OTHER CURRENTS Nicholas Mangan READER Produced on the occasion of Other Currents Artspace, Sydney 24 September – 1 November 2015 List of works Gallery Nicholas Mangan Progress in Action, 2013 ZPUNSLJOHUULS]PKLVZPSLU[JVU]LY[LKKPLZLSNLULYH[VYJVJVU\[VPSYLÄULY` coconut oil Nicholas Mangan Ancient Lights, 2015 [^VJOHUULS/+]PKLVZV\UKVќNYPKZVSHYLULYN`Z\WWS` Ideas Platform Monitor 1 Odinadtsatyi (The Eleventh Year),1928 Dir. Dziga Vertov 52 minutes 49 seconds, black-and-white, silent Monitor 2 This is Shell, 1970 +PY.LVќYL`1VULZ 8 minutes, colour, sound Monitor 3 The Coconut Revolution, 2001 Dir. Dom Rotheroe 50 minutes, colour, sound Friday the 13th, 2009 WOV[VNYHWOPJWYPU[ _JTWOV[VNYHWOVM[OLZ\U Melbourne, Victoria, Australia on Friday the 13th, 2009. Talk about the weather, 2010 WOV[VNYHWOLKJVSSHNLKUL^ZWYPU[ _JT Currents of Conversion and Cognition The following excerpt presents some of the theoretical context of Progress In Action. This essay constituted [OLÄUHSJOHW[LYPUH7OKZ\ITP[[LKPU0[KLS]LZ PU[VZVTLVM[OLJVYYLSH[PVUZHUKKPZ[PUJ[PVUZIL[^LLU my own project Progress in ActionHUK Odinadtsatyi ;OL,SL]LU[O@LHY HÄSTPJTVU[HNLMYVT[OLLHYS`KLJHKLZVM[OL:V]PL[9L]VS\[PVU KPYLJ[LKI`+aPNH=LY[V] ;OL[L_[JLU[LYZVULHJOÄST»ZYLZWLJ[P]LZVJPVJ\S[\YHSJVU[L_[!9\ZZPH»Z:VJPHSPZ[9L]VS\[PVUVM HUK[OLZ\IQLJ[ VMT`V^UÄST[OLWVY[YH`HSVM^OH[OHZILLU^PKLS`JP[LKHZ[OL^VYSK»ZÄYZ[Z\JJLZZM\SLJVYL]VS\[PVU" )V\NHPU]PSSL»ZZTHSSZJHSLI\[UVUL[OLSLZZZ\JJLZZM\SPUKPNLUV\ZYLZPZ[HUJLHNHPUZ[PU[LYUH[PVUHSTPUPUN]LU[\YLZ ;OYV\NOHUHUHS`ZPZJHTLYHHUKLKP[PUN[LJOUPX\LZPUWHY[PJ\SHY[OVZLVMTVU[HNLHUKZ\WLYPTWVZP[PVU[OLLZZH` KPZJ\ZZLZOV^LHJOÄSTOHZILLUHISL[VYLWYLZLU[[OLHPTZVMHYL]VS\[PVUHY`JVUZJPV\ZULZZ >OPSL[OL[^VÄSTZZOHYLYL]VS\[PVUHY`Z\IQLJ[TH[[LY[OL`HYLM\UKHTLU[HSS`KPќLYLU[PU[OLPYZ[Y\J[\YPUNVM[LTWVYHS L_WLYPLUJL=LY[V]»ZJPULTH^HZP[ZLSMWHY[VM[OLWYVJLZZVMZVJPHS[YHUZMVYTH[PVUHUKLTHUJPWH[PVUHUK^HZPUZLY[LK 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It occurs in the events recorded by the camera and in the montage structuring of these events, which brings ZOHWL[V[OL[YHUZMVYTH[PVUVMTH[[LY»ZLULYN`MVYL_HTWSLPUZOV[ZVM^H[LYÅV^PUNTHJOPULZW\TWPUNJOPTUL`Z IPSSV^PUNHUKJVHSILPUNTPULK:\JOHJ[P]P[`PZLKP[LK[VV^P[OMVV[HNLVMLSLJ[YPJP[`WVSLZYLSH`PUNLULYN`[VY\YHS [V^UZHUKPUK\Z[YPHSMHJ[VYPLZ;OLZ[Y\J[\YLKLKP[PUNZLX\LUJLZHUKZ`TIVSPJ\ZLVM[OLLSLJ[YPJP[`WVSLZPZH]PZ\HS LS\JPKH[PVUHTHRPUNJVUZJPV\ZVM[OLÄST»ZPKLVSVNPJHSPU[LU[PVUZYLHSPZLKTVZ[LќLJ[P]LS`[OYV\NO[OPZJPULTH[PJ MVYT(S[OV\NOZWLHRPUNVM4HU^P[OH4V]PL*HTLYH1VUH[OHU)LSSLY»ZZ[H[LTLU[HWWSPLZHSZV[V;OL,SL]LU[O@LHY ^OLUOL^YP[LZ! )`KLWPJ[PUNHKH`PU[OLSPMLVM[OLJP[`MYHTLKI`[OLL_WLYPLUJLVMJPULTH·THKLJVUZJPV\ZI`[OL L_WLYPLUJLVMJPULTH·P[HUUV\UJLZ[OLUL^YVSLVMJPULTHPUZVJPL[`*PULTHPZ[OLILJVTPUNZLSMɫJVUsciousness of social relations— literally the relations of productionBD 0[PZZPNUPÄJHU[PUYLSH[PVU[VT`V^UWYVQLJ[[OH[[OLYLL_PZ[ZH[^VMVSKVJJ\YYLUJLVMIV[OWO`ZPJHSTH[[LYHUKO\THU TV]LTLU[LUHISLKI`LSLJ[YPJP[`0UIV[O^VYRZ[OLWYVÄSTPJL]LU[Z[OH[JHW[\YL[OLOHYULZZPUNHUKWYVK\J[PVUVM energy are directly linked to the subsequent social actions and events. This interlinked series of events builds a larger L_HTWSLVM[OL[YPHUN\SH[LKHZZLTISHNL[OH[0KPZJ\ZZLKPU*OHW[LY;OYLLVM[OLL_LNLZPZ The themes of energy, electricity and social change are also interwoven with the events that are the focus of Progress PU(J[PVU;OPZMLH[\YLZHJ[\HSMVV[HNLVMHSLZZLYώRUV^UYL]VS\[PVUPU)V\NHPU]PSSL75.;OL\WYPZPUN^HZZWHYRLK I`PUKPNLUV\ZSHUKV^ULYJSHPTZMVYJVTWLUZH[PVUV]LYSHUKKHTHNLZ[OH[YLZ\S[LKMYVT[OL)V\NHPU]PSSL*VWWLY3[K VWLYH[PVUZH[[OL7HUN\UHJVWWLYTPUL(ULZJHSH[PUNJP]PS^HYIYVRLV\[PU HUKZLJLZZPVUPZ[YLILSZ[OL)V\NHPU]PSSL9L]VS\[PVUHY`(YT`)9(ILNHUHJHTWHPNU[VOHS[HSSHJ[P]P[`H[[OLTPULHUK[VZ[Y\NNSLMVYPUKLWLUKLUJL from mainland PNG.This crisis in many ways was ignited by the initial action of Francis Ona, who would become the secessionist rebel leader of the BRA. In an act of sabotage towards the Panguna mine, Ona dynamited the electricity W`SVUZ[OH[ZLY]PJLK[OLTPUPUNVWLYH[PVUZ;OPZKHTHNL[V[OLWV^LYZ\WWS`HUKZ\IZLX\LU[IHYYPJHKPUNVMLU[Y`[V [OLTPULI`[OL)9(WYV]VRLKYL[HSPH[PVUMYVT[OLTHPUSHUK75.NV]LYUTLU[PUJVSSHIVYH[PVU^P[O[OL)V\NHPU]PSSL *VWWLY3[KHZ\IZPKPHY`VM9PV;PU[VTPUPUNJVTWHU` ;OL75.HYT`^HZIYV\NO[PU[VLUMVYJLHUHNNYLZZP]LISVJRHKLWH[YVSSPUN[OL^H[LYZ[OH[ZLWHYH[LKTHPUSHUK75. 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But then I realised that everything that I ^HU[LK[V[HSRHIV\[PU[OH[^HZHSYLHK`IV\UK\WPU[OL 4L_PJHU[LUWLZV coin. 2.!0[»ZPSS\Z[YH[PUN[OLYTVK`UHTPJLX\PSPIYP\T 54!0[PZI\[P[»ZHSZV\UUH[\YHSILJH\ZL^OH[[OLJVPU is doing is negating heat death, which is inevitable in a [OLYTVK`UHTPJ\UKLYZ[HUKPUNVMLULYN`;OLÄYZ[SH^PZ that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but in the second law energy can become unavailable and therefore P[JHUSLHK[VLU[YVW`^OPJOPZ[OLLSLTLU[VMKPZVYKLYPU [OLZ`Z[LT:VP[»ZHSTVZ[SPRL[OLJVPUPZZ[\JRIL[^LLU those two laws. 2.!;OLJVPUKLWPJ[Z[OL(a[LJZ\UZ[VUL^OPJONV]erned the cycles of the Aztec calendar. 54!;OLZ\UZ[VUL^HZHSZVJLU[YHS[V[OL(a[LJ»ZILSPLM [OH[ZHJYPÄJL^HZULJLZZHY`MVYO\THUSPML[VJVU[PU\L" [OH[^P[OV\[ZHJYPÄJL[OL^VYSK^V\SKZ[VW0N\LZZ0^HZ trying to think about how this related to a very contemWVYHY`PKLHVMLULYN`^OPJOPZ[OH[HS[OV\NOLULYN`PZ HS^H`ZÅV^PUNP[»ZUV[WLYWL[\HS0M`V\^HU[LULYN``V\ OH]L[VWH`MVYP[![OLYL has to be a loss. At the moment we have the batteries full VMZ\UI\[[OVZLIH[[LYPLZHYLNVPUN[VKYHPUV\[[OLYL»Z UV[HUPUÄUP[LIHUR(UK0SPRL [OH[P[»ZHJHSJ\SH[LKYPZRP[»ZSPRLHNHTISL^P[O[OL ^LH[OLY;OPZPKLHVMZ\YWS\ZHUKSVZZPZZVTL[OPUN[OH[ .LVYNLZ)H[HPSSL[HSRZHSV[HIV\[PUOPZPKLHVMHºNLULYHS LJVUVT`»"[OH[[OLZ\UNP]LZ^P[OV\[L]LYYLJLP]PUNI\[ then once that has been distributed over the surface of [OLLHY[OP[[\YUZPU[VL_JLZZHUKZ\YWS\ZHUK[OLLX\H[PVUILJVTLZ]LY`JVTWSPJH[LK ;OLYTVK`UHTPJZPZHSZVPU[LYLZ[PUNILJH\ZLP[^HZÄYZ[ HY[PJ\SH[LKHUK\UKLYZ[VVKHYV\UK[OL[PTLVM[OLÄYZ[ PUK\Z[YPHSYL]VS\[PVUZVP[^HZYLHSS`PTWVY[HU[MVY[OL modern world because it meant they were able to understand how to make the most use out of work and force. (UKZVP[»ZPU[LYLZ[PUNILJH\ZLUV^^LHYLLU[LYPUNHUV[OLYWLYPVKVMYL]VS\[PVU[OH[PZI`ULJLZZP[`ILJH\ZL of the fact that we need to change the way that we use [OL^VYSK»ZYLZV\YJLZ A while ago, I asked myself, does the world weigh more or less after all the things that have been made were made and all the things that have been destroyed were KLZ[YV`LK&0[PZ[OLZHTLZP[\H[PVU^P[OLULYN`P[OHZ[V NVZVTL^OLYLP[OHZ[VILZWLU[VYSVZ[HUK0N\LZZ [OH[»ZOV^0JVTLIHJR[V[OPZYLSH[PVUZOPWIL[^LLU LJVUVTPJZHUKLULYN`;OL`IV[OÅV^I\[[OL`HYLIV[O Z\IQLJ[[VJLY[HPUPU[LYMLYLUJLZVYVZJPSSH[PVUZ 2.!;OL`»YLIV[OL_JOHUNLKHUKZVZ\IQLJ[[VULNV[PH[PVU& 54!@LZSPRLJ\YYLUJ`HUKJ\YYLU[ 2.!0Z[OLYLHYLSH[PVUOLYL[V`V\Y\ZLVMTV]PUNPTHNL HUK[OLSHUN\HNLVMÄST& 54!0[»ZH^H`[VL_WSVYL[OLYTVK`UHTPJZHUKLU[YVW` [OYV\NOJPULTH[PJ[PTL^OPJOÅV^ZMVY^HYK(UKL]LU ^P[OV\[[OLTH[LYPHSVMÄSTP[ZLSM\ZPUNKPNP[HS]PKLV[OPZ idea is still located in that logic of understanding chronoSVNPJHS[PTL;OH[»Z^O`0\ZLKTV]PUNPTHNL[VL_WSVYL [OLJVPUHZHRPUKVMZJ\SW[\YHSPKLH;OLYL»Z[OPZILH\[PM\S ÄSTI`@VRV6UVJHSSLK6UL ^OLYLZOLZ[YPRLZ HTH[JOHUKP[»ZÄSTLKPUZSV^TV[PVU\U[PS[OLTH[JO burns out. If this match already burned out and then it came alight again and returned to being a match we ^V\SKRUV^[OH[»ZUV[[OL^H`[OH[LULYN`ÅV^ZILJH\ZL energy goes from hot bodies to cold bodies. 0[^HZHUPTWVY[HU[KLJPZPVUH[[OL]LY`ILNPUUPUN[V\ZL moving image for this work because it was dealing with energy and light. I am really PU[LYLZ[LKPU[OLOPZ[VY`VM:[Y\J[\YHSPZ[HUK4H[LYPHSPZ[ cinema but I want to make that kind of enquiry now, with the technology available now. 2.!;OL^VYR\ZLZJVU[LTWVYHY`[LJOUVSVN`[OLUI\[P[ Z[PSSHKKYLZZLZ[OLYLSH[PVUZOPWIL[^LLU[OL[^VM\UKHTLU[HSLSLTLU[ZVMJPULTH!TV]LTLU[HUKSPNO[ 54!@LZL_HJ[S`0TLHUL]LU[OV\NOP[»ZYLJVYKLKVUH KPNP[HSZLUZVYP[»ZZ[PSSSPNO[;OLILH\[PM\S[OPUNHIV\[ÄSTPZ that it somehow records SPNO[;OH[»ZHSZV^O`0^HZPU[LYLZ[LKPU[OL[YLLYPUNZ ^OPJOMLH[\YLPU[OLZLJVUKÄST0[^HZHIV\[SVVRPUNH[ [YLLYLHKPUNZ[VÄUKL]PKLUJLVMZVSHYJ`JSLZI\[^OH[ also fascinated me is the idea that those trees are also a WO`ZPJHSYLJVYKPUNVM[OLZ\U»ZWYLZLUJLHUKLULYN` 2.!@V\»]LYLHSS`WSH`LKVU[OLYLZLTISHUJLVM[OL[YLL rings to a vinyl record, which gives this feeling of being HISL[VYLWSH`[PTLPU[OLZHTL^H``V\KV^P[OHYLJVYK VYHÄST 54!@LZ[OH[»ZLZZLU[PHSS`^OH[[OLYLZLHYJOLYZPU[OL dendrochronology lab do. Dendrochronology is the study VM[YLLYPUNZHUK[OL`»YLSVVRH[[YLLYLHKPUNZHUKJVYYLlate them with historical events because they record time. When making this work I was also thinking about the ÄSTZ=LY[PNV(SMYLK/P[JOJVJR HUK3H1L[tL*OYPZ 4HYRLY ^OPJOIV[OL_WSVYL[OLZLPKLHZ;OLYL»Z [OPZV[OLYÄST[OH[0»]L\ZLKHZLJ[PVUMYVT;OL,UKVM (\N\Z[H[[OL/V[LS6aVUL1HU:JOTPK[ ^OLYL [OPZ^VTLUWVPU[ZVU[OL[YLLHUKZH`Zº;OPZPZ^OLYL[OL HWVJHS`WZLOHWWLULK»)\[^L»YLYLJLP]PUNHUL]LU[VM [OLZ\UZP[[PUNOLYL[HSRPUNPU[OLWHYRYPNO[UV^HUK0HT interested in these micro events as well. 2.!>OPSL`V\^LYLTHRPUN[OPZ^VYR`V\[YH]LSSLK[VH JLU[YLMVYZ[\K`PUN[YLLYPUNZPU(YPaVUH¯ 54!0^HZPU[LYLZ[LKPUÄSTPUN[OLHJ[\HS[YLLZ[OH[^LYL used to try and identify the 11-year solar cycle. It was like [Y`PUN[VÄUKHZWLJPÄJYLJVYKPUHUHYJOP]L;YLLZHIZVYI JHYIVUHUK[OH[»ZOV^`V\JHUKVJHYIVUKH[PUN;OH[»Z ^OH[+LUKYVJOYVUVSVN`LUKLK\WILPUN\ZLKMVYI\[P[ came about because A. E. Douglass was really obsessed ^P[O[Y`PUN[VÄUKZVSHYJ`JSLZ(SV[VMWLVWSLKPZHNYLL about whether he actually found any evidence or not, but PMOLOHKU»[OHK[OPZVIZLZZPVU^L^V\SKU»[OH]L+LUKYVJOYVUVSVN`0[»ZHSSHIV\[[OLLULYN`MYVT[OLZ\U[OH[»Z stored in that wood. 2.!;OLZLJVUKÄSTZLLTZ[VTL[VILHIV\[KPќLYLU[ ways of looking at the sun, through these records and material traces. Looking at the sun is the one thing we UL]LYKVKPYLJ[S`;OLZ\UPZPTWVZZPISL[VZLLHUKH[[OL same time, the only way that we can see at all. 54!3VVRPUNKPYLJ[S`H[[OLZ\U^P[O[OLUHRLKL`LYPZRZ HZHJYPÄJLVM]PZPVU)\[[OLU[OLYLOH]LHS^H`ZILLU WLVWSL^OVOH]LH[[LTW[LK[VZJY\[PUPZLP[Z]PZ\HSHWWLYHUJL/LPUYPJO:JO^HILH.LYTHUHZ[YVUVTLYMVYT[OL »ZHJ[\HSS`Z[HY[LKJV\U[PUNL]LY`Z\UZWV[:PUJL [OLUL]LY`Z\UZWV[OHZILLUJV\U[LKUV^[OLYLHYL ZH[LSSP[LZ[OH[HYLV\[PUZWHJLTVUP[VYPUN[OLZ\U»ZL]LY` blemish and movement. 2.!*V\SK`V\L_WSHPUHIP[TVYLHIV\[Z\UZWV[ZHUK [OLPYZPNUPÄJHUJL& 54!;OL`»YLLSLJ[YVTHNUL[PJZ[VYTZVU[OLZ\YMHJLVM[OL Z\U[OH[HWWLHYHZHKHYRZWV[^OLYL`V\NL[HJVSKLY WH[JO(ZHYLZ\S[VM[OH[`V\NL[[OLZLJVYVUHSLQLJ[PVUZ VMWSHZTH[OH[ZOVV[V\[HUKZLUKV\[YHKPHU[SPNO[^OPJO PZ^OH[OLH[Z[OLLHY[O»ZH[TVZWOLYL;OH[»Z^O`[OL` TVUP[VYP[L]LY`KH`ILJH\ZL[OL`»YLZ[YVUNLUV\NO[V knock out entire electricity grids and telecommunications systems. 2.!/V^KVLZ[OPZOHWWLU&(YL[OLZVSHYZWV[ZHJVUJLU[YH[PVUVMLULYN`VY[OLVWWVZP[L[OLYLMVYLJH\ZPUNH KPZWSHJLTLU[VMLULYN`& 54!:\UZWV[ZHYLISHJRILJH\ZL[OL`»YLJVSKLY(UK[OLU HYV\UK[OLLKNLVM[OLZ\UZWV[`V\NL[[OPZPU[LUZPÄLK LULYN`[OH[[YPNNLYZZVSHYÅHYLZ>P[OPU[OL`LHYJ`JSL [OLYL»ZHUPUJYLHZLPUHJ[P]P[`NVPUNPUVULKPYLJ[PVUVU[OL Z\UHUK[OLUMVY[OLUL_[`LHYZP[OHWWLUZPU[OL VWWVZP[LKPYLJ[PVU0[»ZHTHaPUN[OH[ZVTL[OPUN[OH[PUP[HSS` HWWLHYZ[VILZVHTVYWOV\ZHJ[\HSS`OHZH]LY`SVNPJHS behaviour. 2.!0N\LZZP[»ZHRPUKVMLJVZ`Z[LTZVP[»ZPULX\PSPIYP\T *V\SK`V\L_WSHPUHIP[TVYLHIV\[[OL`LHYZVSHY J`JSLHUK^OLUWLVWSLÄYZ[Z[HY[LK[YHJRPUN[OPZ[OYV\NO YLJVYKPUNZ\UZWV[Z& 54!.HSPSLV^HZ[OLÄYZ[WLYZVU[VZLLVUL[OYV\NOH [LSLZJVWLI\[[OL*OPULZL\ZLK[VSVVRH[[OLT[OYV\NO WPLJLZVMQHKLZV[OH[[OL`KPKU»[O\Y[[OLPYL`LZ0»T WHY[PJ\SHYS`PU[LYLZ[LKPU(SL_HUKLY*OPaOL]ZR`^OV^HZ H9\ZZPHUIPVWO`ZPJPZ[^OV^HZSVVRPUNH[JVYYLSH[PUN [OLZ\UZWV[TH_PT\TZ^P[OWLYPVKZVMYL]VS\[PVUTHZZ migration, and war. He believed that solar radiation was JHWHISLVMHќLJ[PUN[OLWZ`JOLVM[OLTHZZLZ"[OH[[OL Z\U^HZ[YPNNLYPUNZVTL[OPUNPU[OLO\THUWVW\SH[PVU )\[[OLU[OLYL^HZHÅPWZPKLVM[OH[HUK[OLYLOH]LILLU V[OLYWLVWSL^OVOH]LYLSH[LKZVSHYTH_PT\TZ[VWLYPods of economic recession and decline. 2.!>L»]L[HSRLKHIP[HIV\[[OLZJ\SW[\YHSX\HSP[`VM ÄSTHZHYLJVYKVMSPNO[HUK[OLTV]LTLU[VM[PTLI\[0 ^HU[LK[VHZR`V\HIV\[OV^`V\»]LTHKL[OLLULYN` [OLLSLJ[YPJP[`[OH[»ZWV^LYPUN[OLZOV^PU[VZVTL[OPUN ZJ\SW[\YHS/V^L]LY`WPLJLVMLX\PWTLU[L]LY`SLUN[OVM JHISLL]LY`WHY[VM[OLZ`Z[LT[OH[Z\WWVY[Z[OLWYVQLJ[LKPTHNLOHZILJVTLHZJ\SW[\YHSLSLTLU[PU[OL^VYR 54!;OLTVZ[PTWVY[HU[HZWLJ[[VTLPZ[OH[^LHYL[HRing this energy from the sun, turning light into energy, and then turning that energy back into light again through the WYVQLJ[VYZ:VP[»ZSPRLZWLUKPUNSPNO[SPRLI\YUPUN[OL KH`SPNO[0[»ZPTWVY[HU[[VZOV^[OH[M\UJ[PVUPUN;OL^VYR PZHIV\[HWHY[PJ\SHY[`WLVM[YHUZMVYTH[PVU[OH[[OL]PL^LY WHY[PJPWH[LZPUVYPZWYP]`[VL]LUPM`V\JHU»[ZLL[OL ZVSHYWHULSZ`V\RUV^[OH[IH[[LYPLZHYLPU[OLYLHUK[OH[ SPNO[ZHYLVUZV`V\HYLL_WLYPLUJPUN[OL[YHUZMVYTH[PVU [HRPUNWSHJLP[»ZUV[[OH[`V\HYLILPUN[VSKHIV\[[OPZ [OPUN[OH[OHWWLULKP[»Z[OLYL;OH[»ZHSZV^O`0MLS[[OH[ 0KPKU»[ULLKHUHYYH[PVU[VL_WSHPU[OLJVU[L_[PU[OLZLJVUKÄST0MLS[[OH[^V\SKKLZJYPILH[YHUZMVYTH[PVUYH[OLY [OHUWYVK\JPUNH[YHUZMVYTH[P]LLќLJ[VU[OL]PL^LY 2.!;OLZV\UK[YHJR[OH[`V\»]LTHKLPZHYLHSS`PTWVY[HU[LSLTLU[PU[OL^VYR0[THRLZP[H]LY`WO`ZPJHS L_WLYPLUJLMVY[OL]PL^LYHUKLUHISLZ[OLPUZ[HSSH[PVU[V VJJ\W`[OLZWHJLPUHUPU[LYLZ[PUN^H` [\YHSWYVISLTP[»ZYLHSS`PU[LYLZ[PUN[HRLMVYL_HTWSL[OL H[[LTW[[VYLK\JLJHYIVULTPZZPVUZILMVYLHUK Z[HISPSLVYTP[PNH[LHNHPUZ[[OLJH[HZ[YVWOPJNSVIHS[LTWHture rise. 54!6US`VULVM[OLÄSTZOHZZV\UKI\[^OLU0^HZ THRPUN[OLV[OLYÄST0OHK[V[OPURHIV\[OV^[OLZV\UK ^V\SKJVTLPUV]LY[OL[VWH[JLY[HPUWVPU[Z([ÄYZ[0 ^HZ[OPURPUNVM[OLJVPUÄST^OPJOPZ[OLZPSLU[VULHZ [OLTHPUWHY[VM[OL^VYRHUK[OLZLJVUKÄSTHZH^H` [VJVU[L_[\HSPZLP[I\[UV^[OLYLSH[PVUZOPWPZT\JOTVYL Å\PK;OLPKLHZHUK[OLZV\UKZSVVWPU[V[OLYO`[OT 2.!@V\»]LJHSSLK[OL^VYR(UJPLU[3PNO[Z>OH[KVLZ [OH[YLMLY[V& 2.!:L]LYHSVM`V\YWYL]PV\Z^VYRZOH]LVJJ\WPLK[OPZ PU[LYZLJ[PVUVMÄSTHUKZJ\SW[\YL 54!;OPZ^VYRMVSSV^ZVUX\P[LKPYLJ[S`MYVTHWYL]PV\Z WYVQLJ[7YVNYLZZPU(J[PVU^OPJOKLHS[^P[OH]LY` ZWLJPÄJOPZ[VYPJHSZP[\H[PVUVU[OL7HJPÄJ0ZSHUKVM)V\NHPU]PSSL;OLPU[LYUH[PVUHSTPUPUNJVTWHU`9PV ;PU[VW\[HO\NLJVWWLYTPULPU[OLPYIHJR`HYKLZsentially without asking. Eventually the islanders got fed \WHUK[OL`JSVZLKKV^U[OLTPULHUKHZHYLZ\S[[OL mainland, in cahoots with Rio Tinto, forced them into L_PSLVU[OLPZSHUK;OLYL^HZUVM\LSVYMVVKJVTPUN to the island, so they started using coconuts as a form of energy. I was interested in the idea of human agency KPYLJ[PUN[OLÅV^VMLULYN`HUKTH[[LYPUH^H`[VJH\ZL a kind of social transformation. I used 100% coconut to Y\UHKPLZLSNLULYH[VY[OH[WV^LYLK[OLÄST0THKLZV the very material at the centre of this social situation was what enabled the moving images. 2.!)\[[OLYL»ZZVTL[OPUNYLHSS`PU[LYLZ[PUNPU[OPZHWWYVWYPH[PVUVM[OPZL_V[PJZ`TIVSHZHMVYTVMWV^LYPU[LYTZ VMLULYN`HUK[OLYLMVYLWVSP[PJHSWV^LY 54!@LZJVJVU\[ZHYLHS^H`ZZLLUHZHRPUKVM7HJPÄJ 0ZSHUKLYQVRLPU[OPZJHZL[OL`^LYL\ZLKHZH^LHWVU [VYLWLS[OLPTWVZPUNMVYJL(UK0HSZVN\LZZ[OH[»Z^O` in a very logical way, I came to thinking about the sun. >LULLK[VL_WLUKHO\NLHTV\U[VMYLZV\YJLZHUK LULYN`[VL_[YHJ[[OLLULYN`MYVTJVJVU\[Z^OPJOPZSLZZ LѝJPLU[[OHUKYH^PUNP[KPYLJ[S`MYVT[OLZ\U0OH]LU»[ YLHSS`X\P[L^VYRLKV\[OV^[V]LYIHSPZLP[I\[0»TPU[V this idea of systems of balance and equilibrium between certain forces... like the idea that solar energy is free but to make the batteries you need to mine certain materials, and so on. I sometimes wonder if there will always be this PTWVZZPISLLX\H[PVU0»TZ\YL[OH[HWO`ZPJPZ[^V\SKIL HISL[VHUZ^LY[OH[Z[YHPNO[H^H`I\[0[OPURHZHZJ\SW- 54!0[JVTLZMYVTHU[OJLU[\Y`SH^^OPJOPZIHZLK \WVU[OPZPKLHVM[OLYPNO[[VSPNO[:PTWS`PM`V\OH]LOHK natural sunlight coming through your window for more than 20 years no one is allowed to construct a building [OH[^PSSISVJRP[0SPRL[OL^H`[OH[ZVTLOV^[OH[»Z^OH[ ^LHYLKVPUNH[*OPZLUOHSL!IYPUNPUNHUJPLU[SPNO[PU[V [OLZWHJL(SSZ\USPNO[PZLZZLU[PHSS`WHY[VMHJVU[PU\HS HUJPLU[SPNO[;OLZ\UKVLZU»[NL[[\YULKVќH[[OLLUKVM the day. 0»TYLHSS`PU[LYLZ[LKPU[OLPKLHVMHYPNO[[VSPNO[PU[OL ZLUZLVMHYPNO[[V[OLZ\UHZHYLZV\YJL7LVWSLHYL JOVVZPUN[VNVVќ[OLNYPKILJH\ZLP[»Z[OLPYYPNO[[VOH]L [OH[SPNO[,ZWLJPHSS`PU(\Z[YHSPH^OLYLWLVWSLHYL[Y`PUN [VNVVќ[OLNYPKHUK[OLNV]LYUTLU[PZ[Y`PUN[VZ[VW [OLTILJH\ZL[OL`V^U[OLJVHSZ[H[PVUZWSHU[ZHUK[OL` ^HU[[VTHRLTVUL`V\[VMI\YUPUNJVHS;OLWYPTLTPUister of Australia, Tony Abbott, said that coal was good for humanity last year. 2.!;OLYPNO[[VSPNO[ILJVTLZHYPNO[[VLULYN`HUKH YPNO[[VWV^LY 54!,_HJ[S`HUKHNLUJ`0U[OL<2[OLYLPZ[OPZPKLH[OH[ [OLZ\UPZH]LY`YHYLJVTTVKP[`:V[VLZ[HISPZOHSH^ [VHSSV^[OLYPNO[[V[OH[PZHTVYLWVL[PJ^H`VM[HSRPUN [V[OLIPNNLYPZZ\LZVM[OLWYVQLJ[VY[VNP]LP[ZVTLRPUK VMZP[LZWLJPÄJHUJOVYPUN;OLYLPZHSZVVMJV\YZL[OL O\TVYV\ZPKLHVM[Y`PUN[VTHRLHZVSHYWV^LYLKZOV^PU London. But the fact is that you can do it. (Ancient lights) 2015 fleshy matter swelter – …. A pulse subject to variation. It gets in – Here - in these rings – in traces - the sun soaked in Spots Black spots Blemishes - blotches - blots Cinder or dross Solar (abscess) boil Convection current, electrical current - currency Turns Eternal returns A price was to be paid. They traded with the Sun For - Eternal returns - Diminishing returns Losses – Gains and losses Chlorophyll Crops - yields – stocks – Synthesis - Photosynthesis Maunders minimum - Frozen assets Financial - climate ………. Sun baked - Fossils - Fuel (It) Burns Black blooded oil It lubricates motion – Petroleum ………… the eye - of day – Copernican revolution visions (of excess) - Optics - Nerve it gets in - cerebral cortex Solar maximum coronal mass – ejection vomits plasma - ions Radiant induction - current. Correlations – Revolutions – insurrectionssuccession laws thermal laws heat death – endless turns - Falling turns Burning the daylight The stolen sun Is feeds the grid Kilowatt hours – a price must be paid.
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