Viruses and the Six Kingdoms (attach this to the Ch 14 packet)
(*V= video link from my website, PPT *= PowerPoint from my website)
1. Draw and color Fig. 2 (page 413) in the
space to the right. Circle the three domains.
Name ______________
Date ________ Period _
2. Draw the phylogenetic tree on page 412.
Put a box around each of the six kingdoms.
V1 *3. Intro: What are pathogens? _______________________________________________
4. What are two examples of Pathogens? _________________________________________
5. What are released that might makes us feel ill? ________________What is another name for these? ______________
6. These organisms are much smaller than __________ ____________.
7. Draw a comparison here of the two different cells (Make sure the size difference is obvious.).
8. Another type of pathogen is a __________________________.
9. List two ways they work.
1. _____________________________________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________________________________
10. Draw this pathogen next to the two cells above.
11. What was Ignaz Semmelweis’ job? __________________
When ? _________________
12. What question did he have? ___________________________________________________________________
13. What was his hypothesis (thoughts)?_______________________________________________________________
14. What was his suggestion to combat that? __________________________________________________________
15. What was the result of this? ___________________________________________________________________
V2 *16. Smithsonian: Viruses vs. Bacteria. What are the differences between Viruses and Bacteria?
Viruses
Bacteria
17. Identify if the following terms deal with viruses, bacteria, or both.
___________Antibiotic resistance ___________Ebola aids
___________ Microorganism
___________Antibiotics
___________Help digest food
___________Parasitic sack of genes
___________Common cold
___________Invades the cells of
___________Smaller
___________Ear infections
hosts to make more of themselves
___________Strep throat
V3 *18. Mr. Parr’s Song: What two types of pathogens does Mr. Parr Discuss? ______________ and ________________
19. Identify which of the two pathogens from above each of these words goes with:
____________ no nucleus
____________ takes over the cell
____________ non-living
____________Archaebacteria
____________ prokaryote
____________Eubacteria
20. List 6 parts of the body (outside) that protect us from germs and describe how (from the song).
Body Part
Description of how it provides protection from germs
21. What goes on inside of the body to protect us from germs? _________________________________________
V4 *22. How do Vaccines Work? In _____, ______ _______ injected cow pox viral material into an 8 year old boy.
23. Why? ____________________________________________________________________________________
24. Was it successful?_________________________________________________________________________
25. List four signs of the first line of defense in our immune system:
26. Adaptive immunity or the second line of defense include our ____ and ____ cells.
27. These cells record what _______________ look like and how to react better to them.
28. However, sometimes people are too young, too ____, or maybe are not _______ enough to fight the diseases.
29. Scientists use ______ to trigger the bodies adaptive immune system in lower strength versions of the disease.
1. Live attenuated Vaccines- weaker version of the ____________
2. Inactive Vaccines- pathogens have been _________________
30. These trigger an immune response and teach the body how to react if the real _____________ attacks.
31. Write one disadvantage of each type of Vaccine.
1. Live attenuated Vaccines- ___________________
2. Inactive Vaccines- ___________________________
32. Summarize two more types of vaccines that are newer technology below:
3. Subunit vaccine______________________________________________________________________
4. DNA Vaccines _________________________________________________________________________
33. What are three Viruses the video says that we may be able to treat one
day._________________________________
PPT *A person that studies viruses is known as ______________________.
A virus cannot be seen with a compound light microscope because it is so small. It can be seen with a _________.
Characteristics of Viruses
_____________________________
Contains a protein coat called the _____________________
Has a nucleic acid core containing ________ or ________
Capable of reproducing only when inside a __________ cell
What are Viruses?
- core of _____ or ______ surrounded by a _________ (protein coat).
Are viruses living or nonliving?
What are the parts of a virus?
Living
Nonliving
What are the life cycles of a virus?
LYTIC
A
B
C
D
LYSOGENIC
A
B
C
D
E
Types of Viruses
Bacterial Virus Plant Virus Animal Virus Retrovirus
Contain _____________, not DNA; Contain enzyme called _________________ _______________________.
When a retrovirus infects a cell, it injects its RNA and reverse transcriptase enzyme into the ______________ of that cell
The enzyme reverse transcriptase (or RTase), which causes synthesis of a complementary DNA molecule using virus ___________ as
a __________________ ______________, the AIDS virus, is a retrovirus. Feline ______________________ Virus is also a retrovirus
What is a vaccine?
It is a __________________ virus or the virus without its __________________.
It causes the body to ________________ and __________________.
Cinquains
Example
Title (one word)
Evolution
Describe (2 adjectives)
Random, Gradual
Action (3 “ing” words)
Changing, Favoring, Adapting
Feeling (4 word Phrase)
Survival of the fittest
Synonym (one word)
Advancement
Write 2 Cinquains : 1 on Viruses and 1 on Bacteria
(Viruses pages 434-441 and Bacteria 442-450)
V5 *1. Draw the diagram showing
the domains and kingdoms.
2. Which two are prokaryotic?
____________________________
3. Give two characteristics of these:
_____________________________
4. In what kind of environments can you find
Archae? __________________________
5. What does this indicate? ______________
______________________________________
6. Where are bacteria found (give 5 specific examples)? ___________________________________________________
7. List four specific beneficial uses of bacteria. ____________________________________________________________
8. Give 2 reasons why Archae and Bacteria are not closely related. ___________________________________________
9. List 3 general characteristics of Domain Eukarya. ________________________________________________________
V6 *10. _______________ or _______________ are simple, single-celled nucleus with DNA in the cell wall (not nucleus).
11. The third form of life was called ______________. There organisms can live in ______________ environments.
12. Archae are believed to be the common ancestor that _______________ evolved (by many scientists).
V7 *13. Listen and watch the video carefully. After you have watched it in its entirety, complete the task below.
3 Things You Found Out
2 Interesting Things
1 Question You Still Have
V8 * 14. What are two explanations for why antibiotics become resistant? ____________________________________
15. Because of the mechanisms of how antibiotics become resistant, what process is it an example of? ______________
PPT **singular: bacterium / plural: bacteria
1. Bacteria are ____________________ into two kingdoms:
Eubacteria (true bacteria)
Archaebacteria (Ancient Bacteria)
2. BACTERIA are microscopic prokaryotes. (“before ____________________”)
3. Adapted to living in all environments (even some extreme) – they exist __________________________
I. Bacterial Structure
II. Reproduction in Prokaryotes
Binary fission is the splitting of a parent cell into ________ daughter cells; it is
asexual reproduction in prokaryotes.
In bacteria, genetic recombination can occur in ________________ ways.
1. Conjugation
2. Transformation
3. Transduction
III. Prokaryotic Nutrition
1. Bacteria differ in their need for, and __________________ of, oxygen (O 2).
a. Obligate anaerobes
b. Facultative anaerobes
c. _____________________ organisms
2. Autotrophic Prokaryotes
a. Photoautotrophs
b. Chemoautotrophs
3. Heterotrophic Prokaryotes
a. Most free-living bacteria are chemoheterotrophs that take in pre-formed
organic nutrients.
b. Some chemoheterotrophs are symbiotic, forming relationships with members of other species
Mutualistic nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium bacteria live on roots of soybean, clover, & alfalfa where they reduce N2 to ammonia
______________ bacteria that live in the intestines of humans benefit from undigested material and help us break down food
IV. BACTERIA CLASSIFICATION
1. The Gram stain procedure (developed in the late 1880s by _______________ Christian Gram)
a. Gram-positive bacteria stain _____________, whereas Gram-negative bacteria stain pink.
b. This difference is dependent on the thick or thin (respectively) peptidoglycan cell ______________l.
2. Bacteria have three basic shapes.
spirillum
bacillus
Coccus
3. Those shapes can be organized into
staph = clusters
strep = chains
A. Bacillus
B. Streptococcus
C. Staphylococcus
D. Diplococcus
E. Spirllum
VI. Bacteria and Health
F. Vibrio
Streptococcus
strep throat, related bacteria causes necrotizing fasciitis
Staphylococcus aureas
found on skin, responsible for minor infections, boils, pimples, MRSA is an antibiotic resistant form
Bacillus subtilis
common lab bacteria, easy to grown, unharmful
Bacillus tetani
causes tetanus (lockjaw), most people are vaccinated
Clostridium botulism
causes botulism (food poisoning)
Yersinia (bacillus) pestis
causes Black Plague
Bacillus anthracis
anthrax
Mycoplasmas
very very tiny, cause of pneumonia
Rickettsia rickettsi
link between bacteria and viruses, can't reproduce outside host, causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Escherichia coli
E. coli - common bacteria of the digestive tract, also causes food poisoning
Salmonella
Belongs to same family as E. coli, also causes food poisoning
Antibiotics and Antiseptics
Joseph Lister created the ____________ antiseptic, an acid to spray on tables and instruments before surgery (1860)
The Discovery of Penicillin
(In 1928, the scientist Alexander Fleming was trying to grow the bacterium
1. Alexander Fleming noticed _________ growing on petri dishes
Staphylococcus, and by chance, discovered that it would not grow in the
2. _______________ did not grow where the mold was growing
presence of a mold that he named Penicillium. In 1939, Ernst Chain and
3. He isolated the chemical from the mold that was _________ the
Howard Florey purified penicillin, and in 1941, penicillin was first used to
bacteria
treat bacterial diseases. In 1945, Alexander Fleming, Ernst Chain, and
4. Howard Flory built upon his work and stabilized the chemical
Howard Florey received the Nobel Prize in medicine for the discovery and
5. Both Fleming and Flory received a ___________ Prize in 1945
isolation of penicillin because they worked together.) background info
Name ____________________________________
L9*How can microscopic protists and fungi be classified?
Read the information in the left column to answer the questions below, before completing the activity.
1. List four positive impacts on the environment made by protists. ____________________________________________
2 List four positive impacts on the environment made by fungi. ______________________________________________
3. Check all of the characteristics that apply to organisms in the Protist Kingdom.
_______Unicellular
_______multicellular _______motile
_______Non-motile
4. List the three groups the Kingdom Protista is divided into. _________________________________________________
5. Check all of the characteristics that apply to organisms in the Fungi Kingdom.
_______Unicellular
_______multicellular _______motile
_______Non-motile
6. What is a saprophyte? _____________________________________________________________________________
7. What is a parasite? ________________________________________________________________________________
8. What characteristic is used to classify Fungi? ___________________________________________________________
9. What are the four divisions of the Fungi Kingdom? ______________________________________________________
Activity:
 1. Click the Microscope Slide box to get a magnified view of the organism. Read the field notes. Record the
name in the table Column 1.
 2. Jot down any notes in column 2.
 3. Click the habitat button- record its habitat in column 3
 4. Click the nutrition button- record how it gets its food in column 4
 5. Click the locomotion button- record how and if it moves in column 5
 6. Click the reference button to look at background information for this organism.
 7. Click on the group that you think the organism belongs to. If correct, record the answer in Colum 6 and click
on the next slide. If incorrect, repeat steps 2-6 to review characteristics and try again.
 8. Repeat the procedure until all five organisms are classified.
1. Scientific
Name
2. Field
Notes
3. Habitat
4. Nutrition
5. Locomotion
6. Classification
Group
Organism A
Organism B
Organism C
Organism D
Organism E
Summary Questions:
1. Why are so many other living things dependent on plant-like protists? ______________________________________
2. Which organism could not move? Why? _______________________________________________________________
3. Which organism you observed had both plant and animal like qualities? Why? ________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Why are algae plant-like? ___________________________________________________________________________
5. Locomotion is generally a characteristic of animals. However, some plantlike protists move about by means of flagella.
What is the adaptive advantage of a photosynthetic organisms that is able to move from place to place? _____________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. How do the fungi you identified obtain food? ___________________________________________________________
7. How are fungi important to the environment? __________________________________________________________
8. If an imperfect fungus were found to produce spores in sexual reproduction, what would you need to look at to
reclassify the fungus? ____________________________________________________________________________
V10 *Fungus Among Us Web Activity
1. What do vegetable rot and itchy feet have in common?
2. What are mycelia (click to find out)?
3. Fungi are the ultimate _____________ and ______________ of nutrients.
4. Click on “Fungus in Our Lives.” List four positive things fungi do and four negative things they do.
5. Click on “Fungal Science.”
a. How are fungi different than plants and animals?
b. Define hyphae:
c. Define mycelium:
d. How are fungi DIFFERENT than plants?
e. How do fungi get their “food”?
f. What are enzymes?
g. Go down to the orange links and click “Fungal Habitats.”
i. List 5 places fungi are likely to be found.
ii. Choose one of those 5 places and describe it; tell why fungi might like to live there
V11*Invisible intruders web activity
Read the introductory paragraph: What two specific fungi are names in the introductory paragraph?
Read the Beneficial Fungi examples: List 4 beneficial fungi:
Click next: ___________ in homes is a big problem. What does this fungus need to grow? _____________
Click next: Scroll down to Athlete’s Foot: What kind of feet allows this fungus to grow? ________ & ______________
What are three places people might get Athlete’s foot?
What is used to treat it?
Scroll to the top of the page and click on lesson. Read the introductory paragraph: Then click on each of the following:
Gym: The fungus tinea can be the cause of what three infections? ______________________________________
Forest: What is the most important fungal allergen? _______________________; Is it good, bad or both? ________
Brewery: What is the scientific name for baker’s yeast? ___________________________________
Bakery: What are two things baker’s yeast does? _________________________________ Is it harmful? _______
Compost: Aspergillus is found here. It can cause aspergillosis in humans that are _______________________
What food product is also made with a species of similar fungus? _________________________________
House: List two different uses for Penicillin? Is it + or – or both? ___________ why ? _______________________
Park: What kind of fungus lives in the gut of the cigar beetle? _______________ How does it help the cigar beetle?
________________________What type of relationship occurs between the cigar beetle and the fungus? ___________
Grocery store: What group of fungi do mushrooms belong to? __________________ Why are they considered both
good and bad?(click on each to see the explanation) _______________________________________________________