWSL_ZLYPLZVMNLZ[\YLZJV\SKILZOV^UMYVTIV[OZPKLZVM[OL
JHWP[HSPZ[HYN\TLU[0UV[OLY^VYKZ[OLYHUNLVMPZZ\LZWVSP[PJHSLU]PYVUTLU[HSHUKZVJPHS[OH[VJJ\YYLKH[[OLWO`ZPJHSZP[LVM[OL7HUN\UHJVWWLYTPULHZ^LSSHZ[OLHYJOP]HSTH[LYPHSWLY[HPUPUN[VP[ZLY]LKHZHYPJOZP[LVMLUX\PY`
[VILYLMYHTLKHZHT\S[PMHJL[LKHZZLTISHNL;OLWYPTHY`JVUJLYUPUKL]LSVWPUN7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVU^HZ[V[LZ[OV^
[OPZHYJOP]HS]PKLVMVV[HNLJV\SKILTHUPW\SH[LK[OYV\NOHWYVJLZZVMLKP[PUN[O\ZILPUNYLMYHTLKHUKYLKPYLJ[LK[V
KLZJYPILHUKWYV]PKLL]PKLUJLMVY[OLWO`ZPJHSTH[LYPHSK`UHTPJZH[WSH`HZ^LSSHZ[OLPYJVU]LYZPVUPU[VPU[HUNPISL
forces of energy.
As Mackay acknowledges, º[OLQVIVMTVU[HNLI`L_[LUZPVUPZ[VUHYYH[L[OL[YHQLJ[VY`VMLULYN`[OLJVU]LYZPVUZP[\UKLYNVLZPUJS\KPUN[OLMVYTZ[OH[[OLZ[PSSSH[LU[LULYN`TPNO[HKVW[»BD0^V\SKZ\NNLZ[[OH[
[OPZSH[LU[LULYN`ÄUKZP[ZT\S[PKPYLJ[PVUHSYLSLHZLPU7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVUUV[VUS`PU[OLÄST»ZUVUώSPULHYUHYYH[P]LI\[
also in the very act of editing one scene against another.
)LMVYLKLS]PUNM\Y[OLYPU[V[OLYLSH[PVUZOPWZIL[^LLU=LY[V]»ZÄSTZHUKT`V^U0^V\SKSPRL[VYL[\YUIYPLÅ`[V9PJOHYK
:LYYH»Z/HUK*H[JOPUN3LHK TTÄSTHUKP[ZYLSH[PVUZOPW[V;OL,SL]LU[O@LHY0ULHJOÄST^LHYLWYLZLU[LK
^P[OTV]PUNPTHNLL_WVZPUN[OLHJ[PVUZVMO\THUHNLUJ`PUP[ZJVU]L`HUJLVMTH[[LY»ZLULYNPLZ)\[PUSPURPUN[OLZL
ÄSTZ[OLWVPU[ZVMKPќLYLUJLHSZVILJVTLJSLHY/HUK*H[JOPUN3LHKKLZJYPILZHOLYTL[PJZP[\H[PVUPU[OLZ[\KPVVY
^VYRZOVW[OH[YLÅLJ[Z\WVU[OLHY[PZ[»ZYLSH[PVUZOPW[VOPZTH[LYPHSZ;OL,SL]LU[O@LHYJVU]LYZLS`YLWYLZLU[ZHZP[\H[PVUPU[OL^VYSKH[SHYNL^OLYL[OLÅV^VMTH[[LYPZYLKPYLJ[LK[OYV\NOHSHYNLYZL[VMZVJPHSJVUKP[PVUZ;OPZKPZ[PUJ[PVU
PZHSZVVMNYLH[PTWVY[HUJL[V[OLHYN\TLU[VM[OPZ[OLZPZHZP[THRLZJSLHYOV^JPULTHVY]PKLVWLYTP[H\UPX\L\UKLYZ[HUKPUNVM[OLWYVJLZZLZHUKIYVHKLYPTWSPJH[PVUZVMTH[LYPHS[YHUZMVYTH[PVU^OLYLO\THUPU[LY]LU[PVUOHZILLU
the catalyst.
0U7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVU[OLZLTH[[LYÅV^ZHYLYLÅLJ[LKPU[OLZLX\LUJPUNVMZOVY[MYHTLZHULKP[PUN[LJOUPX\L[OH[
PZHPTLK[VZ\Z[HPU[OLLULYN`VY]P[HSP[`VM[OLL]LU[P[ZLSM0UV[OLY^VYKZP[OVWLZ[VRLLW[OLº[YHJLZVMLULYN`PU
L_JOHUNL»HSP]L4HU`Z`TIVSPJNLZ[\YLZ^LYLLUHJ[LKPU[OLLKP[PUNWYVJLZZ^P[O[OLHPT[VºYLώW\YWVZL»[OL]PZ\HS
JVU[LU[ZV[OH[P[JV\SKILYLHZZLTISLKPU[VHSHYNLYWYVJLZZVMHJ[P]P[`HZVWWVZLK[VZPUN\SHYMYHNTLU[LKL]LU[Z
;OPZTHKLJSLHY[OLHJ[\HSP[`VMHJVTWSL_HZZLTISHNL0UHTVU[HNLZLX\LUJL^OPJOL_WSPJP[S`YLMLYLUJLK[OLYO`[OT
VM;OL,SL]LU[O@LHY[OLYL^LYLHZLYPLZVMJ\[Z!HJSVZL\WVMHTV\[O[HSRPUNZ\NNLZ[P]LS`^P[OPU[LU["[OLHNNYLZZP]LKLO\ZRPUNVMJVJVU\[VUHZOHYWLULKZWPRL"[OLKPZJOHYNLVMI\SSL[ZOLSSZMYVTHW\TWHJ[PVUOHUKYPўL"HUKH
THJOL[LZSPJPUN[OYV\NOJVJVU\[*VTWYLZZLK[VNL[OLYTV\[OT\ZJSLHUKTLJOHUPJZ[OPZKLZJYPILKHUHNNYLZZP]L
ZLYPLZVMY\W[\YLZ[OH[^VYRHZ^P[OHUHZZLTIS`SPUL[VZPNUPM`[OLWV[LU[PHSMVYZVJPHS[YHUZMVYTH[PVU;OPZZLX\LUJL
V]LYYPKLZ[OLWYLJLKPUNZLX\LUJL[OH[OHKL_WYLZZLK[OL[YHUZMVYTH[PVUVMVYLPU[VJVWWLYPUHÅV^PUNSPX\PKZ[H[L
LKP[LKIL[^LLUMVV[HNLVMI\SSKVaLYZHUKSHYNLLHY[OL_JH]H[VYZ^VYRPUN[OLTPUL^OLYLLHY[OPZTV]LKSHUKV^ULYZ
HYLWHPKVќ[OL^OLLSZVM^LZ[LYUJHWP[HSPZ[UV[PVUZVMWYVNYLZZ[\YUHZHUPSS\Z[YH[PVUVMPKLVSVNPJHSWLYWL[\P[`
9LTLTILYPUN[OH[[OPZ^HZUV[HÄST[VILZJYLLULKVUP[ZV^UI\[YH[OLY^HZJVUJLP]LKHZHUPUZ[HSSH[PVU^VYR
[OLZ\IQLJ[VMO\THUHJ[PVUZPU[OLHYJOP]HSMVV[HNL^HZKV\ISLKI`[OLHJ[P]P[`VM[OLNLULYH[VYWV^LYPUN[OLTV]PUN
PTHNLHWWHYH[\Z)V[OLSLTLU[Z[OLÄSTHUK[OLHWWHYH[\Z^LYL[OLYLI`JVU[PUNLU[\WVULHJOV[OLYPU[LYTZVM[OL
[OLTLZVMLULYN`HUK[YHUZMVYTH[PVU>OLYLHZ/HUK*H[JOPUN3LHKHUK;OL,SL]LU[O@LHYZOV^MVV[HNLVMTH[LYPHS
[YHUZMVYTH[PVUJH[HS`ZLKI`O\THUPU[LY]LU[PVU7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVUHJ[\HSPZLZ[YHUZMVYTH[PVUPULHJOWYVJLZZVM[OL
installation.
;OLYLPZHUV[OLYJVUZPKLYH[PVUVMJV\YZLHUK[OH[PZ[OLJHTLYHP[ZLSM;OLJHTLYH^HZHZPTWVY[HU[[V;OL*V\UJPSVM
;OYLLHZ^HZ[OL[LJOUPX\LVMTVU[HNLHUKLKP[PUN=LY[V]ZH^PU[OL[LJOUVSVN`VM[OLJHTLYHHWWHYH[\Z[OLWVZZPIPSP[`VML_[LUKPUNWLYJLW[PVUIL`VUK[OLSPTP[ZVMO\THUIPVSVN`HUKUV[LKPUHUHKKYLZZ[V;OL*V\UJPSVM;OYLL[OH[
^OLYL[OLL`LYLHJOLZHJLY[HPUSPTP[[OLJHTLYH^P[O[LJOUVSVNPJHSKL]LSVWTLU[^PSSUV[BD
;OLRPUVɫL`LSP]LZHUKTV]LZPU[PTLHUKZWHJL"P[NH[OLYZHUKYLJVYKZPTWYLZZPVUZPUHTHUULY^OVSS`
KPɈLYLU[MYVT[OH[VM[OLO\THUL`L¯;OLTLJOHUPJHSL`L[OLJHTLYHYLQLJ[PUN[OLO\THUL`LHZJYPI
ZOLL[NYVWLZP[Z^H`[OYV\NO[OLJOHVZVM]PZ\HSL]LU[ZSL[[PUNP[ZLSMILKYH^UVYYLWLSSLKI`TV]LTLU[
WYVIPUNHZP[NVLZ[OLWH[OVMP[ZV^UTV]LTLU[0[L_WLYPTLU[ZKPZ[LUKPUN[PTLKPZZLJ[PUNTV]LTLU[
VYPUJVU[YHY`MHZOPVUHIZVYIPUN[PTL^P[OPUP[ZLSMZ^HSSV^PUN`LHYZ[O\ZZJOLTH[PaPUNWYVJLZZLZVMSVUN
K\YH[PVUPUHJJLZZPISL[V[OLUVYTHSL`LBD
,_[LUKPUN\WVU[OPZZ[HUKWVPU[+LSL\aL^YP[LZ!;OPZPZUV[HO\THUɫL`L·L]LUHUPTWYV]LKVUL-VYHS[OV\NO
[OLO\THUL`LJHUZ\YTV\U[ZVTLVMP[ZSPTP[H[PVUZ^P[O[OLOLSWVMJVU[YHW[PVUZHUKPUZ[Y\TLU[Z[OLYLPZ
VUL[OH[P[JHUUV[Z\YTV\U[ZPUJLP[PZP[ZV^UJVUKP[PVUVMWVZZPIPSP[`0[ZYLSH[P]LPTTVIPSP[`HZHYLJLW[P]L
VYNHUTLHUZ[OH[HSSPTHNLZ]HY`MVYHZPUNSLVULPUYLSH[PVU[VHWYP]PSLNLKPTHNL(UKPM[OLJHTLYHPZ
JVUZPKLYLKHZHWWHYH[\ZMVYZOVV[PUNÄSTP[PZZ\IQLJ[[V[OLZHTLJVUKP[PVUPUNSPTP[H[PVU)\[[OLJPULTH
PZUV[ZPTWS`[OLL`L!P[PZTVU[HNL(UKPMMYVT[OLWVPU[VM]PL^VM[OLO\THUL`LTVU[HNLPZ\UKV\I[LKS`
HJVUZ[Y\J[PVUMYVT[OLWVPU[VM]PL^VMHUV[OLYL`LP[JLHZLZ[VILVUL"P[PZ[OLW\YL]PZPVUVMHUVUɫO\THUL`LVMHUL`L[OH[^V\SKILPU[OPUNZB D
6UVULOHUK=LY[V]»Z2PUV,`LPZHUHJ[P]LHNLU[PUWYVK\JPUN‘a visual journey through the production and reWYVK\J[PVUVMZVJPHSSPMLB[OH[DPZHIV]LHSSH^H`VMZLLPUN[OYV\NOTH[[LY»BD(UKVU[OLV[OLYHZ+LSL\aL
KLZJYPILZP[[OLVIQLJ[P]LVM[OL2PUVώL`LPZº[VJHYY`WLYJLW[PVUPU[V[OPUNZ[VW\[WLYJLW[PVUPU[VTH[[LY»BD
2PUVώL`LHJ[P]H[LZ[OL[YHUZMVYTH[PVUVMIV[OTH[[LYHUKZVJPHSSPML=LY[V]KPZJV]LYLKH^H`[VLU[LYPU[V[OLWYVJLZZ
VMTH[LYPHS[YHUZMVYTH[PVU[VYLJVYK[OLL]LU[ZHZ^LSSHZZ[Y\J[\YPUN[OLPYYLZ\S[PUNLќLJ[Z0U[OPZYLZWLJ[[OLJHTLYH
PZLX\P]HSLU[[V[OLZOV]LS[OH[MLLKZJVHSPU[VHM\YUHJLHUK[OL[YHPU[OH[PZWYVWLSSLKMVY^HYKI`[OL[YHUZMVYTH[PVUVM
coal into steam.
1VUH[OVU)LSSLYVIZLY]LZPUYLMLYLUJL[V(4HU>P[O(4V]PL*HTLYH[OH[=LY[V]\ZLZ[OLJPULTH[PJTHJOPUL‘to
HZZLTISL[OLTV]LTLU[VMTH[[LYPUZ\JOH^H`[OH[P[ILJVTLZWYLJPZLS`[OLJVUZJPV\ZULZZVMTH[LYPHS
YLSH[PVUZ»BD0^V\SKHYN\L[OH[[OLZHTLJV\SKILZHPKVM;OL,SL]LU[O@LHY^OLYL=LY[V]ÄYZ[L_WYLZZLK[OL
K`UHTPZTVM[OLKHPS`SPMLJ`JSLVM[OLWYVSL[HYPH[[OYV\NO[OLÄSTPJTLKP\THUKº2PUV,`L»;OL*V\UJPSVM;OYLL\ZLK
[OLJHTLYH[VLUNHNLKPYLJ[S`^P[O[OL^VYSK=LY[V]WYVJSHPTZ!
0HTRPUV¶L`L0HTHTLJOHUPJHSL`L0HTHJOPULZOV^`V\[OL^VYSKHZVUS`0JHUZLLP[¯UV^0HJHTLYH¯THUVL\]YPUNPU[OLJOHVZVMTV]LTLU[YLJVYKPUNTV]LTLU[Z[HY[PUN^P[OTV]LTLU[ZJVTWVZLKVM
[OLTVZ[JVTWSL_JVTIPUH[PVUZBD
:PUJL7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVU^HZJVUZ[Y\J[LKMYVTMV\UKMVV[HNLHSVUL[OLHIZLUJLVMHJHTLYH[VYLJVYKUL^MVV[HNL
PZHUPTWVY[HU[KPZ[PUJ[PVUIL[^LLU=LY[V]»Z^VYRZHUKT`V^U(ZUVULVM[OLZOV[Z^LYLJHW[\YLKI`TL[OL2PUVώ
,`L^HZ[PLK[V[OLL_PZ[PUNWYVÄSTPJL]LU[ZMYVT^OPJO0OHY]LZ[LKT`MVV[HNLHUK[V[OLº^VYSK»VMV[OLYJHTLYHVWLYH[VYZ;OPZHSZVTLHUZ[OH[HJVTWSL_HZZLTISHNLPZHJOPL]LKMYVTHUHJJ\T\SH[PVUVM]HYPV\ZPKLVSVNPJHSWVZP[PVUZ
0UV[OLY^VYKZ7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVUOHZJHW[\YLK[OLHJ[PVUZ[OH[[VVRWSHJLH[[OLZP[LVMTPUPUNHUK[OLZ\IZLX\LU[
JP]PS^HYHZ^LSSHZ[OLL]LU[ZVMYLJVYKPUN[OLZLHJ[PVUZHZWYVÄSTPJL]LU[ZHUKÄUHSS`T`V^UHJ[PVUZPU[LY]LUL[V
YLW\YWVZL[OLZLYLJVYKLKWYVÄSTPJL]LU[ZPU[VHUL^HZZLTISHNL
Currents of Conversion and Cognition
;OLÅV^VMÄSTHUKP[ZZWH[PV[LTWVYHSJVU[PU\\TTPNO[IL]PL^LKHZHUHSVNV\Z[V[OLÅV^VMHULSLJ[YPJHSJ\YYLU[
HRPU[V[OLW\SZLZVM[OLIYHPU[YPNNLYPUN[OLZ`UHWZLZHUKZ\IZLX\LU[ÅV^[OYV\NO[OLULY]V\ZZ`Z[LT;OPZHZZLY[PVUJV\SKILSPURLK[VHUVIZLY]H[PVUTHKLI`+LSL\aLPUYLZWLJ[[V[OL[YHUZJLUKLU[LќLJ[ZMVYJHW[\YPUNTV]LTLU[
KL]LSVWLKI`(U[VUPU(Y[H\KPU[OL[^LU[PL[OJLU[\Y`!
;OVZL^OVÄYZ[THKLHUK[OV\NO[HIV\[JPULTHILNHUMYVTHZPTWSLPKLH!JPULTHHZPUK\Z[YPHSHY[
HJOPL]LZZLSMTV]LTLU[H\[VTH[PJTV]LTLU[¯BHUKDP[PZVUS`^OLUTV]LTLU[ILJVTLZH\[VTH[PJ[OH[
[OLHY[PZ[PJLZZLUJLVM[OLPTHNLPZYLHSPaLK!WYVK\JPUNHZOVJR[V[OV\NO[JVTT\UPJH[PUN]PIYH[PVU[V[OL
JVU[L_[[V\JOPUN[OLULY]V\ZHUKJLYLIYHSZ`Z[LTKPYLJ[S`BD
<UKLY[OLKPYLJ[PVUVM=LY[V][OL*V\UJPSVM;OYLLWYVK\JLKHJPULTH[PJL_WLYPLUJL[OH[^HZUV[HWHZZP]LZWLJ[HJSL·HUL_WLYPLUJL[OH[U\TIZ[OLZLUZLZ·VYHZZHPKI`=LY[V]PUOPZJVUKLTUH[PVUVM^LZ[LYUJPULTH‘the
LSLJ[YPJUHYJV[PJVM[OLTV]PL[OLH[YLZ»BD>P[O[OL*V\UJPSVM;OYLL=LY[V]LUKLH]V\YLK[VWYVK\JLH]P[HSS`
JOHYNLKJVUZJPV\ZL_WLYPLUJL[OH[YLX\PYLZM\SSJVNUP[PVUVUILOHSMVM[OL]PL^LY=LY[V]WYVJSHPTZ!º-PYZ[VMHSS;OL
,SL]LU[O@LHYPZ^YP[[LUPU[OLW\YPZ[ÄSTSHUN\HNL[OLSHUN\HNLVM[OLL`L¯;OL,SL]LU[O@LHYWYLZ\TLZ
]PZ\HSWLYJLW[PVU¸]PZ\HS[OPURPUN¹»BD;OPZ]PZ\HS[OPURPUN^HZZ[PT\SH[LK[OYV\NO=LY[V]HUK;OL*V\UJPSVM
;OYLL»ZºLULYNL[PJTVU[HNL»^OLYL[OLZWHJLIL[^LLU[OLPU[LY]HSPZJOHYNLKI`IV[OLSLJ[YPJP[`HUKO\THUWLYJLWtion. Here, movement, energy and thought react like the ignition charge of an electric current.
0U7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVU0KLWSV`LKMVV[HNLVMHYHUNLVMNLZ[\YLZHUKHJ[P]P[PLZVMPUK\Z[YPHSWYVK\J[PVU[VKYH^HJVTWHYPZVU^P[OJPULTHWYVK\J[PVU;OLOHUKZPNUHSVMHNLVSVNPJHSSHUKZ\Y]L`VYNP]PUNKPYLJ[PVUZ^HZZWSPJLK^P[O[OL
MLSSPUNVMHSHYNL[YLLZ\NNLZ[PUNºYVSSÄST»!WYVK\J[PVUPZTL[HWOVYPJHSS`\UKLY^H`:PTPSHYS`HºaVVTPU»VUMVV[HNLVMH
)9(TLTILYHNNYLZZP]LS`J\[[PUNHJVJVU\[^HZ\[PSPZLKHZHZ`TIVSPJHUKKPYLJ[YLMLYLUJL[V[OLºJ\[»PUÄSTLKP[PUN
^OPJO[OLUJ\[[V[OLUL_[ZJLULVM[OL7HUN\UHVWLUJ\[TPUL;OLZLKL]PJLZ^LYLHUH[[LTW[[VWSHJL[OL]PKLV
TLKP\THUK[OL[YHUZMVYTH[P]LWVZZPIPSP[PLZVMLKP[PUNYLώMVYTPUNPUYLSH[PVU[V[OLWO`ZPJHSTH[[LYILPUN[YHUZMVYTLK
PU[OLWYVJLZZVMTPUPUN·HUV[OLYL_HTWSLVM4HJ2H`»ZºSH[LU[LULYN`»ILNPUUPUN[V[HRLMVYTBD
0[PZPTWVY[HU[[VZ[H[LOLYL[OH[TPUPUNL_WYLZZLZHWHY[PJ\SHYH[[P[\KL[VTH[[LY0[PZHWHY[PJ\SHY[`WLVM[YHUZMVYTH[PVU
[OH[PZIV[OL_WSVP[H[P]LHUKL_[YHJ[P]L0KVUV[HYN\L[OH[[OL[YHUZMVYTH[P]LLќLJ[ZVMÄSTώTHRPUNHUKTPUPUNHYL
HUHSVNV\ZI\[[OH[[OLWYVJLZZLZPU^OPJO[OYV\NOO\THUHJ[PVUZÄSTPJTH[LYPHSHUK[OLLHY[O»ZTH[[LYHYLLUNHNLK
ZOHYLZLX\P]HSLUJ`ZPUJLIV[OJHUILWO`ZPJHSS`J\[PU[VHUKYLKPYLJ[LK:PTPSHYS`PU[OLL_HTWSLVM=LY[V]»Z[OV\NO
P[ZHNLUKHPZ:VJPHSPZ[HZVWWVZLK[V*HWP[HSPZ[P[Z[PSSWVZP[Z[OL^VYSKHZHUPU[LYTPUHISLYLZV\YJLMVYO\THUJVU[YVS
/\THUZYLKPYLJ[TH[[LYMVY[OLWYVK\J[PVUVMLULYN`HUKPU[OPZLULYN`PZKPYLJ[LK[V^HYKZO\THUILULÄ[
:\JOHUPSS\Z[YH[PVUVM[OLYLKPYLJ[PVUVMTH[[LYVJJ\YZPU7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVUVULWHY[\SHYZJLULPSS\Z[YH[LZ[OLYL]LYZHSVMMVV[HNLVMHOHUKKV^UώNLHYPUNHUL_JH]H[VY!JVWWLYZ\IZLX\LU[S`ÅV^ZPUYL]LYZLHUKPZYLWSHJLKI`[OL
WYVK\J[PVUVMJVJVU\[VPS0U[OPZYL]LYZHS[OLO\THUTV]LTLU[VMVYLHUK[OLÅV^PUNVMJVWWLYHYLULNH[LKI`[OL
Y\W[\YPUNVMJVJVU\[ZHUKZ\IZLX\LU[ÅV^PUNJVJVU\[VPS-VV[HNLVMTPSP[HY`OLSPJVW[LYZYLILSώMHZOPVULK^LHWVUZ
HUKI\YUPUNOV\ZLZYLWSHJLZJLULZVMTPUPUNHJ[P]P[`!TPUPUNHJ[P]P[`PZHUU\SSLKH[SLHZ[\U[PS[OLVUZL[VM[OL]PKLV»Z
Z\IZLX\LU[SVVWJ`JSL(ZUV[LKLHYSPLYP[PZOLYL[OH[[OL[P[SL7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVUJYLH[LZHKPSLTTHHZ[OLPTWSPLK
ºWYVNYLZZ»PZULNH[LK;OL[P[SLVM[OL^VYRVWLYH[LZHZHYOL[VYPJHSKL]PJL0U[OLJHZLVM7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVU[OL[^V
TVKHSP[PLZVYPKLVSVNPJHSJ\YYLU[ZHYLOLSKPU[LUZPVUPUHJVU[PU\V\ZZ\WWSHU[PUNVMVULHUV[OLY0[PZHSZVH[[OPZWVPU[
PU7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVU[OH[HUH[[LTW[[VL_WYLZZ[OLWV[LU[PHSVMZVJPHS[YHUZMVYTH[PVU[OYV\NO[OLYLKPYLJ[PVUVMUH[\YHS
TH[LYPHSZPZHJJLU[\H[LK[OYV\NOTV]PUNPTHNLY`(KLLWLYSL]LSVMLULYN`[YHUZMVYTH[PVUPZL_WYLZZLK[OYV\NO[OL
ÅV^PUNMVV[HNLVMJVJVU\[VPSHUKP[ZYLÄULTLU[PU[VHULќLJ[P]L]P[HSTH[LYPHS
Superimposed Ideologies
0U[OLK\HSLULYNPLZVMOHYULZZPUNLSLJ[YPJP[`HUKZVJPHSPZT»ZILJVTPUNÄSTPJTVU[HNLL_LTWSPÄLZ[OLWYVNYLZZP]LHUK
HJJ\T\SH[P]LWVZZPIPSP[PLZVM[OLÄYZ[SH^VM[OLYTVK`UHTPJZ/V^L]LY[OL\UIYPKSLKÅV^VMLULYN`L_WHUKZIL`VUK
[OH[VMOHYULZZLKLSLJ[YPJP[`PU[VHOVSPZ[PJLU[P[`HUKTV]LZ[V^HYKZ^OH[4HJ2H`»ZVIZLY]LZHZH‘monistic view of
PUK\Z[YPHSPaH[PVUHUK[OLZVJPHSPZ[WYVQLJ[»BD
B[DOLWYVISLTVM[OPZTVKLSPZ[OH[[OLYLPZUV[OPUNPUOLYLU[S`WYVNYLZZP]LVYL]LUWHY[PJ\SHYS`TLHUPUNM\S
HIV\[LULYN`ÅV^0[ZPTWS`OHWWLUZHUKPUKLLKHZ9HIPUIHJOPUKPJH[LZ[OLZLJVUKSH^VM[OLYTVK`UHTPJZ^OPJOHK\TIYH[LZ^OH[^LRUV^HIV\[LU[YVW`TPNO[PTWS`HZSV^ZWPYHSSPUNHUKPUL]P[HISLKLJSPULVM
[OL\UP]LYZLPU[V¸OLH[KLH[O¹YH[OLY[OHUP[ZVW[PTPZ[PJVWWVZP[L¹B D
=LY[V]JYLH[LZH]PZ\HSHUHSVN`VM[OPZJSVZLKZ`Z[LT[OYV\NO[OL\ZLVMPTHNLZ\WLYPTWVZP[PVU0UIL[^LLU[OLLHYS`
ZJLULZVM[OLIYLHRPUNKV^UVM[OLOHYKLHY[OZJLULZ^LZLL[OLOHSML_JH]H[LKZRLSL[VUVMH[^Vώ[OV\ZHUK`LHYVSK
:J`[OPHU^HYYPVY;OL:J`[OPHU»ZZRLSL[VU^HZ\ULHY[OLKK\YPUN[OLJVUZ[Y\J[PVUVM[OLO`KYVLSLJ[YPJKHT;OYV\NO
[OLKLSPILYH[LTVU[HNPUNVMMVV[HNL=LY[V]PUMLYZ[OH[[OLLULYN`VM[OL:J`[OPHU»ZZRLSL[VUPUMVSSV^PUNLU[YVWPJSH^Z
I`YLLU[LYPUN[OLLHY[OPZPU[\YUOHYULZZLK[OYV\NOP[ZL_O\TH[PVU·[OL:J`[OPHU»Z]P[HSP[`PZL_WSVP[LKMVY[OLNVVK
VM[OLZVJPHSPZ[NVHS;OYV\NOÄST=LY[V]KLZJYPILZ[OLLULYN`[OH[PZZ[VYLKPUTH[[LYILPUN\USLHZOLKHUKZL[MYLL[V
contribute to a greater cycle.
;OYV\NOTVU[HNLHUKZ\WLYPTWVZP[PVU=LY[V]JYLH[LZ^OH[+L]PU-VYLVIZLY]LZHZ!an experiment in historical
KPHSLJ[PJZ;OL,SL]LU[O@LHYIYPUNZ[VNL[OLY[^VZLLTPUNS`\UJVUULJ[LKHUKPUÄUP[LS`KPZ[HU[TVTLU[ZPU
[PTL"VUVULOHUK[OLJVUZ[Y\J[PVUVM[OL^VYSK»ZSHYNLZ[O`KYVLSLJ[YPJZ[H[PVUVU[OL+UPLWY9P]LYPU[OL
<RYHPULHUKVU[OLV[OLY[OLL_JH]H[PVUVMHWHPYVM[^Vɫ[OV\ZHUK`LHYɫVSK:J`[OPHUZRLSL[VUZYLJLU[S`
discovered at the site of the industrial enterprise.BD
/LYL[PTLHUKLULYN`JVTL[VNL[OLY[OYV\NO[OLZ\WLYPTWVZP[PVUVMH]HZ[ZWH[PHS[LTWVYHSWLYPVK;OYV\NO[OPZ
JVTWYLZZPVU[OLÄSTWYLZLU[ZHJVTWSL_JVTWVZP[PVUIYPTTPUN^P[OPKLVSVNPJHSPUMLYLUJL4HJ2H`Z\NNLZ[Z=LY[V]»Z
ÄSTPJLULYN`WYVWVZLZ[OH[[OPZZVY[VMPKLVSVNPJHSYLHZVUPUN^HZWLYOHWZPUZWPYLKI`OPZLHYS`LUJV\U[LYZ^P[O[YHU-
scendental materialism at the Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev Psychoneurological Institute in Petrograd between 1914
HUK BD
0UHJLYLTVUPHSZWLLJOI`4PROHPSV]PJO)LRO[LYL][P[SLKº;OL0TTVY[HSP[`VM[OL/\THU:\IQLJ[HZH:JPLU[PÄJ7YVISLT»)LRO[LYL]OHKHUUV\UJLK[OH[
,]LY`[OPUNPU[OL^VYSKPZPUTV[PVUL]LY`[OPUNPZÅV^PUN"[OL^VYSKPZHUL[LYUHSTV]LTLU[[OL\UJLHZPUNJVU]LYZPVUVMVULMVYTVMLULYN`PU[VHUV[OLY"[O\ZKLJSHYLZZJPLUJL;OLYLPZUV[OPUNJVUZ[HU[¯[OL
O\THUILPUNPZHUHJ[VYHUKWHY[PJPWHU[PU[OLV]LYHSS\UP]LYZHSWYVJLZZBD
;OYV\NO=LY[V]»Z\ZLVM[OLÄSTPJTLKP\TPU;OL,SL]LU[O@LHY[OLO\THUPZUV[Q\Z[HUHJ[VYI\[PZTVYLHRPU[VH
KPYLJ[VYOHYULZZPUNHUKJOVYLVNYHWOPUN[OLÅV^VMTH[[LYHUKLULYN`[VYLZOHWL[OLZVJPHSJVUKP[PVUZVM^OPJO[OL`
HYLHWHY[0U7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVU[OYV\NO[OL\ZLVMZ\WLYPTWVZP[PVU[OL[YHUZMVYTH[P]LWV[LU[PHSVMJVJVU\[VPSPZ
L_WYLZZLKTVZ[S`PU[OLÄUHSZJLULZVM[OL]PKLVMVV[HNLVMTPUPUNI\SSKVaLYZZOV^UHZZ[HNUHU[Y\Z[LKHUKI\YPLK
\UKLYV]LYώNYV^UMVSPHNL:\WLYPTWVZLKV]LY[OLZLZJLULZPZMVV[HNLVMYHWPKS`TV]PUNJVJVU\[ZTV]PUN[OYV\NO[OL
MYHTLVM[OLZJYLLULTILKKLK^P[ONYHPUUVPZLMYVT[OLSLHKLYώMVV[HNLVMVULVM[OLHYJOP]HSTTÄSTZ\ZLKPU[OL
JVUZ[Y\J[PVUVM[OLÄSTBD
;OPZISHURMVV[HNLPZVMNYLLUJVSV\YYHPZPUNUH[\YHSHZZVJPH[PVUZ^OPJOHYLLUOHUJLKI`[OLUH[\YHSNYHPUVM[OLÄST
^OPSLHSZVYLZLTISPUNJVJVU\[O\ZRZHUKÅV^PUNJVJVU\[VPS;OLZLVWWVZP[PVUZ[OLZ[HNUHU[ZJLULZHUK[OLÅV^PUN
JVJVU\[ZHUKÅV^PUNTV]PUNPTHNLZHYLJOHUULSSLK[OYV\NO[OL[LTWVYHSMVY^HYKÅV^PUNKPYLJ[PVUVM[PTLώIHZLK
TLKP\T>OLUL_WYLZZPUN[OLMVYJLZVMLULYN`[OPZTH`ILSPURLK[V4HY`(UU+VHUL»ZPU[LYWYL[H[PVUVMHYLHKPUNVM
LULYN`WYVWVZLKI`(UZVU9HILUIHJR^OVZ[H[LZ!
IV[O[OLPKLHVMWYVNYLZZHUK[OLPKLHVMKLNLULYH[PVUHUKKLJSPULHYLPU[PTH[LS`SPURLK[VLHJOV[OLYHUK
[OLZLJVUKSH^VM[OLYTVK`UHTPJZ(ZZVVUHZ[OL[OLVY`VMLULYN`PZPUQLJ[LK^P[O[LTWVYHSKPYLJ[PVUHSP[`[OLPKLHZVMIV[OOPZ[VYPJHSWYVNYLZZHUKOPZ[VYPJHSKLJSPULILJVTLWVZZPISLBD
0UP[Z\ZLVMWYLKVTPUHU[S`MHJ[\HSPUMVYTH[PVUHYJOP]HSMVV[HNLHUK[OLHMVYLTLU[PVULKYLώW\YWVZLKJVTWHU`WYVWaganda footage, Progress in Action could be viewed as a vehicle for disseminating a successful resistance, an eco
YL]VS\[PVUJHZLZ[\K`/V^L]LYP[ZPU[LU[PZUV[[VWYVT\SNH[LZ\JOHKPKHJ[PJHWWYVHJO>P[OV\[UHYYH[PVUP[PZ[OL
TH[LYPHSPUIV[OP[Z[HJP[WO`ZPJHSHUK]PZ\HSMVYTZ[OH[KLSP]LYZ[OLHKKYLZZ[V[OL]PL^LY>OPSLJVWWLYÅV^ZPUVUL
KPYLJ[PVUJVJVU\[VPSÅV^ZPUHUV[OLY·HUKIV[OHYL[\YULKPU[VJVUK\J[VYZVMLSLJ[YPJP[`
0UP[ZJVU]L`HUJLVMHZ[VY`VMPUK\Z[YPHSWYVNYLZZ[OYV\NOJVWWLYTPUPUN7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVUILHYZZVTLSPRLULZZ[V
3\J`9H]LU»Z*OPUH;V^UKPZJ\ZZLKPU*OHW[LY;^V;VYLJHWP[\SH[L9H]LU»ZÄSTPZHJVTWVZP[PVUVMZL]LUώ[OV\ZHUKZ[PSSPTHNLZPU[VHMVY^HYKTV]PUNÄSTPJºJVU]L`VY»/V^L]LY\USPRL9H]LU»ZÄST^OPJOMVSSV^Z[OLWYVK\J[PVUPU
JVWWLYPUHZPUNSLKPYLJ[PVU7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVUMVJ\ZLZWYPUJPWHSS`VUL]LU[Z[OH[VJJ\YH[[OLHJ[\HSZP[LVML_[YHJ[PVU
(WHY[MYVTVULZJLULLS\KPUN[V[OLT\S[PώUH[PVUHSZJHSLVM)V\NHPU]PSSL*VWWLY3[KI`ZOV^PUNHZHTWSLVMJVVWLY
VYLOLSKPUOHUKHIV]LHJVYWVYH[LIVHYKYVVT[HISL[OL]PKLVVWLYH[LZH[[OLZP[LVM[OL[YHUZMVYTH[P]LL]LU[Z·
THPUS`JVWWLYYLÄULTLU[JVJVU\[VPSWYVK\J[PVUHUK[OLL]LU[ZVM[OL)V\NHPU]PSSL*P]PS>HY
0U[OLPUZ[HSSH[PVUVM7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVU^OPSL[OLNLULYH[VYPZM\LSSLKI`JVJVU\[VPSP[PZ[OLYLLSZVMÄULJVWWLY[OH[
HYL^V\UKPUZPKL[OLNLULYH[VY»ZHS[LYUH[VY[OH[JVUK\J[[OLLSLJ[YPJP[`[VWYVK\JLWV^LY:\JOPZ[OLKPSLTTHVMWO`ZPJHSWYVNYLZZJVU[PUNLU[VU[OLL_WLUKP[\YLVMTH[[LYHUKLULYN`[OH[P[PUNLZ[ZPUVYKLY[VWYVNYLZZLUKSLZZS`;OPZ
[LUZPVUPZM\Y[OLYWSH`LKV\[TH[LYPHSS`PU[OLPUZ[HSSH[PVUVM7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVUPU[OLWYLJHYPV\ZULZZVM[OLTHRLZOPM[
YLÄULY`HUK[OLJVU]LY[LKNLULYH[VY»ZWV[LU[PHS[VZLPaL\WH[HU`TVTLU[,UJV\U[LYLK[OYV\NOÄYZ[ώOHUKL_WLYPLUJL
PU[OLPUZ[HSSH[PVU[OPZNP]LZWYPTHJ`[VHUL]LU[VM[LUZPVU^OPJOZPT\S[HULV\ZS`PZWHYHSSLSLKPU[OL[LUZPVUZPUZLY[LK
PU[V[OLMVV[HNLHUKPUP[ZLKP[PUNWHJL;OYV\NOZ\JOHUHZZLTISHNL7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVUJVU]L`Z[OLWVPU[[OH[[OL
Z[Y\NNSLMVYYLZPZ[HUJLPZUL]LYHJSLHUIYLHRMYVTP[ZVWWVZP[PVUHUK[OH[Z\JOH[YHUZNYLZZPVUYLX\PYLZPTTLUZLMVYJL
HUKL_WLUKP[\YL
)L`VUK[OLKPYLJ[ZL[[PUNPU^OPJO[OLZ\IQLJ[TH[[LYPZ[YHUZTP[[LK·ILP[HNHSSLY`^HYLOV\ZLVYZ[\KPVLU]PYVUTLU[·7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVUZWLHRZ[VHKP]LYZLH\KPLUJLHUKZVWLYTP[ZHIYVHKPU[LYWYL[H[PVU[OH[PU]P[LZHUHSVNPLZ[V
ILMVYTLK7LYOHWZTVZ[KPYLJ[S`VULJV\SKILYLTPUKLKVMV[OLYSP]LKZP[\H[PVUZVMY\W[\YL^OLYLKPZW\[LKSHUK\ZL
HUKUH[\YHSYLZV\YJLYLKPZ[YPI\[PVUMVYLJVUVTPJLUYPJOTLU[OH]LPTWHJ[LKVUZVJPHSJVUKP[PVUZVJJHZPVUPUN[\YTVPS
and division.
Postscript
(Z[OL^VYSK»ZUH[\YHSYLZV\YJLZHYLILJVTPUNPUJYLHZPUNS`ZJHYJLHUKKLWSL[LKIL`VUKYLWSLUPZOTLU[[LUZPVU
PU[LUZPÄLZV]LYHJJLZZ[VJY\JPHSYLZV\YJLZ7VZZLZZPVUHUK[LU\YLVMZ\JOYLZLY]LZWYLZLU[WV^LYZ[Y\NNSLZHUK
L]LYώPUJYLHZPUNKP]PZPVUZIL[^LLUWLVWSLZ0KLVSVNPJHSYLHZVUPUNMVY\ZLVMLU]PYVUTLU[HSS`KL[YPTLU[HSZ\IZ[HUJLZMVY
LULYN`WYVK\J[PVUHUKJHWP[HSNHPUZYL]LHSZOVY[ώ[LYTHPTZV]LYSVUNώ[LYTTHUHNLTLU[:\JOHJ[PVUZTHPU[HPU[OLYPM[
IL[^LLU[OLVWWVZPUNZPKLZVM[OLKLIH[LVU^OH[JVUZ[P[\[LZWYVNYLZZBD
+aPNH=LY[V];OL,SL]LU[O@LHYVKPUUHK[ZH[`` ZPSLU[!TPU\[LZ
JHTLYH4PROHPS2H\MTHULKP[PUN,SPaH]L[H:]PSV]H
4HJ2H`º-PST,ULYN`!7YVJLZZHUK4L[HUHYYH[P]LPU+aPNH=LY[V]»Z;OL,SL]LU[O
@LHY»W
+aPNH=LY[V]º7YV]PZPVUHS0UZ[Y\J[PVUZ[V2PUVώ,`L.YV\WZ»PU2PUVώ,`L!;OL
Writings
VM+aPNH=LY[V])LYRLSL`!<UP]LYZP[`VM*HSPMVYUPH7YLZZ ¶=LY[V]
Z[H[LZ!ºB[OLDJHTLYHL_WLYPLUJLKHTPZMVY[\UL0[^HZPU]LU[LKH[H[PTL^OLU
[OLYL^HZUVZPUNSLJV\U[Y`PU^OPJOJHWP[HS^HZUV[PUWV^LY;OLIV\YNLVPZPL»Z
hellish idea consisted of using the new toy to entertain the masses, or rather to
KP]LY[[OL^VYRLYZ»H[[LU[PVUMYVT[OLPYIHZPJHPT![OLZ[Y\NNSLHNHPUZ[[OLTHZZLZ
<UKLY[OLLSLJ[YPJUHYJV[PJVM[OLTV]PL[OLH[LYZ[OLTVYLVYSLZZWYVSL[HYPH[
[OLQVISLZZ\UJSLUJOLKP[ZPYVUÄZ[HUK\U^P[[PUNS`Z\ITP[[LK[V[OLJVYY\W[PUN
PUÅ\LUJLVM[OLTHZ[LYZ»JPULTH»
4HJ2H`º-PST,ULYN`WYVJLZZHUK4L[HUHYYH[P]LPU+aPNH=LY[V]»Z;OL,SL]LU[O
@LHY»¶
4HYR:LS[aLY)VKPLZHUK4HJOPULZ5L^@VYR!9V\[SLKNL
1VUH[OHU)LSSLYº+aPNH=LY[V]HUK[OL-PSTVM4VUL`»)V\UKHY`=VS-HSS
=LY[V]HYN\LZºÄST[Y\[O»PZº5V[[OL2PUVώ,`LMVYP[ZV^UZHRLI\[[OL[Y\[O
[OYV\NO2PUVώ,`L¯[VZOV^WLVWSL^P[OV\[THZRZ^P[OV\[THRL\W[VJH[JO
[OLT^P[O[OLJHTLYH»ZL`LPU[OLTVTLU[VMUVUHJ[PUN5V[[YPJRLќLJ[ZI\[[OL
;Y\[O»º2PUVWYH]KH»B DPU2PUVώ,`L!;OL>YP[PUNZVM+aPNH=LY[V][YHUZ2L]PU
6»)YPHULK(UUL[[L4PJOLSZVU)LYRLSL`!<UP]LYZP[`VM*HSPMVYUPH7YLZZ 123.
.PSSLZ+LSL\aL*PULTH!;OL4V]LTLU[0THNL3VUKVUHUK5L^@VYR!
*VU[PU\\T
4HJ2H`º-PST,ULYN`!7YVJLZZHUK4L[HUHYYH[P]LPU+aPNH=LY[V]»Z;OL,SL]LU[O@LHY»
+aPNH=LY[V]º;OL9LZVS\[PVUVM[OL*V\UJPSVM;OYLL»B(WYPS DPU2PUVώ
,`L!;OL^YP[PUNZVM+aPNH=LY[V]
5V[HIS`[OPZ^HZHSZV[OL[PTL^OLU[OLYHUNLVMH]HU[ώNHYKLTV]LTLU[Z[OH[
OHKILLUH[[OLJLU[YLVMJOHUNL^HZYLQLJ[LKPUMH]VYVM:VJPHSPZ[9LHSPZT;OPZ
WLYPVKHSZVZH^[OLLUKVM[OL.6,396WSHU·HWSHU[VLSLJ[YPM`[OL:V]PL[LTWPYL
]PH[OLJVUZ[Y\J[PVUVMHUL[^VYRVMYLNPVUHSO`KYVLSLJ[YPJWV^LYZ[H[PVUZ
+aPNH=LY[V]º;OL9LZVS\[PVUVM[OL*V\UJPSVM;OYLL» +LSL\aL*PULTH!;OL4V]LTLU[0THNLT`P[HSPJZ
1LYLT`/PJRZPU+aPNH=LY[V]!+LÄUPUN+VJ\TLU[HY`-PST3VUKVU!0);H\YPZ
)LSSLYº+aPNH=LY[V]HUK[OL-PSTVM4VUL`»+LSL\aL*PULTH!;OL
Movement Image, 81.
.PSSLZ+LSL\aL*PULTH!;OL;PTL0THNL4PUULHWVSPZ!<UP]LYZP[`VM4PUULZV[H7YLZZ =SHKPTPY3LUPUº6\Y-VYLPNUHUK+VTLZ[PJ7VZP[PVUHUK7HY[`;HZRZ:WLLJO
+LSP]LYLK;V;OL4VZJV^.\ILYUPH*VUMLYLUJL6M;OL9*7)»PU3LUPU»Z*VSSLJ[LK>VYRZ[O,UNSPZO,KP[PVU[YHUZ1\SP\Z2H[aLY=VS4VZJV^!7YVNYLZZ
7\ISPZOLYZ ¶"O[[WZ!^^^THY_PZ[ZVYNHYJOP]LSLUPU^VYRZ UV]O[T
M^(JJLZZLK+LJLTILY
4HJ2H`º-PST,ULYN`WYVJLZZHUK4L[HUHYYH[P]LPU+aPNH=LY[V]»Z;OL,SL]LU[O
@LHY»
4J2H`º-PST,ULYN`!7YVJLZZHUK4L[HώUHYYH[P]LPU+aPNH=LY[V]»Z;OL,SL]LU[O@LHY»
4J2H`º-PST,ULYN`!7YVJLZZHUK4L[HώUHYYH[P]LPU+aPNH=LY[V]»Z;OL,SL]LU[O@LHY»
=LY[V]º;OL9LZVS\[PVUVM;OL*V\UJPSVM;OYLL»
+LSL\aL*PULTH!;OL;PTL0THNL0U:VYJLY`HUK[OL*PULTH(Y[H\K
Z[H[LZ!º;OLYLPZHRPUKVMWO`ZPJHSPU[V_PJH[PVU^OPJO[OLYV[H[PVUVM[OLPTHNLZJVTT\UPJH[LZKPYLJ[S`[V[OLIYHPU;OLTPUKPZ[OYPSSLKPYYLZWLJ[P]LVMHU`
YLWYLZLU[H[PVU;OPZ]PY[\HSWV^LYPU[OLPTHNLZZLHYJOLZV\[PU[OLKLW[OZVM
[OLTPUKWVZZPIPSP[PLZHZ`L[\U\ZLK»(Y[H\K(U[VUPUº:VYJLY`HUK[OL*PULTH»
B D0U;OL(]HU[.HYKL-PST!(YLHKLYVM[OLVY`HUKJYP[PJPZTLK7(KHT
:P[UL`5L^@VYR!(U[OVSVN`VM-PST(YJOP]LZ ! ¶
=LY[V]Z[H[LZ!º\WVUVIZLY]PUN[OLÄSTZ[OH[OH]LHYYP]LKMYVT(TLYPJHHUK[OL
west and taking into account available information on work and artists at home
HUKHIYVHK0HYYP]LH[[OLMVSSV^PUNJVUJS\ZPVU;OLKLH[OZLU[LUJLWHZZLKI`
I`[OL2PUVRZVUHSSÄSTZ^P[OUVL_JLW[PVUZOVSKZMVY[OLWYLZLU[HZ^LSS
;OLTVZ[ZJY\W\SV\ZL_HTPUH[PVUKVLZUV[YL]LHSHZPUNSLÄSTHZPUNSLHY[PZ[L_WLYPTLU[WYVWLYS`KLKPJH[LK[V[OLLTHUJPWH[PVUVM[OLJHTLYH^OPJOPZYLK\JLK
[VHWP[PHISLZSH]LY`VMZ\IVYKPUH[PVU[V[OLPTWLYMLJ[PVUZHUK[OLZOVY[ZPNO[LKULZZVM[OLO\THUL`L»=LY[V]º;OL9LZVS\[PVUVM[OL*V\UJPSVM;OYLL»
+aPNH=LY[V]º6U;OL,SL]LU[O@LHY»PU=LY[V]2PUVώ,`L!;OL>YP[PUNZVM
Dziga Vertov, 97.
4HJRH`º-PST,ULYN`!7YVJLZZHUK4L[HώUHYYH[P]LPU+aPNH=LY[V]»Z;OL
,SL]LU[O@LHY»¶
6W*P[¶
6W*P[¶
-VYLº;OL4L[HIVSPJ:[H[L!+aPNH=LY[V]»Z;OL,SL]LU[O@LHY»¶
4HJRH`º-PST,ULYN`!7YVJLZZHUK4L[HώUHYYH[P]LPU+aPNH=LY[V]»Z;OL
,SL]LU[O@LHY»¶
=4)LYRO[LYL]º)LZZTLY[PLJOLSV]LJOLZRH`HSPJOUVZ[PRHRUH\JOUHPHWYVISLTHB-LIY\HY` DJP[LKPU4HJRH`º-PST,ULYN`!7YVJLZZHUK4L[HώUHYYH[P]L
PU+aPNH=LY[V]»Z;OL,SL]LU[O@LHY»¶
-PSTTHRLY\URUV^U)V\NHPU]PSSLNLVSVNPJHSL_WLKP[PVU TT
TPU\[LZJVSV\YZV\UK"JVSSLJ[PVU![OL5H[PVUHS-PSTHUK:V\UK(YJOP]L(\Z[YHSPH
,]LU[OV\NOHSS[OLVYPNPUHSMVV[HNLHYYP]LK[VTLHZKPNP[HS[YHUZMLYZVULWHY[PJ\SHY
WPLJLVMMVV[HNLYL[HPULK[OLVYPNPUHSJVYY\W[PVUVM[OL[HWL=/:[HWLZSPWWHNL
V]LY[OL=/:[HWLOLHK
+VHUL;OL,TLYNLUJLVM*PULTH[PJ;PTL+VHULOLYLPZYLMLYYPUN9HIPUIHJO»ZIVVR;OL/\THU4V[VY!,ULYN`-H[PN\LHUK[OL6YPNPUZVM4VKLYUP[`
)LYRLSL`!<UP]LYZP[`VM*HSPMVYUPH7YLZZ 0U[OLZHTL`LHY[OH[[OL(\Z[YHSPHUWYPTLTPUPZ[LY;VU`(IIV[[
WYVJSHPTLK[OH[º*VHSPZNVVKMVYO\THUP[`»^OPSLVWLUPUNHUL^JVHSTPULPU
8\LLUZSHUK(\Z[YHSPH;OL<UP[LK5H[PVUZ0U[LYNV]LYUTLU[HS7HULSVU*SPTH[L
*OHUNL07**YLSLHZLKHYLWVY[Z[H[PUN[OH[º*VU[PU\LKLTPZZPVUVMNYLLUOV\ZL
NHZLZ^PSSJH\ZLM\Y[OLY^HYTPUNHUKSVUNώSHZ[PUNJOHUNLZPUHSSJVTWVULU[ZVM
[OLJSPTH[LZ`Z[LTPUJYLHZPUN[OLSPRLSPOVVKVMZL]LYLWLY]HZP]LHUKPYYL]LYZPISLPTWHJ[ZMVYWLVWSLHUKLJVZ`Z[LTZ»1HRL:[\YTLYº07**ZH`NYLLUOV\ZL
SL]LSZOPNOLZ[WVPU[PU[OV\ZHUKZVM`LHYZ»()*"O[[W!^^^HIJUL[H\
UL^ZώώPWJJώZH`ώNYLLUOV\ZLώSL]LSZώOPNOLZ[ώWVPU[ώPUώ[OV\ZHUKZώVMώ`LHYZ(JJLZZLK+LJLTILY
)YPSSPHU[,YYVYZ!
Interview with Nicholas Mangan
;OLMVSSV^PUNPZHJVU]LYZH[PVUIL[^LLU5PJOVSHZ
4HUNHUHUK2H[PL.\NNLUOLPT,_OPIP[PVUZHUK
,]LU[Z*\YH[VY*OPZLUOHSL.HSSLY`^OPJO[VVR
WSHJLPU1\ULPUHU[PJPWH[PVUVM[OLL_OPIP[PVU
Ancient Lights.
“As Paul Valery pointed out, the Sun is a “Brilliant
error”, I should also like to add that the camera
records the results of that error.” Robert Smithson.
- Pointless Vanishing Points 1967
2H[PL.\NNLUOLPT!;OLÄYZ[VM[OL[^VÄSTZ[OH[MVYT
`V\YUL^^VYR(UJPLU[3PNO[ZPZHSVVWVMHJVPUZWPUUPUNPUWLYWL[\HSTV[PVU-\Y[OLYJ`JSLZHUKJ`JSPJHS
Z`Z[LTZVJJ\YPU[OLZLJVUKÄSTHUKPU[OL^H`[OH[
`V\»]LJVUJLP]LKVM[OLPUZ[HSSH[PVUHZHRPUKVMJSVZLK
JPYJ\P[WV^LYLKI`HUVќNYPKZ`Z[LT>OH[PU[LYLZ[Z`V\
PU[OLZLKPќLYLU[RPUKZVMZ`Z[LTZHUKJ`JSLZ&
5PJOVSHZ4HUNHU!0»]LILLU[OPURPUNHIV\[[OLJ`JSLZPU
[LYTZVM[YHUZMVYTH[PVUZVM[OLZ\U»ZLULYN`HUKOV^
[OH[VWLYH[LZVU[^VSL]LSZ6ULPZ[YHUZMVYTH[PVUVM[OL
Z\UZ»LULYN`[OYV\NO[OL^LH[OLYWOV[VZ`U[OLZPZHUK
[OLWYVK\J[PVUVMMVZZPSM\LSZ;OLU[OLYLPZ[OPZV[OLY
[YHUZMVYTH[PVU[OH[0»]LILLUPU[LYLZ[LKPU^OPJOPZ[OL
PKLH[OH[[OLZ\U»ZYHKPHU[LULYN`ZVTLOV^KPYLJ[S`HMMLJ[Z[OLO\THUWZ`JOLZV^OLU[OLYLPZTVYLHJ[P]P[`
on the sun humans synchronise with that, causing certain
L]LU[Z[VOHWWLU
;OLYLPZHJVUZ[HU[ÅV^VMLULYN`[OH[PZWYVK\JLKI`[OL
Z\UPU[OLZHTL^H`[OH[[OLYLPZHS^H`ZHJVUZ[HU[ÅV^
in economy. There is a theory that increased solar radiH[PVUHJ[P]P[`TPNO[HќLJ[WLVWSL»ZILOH]PV\YHUKJH\ZL
[OLT[VTHRLKPќLYLU[JOVPJLZPUMVYL_HTWSL[OL
^H`[OH[[OL`HU[PJPWH[L[OLZ[VJRTHYRL[(UK[OLUVM
JV\YZLJOHUNLZPU[OL^LH[OLYJ`JSLHќLJ[SL]LSZVMMVVK
WYVK\J[PVUSLHKPUN[VÅ\J[\H[PVUZPU[OL^OVSLZHSLWYPJL
VMJVTTVKP[PLZ;OLYLHYL[OLZL[^VKPќLYLU[[`WLZVM
J`JSLZ[OH[HYLZVTLOV^Z`UJOYVUPZLKI\[HSZVW\SZPUN
HUKÅV^PUNPUKPќLYLU[YO`[OTZ
2.!0[»ZPU[LYLZ[PUN[OH[`V\[HSRHIV\[[OPZÅV^VMLULYN`
PU[LYTZVMLJVUVT`>L»]LILLU[OPURPUNHSV[HIV\[
LJVUVT`PU[LYTZVMLѝJPLUJ`PU[OL^H`[OH[[OLLULYN`
PZJPYJ\SH[PUNPU[OLL_OPIP[PVUHUKIHSHUJPUN
PUW\[HUKV\[W\[]LY`JHYLM\SS`)\[[OLTV[PMVM[OLZWPUning coin is literally currency. There is this constant shiftPUNIL[^LLUTHJYVHUKTPJYV![OLZVSHYZ`Z[LT[V[OL
VќNYPKZ`Z[LTH[*OPZLUOHSL[OH[WV^LYZ[OLWYVQLJ[VYZ
[OLZWPUUPUNJVPU[V[OLNSVIHSJPYJ\SH[PVUVMJHWP[HS
54!@LZ[V[HSS`0KVU»[RUV^PM0OH]LMV\UK[OLYPNO[
^VYKI\[0^HZ[OPURPUN[OH[[OLZWPUUPUNJVPUWPLJLPZ
HSTVZ[SPRLHTL[YVUVTLSPRL[OLZ\U»ZOLHY[ILH[ZL[[PUN
[OLYO`[OTMVY[OLZOV^0[»ZUV[SPRL[OLJVPUPZQ\Z[
ZWPUUPUNPUVULZWV[0[KHUJLZHYV\UK¯PUHJ`JSPJHSH
YO`[OTPJHSWYLKPJ[HISL^H`I\[[OLYLHYLHSZVJVU[PUgencies in that.
2.!;OLJVPUPU[OLÄSTPZH4L_PJHU[LUWLZVWPLJL
@V\[YH]LSSLK[V4L_PJV*P[`K\YPUN`V\YYLZLHYJOMVY[OPZ
^VYR>OH[KPK`V\KV[OLYL&
54!0^HZYLHSS`PU[LYLZ[LKPU[OLPKLHVM[Y`PUN[VÄST[OL
Z\UTV]PUNHJYVZZ[OLJP[`[VWSH`VU[OPZPKLHVM[OL
Z\U»ZWLYWL[\HSTV]LTLU[HUK[OLUP[YHPULKL]LY`day I was there. But then I realised that everything that I
^HU[LK[V[HSRHIV\[PU[OH[^HZHSYLHK`IV\UK\WPU[OL
4L_PJHU[LUWLZV
coin.
2.!0[»ZPSS\Z[YH[PUN[OLYTVK`UHTPJLX\PSPIYP\T
54!0[PZI\[P[»ZHSZV\UUH[\YHSILJH\ZL^OH[[OLJVPU
is doing is negating heat death, which is inevitable in a
[OLYTVK`UHTPJ\UKLYZ[HUKPUNVMLULYN`;OLÄYZ[SH^PZ
that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but in the
second law energy can become unavailable and therefore
P[JHUSLHK[VLU[YVW`^OPJOPZ[OLLSLTLU[VMKPZVYKLYPU
[OLZ`Z[LT:VP[»ZHSTVZ[SPRL[OLJVPUPZZ[\JRIL[^LLU
those two laws.
2.!;OLJVPUKLWPJ[Z[OL(a[LJZ\UZ[VUL^OPJONV]erned the cycles of the Aztec calendar.
54!;OLZ\UZ[VUL^HZHSZVJLU[YHS[V[OL(a[LJ»ZILSPLM
[OH[ZHJYPÄJL^HZULJLZZHY`MVYO\THUSPML[VJVU[PU\L"
[OH[^P[OV\[ZHJYPÄJL[OL^VYSK^V\SKZ[VW0N\LZZ0^HZ
trying to think about how this related to a very contemWVYHY`PKLHVMLULYN`^OPJOPZ[OH[HS[OV\NOLULYN`PZ
HS^H`ZÅV^PUNP[»ZUV[WLYWL[\HS0M`V\^HU[LULYN``V\
OH]L[VWH`MVYP[![OLYL
has to be a loss. At the moment we have the batteries full
VMZ\UI\[[OVZLIH[[LYPLZHYLNVPUN[VKYHPUV\[[OLYL»Z
UV[HUPUÄUP[LIHUR(UK0SPRL
[OH[P[»ZHJHSJ\SH[LKYPZRP[»ZSPRLHNHTISL^P[O[OL
^LH[OLY;OPZPKLHVMZ\YWS\ZHUKSVZZPZZVTL[OPUN[OH[
.LVYNLZ)H[HPSSL[HSRZHSV[HIV\[PUOPZPKLHVMHºNLULYHS
LJVUVT`»"[OH[[OLZ\UNP]LZ^P[OV\[L]LYYLJLP]PUNI\[
then once that has been distributed over the surface of
[OLLHY[OP[[\YUZPU[VL_JLZZHUKZ\YWS\ZHUK[OLLX\H[PVUILJVTLZ]LY`JVTWSPJH[LK
;OLYTVK`UHTPJZPZHSZVPU[LYLZ[PUNILJH\ZLP[^HZÄYZ[
HY[PJ\SH[LKHUK\UKLYZ[VVKHYV\UK[OL[PTLVM[OLÄYZ[
PUK\Z[YPHSYL]VS\[PVUZVP[^HZYLHSS`PTWVY[HU[MVY[OL
modern world because it meant they were able to understand how to make the most use out of work and force.
(UKZVP[»ZPU[LYLZ[PUNILJH\ZLUV^^LHYLLU[LYPUNHUV[OLYWLYPVKVMYL]VS\[PVU[OH[PZI`ULJLZZP[`ILJH\ZL
of the fact that we need to change the way that we use
[OL^VYSK»ZYLZV\YJLZ
A while ago, I asked myself, does the world weigh more
or less after all the things that have been made were
made and all the things that have been destroyed were
KLZ[YV`LK&0[PZ[OLZHTLZP[\H[PVU^P[OLULYN`P[OHZ[V
NVZVTL^OLYLP[OHZ[VILZWLU[VYSVZ[HUK0N\LZZ
[OH[»ZOV^0JVTLIHJR[V[OPZYLSH[PVUZOPWIL[^LLU
LJVUVTPJZHUKLULYN`;OL`IV[OÅV^I\[[OL`HYLIV[O
Z\IQLJ[[VJLY[HPUPU[LYMLYLUJLZVYVZJPSSH[PVUZ
2.!;OL`»YLIV[OL_JOHUNLKHUKZVZ\IQLJ[[VULNV[PH[PVU&
54!@LZSPRLJ\YYLUJ`HUKJ\YYLU[
2.!0Z[OLYLHYLSH[PVUOLYL[V`V\Y\ZLVMTV]PUNPTHNL
HUK[OLSHUN\HNLVMÄST&
54!0[»ZH^H`[VL_WSVYL[OLYTVK`UHTPJZHUKLU[YVW`
[OYV\NOJPULTH[PJ[PTL^OPJOÅV^ZMVY^HYK(UKL]LU
^P[OV\[[OLTH[LYPHSVMÄSTP[ZLSM\ZPUNKPNP[HS]PKLV[OPZ
idea is still located in that logic of understanding chronoSVNPJHS[PTL;OH[»Z^O`0\ZLKTV]PUNPTHNL[VL_WSVYL
[OLJVPUHZHRPUKVMZJ\SW[\YHSPKLH;OLYL»Z[OPZILH\[PM\S
ÄSTI`@VRV6UVJHSSLK6UL ^OLYLZOLZ[YPRLZ
HTH[JOHUKP[»ZÄSTLKPUZSV^TV[PVU\U[PS[OLTH[JO
burns out. If this match already burned out and then it
came alight again and returned to being a match we
^V\SKRUV^[OH[»ZUV[[OL^H`[OH[LULYN`ÅV^ZILJH\ZL
energy goes from hot bodies to cold bodies.
0[^HZHUPTWVY[HU[KLJPZPVUH[[OL]LY`ILNPUUPUN[V\ZL
moving image for this work because it was dealing with
energy and light. I am really
PU[LYLZ[LKPU[OLOPZ[VY`VM:[Y\J[\YHSPZ[HUK4H[LYPHSPZ[
cinema but I want to make that kind of enquiry now, with
the technology available now.
2.!;OL^VYR\ZLZJVU[LTWVYHY`[LJOUVSVN`[OLUI\[P[
Z[PSSHKKYLZZLZ[OLYLSH[PVUZOPWIL[^LLU[OL[^VM\UKHTLU[HSLSLTLU[ZVMJPULTH!TV]LTLU[HUKSPNO[
54!@LZL_HJ[S`0TLHUL]LU[OV\NOP[»ZYLJVYKLKVUH
KPNP[HSZLUZVYP[»ZZ[PSSSPNO[;OLILH\[PM\S[OPUNHIV\[ÄSTPZ
that it somehow records
SPNO[;OH[»ZHSZV^O`0^HZPU[LYLZ[LKPU[OL[YLLYPUNZ
^OPJOMLH[\YLPU[OLZLJVUKÄST0[^HZHIV\[SVVRPUNH[
[YLLYLHKPUNZ[VÄUKL]PKLUJLVMZVSHYJ`JSLZI\[^OH[
also fascinated me is the idea that those trees are also a
WO`ZPJHSYLJVYKPUNVM[OLZ\U»ZWYLZLUJLHUKLULYN`
2.!@V\»]LYLHSS`WSH`LKVU[OLYLZLTISHUJLVM[OL[YLL
rings to a vinyl record, which gives this feeling of being
HISL[VYLWSH`[PTLPU[OLZHTL^H``V\KV^P[OHYLJVYK
VYHÄST
54!@LZ[OH[»ZLZZLU[PHSS`^OH[[OLYLZLHYJOLYZPU[OL
dendrochronology lab do. Dendrochronology is the study
VM[YLLYPUNZHUK[OL`»YLSVVRH[[YLLYLHKPUNZHUKJVYYLlate them with historical events because they record time.
When making this work I was also thinking about the
ÄSTZ=LY[PNV(SMYLK/P[JOJVJR HUK3H1L[tL*OYPZ
4HYRLY ^OPJOIV[OL_WSVYL[OLZLPKLHZ;OLYL»Z
[OPZV[OLYÄST[OH[0»]L\ZLKHZLJ[PVUMYVT;OL,UKVM
(\N\Z[H[[OL/V[LS6aVUL1HU:JOTPK[ ^OLYL
[OPZ^VTLUWVPU[ZVU[OL[YLLHUKZH`Zº;OPZPZ^OLYL[OL
HWVJHS`WZLOHWWLULK»)\[^L»YLYLJLP]PUNHUL]LU[VM
[OLZ\UZP[[PUNOLYL[HSRPUNPU[OLWHYRYPNO[UV^HUK0HT
interested in these micro events as well.
2.!>OPSL`V\^LYLTHRPUN[OPZ^VYR`V\[YH]LSSLK[VH
JLU[YLMVYZ[\K`PUN[YLLYPUNZPU(YPaVUH¯
54!0^HZPU[LYLZ[LKPUÄSTPUN[OLHJ[\HS[YLLZ[OH[^LYL
used to try and identify the 11-year solar cycle. It was like
[Y`PUN[VÄUKHZWLJPÄJYLJVYKPUHUHYJOP]L;YLLZHIZVYI
JHYIVUHUK[OH[»ZOV^`V\JHUKVJHYIVUKH[PUN;OH[»Z
^OH[+LUKYVJOYVUVSVN`LUKLK\WILPUN\ZLKMVYI\[P[
came about because A. E. Douglass was really obsessed
^P[O[Y`PUN[VÄUKZVSHYJ`JSLZ(SV[VMWLVWSLKPZHNYLL
about whether he actually found any evidence or not, but
PMOLOHKU»[OHK[OPZVIZLZZPVU^L^V\SKU»[OH]L+LUKYVJOYVUVSVN`0[»ZHSSHIV\[[OLLULYN`MYVT[OLZ\U[OH[»Z
stored in that wood.
2.!;OLZLJVUKÄSTZLLTZ[VTL[VILHIV\[KPќLYLU[
ways of looking at the sun, through these records and
material traces. Looking at the sun is the one thing we
UL]LYKVKPYLJ[S`;OLZ\UPZPTWVZZPISL[VZLLHUKH[[OL
same time, the only way that we can see at all.
54!3VVRPUNKPYLJ[S`H[[OLZ\U^P[O[OLUHRLKL`LYPZRZ
HZHJYPÄJLVM]PZPVU)\[[OLU[OLYLOH]LHS^H`ZILLU
WLVWSL^OVOH]LH[[LTW[LK[VZJY\[PUPZLP[Z]PZ\HSHWWLYHUJL/LPUYPJO:JO^HILH.LYTHUHZ[YVUVTLYMVYT[OL
»ZHJ[\HSS`Z[HY[LKJV\U[PUNL]LY`Z\UZWV[:PUJL
[OLUL]LY`Z\UZWV[OHZILLUJV\U[LKUV^[OLYLHYL
ZH[LSSP[LZ[OH[HYLV\[PUZWHJLTVUP[VYPUN[OLZ\U»ZL]LY`
blemish and movement.
2.!*V\SK`V\L_WSHPUHIP[TVYLHIV\[Z\UZWV[ZHUK
[OLPYZPNUPÄJHUJL&
54!;OL`»YLLSLJ[YVTHNUL[PJZ[VYTZVU[OLZ\YMHJLVM[OL
Z\U[OH[HWWLHYHZHKHYRZWV[^OLYL`V\NL[HJVSKLY
WH[JO(ZHYLZ\S[VM[OH[`V\NL[[OLZLJVYVUHSLQLJ[PVUZ
VMWSHZTH[OH[ZOVV[V\[HUKZLUKV\[YHKPHU[SPNO[^OPJO
PZ^OH[OLH[Z[OLLHY[O»ZH[TVZWOLYL;OH[»Z^O`[OL`
TVUP[VYP[L]LY`KH`ILJH\ZL[OL`»YLZ[YVUNLUV\NO[V
knock out entire electricity grids and telecommunications systems.
2.!/V^KVLZ[OPZOHWWLU&(YL[OLZVSHYZWV[ZHJVUJLU[YH[PVUVMLULYN`VY[OLVWWVZP[L[OLYLMVYLJH\ZPUNH
KPZWSHJLTLU[VMLULYN`&
54!:\UZWV[ZHYLISHJRILJH\ZL[OL`»YLJVSKLY(UK[OLU
HYV\UK[OLLKNLVM[OLZ\UZWV[`V\NL[[OPZPU[LUZPÄLK
LULYN`[OH[[YPNNLYZZVSHYÅHYLZ>P[OPU[OL`LHYJ`JSL
[OLYL»ZHUPUJYLHZLPUHJ[P]P[`NVPUNPUVULKPYLJ[PVUVU[OL
Z\UHUK[OLUMVY[OLUL_[`LHYZP[OHWWLUZPU[OL
VWWVZP[LKPYLJ[PVU0[»ZHTHaPUN[OH[ZVTL[OPUN[OH[PUP[HSS`
HWWLHYZ[VILZVHTVYWOV\ZHJ[\HSS`OHZH]LY`SVNPJHS
behaviour.
2.!0N\LZZP[»ZHRPUKVMLJVZ`Z[LTZVP[»ZPULX\PSPIYP\T
*V\SK`V\L_WSHPUHIP[TVYLHIV\[[OL`LHYZVSHY
J`JSLHUK^OLUWLVWSLÄYZ[Z[HY[LK[YHJRPUN[OPZ[OYV\NO
YLJVYKPUNZ\UZWV[Z&
54!.HSPSLV^HZ[OLÄYZ[WLYZVU[VZLLVUL[OYV\NOH
[LSLZJVWLI\[[OL*OPULZL\ZLK[VSVVRH[[OLT[OYV\NO
WPLJLZVMQHKLZV[OH[[OL`KPKU»[O\Y[[OLPYL`LZ0»T
WHY[PJ\SHYS`PU[LYLZ[LKPU(SL_HUKLY*OPaOL]ZR`^OV^HZ
H9\ZZPHUIPVWO`ZPJPZ[^OV^HZSVVRPUNH[JVYYLSH[PUN
[OLZ\UZWV[TH_PT\TZ^P[OWLYPVKZVMYL]VS\[PVUTHZZ
migration, and war. He believed that solar radiation was
JHWHISLVMHќLJ[PUN[OLWZ`JOLVM[OLTHZZLZ"[OH[[OL
Z\U^HZ[YPNNLYPUNZVTL[OPUNPU[OLO\THUWVW\SH[PVU
)\[[OLU[OLYL^HZHÅPWZPKLVM[OH[HUK[OLYLOH]LILLU
V[OLYWLVWSL^OVOH]LYLSH[LKZVSHYTH_PT\TZ[VWLYPods of economic recession and decline.
2.!>L»]L[HSRLKHIP[HIV\[[OLZJ\SW[\YHSX\HSP[`VM
ÄSTHZHYLJVYKVMSPNO[HUK[OLTV]LTLU[VM[PTLI\[0
^HU[LK[VHZR`V\HIV\[OV^`V\»]LTHKL[OLLULYN`
[OLLSLJ[YPJP[`[OH[»ZWV^LYPUN[OLZOV^PU[VZVTL[OPUN
ZJ\SW[\YHS/V^L]LY`WPLJLVMLX\PWTLU[L]LY`SLUN[OVM
JHISLL]LY`WHY[VM[OLZ`Z[LT[OH[Z\WWVY[Z[OLWYVQLJ[LKPTHNLOHZILJVTLHZJ\SW[\YHSLSLTLU[PU[OL^VYR
54!;OLTVZ[PTWVY[HU[HZWLJ[[VTLPZ[OH[^LHYL[HRing this energy from the sun, turning light into energy, and
then turning that energy back into light again through the
WYVQLJ[VYZ:VP[»ZSPRLZWLUKPUNSPNO[SPRLI\YUPUN[OL
KH`SPNO[0[»ZPTWVY[HU[[VZOV^[OH[M\UJ[PVUPUN;OL^VYR
PZHIV\[HWHY[PJ\SHY[`WLVM[YHUZMVYTH[PVU[OH[[OL]PL^LY
WHY[PJPWH[LZPUVYPZWYP]`[VL]LUPM`V\JHU»[ZLL[OL
ZVSHYWHULSZ`V\RUV^[OH[IH[[LYPLZHYLPU[OLYLHUK[OH[
SPNO[ZHYLVUZV`V\HYLL_WLYPLUJPUN[OL[YHUZMVYTH[PVU
[HRPUNWSHJLP[»ZUV[[OH[`V\HYLILPUN[VSKHIV\[[OPZ
[OPUN[OH[OHWWLULKP[»Z[OLYL;OH[»ZHSZV^O`0MLS[[OH[
0KPKU»[ULLKHUHYYH[PVU[VL_WSHPU[OLJVU[L_[PU[OLZLJVUKÄST0MLS[[OH[^V\SKKLZJYPILH[YHUZMVYTH[PVUYH[OLY
[OHUWYVK\JPUNH[YHUZMVYTH[P]LLќLJ[VU[OL]PL^LY
2.!;OLZV\UK[YHJR[OH[`V\»]LTHKLPZHYLHSS`PTWVY[HU[LSLTLU[PU[OL^VYR0[THRLZP[H]LY`WO`ZPJHS
L_WLYPLUJLMVY[OL]PL^LYHUKLUHISLZ[OLPUZ[HSSH[PVU[V
VJJ\W`[OLZWHJLPUHUPU[LYLZ[PUN^H`
[\YHSWYVISLTP[»ZYLHSS`PU[LYLZ[PUN[HRLMVYL_HTWSL[OL
H[[LTW[[VYLK\JLJHYIVULTPZZPVUZILMVYLHUK
Z[HISPSLVYTP[PNH[LHNHPUZ[[OLJH[HZ[YVWOPJNSVIHS[LTWHture rise.
54!6US`VULVM[OLÄSTZOHZZV\UKI\[^OLU0^HZ
THRPUN[OLV[OLYÄST0OHK[V[OPURHIV\[OV^[OLZV\UK
^V\SKJVTLPUV]LY[OL[VWH[JLY[HPUWVPU[Z([ÄYZ[0
^HZ[OPURPUNVM[OLJVPUÄST^OPJOPZ[OLZPSLU[VULHZ
[OLTHPUWHY[VM[OL^VYRHUK[OLZLJVUKÄSTHZH^H`
[VJVU[L_[\HSPZLP[I\[UV^[OLYLSH[PVUZOPWPZT\JOTVYL
Å\PK;OLPKLHZHUK[OLZV\UKZSVVWPU[V[OLYO`[OT
2.!@V\»]LJHSSLK[OL^VYR(UJPLU[3PNO[Z>OH[KVLZ
[OH[YLMLY[V&
2.!:L]LYHSVM`V\YWYL]PV\Z^VYRZOH]LVJJ\WPLK[OPZ
PU[LYZLJ[PVUVMÄSTHUKZJ\SW[\YL
54!;OPZ^VYRMVSSV^ZVUX\P[LKPYLJ[S`MYVTHWYL]PV\Z
WYVQLJ[7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVU^OPJOKLHS[^P[OH]LY`
ZWLJPÄJOPZ[VYPJHSZP[\H[PVUVU[OL7HJPÄJ0ZSHUKVM)V\NHPU]PSSL;OLPU[LYUH[PVUHSTPUPUNJVTWHU`9PV
;PU[VW\[HO\NLJVWWLYTPULPU[OLPYIHJR`HYKLZsentially without asking. Eventually the islanders got fed
\WHUK[OL`JSVZLKKV^U[OLTPULHUKHZHYLZ\S[[OL
mainland, in cahoots with Rio Tinto, forced them into
L_PSLVU[OLPZSHUK;OLYL^HZUVM\LSVYMVVKJVTPUN
to the island, so they started using coconuts as a form
of energy. I was interested in the idea of human agency
KPYLJ[PUN[OLÅV^VMLULYN`HUKTH[[LYPUH^H`[VJH\ZL
a kind of social transformation. I used 100% coconut to
Y\UHKPLZLSNLULYH[VY[OH[WV^LYLK[OLÄST0THKLZV
the very material at the centre of this social situation was
what enabled the moving images.
2.!)\[[OLYL»ZZVTL[OPUNYLHSS`PU[LYLZ[PUNPU[OPZHWWYVWYPH[PVUVM[OPZL_V[PJZ`TIVSHZHMVYTVMWV^LYPU[LYTZ
VMLULYN`HUK[OLYLMVYLWVSP[PJHSWV^LY
54!@LZJVJVU\[ZHYLHS^H`ZZLLUHZHRPUKVM7HJPÄJ
0ZSHUKLYQVRLPU[OPZJHZL[OL`^LYL\ZLKHZH^LHWVU
[VYLWLS[OLPTWVZPUNMVYJL(UK0HSZVN\LZZ[OH[»Z^O`
in a very logical way, I came to thinking about the sun.
>LULLK[VL_WLUKHO\NLHTV\U[VMYLZV\YJLZHUK
LULYN`[VL_[YHJ[[OLLULYN`MYVTJVJVU\[Z^OPJOPZSLZZ
LѝJPLU[[OHUKYH^PUNP[KPYLJ[S`MYVT[OLZ\U0OH]LU»[
YLHSS`X\P[L^VYRLKV\[OV^[V]LYIHSPZLP[I\[0»TPU[V
this idea of systems of balance and equilibrium between
certain forces... like the idea that solar energy is free but
to make the batteries you need to mine certain materials,
and so on. I sometimes wonder if there will always be this
PTWVZZPISLLX\H[PVU0»TZ\YL[OH[HWO`ZPJPZ[^V\SKIL
HISL[VHUZ^LY[OH[Z[YHPNO[H^H`I\[0[OPURHZHZJ\SW-
54!0[JVTLZMYVTHU[OJLU[\Y`SH^^OPJOPZIHZLK
\WVU[OPZPKLHVM[OLYPNO[[VSPNO[:PTWS`PM`V\OH]LOHK
natural sunlight coming through your window for more
than 20 years no one is allowed to construct a building
[OH[^PSSISVJRP[0SPRL[OL^H`[OH[ZVTLOV^[OH[»Z^OH[
^LHYLKVPUNH[*OPZLUOHSL!IYPUNPUNHUJPLU[SPNO[PU[V
[OLZWHJL(SSZ\USPNO[PZLZZLU[PHSS`WHY[VMHJVU[PU\HS
HUJPLU[SPNO[;OLZ\UKVLZU»[NL[[\YULKVќH[[OLLUKVM
the day.
0»TYLHSS`PU[LYLZ[LKPU[OLPKLHVMHYPNO[[VSPNO[PU[OL
ZLUZLVMHYPNO[[V[OLZ\UHZHYLZV\YJL7LVWSLHYL
JOVVZPUN[VNVVќ[OLNYPKILJH\ZLP[»Z[OLPYYPNO[[VOH]L
[OH[SPNO[,ZWLJPHSS`PU(\Z[YHSPH^OLYLWLVWSLHYL[Y`PUN
[VNVVќ[OLNYPKHUK[OLNV]LYUTLU[PZ[Y`PUN[VZ[VW
[OLTILJH\ZL[OL`V^U[OLJVHSZ[H[PVUZWSHU[ZHUK[OL`
^HU[[VTHRLTVUL`V\[VMI\YUPUNJVHS;OLWYPTLTPUister of Australia, Tony Abbott, said that coal was good
for humanity last year.
2.!;OLYPNO[[VSPNO[ILJVTLZHYPNO[[VLULYN`HUKH
YPNO[[VWV^LY
54!,_HJ[S`HUKHNLUJ`0U[OL<2[OLYLPZ[OPZPKLH[OH[
[OLZ\UPZH]LY`YHYLJVTTVKP[`:V[VLZ[HISPZOHSH^
[VHSSV^[OLYPNO[[V[OH[PZHTVYLWVL[PJ^H`VM[HSRPUN
[V[OLIPNNLYPZZ\LZVM[OLWYVQLJ[VY[VNP]LP[ZVTLRPUK
VMZP[LZWLJPÄJHUJOVYPUN;OLYLPZHSZVVMJV\YZL[OL
O\TVYV\ZPKLHVM[Y`PUN[VTHRLHZVSHYWV^LYLKZOV^PU
London. But the fact is that you can do it.
(Ancient lights) 2015
fleshy matter swelter –
….
A pulse subject to variation.
It gets in – Here - in these rings
– in traces - the sun soaked in
Spots
Black spots
Blemishes - blotches - blots
Cinder or dross
Solar (abscess) boil
Convection current, electrical current - currency
Turns
Eternal returns
A price was to be paid.
They traded with the Sun
For - Eternal returns - Diminishing returns
Losses –
Gains and losses
Chlorophyll
Crops - yields – stocks –
Synthesis - Photosynthesis
Maunders minimum - Frozen assets
Financial - climate
……….
Sun baked - Fossils - Fuel
(It) Burns
Black blooded oil
It lubricates motion – Petroleum
…………
the eye - of day –
Copernican revolution
visions (of excess) - Optics - Nerve
it gets in - cerebral cortex
Solar maximum
coronal mass –
ejection
vomits plasma - ions
Radiant induction - current.
Correlations – Revolutions – insurrectionssuccession
laws
thermal laws
heat death –
endless turns - Falling turns
Burning the daylight
The stolen sun
Is feeds the grid
Kilowatt hours –
a price must be paid.