Rudolf Ostrihansky
Judicial Protection in the European Union
Day 1: Organization of the European Judiciary
1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
4.
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.3.1.
4.3.2.
4.3.3.
Three Courts - Common issues
Composition of Courts
Judges and Advocates General
Election of Members of Courts
Independence
Privileges and immunities
Internal organization of judge’s work
Organization of Courts
Full Court
Grand Chamber
Chambers
Three types of courts’ jurisdiction
Contentious cases
Preliminary rulings
Opinions
Division of jurisdiction among courts
Division envisaged by the Statute of ECJ
Jurisdiction of CFI to issue preliminary rulings – why still not applicable
Jurisdictional conflicts
Improper filings
Concurrent jurisdiction
Transfer of cases
Readings:
1.
1.1.
1.2.
Selected Articles of the Treaties:
Treaty of the European Union – Art. 35
Treaty establishing the European Community – Arts. 7, 68, 220-245, 300
2.
Statute of the Court of Justice
3.
Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice
4.
Practice directions relating to direct actions and appeals
5.
Information note on references by national courts for preliminary rulings
6.
Notes for the guidance of Counsel
7.
Court of First Instance Practice Directions to parties
Source of all these documents:
http://curia.europa.eu/en/instit/txtdocfr/index.htm
Day 2: Procedure in the European Courts (part 1)
1.
Procedure in contentious cases
1.1.
Language of case
1.2.
Format of pleadings
1.2.1.
Formal requirements (paper size, font etc.)
1.2.2.
1.2.3.
1.3.
1.3.1.
1.3.2.
1.3.3.
1.4.
1.4.1.
1.4.2.
1.4.3.
1.4.4.
1.5.
1.5.1.
1.5.2.
1.5.3.
1.5.4.
1.6.
1.6.1.
1.6.2.
Length of pleading\
Appendices
Filing an application
Who may file?
Content of application
Address of service in Luxembourg
Registration in court’s repertory
Formal check
Registration and transmission to other party (parties)
Establishment of judge-rapporteur and advocate general
Note in OJ
Filing a defence
Timing
Minimum content
Counterclaim
Admissibility and merits
Further pleadings
Reply and rejoinder
Timing and contents
Readings: same as on Day 1
Day 3: Procedure (part 2); Preliminary Rulings: Scope and Subject Matter
1.
1.1.
1.1.1.
1.1.2.
1.1.3.
1.1.4.
1.1.5.
1.1.6.
1.2.
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.3.
1.4.
1.4.1.
1.4.2.
1.4.3.
1.4.4.
1.4.5.
1.4.6.
1.5.
2.
2.1.
2.2.
3.
4.
4.1.
4.1.1.
4.1.2.
4.1.3.
4.2.
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.3.
5.
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
6.
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
Procedure in contentious case (cont’d)
Preparatory inquiry
Preliminary report of judge-rapporteur
Types of evidence
Hearing witnesses; letters rogatory
Expert witnesses
Documents
Other types of evidence
Oral hearing
Report for the hearing
Organization of hearing
Conduct of hearing
Opinion of advocate general
Judgment
Formation of judgment – role of judge-rapporteur
Deliberation and voting
No separate or dissenting opinions
Structure of a judgment
Delivery, notification and publication
Enforcement
Summary procedure
Modalities of procedure – preliminary rulings and opinions
Participants to the case
Written and oral observations
Costs
Ancillary proceedings
Intervention
Who may intervene?
Grounds for intervention
Timing
Interim measures
Who may apply for?
Conditions and timing
Types of measures
Joinder of actions
Appellate proceedings
Judgments and orders against which an appeal is possible
Grounds for appeal
Procedure
Kinds of appellate judgments
Costs
Preliminary rulings – overview
Preliminary rulings as a method of securing uniform application of Community
law
Duty of co-operation between national courts and ECJ
Various regimes of preliminary rulings – Art. 234; Art. 68, third pillar.
Why preliminary rulings are not available in the second pillar?
7.
7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
7.4.
Subject matter of preliminary rulings
Interpretation of Community law
Validity of Community acts
Interpretation of agreements entered into by EC
Mixed agreements
Readings:
Case 16/65 Schwarze / Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel
(Rec.1965,p.1081)
Case 6/64 Costa / E.N.E.L. (Rec.1964,p.1141)
Case C-106/89 Marleasing / Comercial Internacional de Alimentación (Rec.1990,p.I-4135)
Case 314/85 Foto-Frost / Hauptzollamt Lübeck-Ost (Rec.1987,p.4199)
Case C-188/92 TWD / Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Rec.1994,p.I-833)
Case 104/81 Hauptzollamt Mainz / Kupferberg & Cie. (Rec.1982,p.3641)
Case 17/81 Pabst & Richarz KG / Hauptzollamt Oldenburg (Rec.1982,p.1331)
Case 12/86 Demirel / Stadt Schwäbisch Gmünd (Rec.1987,p.3719)
Case C-300/98 Dior and others (Rec.2000,p.I-11307)
Day 4: Preliminary rulings – who may file?
1. Notion of “court or tribunal of a Member State”
1.1.
Autonomous concept of Community law – why?
1.2.
Role of common principles of organization of justice in Member States
2. Common courts of law
2.1.
When a common court cannot file for a preliminary ruling
2.1.1.
Registry courts – the Job Centre case
2.1.2.
Mortgage and pledge registry courts
2.2.
Administrative courts
3. Constitutional courts
3.1.
Two types of constitutionality control
3.2.
The Adria Wien case
3.3.
Principle of supremacy of Community law
4. Arbitration court
4.1.
Ad hoc arbitration – the Nordsee case
4.2.
Set aside judgment – the Eco-Swiss case
4.3.
Institutional arbitration – the Vassen case
5. Other institutions
5.1.
Dispute settlement bodies of private organizations – the Broekmeulen case
5.2.
Inter partes litigation – the Dorsch Consult case
5.3.
Administrative bodies – the Corbiau case
5.4.
International courts – the Christian Dior case
6. Attempt to define notion of “courts and tribunals”
6.1.
The Gabalfrisa and Abrahamsson cases
6.2.
Permanent bodies
6.3.
Adjudging on a basis of law
6.4.
Having compulsory jurisdictions
6.5.
Adjudicating inter partes
6.6.
Composed of independent persons
Readings:
Case C-11/94 Job Centre (Rec.1995,p.I-3361)
Case C-86/00 HSB-Wohnbau (Rec.2001,p.I-5353)
Case C-143/99 Adria-Wien Pipeline and Wietersdorfer & Peggauer Zementwerke
(Rec.2001,p.I-8365)
Case 102/81 Nordsee / Reederei Mond (Rec.1982,p.1095)
Case C-126/97 Eco Swiss (Rec.1999,p.I-3055)
Case 61/65 Vaassen-Goebbels / Beambtenfonds voor het Mijnbedrijf (Rec.1966,p.377)
Case 246/80 Broekmeulen / Huisarts Registratie Commissie (Rec.1981,p.2311)
Case C-337/95 Parfums Christian Dior / Evora (Rec.1997,p.I-6013)
Case C-24/92 Corbiau / Administration des contributions (Rec.1993,p.I-1277)
Case C-54/96 Dorsch Consult Ingenieursgesellschaft / Bundesbaugesellschaft Berlin
(Rec.1997,p.I-4961)
Case C-110/98 Gabalfrisa and others (Rec.2000,p.I-1577)
Case C-407/98 Abrahamsson and Anderson (Rec.2000,p.I-5539)
Day5: Preliminary rulings – when and how formulate request; obligation to file
1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
2.
2.1.
2.1.1.
2.1.2.
2.2.
3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
4.
4.1.
4.2.
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.3.
Formulation of preliminary reference
Role of national court
Role of litigants – the Hessische Knappschaft case
When a reference should be made?
Issues of facts and issues of law
Relevance of a reference and multiple references – the Raymond Redmond
case
Obligation to refer
The highest court
The “abstract theory”
The “concrete theory”
“Leave to appeal” – the Lyckleskog case
Exceptions from the obligation to refer
Lack of relevance
The “acte clair” doctrine – the CILFIT case
The “acte éclairé” doctrine – the Da Costa case
Liability for not making a reference
Practice of certain courts prior to the Köbler case
The Köbler case and its impact on State liability
Ramifications of liability in the Köbler case
Interplay between ECJ and the national court
Res iudicata issue
Follow up – the Traghetti case
Readings:
Case 44/65 Hessische Knappschaft / Singer et Fils (Rec.1965,p.1191)
Case 83/78 Pigs Marketing Board v Raymond Redmond (Rec.1978,p.2347)
Case C-90/00 Lyckeskog (Rec.2002,p.I-4839)
Case 28/62 Da Costa en Schaake NV and others / Administratie der Belastingen
(Rec.1963,p.61)
Case Bulmer v. Bollinger, [1974] 2 WLR (Weekly Law Reports) 202
Case Customs and Excise Commissioners v. ApS Samex [1983]] 1 All ER (All England Law
Reports)1042
Case 283/81 CILFIT / Ministero della Sanità (Rec.1982,p.3415)
Case C-127/95 Norbrook Laboratories / Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
(Rec.1998,p.I-1531)
Case C-224/01 Köbler (Rec.2003,p.I-10239)
Case C-173/03 Traghetti del Mediterraneo (Rec.2006,p.I-5177)
Day 6: Refusal to issue a preliminary ruling
1.
1.1.
1.2.
2.
2.1.
2.2.
3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.2.1.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
4.
4.1.
4.2.
General rule of co-operation between ECJ and national courts
Early case – Schwarze
Later cases – Durighello and Gmurzynska-Bscher
Two judgments in Foglia v. Novello
Reasoning of the Court – lack of genuine dispute
Criticism of a judgment
Reasons for refusal to issue a ruling
Case not related to Community law
Too general question
Lack of presentation of facts – the Telemarsicabruzzo case
Question not relevant to the dispute – the Bacardi-Martini case
Hypothetical question – the Meilicke case
Premature or late question
Refusals which give guidance to the national court
The Kremzow and Attila Vajnai cases – scope of protection by fundamental
rights
Intertemporal issues – cases related to events prior to joining the EU
Readings:
Case 16/65 Schwarze / Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel
(Rec.1965,p.1081)
Case C-231/89 Gmurzynska-Bscher / Oberfinanzdirektion Köln (Rec.1990,p.I-4003)
Case C-186/90 Durighello / INPS (Rec.1991,p.I-5773)
Case 104/79 Pasquale Foglia v Mariella Novello (Rec.1980,p.745)
Case 244/80 Pasquale Foglia v Mariella Novello (Rec.1981,p.3045)
Case C-320/90 Telemarsicabruzzo and others / Circostel and others (Rec.1993,p.I-393)
Case C-318/00 Bacardi-Martini and Cellier des Dauphins (Rec.2003,p.I-905)
Case C-83/91 Meilicke / ADV-ORGA (Rec.1992,p.I-4871)
Case C-299/95 Kremzow / Republik Österreich (Rec.1997,p.I-2629)
Case C-328/05 Vajnai (Rec.2005,p.I-8577)
Day 7: Acts being subject matter of preliminary rulings
1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
2.
2.1.
2.1.1.
2.1.2.
2.1.3.
3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.2.1.
3.2.2.
4.
5.
Primary law
Founding Treaties
Treaty of the European Union
Visas, immigration, asylum
General principles of law
Fundamental rights
Secondary law
Acts of the institutions
Binding acts
Binding acts that are not directly applicable
Non-binding acts
International agreements
Agreements entered into by the Community
Mixed agreements
Association agreements
WTO Agreements
Community law referred to by the national law – the Dzodzi, Leur-Bloem and other
cases
Questions of facts – the Arsenal v. Reed case
Readings:
Case 44/84 Hurd / Jones (Rec.1986,p.29)
Case C-167/94 Criminal proceedings against Grau Gomis and others (Rec.1995,p.I-1023)
Case C-177/94 Criminal proceedings against Perfili (Rec.1996,p.I-161)
Case 32/74 Haaga GmbH (Rec.1974,p.1201)
Case 322/88 Grimaldi / Fonds des maladies professionnelles (Rec.1989,p.4407)
Case 104/81 Hauptzollamt Mainz / Kupferberg & Cie. (Rec.1982,p.3641)
Case 17/81 Pabst & Richarz KG / Hauptzollamt Oldenburg (Rec.1982,p.1331)
Case 12/86 Demirel / Stadt Schwäbisch Gmünd (Rec.1987,p.3719)
Case C-300/98 Dior and others (Rec.2000,p.I-11307)
Case 297/88 Dzodzi / Belgian State (Rec.1990,p.I-3763)
Case C-28/95 Leur-Bloem / Inspecteur der Belastingdienst/Ondernemingen Amsterdam 2
(Rec.1997,p.I-4161)
Case C-206/01 Arsenal Football Club (Rec.2002,p.I-10273)
Day 8: Procedural aspects of preliminary rulings; national remedies
1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
2.
2.1.
2.2.
3.
3.1.
3.2.
4.
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
5.
5.1.
5.2.
Control of appellate instance over filing
Can the appellate court reverse the filing?
Is the filing court bound by the decision of the appellate body?
Is the ECJ bound by same?
Blocking raising Community law issues
Limitations imposed by national law – the Peterbroeck case
Duty of judicial activism – the Van Schijndel case
Principle of national procedural autonomy
Formulation of the principle
Application
Right to effective protection
Case law regarding Article 6 of Directive 76/207
Limitation periods – the Emmott and Steenhorst-Neerings cases
Interim protection – the Factortame case
Liability of Member States
The Francovich case
The Braserrie du Pêcheur case
Readings:
Case 65/81 Reina / Landeskreditbank Baden-Württemberg (Rec.1982,p.33)
Case 166/73 Rheinmühlen Düsseldorf / Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle für Getreide und
Futtermittel
(Rec.1974,p.33)
Case C-312/93 Peterbroeck, Van Campenhout & Cie / Belgian State (Rec.1995,p.I-4599)
Case C-430/93 Van Schijndel / Stichting Pensioenfonds voor Fysiotherapeuten (Rec.1995,p.I4705)
Case 33/76 Rewe / Landwirtschaftskammer für das Saarland (Rec.1976,p.1989)
Case 68/79 Just (Rec.1980,p.501)
Case 158/80 Rewe / Hauptzollamt Kiel (Rec.1981,p.1805)
Case 14/83 Von Colson and Kamann / Land Nordrhein-Westfalen (Rec.1984,p.1891)
Case 222/84 Johnston / Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (Rec.1986,p.1651)
Case C-208/90 Emmott / Minister for Social Welfare and Attorney General (Rec.1991,p.I4269)
Case C-338/91 Steenhorst-Neerings / Bestuur van de Bedrijfsvereniging voor Detailhandel,
Ambachten en Huisvrouwen (Rec.1993,p.I-5475)
Case C-213/89 The Queen / Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame
(Rec.1990,p.I-2433)
Case C-6/90 Francovich and Bonifaci / Italy (Rec.1991,p.I-5357)
Case C-46/93 Brasserie du pêcheur / Bundesrepublik Deutschland and The Queen / Secretary
of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame and others (Rec.1996,p.I-1029)
Day 9:Actions against acts of Member States (part 1)
1.
Relevant provisions of the Treaties
1.1.
General regime (Articles 226-228)
1.2.
Specific regimes (Articles 88, 237 (d) and 298
2.
Violation of obligation by a Member State
2.1.
Notion of “obligation”
2.2.
Violation by non-implementation
2.3.
Reporting obligations of Member States
2.4.
Who forms a State
2.4.1.
Acts of government
2.4.2.
Acts of the legislator
2.4.3.
Acts of judiciary
2.4.4.
Acts of local government
2.4.5.
Acts of State-owned companies
2.4.6.
Acts of private companies having regulatory powers
3.
Institution of proceedings by the Commission
3.1.
Finding a breach
3.1.1.
Sources available
3.1.2.
Filing complaints with the Commission by individuals
3.1.3.
Issue of legal interest
3.1.4.
Procedural guarantees for individuals
3.2.
Informal proceedings
3.3.
Formal proceedings
3.3.1
Letter of formal notice
3.3.2
Reasoned opinion
Readings:
Case C-265/95 Commission / France (Rec.1997,p.I-6959)
Case 239/85 Commission / Belgium (Rec.1986,p.3645)
Case 168/85 Commission / Italy (Rec.1986,p.2945)
Case C-60/01 Commission / France (Rec.2002,p.I-5679)
Case 77/69 Commission / Belgium (Rec.1970,p.237)
Case C-87/94 Commission / Belgium (Rec.1996,p.I-2043)
Case 48/65 Lütticke / Commission EEC (Rec.1966,p.27)
Case C-247/89 Commission / Portugal (Rec.1991,p.I-3659)
Day10: Actions against acts of Member States (part 2)
1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.
3.
3.1.
4.
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
5.
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
6.
6.1.
6.2.
Filing a complaint by the Commission with the ECJ
Time limits
Scope
Joining complaints
Defenses raised by Member States
Statement of reservation
Autonomy of legislative organs
Difficulties in implementation
Lack of damage
Illegality of infringed rule
Violation by other Member States
Date on which the violation is measured
Cessation of violation during ECJ proceedings
Judgment of the Court
Declaratory character
Formulation of judgment
Obligations of the Member State
Proceedings against the Member State not complying with the judgment
Action by the Commission
Request for lump sum or periodical penalty payments
Calculation of penalties
Possibility of cumulating penalties
Action instituted by a Member State
Involvement of the Commission
Action on the basis of Art. 239
Readings:
Case 7/71 Commission / France (Rec.1971,p.1003)
Case 74/82 Commission / Ireland (Rec.1984,p.317)
Case 38/69 Commission / Italy (Rec.1970,p.47)
Case C-89/03 Commission / Luxembourg (Rec.2003,p.I-11659)
Case C-52/91 Commission / Netherlands (Rec.1993,p.I-3069)
Case 156/77 Commission / Belgium (Rec.1978,p.1881)
Case C-146/89 Commission / United Kingdom (Rec.1991,p.I-3533)
Commission Communication: Application of Article 228 of the EC Treaty (SEC (2005) 1658
Case C-387/97 Commission / Greece (Rec.2000,p.I-5047)
Case C-304/02 Commission / France (Rec.2005,p.I-6263)
Case C-119/04 Commission / Italy (Rec.2006,p.I-6885)
Case 141/78 France / United Kingdom (Rec.1979,p.2923)
Case C-145/04 Spain / United Kingdom (Rec.2006,p.I-7917)
Day 11: Action for annulment of acts of the Institutions (part 1)
1.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.
3.
4.
5.
5.1.
5.1.1.
5.1.2.
5.1.3.
5.1.4.
5.1.5.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
6.
6.1.
Complainants
Member States, the Council, The Commission, European Parliament
Court of Auditors and European Central Bank
Private parties
Defendants
Position of the European Investment Bank
Division of competence between European Court of Justice and Court of First
Instance
Acts susceptible to judicial review
Binding acts
Regulations
Directives
Decisions
Acts sui generis
International agreements
Acts intending to produce legal effect
Distinction between general and individual acts
Decisions in a form of regulation
Acts of direct and individual concern to private claimants
Time limit to file a claim
Acts adopted prior to accession of new Member States
Readings:
Case 70/88 Parliament / Council (Rec.1991,p.I-4529)
Case C-316/91 Parliament / Council (Rec.1994,p.I-625)
Case C-303/94 Parliament / Council (Rec.1996,p.I-2943)
Case T-214/95 Vlaamse Gewest / Commission (Rec.1998,p.II-717)
Case 294/83 Les Verts / Parliament (Rec.1986,p.1339)
Case 22/70 Commission / Council (Rec.1971,p.263)
Case 31/86 LAISA / Council (Rec.1988,p.2285)
Case C-327/91 France / Commission (Rec.1994,p.I-3641)
Case 25/62 Plaumann / Commission EEC (Rec.1963,p.199)
Case 106/63 Toepfer / Commission EEC (Rec.1965,p.553)
Case C-309/89 Codorniu / Council (Rec.1994,p.I-1853)
Case C-50/00 P Unión de Pequeños Agricultores / Council (Rec.2002,p.I-6677)
Case C-263/02 P Commission / Jégo-Quéré (Rec.2004,p.I-3425)
Day 12: Action for annulment of acts of the Institutions (part 2)
1.
Legal basis for challenge
1.1.
Lack of competence
1.1.1.
Competence ratione personae
1.1.2.
Competence ratione materiae
1.1.3.
Competence ratione loci
1.2.
Infringement of an essential procedural requirement
1.2.1.
Consultation
1.2.2.
Statement of reasons
1.2.3.
Publication and notification
1.3.
Infringement of the Treaty
1.3.1.
Error in fact
1.3.2.
Error in law
1.4.
Misuse of powers
2.
Effect of judgment
2.1.
Annulment ex tunc
2.2.
Partial invalidity
3.
Annulment in the third pillar
Readings:
Case T-369/94 DIR International Film and others / Commission (Rec.1998,p.II-357)
Case T-102/96 Gencor / Commission (Rec.1999,p.II-753)
Case C-300/89 Commission / Council (Rec.1991,p.I-2867)
Case 138/79 Roquette / Council (Rec.1980,p.3333)
Case 195/80 Michel / Parliament (Rec.1981,p.2861)
Case 185/73 Hauptzollamt Bielefeld / König (Rec.1974,p.607)
Case 73/74 Papiers Peints / Commission (Rec.1975,p.1491)
Case 4/73 Nold KG / Commission (Rec.1974,p.491)
Case C-245/95 P Commission / NTN Corporation and Koyo Seiko (Rec.1998,p.I-401)
Case C-239/99 Nachi Europe (Rec.2001,p.I-1197)
Case 59/81 Commission / Council (Rec.1982,p.3329)
Day 13: Action against failure to act; plea of illegality
1.
Action against failure to act
1.1.
Who may start the action?
1.1.1.
Member States and Institutions
1.1.2.
Private parties
1.2.
Defendants
1.3.
Acts susceptible for action
1.4.
Legal basis for action
1.5.
Request to act
1.6.
Various responses from Institutions
1.7.
Action for annulment v. action against failure to act
2.
Plea of illegality
2.1.
Incidental character of the plea
2.1.1.
Action for annulment of another act
2.1.2.
Action against failure to act
2.1.3.
Action against Member State
2.1.4.
Action for damages
2.2.
Types of acts against which the plea may be invoked
2.2.1
Regulations
2.2.2
Other acts of general character
2.3.
Restrictions in invoking the plea
2.4.
Result of successful plea
Readings:
Case 48/65 Lütticke / Commission EEC (Rec.1966,p.27)
Case C-107/91 ENU / Commission (Rec.1993,p.I-599)
Case T-126/95 Dumez / Commission (Rec.1995,p.II-2863)
Case 15/70 Chevalley / Commission (Rec.1970,p.975)
Case 13/83 Parliament / Council (Rec.1985,p.1513)
Case 246/81 Lord Bethell / Commission (Rec.1982,p.2277)
Case T-167/95 Kuchlenz-Winter / Council (Rec.1996,p.II-1607)
Case 8/71 Deutscher Komponistenverband / Commission (Rec.1971,p.705)
Case 31/62 Wöhrmann / Commission EEC (Rec.1962,p.965)
Case 92/78 Simmenthal / Commission (Rec.1979,p.777)
Case 216/82 Universität Hamburg / Hauptzollamt Hamburg-Kehrwieder (Rec.1983,p.2771)
Day 14: Action for damages; opinions of ECJ
1.
1.1.
1.2.
2.
2.1.
2.2.
3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
4.
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
5.
5.1.
6.
7.
8.
8.1.
8.2.
8.3.
8.4.
Contractual and non-contractual liability
Law governing contractual liability of the Communities
Law governing non-contractual liability
Who may be a claimant?
Private parties
Can Member States claim damages?
The defendant
Damage caused by the Institutions
Damage caused by civil servants
Damages caused by the Member States implementing Community law
Conditions of liability
Wrongful action or failure to act
Damage
Adequate causal link
Is fault a condition of liability?
Differentiation between liability for individual and legislative acts
The Zuckerfabrik standard
Liability for valid acts
Calculation of damages
Issuance of opinions of ECJ
Purpose of opinions
Subject matter
Who may request the opinion?
Legal effects of the issuance of the opinion that the draft agreement is
incompatible with the Treaty.
Readings:
Case 4/69 Lütticke / Commission (Rec.1971,p.325)
Case 9/69 Sayag and others / Leduc and others (Rec.1969,p.329)
Case T-491/93 Richco / Commission (Rec.1996,p.II-1131)
Case 145/83 Adams / Commission (Rec.1985,p.3539)
Case 281/84 Zuckerfabrik Bedburg / Council and Commission (Rec.1987,p.49)
Case 74/74 CNTA / Commission (Rec.1975,p.533)
Case T-277/97 Ismeri Europa / Court of Auditors
Case 5/71 Zuckerfabrik Schoeppenstedt / Council (Rec.1971,p.975)
Case T-195/94 Quiller and Heusmann / Council and Commission (Rec.1997,p.II-2247)
Opinion 1/94 (Rec.1994,p.I-5267)
Opinion 2/94 (Rec.1996,p.I-1759)