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Energy and its Sources:
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Energy is the Ability To Do Work
It comes in different forms -- heat (thermal), light (radiant),
mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy.
sources of Energy:
 Renewable (an energy source that can be replenished in a short
period of time)
 Renewable energy sources include solar energy, which comes
from the sun and can be turned into electricity and heat. Wind,
geothermal energy from inside the earth, biomass from plants,
and hydropower and ocean energy from water are also renewable
energy sources.
Nonrenewable (an energy source that we are using up and cannot
recreate in a short period of time). Fossil fuels including Oil,
Coal an Natural gas
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Renewable Form of Energy
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Solar
There are two main ways of using solar energy to produce
electricity.
Use of solar cells and
Solar thermal technology.
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Solar cells are photovoltaic cells that turn light into electricity.
They are used in small electrical items, like calculators,
Remote area power supplies, like telephones and space satellites.
They are also used on a larger scale to supply electricity through energy
authorities.
Solar cells are used to a limited extent in the development of solarpowered vehicles.
Solar thermal technology uses heat gained directly from sunlight.
The best known use of this technology is in solar water heating.
Solar thermal electric generating plants use reflectors to collect heat
energy to make steam which drives a turbine that produces electricity.
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Biomass
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All plant and animal matter is called biomass. It is the mass
of biological matter on earth. We can get (biomass) energy:
Directly from plants, for example burning wood for cooking
and heating.
Indirectly from plants, for example turning it into a liquid
(alcohol such as ethanol) or gas (biogas) fuel.
Indirectly from animal waste, for example biogas (mainly
methane gas) from sewage and manure.
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Hydroelectric
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Hydroelectricity is produced from falling water. The movement of
the water spins turbines which generate electricity.
Places with high rainfall and steep mountains are ideal for
hydroelectricity. Kohistan, Gilgit, Swat and Dir valleys.
Most hydroelectricity projects require the building of large dams on
rivers, which can be very expensive. When large dams are built the
flow of the dammed river is changed radically and large areas of
land are flooded, including wildlife habitats and farming land.
Run-of-river hydroelectric schemes cause less environmental
damage. Large dams do not need to be built, as the run-of-river
schemes divert only part of the river through a turbine.
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Wind
Wind power refers to useful energy extracted from wind. An estimated
1 to 3 % of the energy from the Sun that hits the earth is converted into
wind energy.
Eventually, the wind energy is converted through friction into diffuse
heat all through the earth's surface and atmosphere.
The power in the wind can be extracted by having it act on moving
wings that exert torque on a rotor.
The amount of power transferred depends on the wind speed (cubed),
the swept area (linearly), and the density of the air (linearly).
Large wind generators can be more than 110 meters tall with blades
spanning 130 meters.
They can sometimes make a low-frequency sound that cannot be heard
by humans, but which can rattle windows. Wind farms can be a danger
to migrating birds flying at night and can cause TV and radio
interference in nearby homes. Because of their size, some people think
wind generators are ugly and spoil the scenery, however in some 7
places they are a tourist attraction.
Impacts of Use of Non Renewable Energy on
Environment:
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Coal
Coal is a fossil fuel formed over millions of years from
decomposing plants.
Coal is mainly burned in power stations to make electricity
and as a source of heat for industry.
Most of the electricity generated in the world comes from
burning coal.
When coal is burned it produces large amounts of carbon
dioxide, one of the gases responsible for the enhanced
greenhouse effect (the increase in the world's temperature
due to the increased insulating effect of the earth's
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atmosphere).
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Petroleum
Petroleum, or crude oil, is formed in a similar way to coal.
But instead of becoming a rock, it became a liquid trapped between
layers of rocks.
It can be made into gas, petrol, kerosene, diesel fuel, oils and
bitumen.
These products are used in houses for heating and cooking and in
factories as a source of heat energy.
They are also used in power stations and to provide fuel for
transport.
However their use, especially petrol and diesel, produces large
amounts of carbon dioxide emissions.
It also produces other poisonous gases that may harm the
environment and people's health. Another common use for
petroleum is in producing petrochemicals such as plastics.
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Gas
Gas is made in the same way as petroleum and is also
trapped between layers of rock.
Natural gas is tapped, compressed and piped into homes
to be used in stoves and hot water systems.
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is made from crude oil.
It is used for cooking and heating in homes, industrial
heating in boilers, kilns and furnaces, and for camping
and caravanning appliances.
LPG can also be used as an alternative to petrol as an
engine and transport fuel. Using LPG reduces
greenhouse gas emissions from a vehicle by up to 20 per
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cent.
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Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy is the energy released when atoms are
either split or joined together.
A mineral called uranium is needed for this process.
Heat energy and steam produced can drive an electricity
generator in a power station, or provide direct
mechanical power in a ship or submarine.
At each stage of the process various types of radioactive
waste are produced. This waste is poisonous and can
cause harm to people and the environment coming into
contact with it.
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Impact of uses of Non Renewable Energy :
Green House Effect:
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Greenhouses are used to provide warm places for fruit, vegetables
and flowers to grow
Human activities are changing the greenhouse effect.
Using coal-fired power plants releases large amounts of carbon
dioxide into the atmosphere.
Driving cars that run on petrol also puts more carbon dioxide into
the air. Keeping large numbers of livestock, such as cattle, can also
be harmful because they release lots of extra methane gas into the
atmosphere.
All these extra greenhouse gases result in more heat being trapped
around the earth. We call this process the enhanced greenhouse
effect.
These greenhouse gases stop some of the heat from escaping back out
into space, making it warm enough for plants, animals and humans
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to live on earth.
GLOBAL WARMING
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Some scientists believe an enhanced greenhouse effect has been
created by large increases of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
This increase may have been caused by human activities,
especially the burning of fossil fuels.
Every year billions of tones of greenhouse gases are released into
the air.
These include carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4). Besides
gases that may cause global warming, other hazardous pollutants
created by human activity include sulpur dioxide (SOx), nitrogen
dioxide (NOx) and particulates.
However the natural rhythm of the water cycle may be being
disturbed by global warming because:
It has increased the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere.
It has increased the extent of cloud formation.
It has produced higher rainfall in many areas.
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Climate Change:
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Changing climatic patterns that are caused by global warming
include:
Some areas receiving much higher rainfall than at present, resulting
in greater flooding.
Other areas receiving much less rainfall than at present, resulting in
drought.
Changes in the distribution of plants and animals around the world,
with changing habitats.
Changes to patterns of agriculture around the world.
More severe storms.
More violent cyclones resulting from increasing sea surface
temperatures.
The increasing of sea levels, due to thermal expansion of the oceans.
This could result in the flooding of low-lying coastal areas.
The melting of glaciers and polar icecaps.
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Wise energy use.
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We must understand ecological processes and the interconnections
in nature.
We must ‘think globally but act locally’ as responsible energy users.
We need to take the long-term view and think about the
consequences of what we do.
We must look for alternative ways to meet human needs: sustainable
ways.
We must not forget the connections between the environmental,
social and economic factors involved in development.
Making a difference through...
Cutting down use of electricity from coal-fired power stations
Being more energy-efficient with electricity you do use
Using more energy-efficient appliances
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Using or increasing your use of renewable sources of energy
Energy Distribution in different countries
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Pakistan: Energy Sources.
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No.
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6
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Total
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Source
Oil
Gas
LPG
Coal
Hydroelectricity
Nuclear Electricity
TOE
19,320,611
18,410,007
143,514
2,009,552
4,104,123
476,714
44,464,522
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Electricity (Generation, Transmission and Distribution):
Installed
Total
Number
Year
Capacity
Cumulative
(MW)
Electricity
Generation
GWH
% share of
Hydel
Power
1948
60
142
16
1960
656
1587
1965
1593
1970
of Villages
Electrified
(Nos)
Length of
Transmission
Lines (KM)
32
609
5,000**
3176
43
1882
1862
6380
46
1983
4800
19697
58
15239
18,534
1988
6811
33091
50
27691
21,730
1993
10586
48751
43
45644
23,794
1996
14476*
48859
47
62127
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Energy Conservation in buildings
Energy Conservation
 After construction, a building requires a constant flow of energy
input during its operation.
 The environmental impacts of energy consumption by buildings
occur primarily away from the building site, through mining or
harvesting energy sources and generating power.
 The energy consumed by a building in the process of heating,
cooling, lighting, and equipment operation cannot be recovered.
 The type, location, and magnitude of environmental impacts
of energy consumptions in buildings differ depending on the
type of energy delivered.
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Energy Conservation in built Environment.
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Energy-Conscious Urban Planning
Cities and neighborhoods that are energy-conscious are
not planned around the automobile, but around public
transportation and pedestrian walkways. These cities have
zoning laws favorable to mixed-use developments,
allowing people to live near their workplaces.
Urban sprawl is avoided by encouraging redevelopment
of existing sites and the adaptive reuse of old buildings.
Climatic conditions determine orientation and clustering.
For example, a very cold or very hot and dry climate
might require buildings sharing walls to reduce exposed
surface area; a hot, humid climate would require widely
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spaced structures to maximize natural ventilation.
Energy-Conscious Site Planning
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Such planning allows the designer to maximize the use
of natural resources on the site.
In temperate climates, open southern exposure will
encourage passive solar heating; deciduous trees
provide shade in summer and solar heat gain in winter.
Evergreens planted on the north of a building will
protect it from winter winds, improving its energy
efficiency.
Buildings can be located relative to water onsite to
provide natural cooling in summer.
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Passive Heating and Cooling
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Solar radiation incident on building surfaces is the most
significant energy input to buildings. It provides heat, light,
and ultraviolet radiation necessary for photosynthesis.
Historically, architects have devised building forms that
provide shading in summer and retain heat in winter.
This basic requirement is often overlooked in modern
building design.
Passive solar architecture offers design schemes to control
the flow of solar radiation using building structure, so that
it may be utilized at a more desirable time of day.
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Insulation
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High-performance windows and wall insulation
prevent both heat gain and loss. Reducing such heat
transfer reduces the building’s heating and cooling
loads and thus its energy consumption.
Reduced heating and cooling loads require smaller
HVAC equipment, and the initial investment need for
the equipment will be smaller.
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Alternate Sources of Energy
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Solar, wind, water, and geothermal energy systems
are all commercially available to reduce or eliminate
the need for external energy sources.
Electrical and heating requirements can be met by
these systems, or combination of systems, in all
climates.
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Day lighting
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Building and window design that utilizes natural light
will lead to conserving electrical lighting energy,
shaving peak electric loads, and reducing cooling energy
consumptions.
At the same time, day lighting increases the luminous
quality of indoor environments, enhancing the
psychological wellbeing and productivity of indoor
occupants.
These qualitative benefits of daylighting can be far more
significant than its energy-savings potential.
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Energy-Efficient Equipment & Appliances
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After construction costs, a building’s greatest
expense is the cost of operation.
Operation costs can even exceed construction costs
over a building’s lifetime.
Careful selection of high efficiency heating, cooling,
and ventilation systems becomes critical.
The initial price of this equipment may be higher
than that of less efficient equipment, but this will be
offset by future savings.
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Choose Materials with Low Embodied Energy
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Building materials vary with respect to how much energy is
needed to produce them.
The embodied energy of a material attempts to measure the
energy that goes into the entire life cycle of building material.
For instance, aluminum has a very high embodied energy
because of the large amount of electricity that must be used to
manufacture it from mined bauxite ore; recycled aluminum
requires far less energy to refabricate.
By choosing materials with low embodied energy, the overall
environmental impact of a building is reduced.
Using local materials over imported materials of the same type
will save transportation energy.
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Energy Crisis in Pakistan
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An energy crisis is any great shortfall (or price rise) in the supply of
energy resources to an economy. It usually refers to the shortage of
oil and additionally to electricity or other natural resources.
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With economy growing at present pace, the energy requirements are
likely to increase with a similar rate. For 2004-05, Pakistan’s energy
consumption touched 55.5 MTOE (Million Tons of Oil Equivalent).
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By 2030, the nation’s requirement will be 7 times the current
requirement reaching 361MTOE
Pakistan’s energy requirements are fulfilled with more than 80% of
energy resources through imports.
According to an official report, the gap between firm supply and
peak hours demand has already been shrunk to three digit (440
MW) during this fiscal and will slip into negative columns next year
(-441 MW) and further intensify to (-1,457 MW) during the
financial year 2006-07.
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National Energy Conservation Policy 2005
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The National Energy Conservation Policy has four
strategic goals.
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(a) Sustainable Development
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Energy conservation will help in meeting the requirements of rising
levels of energy consumption without putting corresponding
additional burden on the environmental resources.
(b) Improve Economic Productivity and Poverty Alleviation
Cost effective energy efficiency measures will improve Pakistan’s
economic performance and the value the economy derives from the
use of energy resources. Energy efficiency and conservation
measures can result in profitable business opportunities and will
become a means for poverty alleviation.
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GHG Mitigation and Climate Control Energy efficiency and
conservation measures will reduce CO2 emissions and help
Pakistan meet its international climate change
responsibilities. Efficient use of energy in various sectors of
economy will reduce adverse local environmental effects
which are otherwise attributed to energy inefficiency and
wasteful energy use practices.
(d) Gender Mainstreaming
A unit of energy conserved is a unit of energy produced,
which in turn creates a room for energy supplies for rural
areas. Provision of energy to rural areas serves the goals of
gender equality and mainstreaming.
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Renewable Sources of Energy
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(a) Promote development and deployment of Biogas
Units; Bring Livestock Farms and Diary Industry in the
loop.
(b) Promote development and deployment of Solar
Thermal technologies like solar water heater and solar
geysers.
(c) Promote development and deployment of wind Mills
Pump for other pumping and power generation.
(d) Promote development of Micro and Mini-Hydel
Plants.
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Energy Conservation and Sustainable Development
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To achieve the sustainable development objectives,
ENERCON shall highlight that:
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(a) Implementation of energy conservation measures can
increase resource productivity given the present state of
technology.
(b) Conservation can meet the challenge of rising
level of consumption without putting additional
burden on the conventional sources of energy, and
contribute to sustainable development.
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Energy Conservation and Environment
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To demonstrate the Energy Conservation linkages with
environment, ENERCON shall highlight that;
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(a) Conservation of convention energy resources lead to local
and global emission abatement.
(b) Energy Efficient practices provide principal inputs to clean
production.
(c) Energy Conservation projects provides a major avenue to
attract climate control and CDM finding.
(d) Energy efficiency pursuits contribute to meeting MDG’s and
goals as envisaged in various multilateral agreements and
protocols.
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Policy Interventions
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The following key initiatives will be taken for achieving
National Environment Conservation Policy objectives.
 (a) Legislation and Regulatory Framework.
 (b) Public Awareness, Training and Education.
 (c) Integrating Energy Conservation into National Energy
Policies.
 (d) Institutional Strengthening/Capacity Building.
 (e) Financial and Fiscal Incentives.
 (f) Public-Private-Civil Society Partnership
 (g) Energy Services Companies
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Buildings and Households Sectors
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(a) Encourage and facilitate introduction of energy audits in
commercial and community buildings.
(b) Encourage adoption of energy efficient considerations in the
household.
(c) Evaluate Building and Insulation materials for the energy efficient
characteristics with report to different climatic zones and promote
their adoption nation wide.
(d) Encourage use of energy efficient equipment, fixtures and
appliances in buildings.
(e) Develop/update a Building Energy Code for the country and
institute measures for its compliance.
(f) Promote use of energy efficient HVAC and lighting practices in
buildings.
(g) Promote through relevant authorities, energy efficient building
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design.
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