IGA 412: The Geopolitics of Energy
Professor Meghan L. O’Sullivan
Harvard University’s Kennedy School
Spring 2015
Syllabus as of 12 January 2015
INDEX:





SECTION 1: Contact Information (page 2)
SECTION 2: Course Description (page 3)
SECTION 3: Course Policies, Assignments & Grading (page 4)
SECTION 4: Class Schedule (page 6)
SECTION 5: Required Texts & Reading List (page 16)
1
SECTION 1: Contact Information
Faculty:
Professor Meghan L. O’Sullivan
Faculty Office:
Littauer 329
Faculty Telephone:
(617) 496-4308
Faculty Email:
[email protected]
Faculty Assistant:
FA Office:
Jamina Coleman for class related
questions; Lauren Bloomberg for
scheduling matters.
Littauer 376A
FA Telephone:
(617) 496-2737
FA Email:
[email protected]
[email protected]
Tuesdays from 2:15-4:15pm (starting
Jan 26th). Please sign up on sheet
posted on door of L329; new sheet
posted every Tuesday at 445pm.
Scott Quigley
Jaffar al-Rikabi
[email protected]
[email protected]
Mon and Wed from 2:40 PM – 4:00
PM in Littauer 230
Every other Tuesday from 5-6pm:
Feb 10 and 24
March 10 and 24
April 7 and April 21
Share Folders and Files via Dropbox
with [email protected]
Office Hours:
Course Assistants:
CA Email:
Classes Times:
Discussion Group Sessions
(voluntary) To continue class
discussions; to discuss careers; to
bring additional voices to class
Assignment submissions:
2
SECTION 2: Course Description
Energy has long been a major factor in the formulation of country strategies, the exercise of
national power, and in shaping international politics and security. As both concerns about
energy security and pressures to reduce carbon emissions intensify, countries are grappling to
situate their energy policies in the broader context of their grand strategies. Recent tensions
between Israel, Turkey, Cyprus, and Lebanon over recent natural gas findings in the
Mediterranean Sea, China’s seemingly relentless global quest for natural resources, and
sanctions on oil exports from Iran due to its nuclear pursuits demonstrate the nexus between
international politics and energy needs. Amidst these developments, a revolution in
unconventional oil and gas is occurring in North America, the geopolitical implications of which
are being felt by countries from Europe to Japan.
The Geopolitics of Energy will examine this intersection between international security, politics,
and energy issues. The course takes energy security as its launching point, exploring not only
how countries shape their grand strategies to meet their energy needs, but also how such actions
have implications for other countries and the international system. It looks at new technologies
and innovations – such as those making the extraction of shale gas and tight oil economical – and
how they are changing patterns of trade and could shape new alliances. Finally, while
acknowledging that oil and gas will be dominant for the next 20-40 years, the course considers
the consequences of a successful shift away from petroleum based economies to anticipate how a
new energy order will alter global politics in fundamental ways.
Four pursuits define the course. Students can expect to 1) gain a greater understanding of the
energy security concerns of producer and consumer countries; 2) identify and analyze how
countries have altered their foreign policies, domestic efforts, and military strategies in light of
such concerns; 3) examine shifting trends in the energy realm, with a major focus on the
unconventional revolution; and 4) anticipate new patterns and structural shifts in the international
environment in light of these trends.
The course begins with an introductory section examining how energy has been a major
determinant of the international system in the past and exploring the current landscape in terms
of markets, governments, businesses, and international institutions. It then turns to examine
resource realities, including a deep dive into the unconventional revolution, the rise of resource
nationalism, and the nature of the resource curse. The course then examines a number of ways –
in the past, present, and possibly, in the future – how energy has been used as a means to project
power; we look at how OPEC, Russia, and others have used energy to advance broader national
security aims. The next section then explores the reverse: how countries and entities have used
their more conventional military, political, and economic power to protect and secure energy;
how should we view the U.S. presence in the Gulf or China’s actions in Africa? After a brief
examination of national security strategies and their geopolitical implications, the final section of
the class focuses on new energy, asking how future developments in energy innovation will
affect the nature of politics and security.
3
SECTION 3: Course Policies, Assignments, and Grading
IGA 412 is a graduate level course appropriate for those with an interest in energy and
international security and strategy. There are no prerequisites for the course. The focus of the
readings, lectures, class conversations and projects will be more political and strategic than
technical in nature. Students must be able to attend all classes; absence from more than one class
may be reflected in a student’s grade. They should expect to arrive on time and be prepared to
actively participate in class. No laptops will be permitted in the classroom except for those of
students who are making presentations. Cell phone use is also prohibited during class. Students
will be held to the highest standards of academic honesty and integrity.
Student evaluation will be based on a variety of inputs as outlined in the box below. There will
be no final exam.
Activity/Assignment
 General class participation: The class participation grade
involves several components:
 Being part of the general class conversation; the
course schedule indicates specific questions that will
be addressed in class; students should be prepared to
discuss them and to be cold-called.
 Participating in class debates as structured around the
“Take a Position” assignments.
 Being part of a presentation upon completion of a
group project (see below).
 Write two of six proposed policy memos: Students can
choose which memos to write.
 Memos should be 3 pages in length (more will not
be read, less is not recommended), single-spaced,
12pt times new roman font, with one-inch margins
 Memos area due by 9pm the evening before the
day the topic will be discussed in class.
 Memos should NOT have footnotes or formal
citations, but you should still give credit to a
particular source in the body of the memo if you are
borrowing directly from it; A list of references (and
charts/graphs) may be included at the end of the
memo and will not count against the page limit.
4
Percentage
of Grade
Date due
20%
NA
35%
(17.5%
each)
Various
days
throughout
the
semester,
indicated
below
Please name your files according to the convention:
“Last Name, First Name – Policy Memo Option N”
where N is the option number; Please be sure to
include your name and the assignment name/number
in the body of your file as well.
 Address two of six “Take a Position” propositions
delineated in the class schedule below. Students will be
asked to argue for or against the proposition by
submitting a view of no more than 350 words 9pm the
evening before the day the topic will be discussed in
class.
20%
Various
days
throughout
the
semester
25%
Various
Dates
Please name your files according to the convention:
“Last Name, First Name – Take a Position N” where
N is the option number; Please be sure to include
your name and the assignment name/number in the
body of your file as well.
 Group Project on the Geopolitics of Non-Fossil Fuel
Energies. Each student will be part of a team responsible
for writing a study of a maximum of 20 pages (single
spaced, one inch margins, 12 point font, graphs and
charts can be supplemental and do not count toward page
limits; bullets permissible) on a non-fossil fuel energy
source. The studies will address the main challenges
associated with the fuel, map out what the prospects are
for overcoming these challenges, and addressing the
geopolitical shifts that a widespread adoption of this
energy source would entail. We will do our best to
accommodate student preferences between biofuels, coal,
geothermal, methane hydrates, nuclear, solar, and wind.
Groups will have opportunities to make presentations in
the final third of the class.
5
SECTION 4: Class Schedule
Please note that the schedule below may change in small respects – in terms of the
sequence and possibly timing of certain classes – to accommodate guest speakers or
exciting opportunities as they arise. We will do our best to give you plenty of advance
notice.
Class
Date
Topic
Main Questions
Assignment
UNIT 1: ENERGY AS A DETERMINANT OF INTERNATIONAL
POLITICS AND SECURITY
1
2
3
Friday
January 23
Monday
January 26
Wednesday
January 28
Shopping Day:
Introduction;
Overview of
Course and
Requirements
Energy as a
Determinant of
International
Politics and
Security
What is the “geopolitics of
energy”? How has the
idea of energy security
evolved?
How have energy
transitions transpired in
the past? What is a
strategic commodity?
How has energy, as a
strategic commodity
shaped the international
system in the past? To
what extent has energy
determined alliances, the
outcomes of wars, the
pace of development, and
the rise and fall of
empires?
What are the factors
influencing global energy
The Global Energy markets and the major
trends on today’s energy
Landscape:
landscape? What factors
Demand, Supply,
are driving the
and Price
fundamentals (demand,
supply, and price)? What
are the projections for
6
Two
sessions will
be held
during the
2:40-3:55pm
slot. L230
Be prepared
to discuss
readings in
class.
Be prepared
to discuss
readings in
class.
demand and supply – what
challenges do they
portend? To what extent
does supply and demand
depend on geopolitical
factors? What is the role
of governments in moving
away from oil and gas
toward alternative
energies today and in the
future?
4
5
Monday
February 2
The
Unconventional
Revolution in Oil
and Gas in North
America
Wednesday
February 4
The Potential for
the
Unconventional
Revolution to Go
Global
Wednesday
February 4 5:006:30 PM
Class Happy Hour
7
What accounts for the
massive uptick in
production of shale gas
and tight oil in the United
States? What are the
uncertainties surrounding
the trajectory of this
revolution –
environmental, geological,
political? Through what
mechanisms will this
unconventional revolution
affect geopolitics?
What was the perhaps
unique set of factors –
beyond technology and
geology – that led to the
explosive growth in
production in the United
States? How likely is it
that other countries will
enjoy the same benefits
from their unconventional
resources?
Location TBC
Be prepared
to discuss
readings in
class.
Take a
Position
Option 1:
The
revolution in
unconventio
nal energy
in the
United
States will
not be
replicated
abroad.
Come join
your
classmates,
Scott, Jaffar,
and me in an
informal
setting!
6
Monday
February 9
Guest Speaker
UNIT 2: RESOURCE REALITIES
7
8
Wednesday
February 11
POLICY MEMO
The Resource
Curse
Monday
February 16
HOLIDAY:
PRESIDENT’S
DAY
Wednesday
February 18
POLICY MEMO
Resource
Nationalism: The
Case of Latin
America
8
What are the components
of the alleged “resource
curse? How does the
discovery and exploitation
of resources affect the
development of a
country’s political
institutions? Is the
resource course
inevitable? What policy
advice would you give
President Ernest Bai
Koroma of Sierra Leone,
President Hamid Karzai of
Afghanistan, or President
Ollanta Humala of Peru –
leaders of three countries
who recently discovered
potentially significant
amounts of natural
resources?
What has given rise to
national oil companies and
what are the implications
for their control over vast
amounts of reserves?
Policy
Memo
Option 1:
What advice
would you
give one of
the
presidents of
Sierra
Leone,
Afghanistan,
or Peru
about how
to develop
his
country’s
natural
resources?
Policy
Memo
Option 2:
What advice
would you,
What roles do NOCs often
play in the development of
a country? How have
some countries sought to
reform their NOCs and
introduce greater
competition? How does
the unconventional
revolution in energy create
new incentives or
disincentives for resource
nationalism and NOCs?
9
Monday
February 23
Resource
Endowments and
the Nature of the
State: what is the
relationship
between
democracy and
oil?
How does the discovery
and exploitation of
resources affect the
development of a
country’s political
institutions? Will a
decline in the price of oil
help or hinder political
reform? Have the
revolutions in the Arab
world told us anything
about the resilience of
regimes reliant on oil
revenues?
as the
energy
advisor to
Mexican
President
Pena Nieto,
give your
boss about
successfully
reforming
Pemex, the
Mexican
national oil
company?
Take a
Position
Option 2:
There is no
relationship
between oil
and
democracy.
UNIT 3: ENERGY AS A MEANS OF NATIONAL POWER: Using
Energy to Project Power
10
Wednesday
February 25
Consumer
Leverage and the
Use of Sanctions:
The Case of Iran
9
What sort of leverage do
consumers of energy
have? Under what
circumstances have
consumer countries been
able to use energy as a
weapon? When are
sanctions most likely to
succeed? What has been
the cost of sanctions on
energy producing states?
How are current U.S., UN,
Take a
Position
Option 3:
Uncont’l
revolution in
oil and gas
opens the
possibility of
the more
vigorous use
of sanctions.
and international sanctions
on Iran affecting energy
interests?
11
12
Monday
March 2
Wednesday
March 4
GROUP
EXERCISE
OPEC Today:
How to meet the
challenge of
unconventional
supply?
Students will be assigned
a country to represent and
an “OPEC group” of
which to be part. On the
day of class, you will
break into your OPEC
groups and seek to come
up with a common
assessment and strategy
for dealing with the extra
supply generated from the
unconventional
revolution, if one is
needed at all.
Cartelization:
OPEC and the
GECF
To what extent does the
formation of cartels
produce strategic
advantage to its
participants? How has
OPEC wielded political
influence over the decades
– and are the constraints
on OPEC internal or
external? Is OPEC still a
force to be reckoned with
today? Should consumer
countries hope for
OPEC’s collapse?
10
Post
Exercise
Task:
Groups
should
collectively
submit an
email to
Adam before
end of the
day on
Wednesday
explaining
the key
elements of
your
approach.
One page is
sufficient.
Take a
Position
Option 4:
Consumers
should be
careful what
they wish
for: a
collapse of
OPEC
would not
bring the
benefits
commonly
perceived.
13
14
Monday
March 9
Wednesday
March 11
MAYBE DO
SOMETHING ON
Policy
SOUTHERN CORRIDOR Memo
DECISION?
Option 3:
Write a
memo to
What is the energy
President
relationship between
Putin or
Russia and Europe? Is
Gazprom
European reliance on
chief Alexey
Russian natural gas a
Miller
threat to European
explaining
Russia and Europe
prosperity or security? If
the possible
so, what has been or could implications
be done to mitigate this
of the
threat and what is the role unconventio
of diplomacy in realizing
nal
such outcomes? How, if
revolution
at all, has the
for Russia
unconventional revolution and how
affected the EuropeanRussia
Russian relationship thus
might
far? What might be the
respond to
affect of it in the future?
them.
PRODUCER CASE
STUDY
The Implications
of Iraq’s Energy
Strategy
11
Policy
Memo
Option 4:
Write to the
How can Iraq translate its Iraqi
energy wealth into
National
domestic prosperity and
Security
influence in the region?
Advisor
What is the energy
giving him
strategy of Iraq, a strategic advice on
producer country, and
how
what are the geopolitical
Baghdad
implications of this
might
strategy?
overcome its
dispute with
the Kurds
over oil
revenues.
Spring Break March16-20-2015
UNIT 4: ENERGY AS AN END TO FOREIGN POLICY AND
SECURITY
STRATEGIES:
The Use of Power to Protect and Secure Energy
15
16
17
Monday
March 23
Wednesday
March 25
Monday
March 30
Guest Speaker
CASE EXERCISE
The Geopolitical
Implications of
Pakistan’s
National Energy
Strategy
POLICY MEMO
Resource
Mercantilism;
China in Africa
12
Students will be assigned
roles and groups
representing key members
of the Pakistani cabinet.
They will be provided
with a simple computer
model, which will
facilitate group discussion
regarding what is the link
between energy and
security in Pakistan?
What strategy should
Pakistan adopt to address
its immediate and long
term energy needs? What
choices does Pakistan
have in seeking to address
its energy challenges –
and what are the various
geopolitical implications
of these choices?
What forms does energy
mercantilism take? How
has China sought to secure
the energy it needs to
develop? What are the
implications of China’s
strategy for Africa? For
the United States? What
new power alliances could
Post
Exercise
Task:
Groups
should
collectively
submit an
email to
Scott and
Jaffar
before end
of the day
on
Wednesday
explaining
the rationale
behind their
choices for
Pakistan.
One page is
sufficient.
Policy
Memo
Option 5:
Write a
memo to the
U.S.
national
security
advisor on
or are emerging as a result
of the trend toward energy
mercantilism?
18
19
Wednesday
April 1
Monday
April 6
the
implications
of China’s
quest for
energy
resources
abroad and
implications
for U.S.
policy. (See
case prompt
distributed
in class.)
China’s Rise and
Thirst for Energy:
Is great power
conflict inevitable?
What are the connections
between energy and politics
in China? What are the
projections for growth in
Chinese energy demand and
how does China expect to
meet these needs? What
implications does this quest
for energy have for Chinese
foreign policy and, more
specifically, how might it
create friction with the
United States or China’s
more immediate neighbors?
How might the development
of China’s unconventional
energy resources change this
picture?
Take a
Position
Option 5:
China’s rise
and thirst
for energy
will
eventually
lead to
internationa
l military
conflict.
POLICY MEMO
The United States
in the Gulf
What is the “true” cost of
oil in the United States?
Why does the United
States maintain a military
presence in the Gulf?
How valid are claims that
the 1991 and 2003 wars
against Iraq were about
oil? How does the fact
that the United States will
no longer need to import
Middle Eastern oil affect
U.S. foreign policy toward
that region of the world?
Policy
Memo
Option 6:
Write a
memo to
King
Abdullah of
Saudi
Arabia
about
whether you,
his
ambassador
to
13
Washington
DC, believe
that the
United
States will
withdraw its
forces from
the Gulf in
the wake of
the U.S.
boom in
unconventio
nal oil and
gas.
UNIT 5: ALTERNATIVE, RENEWABLE, AND NEW ENERGY AND
GEOPOLITICS
20
21
Wednesday
April 8
Monday
April 13
National Security,
the
Unconventional
Revolution, and
Climate Change
Geopolitical
Consequences of a
Shift to Nuclear
Power
14
What are the implications
of climate change for
national security? What
are the direct and indirect
mechanisms through
which climate change can
affect energy security? To
what extent are efforts to
manage climate change
and energy security
complementary or in
conflict?
What would it take to
make nuclear power more
viable as an alternative to
fossil fuels? What would
be the geopolitical
repercussions if these
obstacles were
surmounted? Is nuclear
power a viable option in
the Middle East and North
Africa?
Be prepared
to discuss
readings in
class.
22
23
Wednesday
April 15
Monday
April 20
24
Wednesday
April 22
25
Monday
April 27
Student
Presentations on
the Geopolitical
Implications of
Alternative
Energies
CASE STUDY
Geopolitical
Consequences of
Wind and Solar
Energy: The Case
of DESERTEC
Geo-Engineering
and International
Institutions
Guest Speaker:
Professor David
Keith
Student
Presentations on
the Geopolitical
Implications of
15
Be prepared
to discuss
readings in
class.
What is the potential for
solar in solving some of
the energy dilemmas of
Europe and North Africa?
What geopolitical issues
come into play when one
considers the development
and export of solarpowered electricity? Are
their similarities and
differences than the issues
associated with oil and
gas? What obstacles need
to be surmounted for
DESERTEC to be
realized?
What happens if the world
fails to meet the challenge
of changing its behavior
sufficiently to prevent
potentially catastrophic
climate change? Does
science have any other
options to offer? What are
some of the politically
complicated realities
around geo-engineering?
Are current international
institutions well suited to
managing its use?
Take a
Position
Option 6:
Renewable
energies
such as
solar and
wind are
subject to
the same
geopolitical
complicatio
ns as oil and
gas.
Be prepared
to discuss
readings in
class.
Be prepared
to discuss
readings in
Alternative
Energies
class.
UNIT 6: CONCLUSIONS AND FINAL THOUGHTS
Wednesday
April 29
26
CLASS WRAP UP
Assignment
for class
preparation
will be
given in
Monday’s
class.
SECTION 5: Required Texts and Reading List
Required Texts:

Daniel Yergin, The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World,
(New York: Penguin Press), 2011.

David L. Goldwyn and Jan H. Kalicki (eds.), Energy and Security: Strategies for a World
in Transition (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013).

Andreas Goldthau (eds.), The Handbook of Global Energy Policy (John Wiley & Sons,
2013). – Harvard students can access the e-book with their Harvard ID and pin at
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebook:WOB_9781118326275 ; Cross-registrants can
access the e-book through guest computers in the HKS Library (and MIT crossregistrants should also be able to access the e-book through their MIT online catalogue).
Please consult an HKS Librarian for additional guidance.
Optional Texts:

Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (Free Press), 2008.
Copies of the required books and all of the readings not available online will be held on reserve
in the HKS Library.
16
UNIT 1: ENERGY AS A DETERMINANT OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM
Class 1: Friday January 23
Topic: Shopping Day
Required:

(2 pages) “From the Editor: Energy Geopolitics in the 21st Century,” Journal of Energy
Security, April 2012.
(http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=350:energygeopolitics-in-the-21st-century&catid=122:fromtheditor&Itemid=389).

(17 pages) Gal Luft and Anne Korin, “Energy Security: In the Eyes of the Beholder,” in
Energy Security Challenges for the 21st Century (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger Security
International), 2009, Chapter 1 - pp. 1-17.
Class 2: Monday, January 26
Topic: Energy as a Determinant of the International System
Required:

Be sure to have read the required readings from January 23 (above).

(14 pages) Meghan O’Sullivan, “The Entanglement of Energy, Grand Strategy, and
International Security,” in Andreas Goldthau (eds.), The Handbook of Global Energy
Policy (John Wiley & Sons, 2013), Chapter 2, pp. 30-43.

(17 pages) Daniel Yergin, “Energy Security and Markets,” in Jan H. Kalicki and David L.
Goldwyn (eds.), Energy and Security: Strategies for a World in Transition (Johns
Hopkins University Press, 2013), Chapter 2, pp. 69-85.
Optional:

Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power, 2008, Excerpt
from Chapter 8 - pp. 134-138; Exerpts from Chapters 16-19 - pp. 310-370; Excerpts from
Chapter 23 - pp. 432-460; Excerpt from Chapter 27 - pp. 524-526; Excerpt from Chapter
21 - pp. 404-408.

Yegor Gaidor, Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia (Washington DC:
Brookings Institution Press), 2007.
Class 3: Wednesday January 28
Topic: The Global Energy Landscape: Demand, Supply, and Price
17
Required:

(43 pages) Richard G. Newell and Stuart Iler, “The Global Energy Outlook” in Energy
and Security: Strategies for a World in Transition (Johns Hopkins University Press,
2013), Chapter 2, pp. 25-68.

(8 pages) International Energy Agency, “Executive Summary,” World Energy Outlook
2014, OECD, 2014, pp. 23-29. (PDF of whole report on course page)
Optional:

(5 pages) BP Statistical Review of World Energy, JUN-2014, pp. 1-5.
http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Energy-economics/statistical-review-2014/BPstatistical-review-of-world-energy-2014-full-report.pdf

OPEC, World Oil Outlook 2014, Executive Summary. December 2014.
http://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/publications/WOO
_2014.pdf

(10 page synopsis) David MacKay, Sustainable Energy – Without the Hot Air,
(Cambridge, UK: UIT Publishers), 2009. http://www.withouthotair.com/synopsis10.pdf

(17 pages) Christopher Allsopp and Bassam Fattouh “The Oil Market: Context, Selected
Features, and Implications,” in Andreas Goldthau (eds.), The Handbook of Global Energy
Policy (John Wiley & Sons, 2013), Chapter 5 – pp. 81-97.

(14 pages) Daniel Yergin, “Chapter 11: Is the World Running Out of Oil?” The Quest:
Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World, (New York: Penguin Press),
2011, pp. 227-241.
Class 4: Monday, February 2
Topic: The Unconventional Revolution in Oil and Gas: Opportunities and Constraints
Required:

(17 pages) David Victor “The Gas Promise,” in Jan H. Kalicki and David L. Goldwyn
(eds.), Energy and Security: Strategies for a World in Transition (Johns Hopkins
University Press, 2013), Chapter 3 – pp. 88-104.

(23 pages) Leonard Maugeri, The Unprecedented Upsurge of Oil Production Capacity
and What It Means for the World, Geopolitics of Energy Discussion Paper, June 2012.
(Pages 41-64 only) http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Oil%20The%20Next%20Revolution.pdf
18
Optional:

(16 pages) Daniel Yergin, The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern
World, (New York: Penguin Press), 2011, Chapter 16, “The Natural Gas Revolution,” pp.
325-341.

(9 pages) Stephen P.A. Brown, “The Shale Gas and Tight Oil Boom: U.S. States’
Economic Gains and Vulnerabilities,” Council on Foreign Relations, OCT-2013.
http://www.cfr.org/united-states/shale-gas-tight-oil-boom-us-states-economic-gainsvulnerabilities/p31568

(12 pages) John Deutch, “The Good News About Gas”, Foreign Affairs 2011. http://ezpprod1.hul.harvard.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db
=aph&AN=56625795&site=ehost-live&scope=site (follow the link and click where it
says “HTML Full Text” on the left side of the page)

(13 pages) Secretary of Energy Advisory Board, Shale Gas Production Subcommittee
Second Ninety Day Report, U.S. Department of Energy¸18 November 2011, pp. 1-10, 1618. http://www.shalegas.energy.gov/resources/111811_final_report.pdf
Class 5: Wednesday, February 4
Topic: The Unconventional Revolution in Oil and Gas: Prospects for Going Global
Assignment: Take a Position Option 1, 9pm the night before class
Required:

(13 pages) “Natural Gas Going Global? Potential and Pitfalls,” in Andreas Goldthau
(ed.), The Handbook of Global Energy Policy (John Wiley & Sons, 2013), Chapter 6 –
pp. 98-111.

(5 pages) Jozef Badida, “A Golden Age of Natural Gas in Europe?” Journal of Energy
Security, April 2013.
http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=440:a-goldenage-of-natural-gas-in-europe&catid=135:issue-content&Itemid=419

(15 pages) Fan Gao, “Will There Be a Shale Gas Revolution in China by 2020?” Oxford
Institute For Energy Studies, NG 61, APR-2012, pp. 22-36.
http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/NG-61.pdf
Optional:

(23 pages) Jonas Gratz, “Unconventional Resources: The Shifting Geographies and
Geopolitics of Energy,” Strategic Trends 2012, (Zurich: Center for Security Studies),
2012, pp. 79-102.
19

(5 pages) Maximlian Kuhn and Frank Umbach, “The Geoeconomic and Geopolitical
Implications of Unconventional Gas in Europe,” Journal of Energy Security, August
2011. (http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=320:thegeoeconomic-and-geopolitical-implications-of-unconventional-gas-ineurope&catid=118:content&Itemid=376).
Wednesday February 4 5-630pm Class Happy Hour
Class 6: Monday, February 9
Guest Speaker
UNIT 2: RESOURCE REALITIES
Class 7: Wednesday, February 11
Topic: The Resource Curse
Assignment: Memo Option 1, due 9pm the night before class
Required:

(17 pages) Charles McPherson, “Governance, Transparency, and Sustainable
Development” in Jan H. Kalicki and David L. Goldwyn (eds.), Energy and Security:
Strategies for a World in Transition (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013), Chapter 19,
pp. 444-460.

(21 pages) Andrew Bauer and Juan Carlos Quiroz, “Resource Governance,” in Andreas
Goldthau (eds.), The Handbook of Global Energy Policy (John Wiley & Sons, 2013),
Chapter 15 – pp. 244-264.

(13 pages) Diamond, Larry; Mosbacher, Jack. “Petroleum to the People,” Foreign
Affairs. Sep/Oct2013, Vol. 92 Issue 5, pp. 86-98.
http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/diamond_mosbacher_latest3.pdf

Watch: PBS News Hour, “Valuable Mineral Resources Found in Afghanistan,” 14 June
2010, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQNQfaTNK14

Watch: In Focus, “Peru’s Petroleum Play,”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Opg7KsZUEmk&playnext=1&list=PLBCC2E10AC5
9021A3&feature=results_video
Optional:

(7 pages) James M. Roberts and John A. Robinson, “Property Rights Can Solve the
Resource Curse,” Index of Economic Freedom (2013), Chapter 5.
20
http://www.heritage.org/index/book/chapter-5

(21 pages) Richard Dobbs, et al, “Reverse the Curse: Maximizing the Potential of
Resource-Driven Economies,” McKinsey Global Institute, December 2013, pp. 1-21
http://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/dotcom/Insights/Energy%20Resources%2
0Materials/Reverse%20the%20curse%20Maximizing%20the%20potential%20of%20res
ource%20driven%20economies/MGI%20Reverse%20the%20curse_Full%20report_Dec
%202013.ashx

(10 pages) Paul Stevens and Evelyn Dietsche, “Resource Curse: An Analysis of Causes,
Experiences and Possible Ways Forward,” Energy Policy 2008.
http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezpprod1.hul.harvard.edu/science/article/pii/S030142150700434X

(23 pages) Paul Segal, “How to Spend It: Resource Wealth and the Distribution of
Resources Rents,” Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, May 2012, pp. 1-23.
http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/SP_25.pdf
Holiday- February 16, 2015
Class 8: Wednesday, February 18
Topic: Resource Nationalism: The Case of Latin America
Assignment: Memo Option 2, 9pm the night before class
Required:

(12 pages) Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power, 2008,
pp. 212-216; pp. 254-262.

(8 pages) Charles McPherson, “National Oil Companies: Ensuring Benefits and Avoiding
Systematic Risks,” in Andreas Goldthau (ed.), The Handbook of Global Energy Policy
(John Wiley & Sons, 2013), Chapter 9, pp. 146-153.

(25 pages) David Goldwyn, Neil R. Brown, and Megan Reilly Cayten, Mexico’s Energy
Reform: Ready to Launch, The Atlantic Council, August 2104, pp. 3-26, 35-36.
http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/files/MexEnRefReadytoLaunch_FINAL_8.25._12
30pm_launch.pdf
Optional:

14 pages) Thomas F. McLarty, “Latin America” in Jan H. Kalicki and David L. Goldwyn
(eds.), Energy and Security: Strategies for a World in Transition (Johns Hopkins
University Press, 2013), Chapter 16 – pp. 344-357.
21

(25 pages) David Goldwyn, Neil R. Brown, and Megan Reilly Cayten, Mexico’s Rising:
Energy Reform at Last?, The Atlantic Council, December 2013.
http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/publications/Mexico_Rising.pdf

(6 pages) “Resource Nationalism Update,” EY’s Global Mining & Metals Center, OCT2013.
http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-M-and-M-Resource-nationalismupdate-October-2013/$FILE/EY-M-and-M-Resource-nationalism-update-October2013.pdf

(7 pages) “Supermajordämmerung: The Day of the Huge Integrated International Oil
Company is Drawing to a Close,” The Economist, 03-AUG-2013
http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21582522-day-huge-integrated-internationaloil-company-drawing
o (9 pages) “Oil and Gas Reality Check 2013: A Look at the Top Issues Facing the Oil and
Gas Sector,” Deloitte, 2013, pp. 14-22.
http://www.deloitte.com/assets/DcomBruneiDarussalam/Local%20Assets/Documents/oil_gas_reality_check_2013.pdf

(16 pages) Silvano Tordo, Brandon S. Tracy, and Noora Arfaa, “National Oil Companies
and Value Creation,” World Bank Working Paper, No. 218, 2011 pp. xi-xiv, 1-12
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTOGMC/Resources/9780821388310.pdf

(2 pages) David Gardner, “Not All Forms of Resource Nationalism Are Alike,” Financial
Times, 18-AUG-2013.
http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/62be6d98-05df-11e3-ad01-00144feab7de.html

(23 pages) Noel Maurer and Aldo Musacchio, Pemex (A): In a Free Fall? HBS Case 9713-051, 17 January 2013.
Class 9: Monday, February 23
Topic: Resource Endowments & the Nature of the State
Assignment: Take a Position Option 2, due 9pm the night before class
Required:

(15 pages) Thomas L. Friedman, “The First Law of Petropolitics,” Foreign Policy, 19NOV-2013.
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2006/04/25/the_first_law_of_petropolitics

(20 pages) Tarzi, Shah M., and Nathan Schackow. "Oil And Political Freedom In Third
World Petro States: Do Oil Prices and Dependence On Petroleum Exports Foster
Authoritarianism?" Journal Of Third World Studies 29, no. 2 (Fall 2012): 231-250
22

(6 pages) Daniel Yergin, The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern
World, (New York: Penguin Press), 2011, Excerpt of Chapter 14 - pp. 291-296 (“The
Social Foundations” heading until “Iraq’s Potential” heading).

(6 pages) Paul D. Miller, “The Fading Arab Oil Empire,” The National Interest,
July/August 2012, pp. 38-43.
Optional:

(33 pages) F. Gregory Gause III, “Kings For All Seasons: How the Middle East’s
Monarchies Survived the Arab Spring,” Brookings Doha Center,
http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2013/09/24%20resilience%20ar
ab%20monarchies%20gause/resilience%20arab%20monarchies_english.pdf

(3 pages) Vali Nasr, “Business, Not as Usual,” International Monetary Fund, Finance &
Development, Vol. 50, MAR-2013
https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2013/03/point.htm

(25 pages) Michael Ross, “The Political Economy of the Resource Curse,” World
Politics, vol. 51, No. 2, January 1999, pp. 297-322. http://www.jstor.org.ezpprod1.hul.harvard.edu/stable/pdfplus/25054077.pdf

(6 pages) Michael L. Ross, “Will oil drown the Arab spring?” Foreign Affairs, Sep/Oct
2011, Vol. 90 Issue 5, pp. 2-7. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68200/michael-lross/will-oil-drown-the-arab-spring

(28 pages) Sarah M. Brooks and Marcus Kurtz, “Oil and Democracy: Endogenous
Natural Resources and the Political ‘Resource Curse’ “Presentation at the 2012 Annual
Meetings of the American Political Science Association, SEP-2012.
http://www.yale.edu/leitner/resources/papers/Brooks_Kurtz_2013_Oil%20and%20Demo
cracy.pdf
UNIT 3: ENERGY AS A MEANS OF NATIONAL POWER: Using Energy to Project
Power
Class 10: Wednesday, February 25
Topic: Consumer Leverage and the Use of Sanctions: The Case of Iran
Assignment: Take a Position Option 3, due 9pm the night before class
Required:

(7 pages) Bassem Fattouh and Laura El-Katiri, On Oil Embargos and the Myth of the
Iranian Oil Weapon, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, February 2012.
23
http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/On-Oil-Embargosand-the-Myth-of-the-Iranian-Oil-Weapon1.pdf

(8 pages) Meghan L. O’Sullivan, Shrewd Sanctions: Statecraft and State Sponsors of
Terrorism (Brookings Institution Press), 2003 Excerpt from Chapter 2 - pp. 24-32.

(12 pages) Daniel Drezner, “Sanctions Sometimes Smart: Targeted Sanctions in Theory
and Practice,” International Studies Review, Vol.13, Issue 1, 2011, pp. 96-108.

(6 pages) Mehmet Kinaci, “Tightening Oil Sanctions on Iran,” Journal of Energy
Security, 7 August 2012.
(http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=372:tighteningoil-sanctions-on-iran&catid=128:issue-content&Itemid=402).

(9 pages) Suzanne Maloney, “Six Myths About Iran Sanctions,” The Brookings
Institution, 13 January 2014. http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/markaz/posts/2014/01/7iran-sanctions-nuclear-deal-myths

FOR REFERENCE: (16 pages) Kenneth Katzman, “Iran Sanctions,” Congressional
Research Service, 23-OCT-2014. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RS20871.pdf
Optional:

(26 pages) David Ramin Jalilvand, Iran’s Gas Exports: Can Past Failure Become Future
Success? Oxford Institute For Energy Studies, NG 78, JUN-2013.
http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/NG-78.pdf

(20 pages) Anthony H. Cordesman, “US and Iranian Strategic Competition: Sanctions,
Energy, Arms Control, and Regime Change,” Center for Strategic & International
Studies, 19-APR-2013, Executive Summary pp. i-xix.
http://csis.org/files/publication/120124_Iran_Sanctions.pdf

(8 pages) Robert McNally, “Managing Oil Market Disruption in a Confrontation with
Iran,” Council on Foreign Relations Energy Brief, January 2012, pp. 1-8.
http://www.cfr.org/iran/managing-oil-market-disruption-confrontation-iran/p27171

(16 pages) Suzanne Maloney, “Sanctioning Iran: If Only It Were So Simple,” The
Washington Quarterly, January 2010, pp. 131-147. (16 pages)
http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/articles/2010/01_iran_sanctions_maloney/01
_iran_sanctions_maloney.pdf
Class 11: Monday, March 2
Topic: OPEC Today: How to meet the challenge of unconventional supply?
Assignment: Post-exercise task
24
Required:

R. Mabro, “The Oil Weapon: Can it be used today?” Harvard International Review , Vol.
29, no. 3, Fall 2007.

(12 pages) Dag Harald Claes, “Cooperation and Conflict in Oil and Gas Markets,” in
Andreas Goldthau (eds.), The Handbook of Global Energy Policy (John Wiley & Sons,
2013), Chapter 11 – pp. 176-187.

(10 pages) Amy Myers Jaffe and Ed Morse, “The End of OPEC,” Foreign Policy, 16OCT-2013.
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/10/16/the_end_of_opec_america_energy_oil

(3 pages) Gal Luft, “Fifty Years to OPEC: Time to Break the Oil Cartel,” Journal of
Energy Security, September 2010,
(http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=263:fiftyyears-to-opec-time-to-break-the-oilcartel&catid=110:energysecuritycontent&Itemid=366).

(4 pages) Nancy Brune, “50 Years Later: OPEC’s Continuing Threat to American
Security,” Journal of Energy Security, September 2010.
(http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=263:fiftyyears-to-opec-time-to-break-the-oilcartel&catid=110:energysecuritycontent&Itemid=366)
Optional:

(4 pages) Ajay Makan and Neil Hume, “Oil Supply: The Cartel’s Challenge,” Financial
Times, 01-DEC-2013.
http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/bc23bc7a-581a-11e3-82fc-00144feabdc0.html

(5 pages) Gal Luft, “To Drill or Not to Drill,” Foreign Policy, 04-JUN-2013.
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/05/27/to_drill_or_not_to_drill_saudi_arabia_
united_states_oil
Class 12: Wednesday, March 4
Topic: Cartelization: OPEC and the GECF
Assignment: Take a Position Option 4, due 9pm the night before class
Required:

(16 pages) Amy Myers Jaffe and Edward L. Morse, “OPEC: Can the Cartel Survive
Another 50 Years” in Jan H. Kalicki and David L. Goldwyn (eds.), Energy and Security:
25
Strategies for a World in Transition (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013), Chapter 5 –
pp. 121-136.

(7 pages) Chakib Khelil, “Commentary on Part I” in Jan H. Kalicki and David L.
Goldwyn (eds.), Energy and Security: Strategies for a World in Transition (Johns
Hopkins University Press, 2013), Chapter 5 – pp. 157-163.

(20 pages) Bassam Fattouh and Lavan Mahadeva, “OPEC: What Difference Has It
Made?” Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, MEP 3, JAN-2013.
http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/MEP-3.pdf

(1 page) Alexander Kolyandr, “Putin: No Plans to Create Gas Cartel,” Wall Street
Journal, 1-JUL-2013
http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130701-706596.html

(2 pages) Tyler Crowe, “Is Vladimir Putin Building a New OPEC?” Daily Finance, 9JUL-2013
http://www.dailyfinance.com/2013/07/09/is-vladimir-putin-building-a-new-opec/
Optional:

(76 pages) Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power, 2008,
Chapter 24 - pp. 461-480; Excerpts from Chapters 25-27 - pp. 498-511; Chapter 29 - pp.
570-594; Chapter 33 - pp. 658-680, 726-749.

(63 pages) Anna Rubino, Queen of the Oil Club: The Intrepid Wanda Jablonski and the
Power of Information (Boston: Beacon Press), 2008, pp. 135-198.
Class 13: Monday, March 9
Topic: Russia and Europe
Assignment: Memo Option 3, due 9pm the night before class
Required:

(15 pages) Pierre Noel, “European Gas Supply Security: Unfinished Business” in Jan H.
Kalicki and David L. Goldwyn (eds.), Energy and Security: Strategies for a World in
Transition (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013), Chapter 7 – pp. 169-183.

(14 pages) Gustafson, Thane. “Putin’s Petroleum Problem,” Foreign Affairs.
Nov/Dec2012, Vol. 91 Issue 6, pp. 83-96.

(29 pages) Michael Ratners, et al, “Europe’s Energy Security: Options and Challenges to
Natural Gas Supply Diversification,” Congressional Research Service, 20-AUG-2013.
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42405.pdf
26

(5 pages) Keith Johnson, “Putin’s Gas Gambit Backfires,” Foreign Policy, 12-DEC-2013
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/12/12/putins_gas_gambit_backfires
Optional:

(15 pages) Pierre Noel, “European Gas Supply Security: Unfinished Business” in Jan H.
Kalicki and David L. Goldwyn (eds.), Energy and Security: Strategies for a World in
Transition (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013), Chapter 7 – pp. 169-183.

(10 pages) James Henderson, “Tight Oil Developments in Russia,” Oxford Institute for
Energy Studies, WPM 52, OCT-2013, pp. 1-7, 20-21
http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/WPM-52.pdf

(14 pages) James Henderson and Patrick Heather, “Lessons from the February 2012
European Gas “Crisis,” Oxford Institute for Energy Studies: Energy Comment, April
2012, pp. 1-14. http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wpcontent/uploads/2012/04/Lessons-from-the-February-2012-gas-crisis.pdf

(17 pages) Ariel Cohen, “Russia: The Flawed Energy Superpower,” in Gal Luft and Anne
Korin (eds.), Energy Security Challenges for the 21st Century, (Greenwood Publishing
Group, 2009), Chapter 7 - pp. 91-108.

(18 pages) Ariel Cohen, “Energy Security in the Caspian Basin,” in Gal Luft and Anne
Korin (eds.), Energy Security Challenges for the 21st Century, (Greenwood Publishing
Group, 2009), Chapter 8 - pp. 109-127.

(15 pages) Kevin Rosner, “The European Union: On Energy, Disunity,” in Gal Luft and
Anne Korin (eds.), Energy Security Challenges for the 21st Century, (Greenwood
Publishing Group, 2009), Chapter 11 - pp. 160-175.
Class 14: Wednesday, March 11
Topic: The Geopolitical Implications of Iraq’s National Energy Strategy, a Case Study
Assignment: Memo Option 4: Write a Memo to the Iraqi National Security Advisor giving
him advice on how Baghdad might overcome its dispute with the Kurds over oil revenues.
Required:

(38 pages) Sean Kane, “Iraq’s Oil Politics: Where Agreement Might Be Found,”U.S.
Institute of Peace, 2010. http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/iraq_oil_pw64.pdf

(14 pages) J. Robinson West and Raad Alkadiri, “Iraq, Iran, and the Gulf Region,” in Jan
H. Kalicki and David L. Goldwyn (eds.), Energy and Security: Strategies for a World in
Transition (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013), Chapter 10.
27

(22 pages) “Iraq Energy Outlook,” International Energy Agency, 2012, pp. 107-128
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEO_2012_Iraq_Energy_O
utlookFINAL.pdf

Those writing the memo will want to consult IraqOilReport and Al Monitor Iraq Pulse for
up to date information.
Optional:

(38 pages) CASE Meghan L. O’Sullivan, “Iraq: Translating Underground Wealth Into
Power and Prosperity” (Geopolitics of Energy Case #1), Harvard Kennedy School of
Government, 2011, (on course page).

(2 pages) “Iraq Embraces China’s growing Oil Dominance,” Reuters, 30-OCT-2013
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/30/iraq-oil-china-idUSL5N0IK25420131030

(3 pages) Ben Van Heuvelen, “Iraq’s Kurdish Region Pursues Ties with Turkey – for
Energy Revenue and Independence,” Washington Post, 09-NOV-2013
http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iraqs-kurdish-region-pursues-tieswith-turkey--for-oil-and-independence/2013/11/09/ffae210a-41a5-11e3-8b74d89d714ca4dd_story.html

(1 page) Alex Lawler and Peg Mackey, “Iran, Iraq Put OPEC on Notice of Big Oil
Increases,” Reuters, 03-DEC-2013
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/03/opec-iran-idUSL5N0JI32X20131203

(54 pages) Robert Ebel, Geopolitics and Energy in Iraq: Where Politics Rule, CSIS
Report, 5 August 2010, pp. 1-54.
http://csis.org/files/publication/I00730_Ebel_IraqGeopolitics_Web.pdf
March 16-20: Spring Break
UNIT 4: ENERGY AS AN END TO FOREIGN POLICY AND SECURITY
STRATEGIES:
The Use of Power to Protect and Secure Energy
Class 15: Monday, March 23
Guest Speaker
Class 16: Wednesday, March 25
Topic: The Geopolitical Implications of Pakistan’s National Energy Strategy
28
Assignment: Post-exercise task, read case and be prepared to discuss
Required:

CASE (10 pages) Francisco Aguilar, “Meeting Pakistan’s Energy Needs,” Case Prepared
for IGA 412, Harvard Kennedy School of Government, October 2011. (10 pages). Read
and examine the accompanying spread sheet. Think about possible solutions to this case
for you to propose/discuss in small groups in class. (Material on course page.)

(19 pages) Elizabeth Mills, Pakistan’s Energy Crisis, U.S. Institute of Peace, June 2012,
pp. 4-23. http://www.usip.org/files/resources/PW79_Pakistans_Energy_Crisis.pdf
o (7 pages) Michael Kugelman, “Pakistan’s Energy Crisis: From Conundrum to
Catastrophe?” The National Bureau of Asian Research, 13-MAR-2013.
http://www.nbr.org/downloads/pdfs/eta/Kugelman_commentary_03132013.pdf

(6 pages) Muhammad Umair Shah, “Pakistan’s Struggle for LNG,” Journal of Energy
Security, NOV-2012.
http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=392:pakisstansstruggle-for-lng&catid=130:issue-content&Itemid=405

(7 pages) Asif Faiz, “The Political Economy of Pakistan’s National Energy Policy,”
Atlantic Council, 26-AUG-2013.

(2 pages) “Energy Starved Pakistan Eyes Solar Power,” Agence France Press, 26 March
2012. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iQqyeNGf_uL2m4WXHuCkHeBfBuw?docId=CNG.e90177df7bc765b1d1b36a47bff406c5.411
Optional:

(1 page) Associated Press, “Iran Cancels Pakistan Gas Pipeline Loan,” Washington Post,
14-DEC-2013
http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/iran-cancels-pakistan-gas-pipelineloan/2013/12/14/8ff1078e-64bd-11e3-af0d-4bb80d704888_story.html

(3 pages) “Long, Hot, Summer,” The Economist, 08-JUL-2013
http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21579059-first-task-pakistans-new-prime-ministerkeep-lights-long-hot-summer

(2 pages) Rebecca Santana, “Pakistan’s Power Shortage Problem Is Country’s Biggest
Threat,” Huffington Post, 15-JUN-2013
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/15/pakistan-power-shortage_n_3447599.html

(1 page) Krista Mahr, “Pakistan’s Struggle for Power,” Time, 09-OCT-13
http://world.time.com/2013/10/09/pakistans-struggle-for-power/
29

(3 pages) Isobel Coleman, “Challenges for Pakistan’s Prime Minister,” Council on
Foreign Relations, 24-MAY-2013
http://blogs.cfr.org/coleman/2013/05/24/challenges-for-pakistans-prime-minister/

(28 pages) Robert Hathaway, Bhumika Muchhala, and Michael Kugelman, Fueling the
Future: Meeting Pakistan’s Energy Needs in the 21st Century, Woodrow Wilson Center,
2007, pp. 17-34 and pp. 93-104.
http://wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/Asia_FuelingtheFuture_rptmain.pdf

(9 pages) Haider Ali Hussein Mullick, “The Iran-Pakistan-India Pipeline: Economics,
Geopolitics, and Security, Pakistan Security Research Unit Brief No. 36, 11 June 2008.
http://haidermullick.com/Documents/Mullick%20PSRU%20IPI%20Brief+36.pdf

(15 pages) Ariel Cohen, Lisa Curtis, and Owen Graham “The Proposed Iran-PakistanIndia Gas Pipeline: An Unacceptable Risk to Regional Security,” Heritage Foundation
Backgrounder, No: 2139, May 2008.
http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2008/05/The-Proposed-Iran-Pakistan-IndiaGas-Pipeline-An-Unacceptable-Risk-to-Regional-Security
Class 17: Monday, March 30
Topic: Resource Mercantilism; China in Africa
Assignment: Memo Option 5, due 9pm the night before class
Required:

CASE (2 pages) Meghan L. O’Sullivan, “How to Respond to Chinese Energy Activities
in Africa,” Geopolitics of Energy Case #5, April 2012. (Posted on course page.) Read
the case and be prepared to discuss the questions posed in detail in class.

(3 pages) “Africa and China: This house [The Economist] believes that China’s growing
involvement in Africa is to be welcomed”, The Economist debates, 27 August 2011.
(Read opening remarks from The Economist’s moderator, professor Calestous Juma and
professor George Ayittey) http://www.economist.com/debate/overview/165

(24 pages) Bo Kong, China’s International Petroleum Policy (Praeger: Santa Barbara,
2010), Chapter 5 - pp. 116-140.

(6 pages) Alessi, Christopher, and Stephanie Hanson. "Expanding China-Africa Oil
Ties." Council on Foreign Relations. Feb 2012.
http://www.cfr.org/china/expanding-china-africa-oil-ties/p9557

(13 pages) Witney Schneidman, “A Trilateral Dialogue on the United States, Africa and
China,” Brookings Institution, 2013.
http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2013/08/us%20africa%20chin
a%20trilateral%20dialogue/All%20Trade%20Papers.pdf
30
Optional:

(3 pages) “More than Minerals,” The Economist, 23-MAR-2013
http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21574012-chinese-trade-africakeeps-growing-fears-neocolonialism-are-overdone-more

(9 pages) Don Yamamoto, “Assessing China’s Role and Influence in Africa,” Testimony
Before the House Foreign Affairs Committee Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health,
and Human Rights, 29 March 2012. http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/112/HHRG-112FA16-WState-YamamotoD-20120329.pdf

(8 pages) David Shinn, “Assessing China’s Role and Influence in Africa,” Testimony
Before the House Foreign Affairs Committee Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health,
and Human Rights, 29 March 2012. http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/112/HHRG-112FA16-WState-ShinnD-20120329.pdf

(9 pages) Guy C.K Leung, “China's energy security: Perception and reality,” Energy
Policy, 2011, pp. 1330-1337. http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezpprod1.hul.harvard.edu/science/article/pii/S0301421510008864

(26 pages) David L. Goldwyn, “Squaring the U.S.-Africa-China Energy Triangle: The
Path from Competition to Cooperation,” in Gal Luft and Anne Korin (eds.), Energy
Security Challenges for the 21st Century (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger Security
International), 2009, Chapter 15 - pp. 233-249.

(2 pages) Matthew Acocella, “What an energy-hogging China may mean for the U.S.
and global politics,” Foreign Policy blog, 28 July 2010.
http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/07/28/what_an_energy_hogging_china_may_m
ean_for_the_us_and_global_politics
Class 18: Wednesday, April 1
Topic: China’s Rise and Thirst for Energy: Is great power conflict inevitable?
Assignment: Take a Position Option 5, due 9pm the night before class
Required:

(19 pages) Daniel Yergin, “Chapter 9: China’s Rise” The Quest: Energy, Security, and
the Remaking of the Modern World, (New York: Penguin Press), 2011, pp. 189-208.

(11 pages) Christopher J. Fettweis, “No Blood for Oil: Why Resource Wars Are
Obsolete,” in Gal Luft and Anne Korin (eds.), Energy Security Challenges for the 21st
Century (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger Security International), 2009, Chapter 5 - pp. 6677.
31

(21 pages) Michael Klare, “There Will Be Blood: Political Violence, Regional Warfare,
and the Risk of Great Power Conflict,” in Gal Luft and Anne Korin (eds.), Energy
Security Challenges for the 21st Century (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger Security
International), 2009, Chapter 4 - pp. 44-65.
Optional:
o (15 pages) Oystein Noreng “Global Resource Scramble and New Energy Frontiers,” in
Andreas Goldthau (eds.), The Handbook of Global Energy Policy (John Wiley & Sons,
2013), Chapter 10 – pp. 159-173.

(12 pages) Alvin Lin, Fuqiang Yang, and Jason Portner, “Global Energy Policy: A View
from China” in Andreas Goldthau (ed.), The Handbook of Global Energy Policy (John
Wiley & Sons, 2013), Chapter 23 – pp. 393-404.

(17 pages) Amy Myer Jaffe and Kenneth B. Medlock III, “China, India, and Asian
Energy” in Jan H. Kalicki and David L. Goldwyn (eds.), Energy and Security: Strategies
for a World in Transition (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013), Chapter 13 – pp. 283299.

(2 pages) Gal Luft & Yaron Varona, “China’s Rare Earth Monopoly,” Journal of Energy
Security, December 2010.
http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=272:chinasrare-earth-monopoly&catid=112:energysecuritycontent&Itemid=367

(8 pages) “Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving
the People’s Republic of China 2013,” Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2013, pp. 1522. http://www.defense.gov/pubs/2013_china_report_final.pdf

(4 pages) Henry Philippens, “Fueling China’s Maritime Modernization: The Need to
Guarantee Energy Security,” Journal of Energy Security, December 2011, pp.
(http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=332:fuelingchinas-maritime-modernization-the-need-to-guarantee-energysecurity&catid=121:contentenergysecurity1111&Itemid=386).

(34 pages) “Stirring Up the South China Sea: Regional Responses,” International Crisis
Group Asia Report No. 229, July 2012, pp. 1-34.
http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/north-east-asia/229-stirring-up-the-southchina-sea-ii-regional-responses

(2 pages) Gal Luft, “What does America’s Shale Gas Revolution Mean for China?”
Journal of Energy Security, AUG-2013.
http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=452:what-doesamericas-shale-gas-revolution-mean-for-china&catid=137:issue-content&Itemid=422
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
(6 pages) Damien Ma, “China’s Search for a New Energy Strategy: Time to Liberalize
Energy Prices,” Foreign Affairs, 04-JUN-2013.
http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139425/damien-ma/chinas-search-for-a-newenergy-strategy
Class 18: Monday, April 6
Topic: The United States in the Gulf
Assignment: Policy Memo Option 6, due 9pm the night before class
Required:

(12 pages) Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power, chapter
37, “Crisis in the Gulf,” Chapter 37 - pp. 750-762.

(25 pages) Charles L. Glaser, “How Oil Influences U.S. National Security,” International
Security, Fall 2013, Vol. 38, No. 2, Pages 112-146.

(13 pages) Michael O’Hanlon, “How Much Does the United States Spend Protecting
Persian Gulf Oil?,” in Carlos Pascual and Evie Zambetakis (eds), Energy Security:
Economics, Politics, Strategies and Implications, (Washington DC: Brookings, 2010),
Chapter 3 - pp. 59-72.

(7 pages) Anthony H. Cordesman, “American Strategy and US ‘Energy Independence’”
Center for Strategic and International Studies, 21-OCT-2013.
http://csis.org/files/publication/131021_AmericanStrat_EnergyIndependence.pdf

(2 pages) Rachel Bronson, “Review: America’s Oil Wars,” International Journal of
Middle East Studies, Vol. 38, No. 4 (Nov., 2006), pp. 617-618.
Optional:

(3 pages) Anna Nadgrodkiewiz, “Review: America’s Appetite for Oil: The Past, Present,
and a Bumpy Road Ahead,” The Review of Politics, Vol. 68, No. 3, pp. 538-541.

(2 pages) Jon B. Altman, “What should the Middle East Expect from the United States
and its Allies?” Center for Strategic and International Studies, Global Forecast 2014
http://csis.org/files/publication/131109_gf14_alterman.pdf

(4 pages) Loren Thompson, “What Happens When America No Longer Needs Middle
East Oil?” Forbes. 3-DEC-2012.
http://www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2012/12/03/what-happens-when-america-nolonger-needs-middle-east-oil/

(4 pages) Steve Coll, Private Empire: Exxon Mobil and American Power, (London:
Penguin Books) 2012, First 4 pages of Chapter 11 - pp. 227-230.
33

(12 pages) Daniel Yergin, The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern
World, (New York: Penguin Press), 2011, First 12 pages from Chapter 7 - pp. 141-153.

(4 pages) Steven Mufson, “A Crude Case for War?” The Washington Post, 16 March
2008. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2008/03/14/AR2008031403677_pf.html

(11 pages) Michael T. Klare. "Petroleum Anxiety and militarization," in Daniel Moran
and James Russell (eds.), Energy Security and Global Politics: the Militarization of
Resource Management, (New York: Routledge, 2009), Excerpt from Chapter 2 - pp. 4657.

(15 pages) Lawrence Korb and Ian Moss, Moving Beyond the Carter Doctrine:
Rethinking the U.S. Military Presence in the Persian Gulf, The Century Foundation,
2008, pp. 3-17. http://tcf.org/events/pdfs/ev232/korb.pdf/++atfield++file
UNIT 5: ALTERNATIVE, RENEWABLE, AND NEW ENERGY AND GEOPOLITICS
Class 20: Wednesday, April 8
Topic: National Security, the Unconventional Revolution, and Climate Change
Required:

(13 pages) Michael Levi, “Energy, Environment, and Climate: Framework and
Tradeoffs,” in Jan H. Kalicki and David L. Goldwyn (eds.), Energy and Security:
Strategies for a World in Transition (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013), Chapter 21
pp. 483-495.

(14 pages) Leon Fuerth, “National Security, Energy, Climate Change: New Paradigm;
New Strategy; New Governance,” in Jan H. Kalicki and David L. Goldwyn (eds.),
Energy and Security: Strategies for a World in Transition (Johns Hopkins University
Press, 2013), Chapter 22 pp. 499-512.

(12 pages) Fariborz Zelli, et al. “Global Climate Governance and Energy Choices,” in
Andreas Goldthau (ed.), The Handbook of Global Energy Policy (John Wiley & Sons,
2013), Chapter 23 – pp 340-353.
Optional:

(24 pages) “Climate Change and the Path Toward Sustainable Energy Sources,” The
White House, 2013 Economic Report of the President, Chapter 6
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/erp2013/ERP2013_Chapter_6.pdf
34

(10 pages) Carmine Difiglio, “Energy and World Economic Growth,” Federation of
American Scientists, Public Interest Report, Spring 2013 – Volume 66 Number 2
http://blogs-cdn.fas.org/pir/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2013/05/Energy-and-EconomicGrowth-Spring-131.pdf

(9 pages) Meagan S. Mauter, et al. “The Next Frontier in United States Shale Gas and
Tight Oil Extraction: Strategic Reduction of Environmental Impacts,” HKS Belfer Center,
Discussion Paper #2013-04, MAR-2013, pp. 34-42.
http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/mauter-dp-2013-04-final.pdf

(1 page) Javier Solana, “The Shale Revolution’s Global Footprint,” Project Syndicate,
20-NOV-2013. http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/javier-solana-examinesthe-impact-of-shale-energy-on-europe-and-asia
Class 21: Monday, April 13
Topic: Geopolitical Consequences of a Shift to Nuclear Power
Required:

(17 pages) Daniel Yergin, The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern
World, (New York: Penguin Press), 2011, Chapter 18, “The Nuclear Cycle,” pp. 361-378.

(17 pages) Yury Yudin “Nuclear Energy and Non-Proliferation,” in Andreas Goldthau
(eds.), The Handbook of Global Energy Policy (John Wiley & Sons, 2013), Chapter 13 –
pp. 205-221.

(5 pages) Charles Ferguson, and Sharon Squassoni, “Why Nuclear Energy Isn’t the
Great Green Hope,” Foreign Policy, 06-APR-2010.
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2007/06/24/why_nuclear_energy_isnt_the_great_g
reen_hope
Optional:

(13 pages) “Restoring US Leadership in Nuclear Energy: A National Security
Imperative,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, JUN-2013 pp. ix-xxi.
http://csis.org/files/publication/130719_Wallace_RestoringUSLeadershipNuclearEnergy_
WEB.pdf

(1 page) “Asia airs Nuclear Ambitions at UN Gathering,” Reuters, 20-SEP-2013.
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/20/nuclear-asia-idUSL5N0HE2DW20130920

(11 pages) Ernest Moniz, “Why We Still Need Nuclear Power,” Foreign Affairs,
November/December 2011, pp. 83-94.
35

(10 pages) Amory B. Lovins, Imran Sheikh, and Alex Markevich, “Forget Nuclear,”
Rocky Mountain Institute, 6 April 2008, pp. 1-10.
http://www.rmi.org/sitepages/pid467.php

(3 pages) Joseph Cirincione and Uri Leventer, “The Middle East’s Nuclear Surge,” The
New York Times,13 August 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/13/opinion/13ihtedcirin.1.7097430.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print

(21 pages) International Energy Agency, “The Implications of Less Nuclear Power,”
World Energy Outlook 2011, OECD, 2011, pp. 447-468. (link to whole report on course
page)
Class 22: Wednesday, April 15
Student Presentations on Geopolitical Implications of Alternative Energies
Class 23: Monday, April 20
Topic: Geopolitical Consequences of Solar Energy: The Case of DESERTEC
Assignment: Take a Position Option 6, due 8am before class
Required:

(24 pages) Daniel Yergin, The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern
World, (New York: Penguin Press), 2011, Chapter 27, “Rebirth of Renewables,” pp. 523547.

(4 pages) Iana Dreyer, Renewables: Do They Matter for Foreign Policy?, Policy Brief:
European Institute for Security Studies, June 2013.
http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/Brief_23.pdf

(11 pages) Lasse Eisgruber, “The Resource Curse: Analysis of the applicability to the
large-scale export of electricity from renewable resources,” Journal of Energy Security,
vol. 57, June 2013, pp. 429-440.

(17 pages) Antoine Artiganave and Lukas Streiff, “Trans-Mediterranean Trade in Solar
Energy: What Should Europe Do?” Geopolitics of Energy Case on Desertec: Harvard
Kennedy School of Government, November 2010. (Available on course website)
Optional:

(12 pages) Johan Lilliestam, Saskia Ellenbeck, “Energy security and renewable
electricity trade—Will Desertec make Europe vulnerable to the “energy weapon?,”
Energy Policy, 2011. http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezpprod1.hul.harvard.edu/science/article/pii/S0301421511002151
36

(5 pages) Cordula Meyer, “European dream of desert energy takes shape”, Der Spiegel,
27 May 2010. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,695908,00.html

(1 page) Christoph Steitz, “Europe must act to make green desert project work-Desertec
Head,” Reuters, 12-JUN-2013.
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/05/renewable-energy-desertecfoundation-dii

(1 page) Jonathan Gifford, “Desertec to focus on EU MENA connection,” PV Magazine,
14-FEB-2013. http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/desertec-pulls-out-ofconsortium-it-founded_100011883/

(6 pages) IEA, Technology Roadmap: Concentrated Solar Power, 2010, pp. 5-11.
http://www.iea.org/papers/2010/csp_roadmap.pdf
Class 24: Wednesday, April 22
Topic: Geo-Engineering and International Institutions
Required:

(1 page) Melanie A. Kenderdine and Ernest J. Moniz, “Technology Development and
Energy Security,” in Jan H. Kalicki and David L. Goldwyn (eds.), Energy and Security:
Strategies for a World in Transition (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013), Chapter 17
pp. 402-3.

David Keith, A Case for Climate Engineering, Chapters 2 and 5, A Boston Review Book,
MIT Press, 2013.

(2 pages) “Stopping a Scorcher: The Controversy Over Manipulating Climate Change,”
The Economist, 23-NOV-2013.
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:H9CuK9Upwo0J:www.economi
st.com/news/books-and-arts/21590347-controversy-over-manipulating-climate-changestopping-scorcher+geoengineering&cd=12&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us

(13 pages) David G. Victor, et al. "The Geoengineering Option." Foreign Affairs, 88.2
(2009): 64-76.
Optional:

(2 pages) Henry Gass, “Salt Spray May Prove Most Feasible Geoengineering,” Scientific
American, 12-DEC-2013.
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=salt-spray-may-prove-most-feasiblegeoengineering
37

(23 pages) Kelsi Bracmort and Richard K. Lattanzio, “Geoengineering: Governance and
Technology Policy,” Congressional Research Service, 26-NOV-2013, pp. 1-23.
https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41371.pdf

(5 pages) Brad Plumer, “Should We Use Geoengineering to Cool the Earth? An Interview
with David Keith,” Washington Post, 30-OCT-2013.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/10/30/david-keith-explainswhy-geoengineering-isnt-as-crazy-as-it-sounds/

(13 pages) Michael Specter, The Climate Fixers: Is There a Technological Solution to
Global Warming?” The New Yorker, 14-MAY-2012.
http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/05/14/120514fa_fact_specter?currentPage=all
Class 25: Monday, April 27
Student Presentations on Geopolitical Implications of Alternative Energies
UNIT 6: CONCLUSIONS AND FINAL THOUGHTS
Class 26: Wednesday, April 29
Class Wrap Up
38