Chapter 29
Protest and
Stagnation:
The Western World,
1965–1985
p. 920
A Culture of Protest




A Revolt in Sexual Mores
Youth Protest and Student Revolt
The Feminist Movement
Antiwar Protests
p. 922
p. 922
p. 922
Stagnation in the Soviet Union




Leonid Brezhnev (1906-1982)
Brezhnev Doctrine – right to intervene if socialism
threatened
Access to Western styles of dress, music, and art
Emphasis on heavy industry



Impact of central economic planning
Agricultural problems



Overall, industrial growth declined
Bad harvests in mid-1970s
Unwilling to tamper with the party leadership and
state bureaucracy
Serious internal problems
Chronology, p. 927
Conformity in Eastern Europe

Poland

Edward Gierek, 1971,




Solidarity
Lech Walesa (b. 1943)
Hungary



Economic problems
Jano Kadar in power for more than 30 years
Moves slowly toward legalizing small private
enterprises
Czechoslovakia




Communist government collapsed in 1989
Vaclav Havel was in control of the government
Alexander Dubcek
Gustav Husa´k
p. 927
Repression in East Germany and
Romania

East Germany


Walter Ulbricht
Erich Honecker


Stasi
Romania


Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife, Elena
Ruled Romania with an iron grip

Securitate
Western Europe: The Winds of
Change






Economic recessions, mid-1970’s and early
1980’s
Increase in the price of oil
Integration of economies –European
Economic Community
Treaty on European Union
European Community became the European
Union, 1994
Euro, 2001
Chronology, p. 931
Germany Restored


Willy Brandt (1913-1992), 1969-1974
Ostpolitik, “opening toward the east”


Helmut Schmide (b. 1918)


Treaty with East Germany, 1972
Technocrat; concerned with economic
conditions
Helmut Kohl (b. 1930)

Problems of union
Great Britain: Thatcher then Blair

Thatcherism




Problems of Northern Ireland
Direct rule from London, 1972
Conservatives gain political power, 1979
Political changes of Prime Minister Margaret
Thatcher (b. 1925)




Broke power of the labor unions
Austerity to control inflation
Hard line toward communism
Rebuilds the military
 Falkland Islands
p. 929
Uncertainties in France and Italy

François Mitterrand (1916-1995) , 1981-1995




Economic difficulties
Socialistic policies
Economic weaknesses of the 1990s
Confusion in Italy




Giulio Andreotti
Eurocommunism
1970s, Italy had severe economic recession
Aldo Moro

Red Brigade
The United States: Turmoil and
Tranquility

Richard Nixon (1913-1994) elected in 1968




Jimmy Carter (b. 1924), 1976-1980




Ends Vietnam war, 1973
Watergate scandal
Resignation, August 9, 1974
Stagflation – high inflation and unemployment
Oil embargo, 1973
53 hostages held by Iran
Ronald Reagan (b. 1911), 1981-1989



Reverses the welfare state
Military buildup
Supply-side economics
p. 933
p. 933
War in Kosovo







War erupted in 1999
Ethnic Albanians
Stripped of autonomous status in 1989
Kosovo Liberation Army
US and NATO intervene
Milosevic refused to sign agreement and
NATO resumes air strikes
Milosovic ousted from office in fall elections,
2000

Brought to trial by an international tribunal for war
crimes against humanity
The Disintegration of Yugoslavia





Death of Tito in 1980
League of Communists
In 1990 republics of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia,
Herzegovina, and Macedonia worked toward a
federal structure
Slbodan Milosevic rejects these efforts without new
border arrangements to accommodate Serb
minorities
Slovenia and Croatia declare independence



Yugoslavian army sent to attach Croatia
Army becoming more and more a Serbian Army
1992 Serbs turn on Bosnia-Herzegovina


Ethnic cleansing
NATO strikes back
Contemporary Canada



Pierre Trudeau (1919-2000), elected in
1968
Brian Mulroney (b. 1939), elected in
1984
Quebec


René Lévesque
Parti Québécois
The Vietnam War


President Lyndon Johnson sends larger
numbers of troops to Vietnam, 1965
Domino theory




If the communists succeed in Vietnam, other
nations inn Asia would fall to communism
President Richard Nixon (1913-1994) vows to
bring an honorable end
Begins withdrawing troops
Peace treaty signed January 1973 calls for
removal of all US troops
p. 934
p. 934
China and the Cold War

Mao Zedong (1893-1976)



Victory in 1948
Collectivization of all farmland and most
industry and commerce nationalized, 1955
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution,
1966-1976


Red Guards
Nixon visited China and met with Mao
Zedong in 1972
p. 935
Towards a New World Order

Détente





Antiballistic Missile Treaty, 1972
Helsinki Agreements, 1975
Human rights becomes an issue with
President Carter
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 1979
President Ronald Reagan’s “evil empire”
Science and Technology

The New World of Science and Technology

Military-Industrial Complex





German rockets; jets
British work in computers
J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb
Computers
Dangers of Science

E.F. Schumacher (1911-1977), Small is Beautiful
p. 938
The Environment and the Green
Movements



Problems in the environment
Chernobyl, 1986
Green parties
Postmodern Thought


Postmodernism
Structuralism

Ferdinand de Saussure


Jacques Derrida


The signifier and the signified
Poststructuralism, or deconstruction
Michel Foucault

The History of Sexuality
Trends in Art, Literature and
Music

Postmodern

Allen Kaprow



Robert Venturi
Charles Moore


Piazzad’Italia
Postmodernism in literature



land art
Gabriel Garcı´a Ma´ rquez
Milan Kundera
Music


Olivier Messiaen
Philip Glass
p. 940
Popular Culture:
Image and Globalization

Popular music


Experimentation in rock and roll
Video music



Rap
Growth of Mass Sports

Olympic Games



MTV
Black September
Mandatory drug testing
Americanized Global Culture


Marshall McLuhan
Problems are global not just national
p. 941
Timeline, p. 945
Discussion Questions




Examine the policies of Brezhnev. Are they
old guard communist or a transition between
the old Soviet regime and the more modern
Soviet state to come?
How did Margaret Thatcher shape the
position of Great Britain in power structure of
world politics
What is détente? How did the policies of
Nixon influence relations between the West
and the communist world?
In what ways did President Jimmy Carter
demonstrate weakness in international
issues?