Level 6 Net-Zero Carbon House
Fact File
Introduction to the
Code for Sustainable Homes
The Code for Sustainable Homes is a world leading all-round measure of the
environmental sustainability, ensuring that new homes deliver real improvements in
key areas such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions and water use.
●
The Government’s objective for the Code is that it becomes the single national standard for
the design and construction of homes, and that it drives a step-change in sustainable home
building practice.
●
The aim to make the system of gaining a Code assessment as simple, transparent and
rigorous as possible, a process that inspires confidence in Code assessors, home builders,
product manufacturers and, crucially, consumers.
●
The Code supersedes EcoHomes and with it, it lifts the standards required for energy
and water consumption.
The Government has indicated its intention to use the code as the basis of future
Building Regulations Part L (1A) changes, proposing it as a route map for new homes to
become net-Zero Carbon by 2016.
The Code defines 6 Levels of environmental sustainability:
●
Level 1 is set just above current 2006 Building Regulations.
●
Level 6 is ‘net-Zero Carbon’ for homes in use, including appliance and occupant energy use.
An increasing proportion of credits are needed to satisfy each level, of which a mandatory
proportion are energy and water, reflecting the growing importance of climate change and
potable water availability.
The Code for Sustainable Homes Route Map
Assessment
Voluntary mandatory
Level 3
mandatory
Level 4
mandatory
Level 6
mandatory
Private sector (Energy) >
Time-line:
2007
2008
2010
2013
Public sector
land/funds >
Level 3
mandatory
2
Level 4
mandatory
Level 6
mandatory
2016
The Code for Sustainable Homes is a set of sustainable design principles covering
performance in nine key areas:
●
●
●
Energy and CO2
Surface water run-off
Heath and well being
●
●
●
Water
Waste
Management
●
●
●
Materials
Pollution
Ecology
The Code for Sustainable Homes and contents from its Guidance document is Crown Copyright and available from Communities and
Local Government Publications and online via www.communities.gov.uk
3
Introduction to the
Code for Sustainable Homes
The Code provides valuable information to homebuyers on the sustainability
performance of homes. Houses built to the standards in the Code will bring
with them lower running costs, improved well-being and reductions in the
environmental footprint.
In addition, all new Zero Carbon homes costing up to £500,000 will be exempt
from Stamp Duty and where the purchase price of the home is greater, then the
Stamp Duty will be reduced by £15,000.
With these standards come new technology and altered ways of living. To
operate a truly Zero Carbon home and a way of living, occupiers need to be
well-informed – making optimum use of appliances and systems that reduce
consumption and generate renewable and alternative forms of energy.
Technology to Reduce Consumption
Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR)
An electrically driven whole house ventilation system with very efficient heat recovery
provides background ventilation in the home.
Electricity
Appliances: Efficient +++ goods and a reduction in stand-by power.
Lighting: Low energy lighting technology throughout with external mood lighting
provided by LED lights.
4
Technology to Generate Renewable Energy
Biomass boiler
The boiler provides hot water and space
heating in winter, fuelled by wood pellets. It is
located in the utility room to provide a
dedicated drying area, as an alternative to the
(electricity sapping) tumble dryer.
Solar thermal panels
The panels generate all the hot water in
summer and some in the spring and autumn,
reducing the demand on the biomass boiler and
the amount of wood used.
Photovoltaic (PV) array
PV panels capture energy from the sun to
supply electricity for the whole house.
For Code Level 6, the mandatory heat loss parameter standard is
very high placing more demands on the building envelope such as
insulation, glazing and shading and how these operate with the
technological systems of the house.
Smart Metering and monitoring systems
A Smart Meter records energy consumption, to
help occupants identify any wastage and to
promote more environmentally aware lifestyles.
Ventilation
Understanding how the ventilation and passive
system operates – activated by the
‘windcatcher’ in the Lighthouse.
Heating
The building envelope specification will deliver
high levels of thermal insulation and airtightness
so that the home will only need to be heated for
a couple of months in mid-winter.
Reducing solar gain
External shutters can be used in summer to
reduce the build up of heat. They block out all
direct sunlight.
Reduced glazing
Complying with the U-values of the Code, the
glazing is 5-10% less than that in the traditional
home. The living space of the Lighthouse is
adapted to accommodate this with a large
double height volume on the upper levels with
sleeping accommodation below.
Airtightness
Lobby areas design to the front and back
of the house to maintain the high level of the
airtightness in the build.
Water
Increased awareness about what water to use
where - rainwater for the garden and washing
machine, shower and bath water for the WC.
5
Code for Sustainable Homes
Levels 1 to 6
Number of points a
house needs to achieve
for each Code level:
6
Number
of Credits
Environmental Weighting
Factor (as % of total possible
Points Score available)
Category 1 – Energy/CO2
29 credits
Category 2 – Water
6 credits
Category 3 – Materials
24 credits
Category 4 – Surface Water Run-off 4 credits
Category 5 – Waste
7 credits
Category 6 – Pollution
4 credits
Category 7 – Health & Wellbeing
12 credits
Category 8 – Management
9 credits
Category 9 – Ecology
9 credits
36.4%
9.0%
7.2%
2.2%
6.4%
2.8%
14.0%
10.0%
12.0%
Total
100.00%
104 credits
• Energy
• Potable Water Consumption
• Energy
• Potable Water Consumption
• Waste
• Materials
• Water Surface Run-off
• Pollution
• Health & Wellbeing
• Management
}
}
Environmental Weightings
• Waste
• Materials
• Water Surface Run-off
Issue Category Scores
Tradable
Credits
A combination of
mandatory and tradable
points are available:
Environmental Impact
Categories
Mandatory
Standards
Environmental issues
covered by the Code:
Overall
Score
Level 1
36 Points
(Mandatory + 33.3 Points)
• Exceeds Regulations
• EcoHomes 2006 Pass
• EST Good Practice
Level 2
48 Points
(Mandatory + 43.0 Points)
• EcoHomes 2006 - Good
Level 3
57 Points
(Mandatory + 46.7 Points)
• EcoHomes 2006 Very Good
• EST Best Practice
• Conventional Water fittings
Level 4
68 Points
(Mandatory + 54.1 Points)
• Greywater/Rainwater
• Passive House (approx)
Level 5
84 Points
(Mandatory + 60.1 Points)
• Zero SAP
• Significant Renewables
Level 6
90 Points
(Mandatory + 64.9 Points)
• Zero Operational Carbon
• Most Code Credits achieved
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
Level 5
Level 6
For Level 6 - Mandatory issues:
1
Energy Net-Carbon Zero in operation
●
Very high building envelope thermal performance
●
HLP = 0.8 W/m2K or greater (SAP)
●
Renewables for all heating, hot water, lights, fans and pumps.
●
Renewables for occupant systems and appliances
●
Credits for other low carbon features
2
Water – 80 litres/ day per person of potable water
●
On-site water recycling required
●
Using new more stringent Water Calculator
3
Environmental Impact of Materials
●
Three of five key elements achieve relevant rating of A+ to D
●
Update 2007 The Green Guide
4
Surface water run- off
●
Peak run-off no greater than existing
●
Located in low Flood Risk / Flood mitigation
5
Waste
●
Specified minimum household waste handling
●
Construction waste management system
Plus 86% of all tradable points
Note that individual credits have different weighting factor applied to them to convert than to points
7
Lighthouse: the Level 6 House
1 Energy performance
3 Surface water run-off/pollution
●
Walls, roof, floor U-values = 0.11 W/m2K
- TEK® Building System, 284 mm thick
●
●
Windows = 0.7 W/m2K (incl. wooden frame),
triple glazed, gas filled
4 Materials
●
Air permeability = 1m3/h/m2 at 50Pa
●
Walls and roof – TEK® Building System
●
Thermal bridging 4.5% of surface area
●
Cladding – sweet chestnut
●
Mechanical ventilation = 88% heat recovery
- Kingspan KAR MVHR
●
Paved surfaces from recycled or sustainable
sources
●
Specific fan power 0.92W/l/s
●
Lighting – 100% compact fluorescents
●
Drying room with fittings
●
Energy labelled A++ white goods
●
External lights on PIR sensors
●
Cycle storage
●
Home office facilities
On-site renewable energy
Bio-filtration through surface water
management - swales
5 Waste
●
Construction – recycled, reused
●
Household – bin compartments
●
Composting
6 Health and well-being
●
Daylight 1.5 – 2% daylight factors
●
Private space
●
Lifetime homes
●
4.7kW, 46m photovoltaics
●
10 kW automatic wood pellet boiler
– only 2kW needed
●
Home user guide
●
Wood pellet store, filled 2/3 times a year
●
Construction Site Impacts
●
4m2 solar hot water to reduce wood pellet
resource used in summer
●
Security – alarm system
2
7 Management
8 Ecology
2 Potable water reduction
8
●
Low water shower 8 litres/min and taps
●
Dual flush WC, 4/2 litres, 160 litre bath
●
Water labelled A++ washing white goods
●
Greywater recycling for WC flushing
●
Rainwater harvesting for washing machine
and irrigation
●
Improved biodiversity through native planting
and creation of surface water
9
Lighthouse Design
Section
The structure of the Lighthouse is a simple
barn-like form, derived from a 40° roof
accommodating a PV array. The sweeping roof
envelops the central space – a generous,
open-plan, top-lit, double height living space,
with the sleeping accommodation at ground
level. The living space uses a timber portal
structure so floors can be slotted between the
frames or left open as required.
10
It is constructed using Kingspan Off-Site’s
TEK® Building System, high performance SIPS
(structurally insulated panel based system)
which, for the Lighthouse, will provide a high
level of thermal insulation and performance
– U-values of 0.11W/m2K and airtightness of
less than 1m3/hr/m2 at 50Pa – reducing the
heat loss by potentially two thirds of a
standard house.
The foundations consist of off-site timber floor
cassettes on a ring beam of timber beams
supported off the ground level by screw fast
pile heads. The piles provide minimal
disturbance to the ground and provide
suitable supports for domestic scale dwellings.
When the building reaches the end of its useful
lifespan, the fast foundation support point can
be removed.
11
Lighthouse Design
Plan
12
13
Lighthouse Design
Elevation
14
Materials
Although not mandatory to the Code, every building
material and component used has been specified
for its ability to optimise the house’s overall
sustainability credentials and minimise embodied
energy and maximise recycled content and reuse.
These include:
• Timber frame
• Sweet chestnut cladding
• Screw piles
• Floating ground floor,
replacing concrete slab
• Wool carpet
• Natural rubber flooring
15
Accommodating for
Climate Change
The Lighthouse seeks to address the
challenges of future climate change and
summer overheating.
The Lighthouse is testing examples of
‘thermal heavyweight’ room ceiling surfaces
within a lightweight structural system.
Two different surfaces are demonstrated:
●
BASF PCM (Phase Change Material)
plasterboard
●
Dense cement fibre board
These surfaces help absorb daytime heat
and then give it up to cooler night time
purge ventilation.
Phase Change Material absorb room
heat by changing from solid to liquid
within microscopic capsules
embedded within board. This
process is then reversed when the
room is cooled with night air
TYPE 1
2 storey + mezzanine
PCM - powder
Polymer mantle
5µm
16
Wax
MP: ca. 26˚C
∆H:110J/g
Building services are integrated with
Smart Metering and monitoring that
records energy consumption and
enables occupants to identify if any
wastage is occurring, helping to
promote more environmentally
aware lifestyles.
The approach to minimising
future summer overheating:
Room temperature modifying influence of
Phase Change Material (Year 2000 climate)
40
1. Large secure ventilation openings
occupants feel safe leaving open
at night and away from home.
2. Modest sized windows.
35
3. Solar shading, with future
upgrade sufficient to stop 90%
of direct solar gain.
30
25
4. Low energy appliances
(hence low heat emitting).
20
15
5. ‘Thermally heavyweight’ room
surfaces to absorb daytime heat
gains and provide natural cooling.
10
5
01
-J
u
03 l
-J
01 ul
-J
u
07 l
-J
u
09 l
-J
u
11 l
-J
u
13 l
-J
15 ul
-J
u
17 l
-J
u
19 l
-J
u
21 l
-J
u
23 l
-J
u
25 l
-J
u
27 l
-J
u
29 l
-J
u
31 l
-J
ul
0
Room comfort temperature
6. Purge ventilation to remove at
night the heat absorbed by the
room surfaces during the day.
Outdoor air temperature
17
Accommodating for
Climate Change
Technical Design
Inherent to the design of the Lighthouse
is the response to the predicted increase
in temperature due to climate change.
This is achieved through a combination
of design techniques and systems.
Windcatcher/light
funnel
Solar collectors
and shading
Selective
thermal mass
18
Low embodied
energy
Solar
collection and
north light
Passive
ventilation
Internal
planning
Flexible
space
Selective
thermal
mass
Solar
shading
19
Accommodating for
Climate Change
Day
Night
Selective Thermal Mass
Phase changing material in the ceilings absorbs the room heat by changing from solid to
liquid within microscopic capsules embedded in the board. This process is reversed when
the room is cooled with the night air, working with the passive system of the windcatcher.
Passive Ventilation
Glass lid
(single glazed)
Located on the roof, above the central void over the
staircase, the windcatcher provides passive cooling
and ventilation. When open this catches the cold air
forcing it down into the heart of the houses, living
space and the ground floor sleeping accommodation,
dispersing the hot air, allowing it to escape.
South facing glass
‘chimney’
The windcatcher also brings daylight deep into the plan
of the house and provides the ground floor sleeping
accommodation with secure night time ventilation.
20
Aluminium louvres
Proprietary roof
lights inside
aluminium tube
Aluminium tubed
descend into
room
Solar Gain & Shading
At Level 6 there is a mandatory heat loss parameter which demands high U-values for the building
fabric - 0.8 W/m2K for the windows and 0.11W/m2K for the walls. As a result the ratio of glazing to
wall in the Lighthouse is 18% as opposed to 25-30% in traditional houses. This drove our decision
to locate the living space on to the first floor enabling us to maximise daylight and volume, with a
top-lit double height living space.
Shading to the west elevation is provided by retractable shutters restricting direct sunlight,
minimising heat gain in the summer. These can be folded away when not required to shade the
space from evening sun. Future temperatures in the UK may reach those similar to southern
Europe, however, our sun angle will remain low; we still need to maximise sun and daylight midseason and winter. The passive design of the house must balance the technical considerations
with the occupants’ expectations who are more accustomed to light and airy living.
21
Achieving Code Level 6
Single Unit
25 Unit Development
UK Average Scheme Size
250 Unit Development
Note: Above information is for guidance only. As there are many off-grid/renewable energy technology and economic combinations,
they must be considered on an individual scheme basis. Contact Kingspan Off-Site for further information.
22
Photovoltaics
4.7kW
Solar Hot Water
4m2
Photovoltaics
25kW
Wood Pellet
Micro-CHP
4 No. 1kW
Wood Pellet
Boiler 2kW
Local Wind
Turbine 45kW
- 15m Blades
Wood Pellet
Boiler 50kW
OR
Local Wind
Turbine 400kW
- 45m Blades
Biomass CHP
100kWe
Biomass
Boiler 450kW
OR
23
Energy
For a single home:
Apartment
Part L:2006
Level 1
10% better than Part L1A: 2006
Level 3
25% better than Part L1A: 2006.
Enhanced performance from
conventional approach
Level 6
Super-insulation standard, plus
renewable energy for appliances
and plug demands, as well as
renewables to meet Level 5.
24
Part L carbon emissions
Level 5
100% better than Part L1A: 2006.
As level 4 but with on-site
renewables sufficient for all of
heating, hot water, lighting, fans and
pumps. Requires both heat and
electricity from renewable energy
sources
Occupant systems
Level 4
44% better than Part L1A: 2006.
As level 3 but with some on-site
renewables. Can be achieved with
solar hot water collectors
DHW
SAP – 10%
CSH Level 1
DHW
SAP – 25%
CSH Level 3
DHW
Heating
Heating
Heating
Fans+pumps
Fans+pumps
Fans+pumps
Lighting
Lighting
Appliances
+
plug loads
Appliances
+
plug loads
Lighting
Appliances
+
plug loads
Typical upgrade path:
Level 1
Walls U-values 0.2 W/m2K
Windows U-value 1.6 W/m2K
SAP – 44%
CSH Level 4
SAP – 100%
CSH Level 5
Renewables
Renewables
Zero Carbon
CSH Level 6
Renewables
DHW
DHW
DHW
Heating
Heating
Heating
Fans+pumps
Fans+pumps
Lighting
Lighting
Lighting
Appliances
+
plug loads
Appliances
+
plug loads
Appliances
+
plug loads
Fans+pumps
Level 3
Walls U-values 0.18 W/m2K
Windows U-value 1.4 W/m2K
Air permeability 5m3/h/m2 at 50Pa
Level 4
As 4m2 of solar hot water panels
Level 5
Low energy lighting throughout
5kW wood pellet boiler
1.5kW of photovoltaics
Level 6
Wall/roof/ground U-values of 0.11 W/m2K
Window U-value 0.7 W/m2K
Air permeability 1m3/h/m2 at 50Pa
90% heat recovery ventilation
2kW wood pellet boiler
4kW of photovoltaics
25
Energy
Energy Use
The energy use has been calculated using an adapted SAP method. SAP (Standard
Assessment Procedure) is the calculation method used for the energy assessment for checking
Building Regulations compliance for dwellings. The heating energy is calculated using a degree
day method.
SAP has been adapted as follows:
●
100% low energy lighting rather than 30%
●
0% secondary heating rather than 10% electrical
●
88% heat recovery efficiency rather than 66%
●
specific fan power (SFP) of 0.92 W/l/s rather than 2 W/l/s
●
2940 kWh/yr solar thermal (calculated by manufacturer) rather than 1475 kWh/yr
●
water heating based on reduced shower water flow rate
Energy use
Carbon Dioxide
emissions
Fuel cost
kWh/yr
kWh/m2/yr
kgCO2/yr
kgCO2/m2/yr
£/yr
£/m2/yr
Lighting
500
4
0
0
0
0
Other fans and pumps
200
2
0
0
0
0
MVHR fans
400
4
0
0
0
0
Domestic hot water
3000
29
2
0
1
0
Space heating
1700
16
43
0.4
30
0.3
Catering
900
9
0
0
0
0
Occupant electricity use
2100
20
0
0
0
0
Total
8800
83
45*
0.4
31
0.3
* Offset by PV energy exported into grid
The energy cost of running the Kingspan Lighthouse would be about £31 per year for
the wood pellets, assuming wood pellets cost 1.8 p/kWh. The electricity is free, from
the sun! A house of the same size and shape but built to 2006 Building Regulations
standards would cost about £500 a year in energy bills.
Most of the domestic hot water energy is provided by the solar thermal panels. There is a small
amount of Carbon Dioxide emissions associated with the growing, processing and delivery of
the wood pellets for the remainder of the hot water and for the space heating. This is offset by
extra renewable electricity that is generated from the sun by the photovoltaic panels and
exported to the grid.
In this way, the house is Net-Zero Carbon on an annual basis.
26
Lighting 5%
Lighthouse
Energy Use
Other fans and pumps 2%
MVHR fans 4%
Occupant
electricity
use 24%
Catering
11%
Domestic hot water
35%
Space heating
19%
Operational Energy Use
300.0
kWh/m2/yr
250.0
200.0
Space heating
Domestic hot water
Lighting
Other fans and pumps
MVHR fans
Catering
Occupant electricity use
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
Kingspan
Lighthouse
2006 Building
Regs
2002 National
Flat
Leicester
2001 National
Data
This chart compares the estimated energy use for Lighthouse with benchmarks and measured data.
The Building Regulations estimates were done for a similar size and shape house designed to Building Regulations
standards for 2006 and for 2002. Leicester is measured data for a residential home development for old aged pensioners,
which was built in the mid-1990s. The 2001 national data is measured data averaged over all the housing stock in the UK.
27
Energy Certification
28
29
Lighthouse Building Services
Smart metering
Secure purge
ventilation
Modular wiring
Low energy lighting
A++ white
goods
Rainwater
recycling tank
30
Low water flow
fittings
Building integrated
photovoltaic solar panels
Solar hot water
heating collector
Mechanical
ventilation with heat
recovery (MVHR
Biomass wood
pellet boiler
Hot water and
heat store
Low volume, water efficient
sanitary ware, appliances and
greywater recycling
31
Kingspan Off-Site
Building Fabric Solutions
Code Levels 3, 4, 5 & 6
Level 3
WALL SYSTEMS
U-value
W/m2.K
Air
Overall
Tightness
Wall
3
2
Thickness
m /hr/m
@ 50 Pascals
mm
TEK BUILDING SYSTEM (including plasterboard)
Brickwork
0.25
3.00
300.00
Render/Hung Slate or Tile
0.25
3.00
190.50
Brickwork
0.25
3.00
315.00
Render/Hung Slate or Tile
0.25
3.00
205.00
Brickwork
0.25
3.00
295.00
Render/Hung Slate or Tile
0.25
3.00
200.50
Windows
1.50
2.00
N/A
INSULATED TIMBER FRAME
INSULATED STEEL FRAME
Note: Above data is for guidance only. Specific thermal, airtightness and construction method are
subject to individual scheme design requirements. Contact Kingspan Off-Site for further information.
32
Level 4
U-value
W/m2.K
Level 5
Air
Overall
Tightness
Wall
3
2
Thickness
m /hr/m
@ 50 Pascals
mm
U-value
W/m2.K
Level 6
Air
Overall
Tightness
Wall
3
2
m /hr/m
Thickness
@ 50 Pascals
mm
U-value
W/m2.K
Air
Overall
Tightness
Wall
3
2
m /hr/m
Thickness
@ 50 Pascals
mm
0.20
1.00
317.00
0.16
1.00
365.00
0.11
1.00
440.00
0.20
1.00
207.50
0.16
1.00
256.00
0.11
1.00
331.00
0.20
1.00
315.00
0.16
1.00
316.00
0.11
1.00
365.00
0.20
1.00
315.00
0.16
1.00
220.50
0.11
1.00
265.50
0.20
1.00
315.00
0.16
1.00
340.00
0.11
1.00
410.00
0.20
1.00
220.50
0.16
1.00
250.50
0.11
1.00
315.00
1.20
1.0
N/A
0.80
1.00
N/A
0.80
1.00
N/A
33
Kingspan Off-Site
Building Fabric Solutions
Code Levels 3, 4, 5 & 6
Level 3
ROOF SYSTEMS
U-value
W/m2.K
Air
Overall
Tightness Thickness
mm
m3/hr/m2
@ 50 Pascals
TEK BUILDING SYSTEM
Tile or Slate
0.14
3.00
261
Tile or Slate
0.14
3.00
251
Roof Windows/Lights
1.50
3.00
N/A
0.20
3.00
-
INSULATED TIMBER FRAME
GROUND FLOORS
Concrete Slab
Note: Above data is for guidance only. Specific thermal, airtightness and construction method are
subject to individual scheme design requirements. Contact Kingspan Off-Site for further information.
34
Level 4
U-value
W/m2.K
Level 5
Air
Overall
Tightness Thickness
mm
m3/hr/m2
@ 50 Pascals
U-value
W/m2.K
Level 6
Air
Overall
Tightness Thickness
m3/hr/m2
mm
@ 50 Pascals
U-value
W/m2.K
Air
Overall
Tightness Thickness
m3/hr/m2
mm
@ 50 Pascals
0.14
1.00
261
0.14
1.00
261
0.11
1.00
321
0.14
1.00
251
0.14
1.00
251
0.11
1.00
281
1.20
1.00
N/A
0.80
1.00
N/A
0.80
1.00
N/A
0.20
1.00
-
0.16
1.00
-
0.11
1.00
-
35
Credits
Client:
Design Team:
T: +44 (0) 207 504 1700
sheppardrobson.com
T: +44 (0) 207 636 1531
arup.com
Timber Systems - T: +44 (0) 1908 266200
Steel Systems - T: +44 (0) 1944 712000
kingspanoffsite.com
Project & Cost Management
T: +44 (0) 207 061 7000
davislangdon.com
Management Contractor:
T: +44 (0) 207 960 2540
T: +44 (0) 208 275 0000
chorusgroup.co.uk
macfarlanewilder.com
T: +44 (0) 117 945 3260
ccbevolution.com
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Allgood
Architectural Ceramics
Arnold Laver Timber World
Astins
BASF
CCM Consulting
Dasouple
Ecoplay
Envac UK Ltd
Finnforest
Fozz Lighting
Kingspan Fabrik
Klargester Environmental
Knauf
Miele
Mitsubishi Electric
MK Electric
Natural Elements
NorDan
Range Cylinders Ltd
Russell Door Technology
Screw Fast Foundations
Schneider Electric
Solar Thermal Ltd
Suntech-MSK Europe
Thermomax
Vincent Timber
William Ball Kitchens