University of Nebraska at Omaha
DigitalCommons@UNO
Educational Leadership Faculty Publications
Department of Educational Leadership
8-2013
Tested In and Placed In: Are Sixth-Grade Boys and
Girls Completing Early Challenge Math
Coursework before They Are Ready?
David C. Hemphil
Millard Public Schools
John W. Hill
University of Nebraska at Omaha, [email protected]
Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/edadfacpub
Part of the Educational Administration and Supervision Commons
Recommended Citation
Hemphil, David C. and Hill, John W., "Tested In and Placed In: Are Sixth-Grade Boys and Girls Completing Early Challenge Math
Coursework before They Are Ready?" (2013). Educational Leadership Faculty Publications. 27.
http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/edadfacpub/27
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department
of Educational Leadership at DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been
accepted for inclusion in Educational Leadership Faculty Publications by
an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more
information, please contact [email protected].
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E;=@E8CCPN?8K@JK?<ILJ?KF><KKF8C><9I80?<8EJN<IJKF K?<J< HL<JK@FEJ8I< K?< B<PKF GIFM@;@E> HL8C@KP JKL;<EK I<8;P
D8K?<D8K@:JGIF>I8DJ
Methodology
Purpose of the Study
0?<GLIGFJ<F=K?@JJKL;PN8JKF<M8CL8K<K?<8C><9I8I<8;@
E<JJFLK:FD<JF=I8E;FDCPJ<C<:K<;J@OK?>I8;<9FPJ8E;>@ICJ
N?F K<JK<; @EKF 8E; :FDGC<K<; <8ICP :?8CC<E>< D8K? :FLIJ<
NFIB:FDG8I<;KFK?<8C><9I8I<8;@E<JJFLK:FD<JF=I8E;FDCP
J<C<:K<; J8D< J:?FFC J@OK? >I8;< 9FPJ 8E; >@ICJ N?F K<JK<;
9<CFN K?< 8;D@JJ@FE K?I<J?FC; 9LK N<I< GC8:<; @EKF 8E; :FD
GC<K<; <8ICP :?8CC<E>< D8K? :FLIJ<NFIB 98J<; FE K<8:?<IJX
I<:FDD<E;8K@FEJKF;<K<ID@E<@=K?<J<JKL;<EKJ9FK?K<JK<;@E
8E; GC8:<; @E N<I< <EIFCC<; @EKF ?@>?<I
C<M<C D8K? :FLIJ<J
9<=FI<K?<PN<I<I<8;P
Student Participant Demographics
0?@JJKL;P@E:CL;<;8I8E;FDCPJ<C<:K<;>IFLGF=JKL;<EKJn
N?F D<K K?< D<8JLI<; K<JK J:FI< :I@K<I@8 =FI :?8CC<E><
D8K?GC8:<D<EK8E;8I8E;FDCPJ<C<:K<;>IFLGF=JKL;<EKJn
N?F;@;EFKD<<KK?<D<8JLI<;K<JKJ:FI<:I@K<I@8=FI:?8C
C<E>< D8K? GC8:<D<EK 9LK I<:<@M<; :?8CC<E>< D8K? 98J<; FE
=@=K?
>I8;< K<8:?<IJX I<:FDD<E;8K@FEJ 0?<J< JKL;<EKJ N<I<
I8E;FDCPJ<C<:K<;=IFD8KFK8CF=J8D<J:?FFCJ@OK?
>I8;<
JKL;<EKJN@K?K?<J8D<GC8:<D<EK8E;><E;<I:FE;@K@FEJ+=K?<
KFK8C ELD9<I F= J<C<:K<; JL9A<:KJ N?F D<K K?< D<8JLI<; K<JK
J:FI<:I@K<I@8=FI:?8CC<E><D8K?GC8:<D<EKN
N<I< 9FPJ 8E; N<I< >@ICJ += K?< KFK8C ELD9<I F=
J<C<:K<; JL9A<:KJ N?F ;@; EFK D<<K K?< D<8JLI<; K<JK J:FI<
:I@K<I@8 =FI :?8CC<E>< D8K? GC8:<D<EK 9LK I<:<@M<; :?8CC<E><
D8K? 98J<; FE K<8:?<I I<:FDD<E;8K@FE N<I< 9FPJ
8E; N<I< >@ICJ +=K?< KFK8C ELD9<I F= J<C<:K<; JL9
A<:KJ N?F D<K K?< D<8JLI<; K<JK J:FI< :I@K<I@8 =FI :?8CC<E><
D8K? GC8:<D<EK n N<I< 3?@K< += K?< KFK8C
ELD9<IF=J<C<:K<;JL9A<:KJN?F;@;EFKD<<KK?<D<8JLI<;K<JK
J:FI< :I@K<I@8 =FI :?8CC<E>< D8K? GC8:<D<EK 9LK I<:<@M<; :?8C
C<E><D8K?98J<;FEK<8:?<IFIG8I<EKI<:FDD<E;8K@FEn
N<I< 3?@K< N<I< J@8E N8J
=I@:8E
D<I@:8E0?<8><I8E><=FI8CCJKL;PG8IK@:@G8EKJN8J
=IFDP<8IJKFP<8IJ
Math Achievement Dependent Measures
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;<EKJXGI<K<JK8E;GFJKK<JK8+IC<8EJ$8EE8C><9I8,IF>EFJ@J
0<JK J:FI<J @<:?8CJB@ 8L9<IK 'L:?<D8EE /<:FCJBP 0FFE< 8E; 9 JKL;<EKJX =@E8C GFJKK<JK
:?8CC<E><D8K?I<GFIK:8I;>I8;<J:FI<J
Implementation of the Independent Variables
0?< @E;<G<E;<EK M8I@89C<J =FI K?@J JKL;P N<I< J@OK?
>I8;<
9FPJ 8E; >@ICJ D<<K@E> D<8JLI<; K<JK J:FI< :I@K<I@8 =FI :?8C
C<E>< D8K? GC8:<D<EK :FDG8I<; KF J@OK?
>I8;< 9FPJ 8E; >@ICJ
EFK D<<K@E> D<8JLI<; K<JK J:FI< :I@K<I@8 =FI :?8CC<E>< D8K?
GC8:<D<EK 9LK I<:<@M@E> :?8CC<E>< D8K? GC8:<D<EK 98J<; FE
K<8:?<I I<:FDD<E;8K@FE 0?<J< >IFLGJ :FDGI@J< K?< =FLI I<
J<8I:?8IDJF=K?<JKL;PCC>IFLGJF=JKL;<EKJN<I<I8E;FDCP
J<C<:K<; =IFD K?< J8D< JKL;<EK GFGLC8K@FE 8E; N<I< @E 8KK<E
;8E:<8KK?<J8D<I<J<8I:?D@;;C<J:?FFCK?IFL>?FLKK?<JKL;P
FGPI@>?KS/:@.<J
$!),$%((&3$%((
Research Questions
0?< =FCCFN@E> K?I<< I<J<8I:? HL<JK@FEJ >L@;<; K?< JKL;P
:FDG8I@E> N@K?@E >IFLG 8E; 9<KN<<E >IFLG 8C><9I8 GIF>EFJ@J
K<JKJ:FI<J8E;9<KN<<E>IFLG:?8CC<E><D8K?I<GFIK:8I;>I8;<
J:FI<J=FIK?<><E;<I8E;GC8:<D<EK:FE;@K@FEJ
FJ@OK?
>I8;<FPJ0<JK<;%EFIJ@OK?
>I8;<#@ICJ0<JK<;
%EFIJ@OK?
>I8;<FPJ,C8:<;%EFIJ@OK?
>I8;<#@ICJ,C8:<;%E
CFJ<D8@EK8@EFI@DGIFM<K?<@I<E;F=J:?FFCP<8IGI<K<JK=@=K?
>I8;< +IC<8EJ $8EE8 C><9I8 ,IF>EFJ@J K<JK J:FI<J :FDG8I<;
KF K?<@I <E; F= J:?FFCP<8I GFJKK<JK J@OK?
>I8;<+IC<8EJ $8EE8
C><9I8,IF>EFJ@JK<JKJ:FI<J
FJ@OK?
>I8;<FPJ0<JK<;%EFIJ@OK?
>I8;<#@ICJ0<JK<;
%EFIJ@OK?
>I8;<FPJ,C8:<;%EFIJ@OK?
>I8;<#@ICJ,C8:<;%E
?8M< :FE>IL<EK FI ;@==<I<EK GFJKK<JK <E; F= J:?FFC P<8I J@OK?
>I8;<I8K<F=>8@EFICFJJ+IC<8EJ$8EE8C><9I8,IF>EFJ@JK<JK
J:FI<J
FJ@OK?
>I8;<FPJ0<JK<;%EFIJ@OK?
>I8;<#@ICJ0<JK<;
%EFIJ@OK?
>I8;<FPJ,C8:<;%EFIJ@OK?
>I8;<#@ICJ,C8:<;%E
?8M< :FE>IL<EK FI ;@==<I<EK GFJKK<JK <E; F= J:?FFC P<8I J@OK?
>I8;<=@E8C:?8CC<E><D8K?I<GFIK:8I;>I8;<J:FI<J
Assumptions and Limitations of the Study
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N@;<8JJ<JJD<EKGIF:<JJ@JLJ<;=FIGC8:@E>JKL;<EKJ@ED@;;C<
J:?FFC D8K? :C8JJ<J 9 K?< :?8CC<E>< D8K? GIF>I8D @J 8E <J
K89C@J?<; 8E; N@;<CP I<JG<:K<; :FLIJ< FGK@FE : 8CC JL9A<:KJ
N<I< <EIFCC<; @E K?< J8D< J:?FFC ;@JKI@:K ;LI@E> K?< JKL;P 8E;
N<I< @E K?< J8D< J:?FFC N@K?@E K?< ;@JKI@:K ;LI@E> K?< J@OK?
>I8;<P<8I;JKL;<EKJGC8:<;@EK?<:?8CC<E><D8K?:C8JJN<I<
K8L>?K K?< J8D< ;@JKI@:K D8K? :LII@:LCLD 8E; < 8CC JKL;<EKJ
N<I< 8JJ<JJ<; 9P K?< J8D< JK8E;8I;@Q<; GIF>EFJ@J K<JK 0?<
<OGCFI8KFIPJKL;PN8J:FE=@E<;KFJ@OK?
>I8;<JKL;<EKJN
G8IK@:@G8K@E> @E 8 P<8ICFE> :?8CC<E>< D8K? :FLIJ< 0?< JD8CC
ELD9<IF=JKL;PJL9A<:KJ:FLC;C@D@KK?<LK@C@KP8E;><E<I8C@Q8
9@C@KP F= K?< JKL;P I<JLCKJ 8E; =@E;@E>J ,<ID@JJ@FE =IFD K?<
8GGIFGI@8K< J:?FFC I<J<8I:? G<IJFEE<C 8E; 1E@M<IJ@KP F= *<
9I8JB8 )<;@:8C<EK<I1E@M<IJ@KPF= *<9I8JB88K +D8?8 &F@EK
%EJK@KLK@FE8C .<M@<N F8I; =FI K?< ,IFK<:K@FE F= $LD8E /L9
A<:KJ 8GGIFM8C N8J >I8EK<; =FI K?< JKL;P 9<=FI<;8K8 N<I< :FC
C<:K<;8E;8E8CPQ<;
Results
0?<=@IJKGI<K<JK
GFJKK<JK?PGFK?<J@JN8JK<JK<;LJ@E>K?<;<
G<E;<EK t K<JK *LCC ?PGFK?<J<J =FI +IC<8EJ
$8EE8 C><9I8
,IF>EFJ@J0<JKJ:FI<@DGIFM<D<EKFM<IK@D<N<I<I<A<:K<;=FI
K?< <E; F= =@=K?
>I8;< GI<K<JK :FDG8I<; KF <E;@E> J@OK?
>I8;<
GFJKK<JK=FI8CC=FLI>IFLGJN?<I<FPJ0<JK<;%EGI<K<JKM
SDGFJKK<JKMSDtp
FE<
K8@C<; !/ #@ICJ 0<JK<; %E GI<K<JK M SDGFJKK<JKMSDtp
FE<
K8@C<; !/ FPJ ,C8:<; %E GI<K<JK M SDGFJKK<JKMSDt
pFE<
K8@C<;!/8E;#@ICJ,C8:<;%EGI<K<JKM
SDGFJKK<JKMSDt
pFE<
K8@C<;!/
0?< J<:FE; GFJKK<JK
GFJKK<JK ?PGFK?<J@J N8J K<JK<; LJ@E>
E8CPJ@J F= FM8I@8E:< *+2 N@K? K?< GI<K<JK D<8E
J:FI<J J<IM@E> 8J K?< :FE:FD@K8EK M8I@89C< 8E; K?< GFJKK<JK
J:FI<J 8J K?< ;<G<E;<EK M8I@89C< 0?< ELCC ?PGFK?<J@J N8J EFK
I<A<:K<;=FIK?<GFJKK<JK+IC<8EJ
$8EE8C><9I8,IF>EFJ@J0<JK
FGPI@>?KS/:@.<J
*+2 I<JLCKJ 9<KN<<E >IFLG :FDG8I@JFE =FI FPJ 0<JK<;
%EGFJKK<JKMSD*+28;ALJK<;GFJKK<JK
M #@ICJ 0<JK<; %E GFJKK<JK M SD *+28;ALJK<;GFJKK<JKMFPJ,C8:<;%EGFJK
K<JK M SD *+2 8;ALJK<; GFJKK<JK M 8E; #@ICJ ,C8:<; %E GFJKK<JK M SD *+28;ALJK<;GFJKK<JKM@E;@:8K@E>I8K<F=K<JK
J:FI<@DGIFM<D<EK<HL@GF@J<=FI8CCGC8:<D<EK8E;><E;<I:FE
;@K@FEJN?<I<Fp<:8LJ<EFJ@>E@=@:8EK
D8@E<==<:KN8J=FLE; post hoc:FEKI8JK8E8CPJ<JN<I<EFK:FE
;L:K<;
0?<K?@I; GFJKK<JK
GFJKK<JK ?PGFK?<J@J N8J K<JK<; LJ@E> E8
CPJ@J F= 28I@8E:< *+2 0?< ELCC ?PGFK?<J@J N8J EFK I<
A<:K<;=FIK?<C8JKKI@D<JK<IJ@OK?
>I8;<GFJKK<JK:?8CC<E><D8K?
:FLIJ<>I8;<J:FI<GFJKK<JK
GFJKK<JK*+2I<JLCKJ9<
KN<<E
>IFLG:FDG8I@JFE=FIFPJ0<JK<;%EMSD
#@ICJ 0<JK<; %EM SD FPJ,C8:<; %E M
SD8E;#@ICJ,C8:<;%EMSD
N?<I< F p <:8LJ< EF J@>E@=@:8EK D8@E
<==<:K N8J =FLE; post hoc :FEKI8JK 8E8CPJ<J N<I< EFK :FE
;L:K<;
Conclusion
8J<;FEK?<I<JLCKJK?<=FCCFN@E>:FE:CLJ@FEJD8P9<;I8NE
=IFDK?<JKL;P=FI<8:?F=K?<K?I<<I<J<8I:?HL<JK@FEJ
+M<I8CC+IC<8EJ
$8EE8C><9I8,IF>EFJ@J0<JKGFJKK<JK:FD
G8I<; KF GI<K<JK D<8E J:FI< :?8E>< 8:IFJJ ><E;<I 8E; GC8:<
D<EK :FE;@K@FEJ 8CC @E K?< ;@I<:K@FE F= JK8K@JK@:8CCP @DGIFM<;
J:FI<J FM<I K@D< M8C@;8K<J ><E;<I 8E; :?8CC<E>< D8K? :FLIJ<
NFIBGC8:<D<EKI<8;@E<JJ=FIK?<J<JKL;<EKJN?<I<FPJ0<JK<;
%E GFJKK<JK +IC<8EJ
$8EE8 C><9I8 ,IF>EFJ@J 0<JK J:FI< F=
N8J GF@EKJ >I<8K<I K?8E GI<K<JK #@ICJ 0<JK<; %E
GFJKK<JK +IC<8EJ
$8EE8 C><9I8 ,IF>EFJ@J 0<JK J:FI< F= N8JGF@EKJ>I<8K<IK?8EGI<K<JKFPJ,C8:<;%EGFJKK<JK
+IC<8EJ
$8EE8 C><9I8 ,IF>EFJ@J 0<JK J:FI< F= N8J
GF@EKJ>I<8K<IK?8EGI<K<JK8E;#@ICJ,C8:<;%EGFJKK<JK
+IC<8EJ
$8EE8 C><9I8 ,IF>EFJ@J 0<JK J:FI< F= N8J
GF@EKJ >I<8K<I K?8E GI<K<JK 0?<J< J:FI<J I<GI<J<EK 8E
<EM@89C< G8KK<IE F= D8K? K<JK J:FI< @DGIFM<D<EK 8:IFJJ K@D<
=IFDK?<<E;F=K?<=@=K?
>I8;<KFK?<<E;F=K?<J@OK?
>I8;<=FI
K?<J<JKL;<EKJ8:IFJJ><E;<I8E;GC8:<D<EK:FE;@K@FEJ
%K@J>I8K@=P@E>K?8EK?8KFM<I8CCGFJKK<JK:FDG8I<;KFGFJKK<JK
*+2I<JLCKJ=FI<E;@E>J@OK?
>I8;<+IC<8EJ
$8EE8C><
9I8 ,IF>EFJ@J 0<JK J:FI<J =FI J@OK?
>I8;< 9FPJ D<<K@E> D<8J
LI<; K<JK J:FI< :I@K<I@8 =FI :?8CC<E>< D8K? GC8:<D<EK J@OK?
>I8;< >@ICJ D<<K@E> D<8JLI<; K<JK J:FI< :I@K<I@8 =FI :?8CC<E><
D8K? GC8:<D<EK J@OK?
>I8;< 9FPJ EFK D<<K@E> D<8JLI<; K<JK
J:FI< :I@K<I@8 =FI :?8CC<E>< D8K? GC8:<D<EK 9LK GC8:<; @EKF
:?8CC<E>< D8K? 98J<; FE K<8:?<I I<:FDD<E;8K@FE 8E; J@OK?
>I8;< >@ICJ EFK D<<K@E> D<8JLI<; K<JK J:FI< :I@K<I@8 =FI :?8C
C<E><D8K?GC8:<D<EK9LKGC8:<;@EKF:?8CC<E><D8K?98J<;FE
K<8:?<II<:FDD<E;8K@FEN<I<=FLE;KF9<:FE>IL<EK@E;@:8K@E>
I8K<F=K<JKJ:FI<@DGIFM<D<EK<HL@GF@J<8:IFJJGC8:<D<EK8E;
><E;<I:FE;@K@FEJU8>8@EM8C@;8K@E>:?8CC<E>< D8K?:FLIJ<NFIB
GC8:<D<EK I<8;@E<JJ =FI K?<J< JKL;<EKJ )FI<FM<I D<8E GFJK
K<JK +IC<8EJ
$8EE8 C><9I8 ,IF>EFJ@J 0<JK J:FI<J 8:IFJJ
GC8:<D<EK8E;><E;<I:FE;@K@FEJN<I<D<8JLI<;ALJK9<CFNFI
89FM<K?<I<J<8I:?J:?FFC;@JKI@:KJ:LKJ:FI<F=I<HL@I<;=FI
8LKFD8K@:<8ICPGC8:<D<EK@EKFGI<
8C><9I8:C8JJ<JN?<I<FPJ
0<JK<;%EGFJKK<JK+IC<8EJ
$8EE8C><9I8,IF>EFJ@J0<JKJ:FI<
F=N8JGF@EKJ89FM<K?<:LKJ:FI<#@ICJ0<JK<;%E $!),$%((&3$%((
GFJKK<JK +IC<8EJ
$8EE8 C><9I8 ,IF>EFJ@J 0<JK J:FI< F= N8J GF@EKJ 89FM< K?< :LK J:FI< FPJ ,C8:<; %E GFJKK<JK
+IC<8EJ
$8EE8 C><9I8 ,IF>EFJ@J 0<JK J:FI< F= N8J
GF@EKJ 9<CFN K?< :LK J:FI< 8E; #@ICJ ,C8:<; %E GFJKK<JK
+IC<8EJ
$8EE8 C><9I8 ,IF>EFJ@J 0<JK J:FI< F= N8J
GF@EKJ89FM<K?<:LKJ:FI<
"@E8CCP :FEM<IK@E> K?< GFJKK<JK
GFJKK<JK 9<KN<<E >IFLG 8E8
CPJ@J F= M8I@8E:< C8JK KI@D<JK<I J@OK?
>I8;< GFJKK<JK :?8CC<E><
D8K? :C8JJIFFD G<I=FID8E:< I<JLCKJ @EKF >I8;< EFD<E:C8KLI<
?<CGJ GLK K?<J< JKL;<EKJX I<JLCKJ @E G<IJG<:K@M< N?<I< J@OK?
>I8;< 9FPJ D<<K@E> D<8JLI<; K<JK J:FI< :I@K<I@8 =FI GC8:<D<EK
@EKF :?8CC<E>< D8K? D<8E J:FI< I<JLCK F= N8J K?< <HL@
M8C<EK F= 8 >I8;< F= VW FI <O:<CC<EK D8K? :C8JJ G<I=FID8E:<
J@OK?
>I8;<>@ICJD<<K@E>D<8JLI<;K<JKJ:FI<:I@K<I@8=FIGC8:<
D<EK@EKF:?8CC<E><D8K?D<8EJ:FI<F=N8JK?<<HL@M8
C<EK F= 8 >I8;<F= VW FI FLKJK8E;@E> D8K?:C8JJ G<I=FID8E:<
J@OK?
>I8;<9FPJEFKD<<K@E>D<8JLI<;K<JKJ:FI<:I@K<I@8GC8:<;
@EKF :?8CC<E>< D8K? 98J<; FE K<8:?<I I<:FDD<E;8K@FE D<8E
J:FI<F=N8JK?<<HL@M8C<EKF=8>I8;<F=VWFI<O:<C
C<EKD8K?:C8JJG<I=FID8E:<8E;J@OK?
>I8;<>@ICJEFKD<<K@E>
D<8JLI<; K<JK J:FI< :I@K<I@8 GC8:<; @EKF :?8CC<E>< D8K? 98J<;
FE K<8:?<I I<:FDD<E;8K@FE D<8E J:FI< F= N8J K?<
<HL@M8C<EK F= 8 >I8;< F= 8 VW FI FLKJK8E;@E> D8K? :C8JJ G<I
=FID8E:<0?@JFM<I8CC<O:<CC<EKKFFLKJK8E;@E>:C8JJIFFDG<I
=FID8E:<@J:FEJ@JK<EKN@K?K?<J@>E@=@:8EKN@K?@E>IFLGGFJKK<JK
:FDG8I<; KF GI<K<JK J:FI< @DGIFM<D<EK =FLE; @E K?< =@IJK I<
J<8I:? HL<JK@FE 8E; K?< I8K< F= K<JK J:FI< @DGIFM<D<EK <HL@
GF@J< EFK<; @E K?< J<:FE; I<J<8I:? HL<JK@FE 8E8CPJ@J "LIK?<I
DFI< 8J N@K? K?< J<:FE; 8E8CPJ@J EF JK8K@JK@:8CCP J@>E@=@:8EK
M8I@8E:< N8J =FLE; 9<KN<<E JKL;<EKJ I<>8I;C<JJ F= GC8:<D<EK
8E;><E;<I:FE;@K@FEJ08B<E8CCKF><K?<IK?<JKL;PK<JKJ:FI<J
8E; >I8;< I<JLCKJ :C<8ICP @E;@:8K< K?8K N?<K?<I K<JK<; @E FI
GC8:<; @E KF :?8CC<E>< D8K? :FLIJ<NFIB 98J<; FE K<8:?<I I<
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