doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Radio Resource Measurement
802.11k and its Specification
+
Submission
Slide 1
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Agenda
- Why Radio Resource Measurement now?
- 802.11 Existing Measurement Approach
- Proposed 11k Approach
- Requirements
- Issues
- Futures
- Conclusions
Submission
Slide 2
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Military Communications Needs
Connectivity
Space
Layer:
Airborne
Layer:
Maneuver
Layer:
WIN-T
WIN-T
Tactical
Unattended
Ground Layer:
Tactical
Sensors
Robotics
Munitions
•Assured Communications Anywhere in the World Without Fixed
Submission
SlideZero
3
Richard Paine, Boeing
Infrastructure and
Setup Time
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Connexion by BoeingSM
Connexion by Boeing
People working together
To revolutionize the way
we work, communicate,
entertain ourselves and
relax while mobile.
Submission
Slide 4
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Connexion by BoeingSM
Submission
•
Onboard Wireless LAN connects passengers to
Connexion offboard service
•
Certified usage of passenger wireless devices
during BA & DLH trials in the first half of 2003
•
Full-scale launch of service in April 2004
Slide 5
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
787
Submission
Slide 6
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Flight Test
Submission
Slide 7
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Future Allocation & Utilization
Maximum Amplitudes
Amplidue (dBm)
Heavy Use
Heavy Use
Sparse Use
Medium Use
Fixed Spectrum Assignments Lead
to Inefficient Spectrum Utilization
– Opportunities Exist in Time,
Frequency, and Geography
RF Spectrum Allocated by Policy
– Allocations, Assignments, and
Incumbents Vary by Country
Frequency (MHz)
Observations Show Bands of Local
Heavy and Sparse Activity
 Temporal Usage Characteristics
Vary by Band & Service
 Potential for Usage Dependent on
Incumbent Service & Equipment
•Static Spectrum Management is Limited in Its Ability to Improve Spectrum
Submission
8
Richard Paine, Boeing
UtilizationSlide
Efficiencies
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
What is the XG Program?
• Develop both the Enabling Technologies and System Concepts
to Dynamically Utilize Spectrum
– Improve Efficiency of Current, Static Assignments for Voice
and Data (Threshold: Factor of 10, Objective: Factor of 20)
– Provide Capability to Share Spectrum with disparate
systems
RF emitters detect
each other and adjust
automatically
XG Systems Will Opportunistically Utilize Unoccupied
Spectrum in Time,
Space,
and FrequencyRichard Paine, Boeing
Submission
Slide
9
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Key Technologies
•Develop Both the Enabling Technology and the System
Concepts to Dynamically
Use Spectrum Richard Paine, Boeing
Submission
Slide 10
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
RRM Extension Options
• RRM blue stars show the location of RRM extensions,
though RRM pink stars are remotely possible.
• RRM Applications are outside the 802.11 specs.
PHY SAP
RRM
Submission
PLME SAP
SME
RRM
PLCP
PMD SAP
RRM
MLME
RRM
Applications
(outside
802.11)
PLME
PLME SAP
RRM MAC
RRM
MLME SAP
MAC SAP
PMD
Slide 11
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
11k Scope
This Task Group will define Radio
Resource Measurement
enhancements to provide
mechanisms to higher layers for
radio and network measurements.
Submission
Slide 12
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Relationship of RSSI, Operating Point, Sensitivity, SNR
Received Signal Strength
Operating Margin
Actual Operating Point
Multipath
Impairment
observed
SNR
Rx Sensitivity
Rx Implementation
Loss
Theoretical Operating Point
Theorertical
minimum SNR
needed to support
datarate
dBm
Actual SNR
needed to
support
datarate
Rx Equivalent Input Noise
Noise Figure
Thermal Noise Floor
Submission
(-101.5 dBm)
Slide 13
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
TGh layer management model
• Extract from 802.11h-D2.1.32, which addresses some measurement
extensions for DFS and TPC.
SME
SME
Channel Switch
Timing
Measurement
Processing
MREQUEST
/MREPORT
MEASURE
CHANNEL
SWITCH
MLME
Measurement
Policy
Measurement
Policy
Channel Switch
Decision
Measurement
Frames
MREQUEST
/MREPORT
MLME
Measurement
Frames
MAC Timing
Figure 26 – Layer Management Model
PLME
Submission
Slide 14
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
CHANNEL
SWITCH
Channel
Switch
Decision
MAC Timing
ISO/IEC 8802-11:1999(E) specifies the following STA architecture
(this is Figure 11 of standard)
SME
MLME
doc.: IEEE 802.11-02/568r0
802.11 Station Architecture
Channel
Switch
Timing
September 2002
PLME
11h
PHY SAP
PLME SAP
PHY Layer
Management
Entity (PLME)
PLME SAP
PMD SAP
Station
Management
Entity
(SME)
PMD sublayer
Submission
Slide 4
David Skellern, Cisco Systems
September 2002
doc.: IEEE 802.11-02/568r0
MEASURE
MREQUEST
/MREPORT
Measurement
Policy
PLCP sublayer
Measurement
Frames
MAC Layer
Management
Entity (MLME)
Measurement
Processing
MAC sublayer
MLME SAP
MAC SAP
802.11 Station Architecture
MREQUEST
/MREPORT
ISO/IEC 8802-11:1999(E) specifies the following STA architecture
(this is Figure 11 of standard)
MAC sublayer
MAC Layer
Management
Entity (MLME)
PHY SAP
PLME SAP
MLME SAP
MAC SAP
Submission
Submission
Slide 4
David Skellern, Cisco Systems
Slide 15
PLME SAP
SME
PMD sublayer
Measurement
Policy
PHY Layer
Management
Entity (PLME)
Measurement
Frames
PMD SAP
Station
Management
Entity
(SME)
MLME
PLCP sublayer
Richard Paine, Boeing
WLAN Context Transfer
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Subnet A
802.11
802.16,
802.20,
Or
802 Cellular
R
Subnet B
802.11
R
802.11f Context Blob
(Certificates, preauth, address, etc)
802.11
Submission
Slide 16
Transfer
RichardContext
Paine, Boeing
Packet
WLAN Context Transfer
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Subnet A
802.11
802.16,
802.20,
Or
802 Cellular
R
Subnet B
802.11
R
802.11f Context Blob
(Certificates, preauth, address, etc)
802.11
Submission
Slide 17
Transfer
RichardContext
Paine, Boeing
Packet
WLAN Context Transfer
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Subnet A
802.11
802.16,
802.20,
Or
802 Cellular
R
Subnet B
802.11
R
802.11f Context Blob
(Certificates, preauth, address, etc)
802.11
Submission
Slide 18
Transfer
RichardContext
Paine, Boeing
Packet
WLAN Context Transfer
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Subnet A
802.11
802.16,
802.20,
Or
802 Cellular
R
Subnet B
802.11
R
802.11f Context Blob
(Certificates, preauth, address, etc)
802.11
Submission
Slide 19
Transfer
RichardContext
Paine, Boeing
Packet
WLAN Context Transfer
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Subnet A
802.11
802.16,
802.20,
Or
802 Cellular
R
Subnet B
802.11
R
802.11f Context Blob
(Certificates, preauth, address, etc)
802.11
Submission
Slide 20
Transfer
RichardContext
Paine, Boeing
Packet
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
AP Measurements
Context
802.11h
or Request
Blob
For Info
Context
Blob
10/100BaseT
AP1
AP Table
STA1
Per STA Table
Processor
Certs
Pre-auth
User
CIM Schema
QoS
Submission
Slide 21
Context
Blob
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Card Measurements
AP1
Submission
STA1
Slide 22
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
RRM Big Picture
Application Users of Radio Information
Upper
Layers
Presentation
Session Users of Radio Information
Transport Users of Radio Information
IP Users of Radio Information
Interface to
Upper Layers
MAC and PHY
Layers
Submission
MAC Radio Information
MAC
PHY Radio Information
PHY
Slide 23
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
RRM Extension Options
• RRM blue stars show the likely location of RRM extensions,
though RRM pink stars are (remotely) possible.
• RRM Applications are outside the 802.11 specs.
PHY SAP
RRM
Submission
PLME SAP
SME
RRM
PLCP
PMD SAP
RRM
MLME
RRM
Applications
(outside
802.11)
PLME
PLME SAP
RRM MAC
RRM
MLME SAP
MAC SAP
PMD
Slide 24
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
RRM MAC/PHY Interchanges
Frame
Report Report
Request
Reports NDIS
11h Get
MAC
MLME
Req-Air
PHY SAP
MLME SAP
MAC SAP
Linux
RPE Histogram
PLME SAP
AP1
PMD SAP
Get CCA CCA MGT
PLME
REQUESTS
REPORTS
SME
STA1
PLME SAP
PLCP
PMD
Mgt Frames
Beacon on Setup
Submission
Slide 25
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
MAC/PHY Context
802.11f Context Blob
802.11h Request for Information
SME
SME
MLME MAC
MLME MAC
AP1
AP1
PLCP
STA1
PLCP
STA1
PLME
PLME
PMD
PMD
AP STA
AP STA
802.11h Request for Information
SME
MLME MAC
SMEMLME MAC
SMEMLME MAC
SMEMLME MAC
AP1
AP1
AP1
AP1
PLCP
PLCP
STA1
PLME
PMD
STA1
Submission
STA1
PLME
PMD
STA2
Slide 26
PLCP
STA1
PLME
PMD
STA3
PLCP
STA1
PLME
PMD
STA4
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
MIBs – current
• 802.11
– Basic measurements & configuration for STA
– Widely implemented in APs
– Very simple monitoring of global AP statistics
• 802.1x
– Detailed auth state for individual 1x ports
– Also some per port statistics
– Not widely implemented in access points today
• Bridge MIB
– Possible to get some info on which STAs are associated with
an AP
– Implemented in some APs
– Not 802.11 specific, little MAC, and no PHY statistics
Submission
Slide 27
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Work from Other TGs
• 802.11d
– dot11CountryString
• TGe
– dot11AssociatedStationCount
– dot11ChannelUtilization
– dot11FrameLossRate
• TGi
– Write only key access, & IV status
• TGh
– Configuration, but no status, monitoring or
statistics!!!
Submission
Slide 28
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Purpose of Additions
• Enable better diagnostics of problems
– Using info that is easy and cheap to gather
• Enable better frequency planning,
optimize network performance
– Enable automatic frequency planning
• Enable new services
– Location based services
– Voice Over IP (VOIP)
Submission
Slide 29
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Diagnostics
• Interference from non 802.11 sources
• Interference from other 802.11 networks
• Interference from other APs within same
ESS
• Interference from other APs within
different ESSs
Submission
Slide 30
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Added Station Table to MIB
• Station table is list of wireless STAs an
AP knows about
• Also applicable to IBSS
• Currently implemented by many APs, as
proprietary MIB/telnet/web interface
Submission
Slide 31
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Stations Listed in Table
• Only wireless stations listed
• Stations that have communicated with this
STA
–
–
–
–
Authenticating stations
Authenticated stations
Associated stations
WDS links
• Wireless stations known about through DS
only (e.g. pre-auth)
Submission
Slide 32
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Stations communicated with
• Table includes all stations a station has
received any frames from
• For each station expose full state of
communication with that station
– Pre RSN authentication state
– 802.1x port ID
• Further auth info can be found from 802.1x MIB
– Association state
– Detailed link statistics
Submission
Slide 33
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Link Statistics
• dot11MACStatistics
• Counts of
– MSDUs/MPDUs received/transmitted
– Channel utilization in rx & tx direction
• Measured as total μs
• Data rate & modulation of last rx and tx
• RSSI, RCPI, and signal quality
• Link margin as seen by other station
– Available for 11h stations
– Either use recent measurement report, or request report for
each SNMP request
Submission
Slide 34
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Add MAC Statistics to MIB
•
•
•
•
Channel utilization from TGe
Total associated stations
Total authenticated stations
Optional events to notify mgmt station of
authentication and association events
– Current MIB sends TRAPS on assoc/auth
failures
Submission
Slide 35
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Events to Report
• Allow all events to be configurable as
– Not reported
– Reported as TRAP (unreliable)
– Reported as INFORM (reliable)
• Default configuration should give same
events as current 802.11 MIB
• Report all pre RSN auth/deauth events
• Report all association/deassocation
events
Submission
Slide 36
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Requirements Categories
• Data, Voice, Video
• Data – QoS, wireless net (a, b, g, h)
• Voice – RSSI, RCPI, S/N, Delay, Jitter, Encryption, device processor, wireless net (a, b, g, h)
• Video – RSSI, RCPI, S/N, Encryption, device processor, wireless net (a, b, g, h)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Diagnostics (non-802.11, 802.11, other APs)
Access Point Table
Station Table (BSS and IBSS)
Link stats (counts, data rates, RSSI, link margin)
MAC Statistics (channel utilization, total stations, events)
Events (auth, deauth, associate, deassociate, current MIB)
Coexistence Measurements
Retries
Clear Channel Assessment
Submission
Slide 37
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Technical Topics
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
MIBs
Signal Strength
Standardizing RSSI (RCPI)
Real Time Parameters
Real Time Issues
Retries
Measuring Transmission Speeds
Measuring Throughput in WLANs
VOIP Radio Resource Issues
Video Radio Resource Issues
Additional Information needed in the MIBs (802.1x, 802.11, 802.1p)
Diagnostics Needed for Effective Mgt of WLANs
Submission
Slide 38
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Goal of Radio Measurement:
• Initial deployment
– Enable some degree of automatic radio configuration
• Network expansion
– Enable some degree of automatic radio reconfiguration
• Enable Radio Aware Performance (monitoring,
roaming, handoff)
– Provide information to monitor radio performance and fix
problems
– Facilitate better roaming
Submission
Slide 39
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Define Radio Configuration:
•A set of 802.11 parameter values,
individualized for each BSS in a WLAN,
that determine WLAN radio performance
Including, but not limited to:
–BSS channel
–AP transmit power
–Client transmit power limit
Submission
Slide 40
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
What will radio measurements allow us
to do?
–Simplify and/or automate WLAN radio configuration
–Achieve better performance in dense BSS
deployments
–Better utilize radio resources across client stations
–Alert WLAN administrator to problems
–Notify client station users of current radio status
–Each company uses measurements to add value
Submission
Slide 41
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
What did we measure?
–Attributes that characterize the WLAN
radio environment
–Attributes that affect or reflect WLAN
radio performance
–Attributes that are not manufacturer
specific
–Define the simplest, smallest set of
measurements required
Submission
Slide 42
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Two Categories of RM
•Statistical Measurements characterize the radio environment
in a long-term statistical sense. For example,
–Measure 802.11 traffic load as channel busy fraction1
–Measure non-802.11 interference as received power
histogram1
•Identity Measurements identify stations that affect each
other’s performance. For example,
–Identify each neighbor AP by overhearing its MAC address
–Identify each neighbor STA and its serving AP in a similar
manner
–Identify hidden STA when receiving downlink frames with no
ACK
•1: these measurements are already in 802.11h specification
Submission
Slide 43
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
What changes are needed in all
stas?
• Wireless MAC message protocol
–Built on 802.11h mechanisms and measurement frames
–Added RRM capability bit and RRM action frame type
–Augmented 802.11h measurements with new
requests/reports
• MAC firmware
– Handle new management frames in the wireless MAC
protocol
– Compute measurement payloads from PHY registers
and traffic
Submission
Slide 44
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
What additional changes are
needed in access points?
• Process measurement requests from external entity
–Translate external request into measurement action at AP
radio
–Translate request into action frame and send to client
stations
–Perform these actions at periodic interval, if requested
• Accumulate, store and/or report measurements
–Measurements taken at the AP radio
–Measurements reported by client stations
–Method of conveyance is a separate discussion
Submission
Slide 45
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
What should not change at any
station?
–Wireless MAC control frames and procedures
–Wireless MAC data frames and procedures
–Any hardware, including MAC and PHY
Submission
Slide 46
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Future Allocation & Utilization
Maximum Amplitudes
Amplidue (dBm)
Heavy Use
Heavy Use
Sparse Use
Medium Use
Fixed Spectrum Assignments Lead
to Inefficient Spectrum Utilization
– Opportunities Exist in Time,
Frequency, and Geography
RF Spectrum Allocated by Policy
– Allocations, Assignments, and
Incumbents Vary by Country
Frequency (MHz)
Observations Show Bands of Local
Heavy and Sparse Activity
 Temporal Usage Characteristics
Vary by Band & Service
 Potential for Usage Dependent on
Incumbent Service & Equipment
•Static Spectrum Management is Limited in Its Ability to Improve Spectrum
Submission
47
Richard Paine, Boeing
UtilizationSlide
Efficiencies
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
What is the XG Program?
• Develop both the Enabling Technologies and System Concepts
to Dynamically Utilize Spectrum
– Improve Efficiency of Current, Static Assignments for Voice
and Data (Threshold: Factor of 10, Objective: Factor of 20)
– Provide Capability to Share Spectrum with disparate
systems
RF emitters detect
each other and adjust
automatically
XG Systems Will Opportunistically Utilize Unoccupied
Spectrum in Time,
and FrequencyRichard Paine, Boeing
Submission
SlideSpace,
48
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Key Technologies
•Develop Both the Enabling Technology and the System
Concepts to Dynamically
Use Spectrum Richard Paine, Boeing
Submission
Slide 49
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
Conclusions
• Measurements Necessary for Future Growth
• Fast Track for Radio Resource Measurement
• More Control May Be Adopted as a Next Step
(another task group, 11v)
• Future Technologies Require More Measurement
• Automating Radio Environment Adaptation
Submission
Slide 50
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
11k Status Jan 06
3rd Letter Ballot Passed
Expect to go to Recirculation Letter Ballot Winter 06
Expect to go to Sponsor Ballot Spring or Summer 06
Expect to be a standard by late 06 or early 07
Submission
Slide 51
Richard Paine, Boeing
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/XXXr0
For WiFi Alliance
•Introduce 11k
•Request start of acceptance/testing/conformance criteria
•Next major step to 802.11 sophistication and development
•VOIP via the Neighbor Report
•Tools to further the standard and the industry
Submission
Slide 52
Richard Paine, Boeing