Sr
Can elemental composition
data of crop leaves be
applied to tree leaves and
wild grass?
K. Tagami & S. Uchida
NIRS, Japan
Cs
Zn
Th
U
Elements measured in 18 leafy vegetable samples
collected in Japan
(Associated field soil samples were also measured)
H
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Fr
Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
Ra
Sc
Y
L
A
Ti
Zr
Hf
Rf
V
Nb
Ta
Db
Cr
Mo
W
Sg
B
Al
Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga
Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In
Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl
Bh Hs Mt
C
Si
Ge
Sn
Pb
N
P
As
Sb
Bi
O
S
Se
Te
Po
L La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
A Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
60 elements
F
Cl
Br
I
At
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
July ‘09 meeting…
Comparison of elemental concentrations in
leafy vegetables and tree leaves
Leafy vegetables
Leafy vegetables’
data were from
Cabbage,
Chinese cabbage,
and Lettuce etc.
collected in
Japan
104
100
Not too bad…
But how about
with other tree’s
data?
1
0.01
0.0001
0.0001
0.01
1
100
104
Tree leaves
Tree leaves data were from B. Markert, “Instrumental element and
multi-element analysis of plant samples” (1996)
Other literature data
•
Guha MM, Mitchell RL (1966) The trace and major element
composition of the leaves of some deciduous trees. Plant Soil 24:
90-112.
•
Sheppard SC, Evenden WG (1990) Characteristics of plant
concentration ratios assessed in a 64-site field survey of 23
elements. J Environ Radioactiv 11: 15-36.
•
Takada J, Takamatsu T, Satake K, Sase H (1994) Data on
elemental concentration in land plants by neutron activation
analysis. F-58-‘93/NIES, National Institute for Environmental
Studies, Tsukuba
•
Markert BA (1996) Instrumental element and multi-element
analysis of plant samples: methods and applications. John Wiley &
Sons Ltd., West Sussex
Guha MM, Mitchell RL (1966)
• Tree names: sycamore, horse-chestnut and beech.
• Soil type: granitic soil at Aberdeen, Scotland.
• Leaves of trees were collected several times of a year
in 1959.
• Samples were also taken from bottom, middle or top of
crown.
• Twenty-one elements were measured: Co, Ni, Fe, V,
Ti, Cr, Pb, Al, Mn, B, Si, Ca, Sr, Ba, Mg, Cu, Mo, Zn, P,
K and Na.
10
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
sycamore, No.3
Elemental
concentrations
v.s.
Leafy vegetables
6
R=0.997, p<0.001
10
4
10
2
10
0
10
-2
-4
10
-4
10
-2
10
10
0
2
4
10
10
10
6
6
10
4
10
2
10
0
6
Si
Pb
10
-2
10
-4
10
6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
10
2
10
4
6
10
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
leafy vegetables
10
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
beech
10
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
horse-chestnut
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
sycamore
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
Sycamore, No.2
4
10
Si
2
10
Pb
0
10
10
-2
10
-4
-4
10
10
-2
10
0
10
2
10
4
10
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
leafy vegetables
6
4
10
2
10
Ba
Pb
0
10
10
-2
10
-4
-4
10
10
-2
10
0
10
2
10
4
10
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
leafy vegetables
6
Sheppard SC, Evenden WG (1990)
• Tree names: blue berries (Vaccinium angustifolium)
• Collection sites: 64 fields in Canada
• Leaves of trees were collected at June - July 1983.
• Twenty-three elements were measured: Ni, Fe, Ti,
Cr, Pb, Al, Mn, B, Si, Ca, Sr, Ba, Mg, Cu, Mo, Zn, Zr,
Ce, P, S, Cl, K and Na.
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
Vaccinum sp.
Elemental concentrations
10
6
10
4
10
2
10
0
10
-2
10
-4
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
10
2
10
4
Concentration of elements (mg/kg) in
leafy vegetables
10
6
Vaccinum angustifolium (Canada)
v.s.
Vaccinum sp. (Germany & Russia)
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
blueberry (Canada)
10
6
R=0.97, p<0.001
10
4
10
2
Ce
10
0
10
-2
10
-4
10
-4
-2
10
10
0
10
2
10
4
Concentration of elements (mg/kg) in
cowberry and bilberry (G&R)
10
6
Takada J., et al. (1994)
• Tree names: Japanese red pine, Japanese cedar,
Japanese cypress, Metasequoia, Japanese cherry,
Shiraki, Hisakaki, Tea plant, Sakaki, Japanese clethra,
Javanese bishopwood*, Ryukyu pine* (12 species).
*collected from subtropical area in Japan.
• Collection sites: Japan
• Leaves of trees were collected at Mar.-Nov., 1980-1981.
• Twenty elements were selected by setting the criterion to
select elements for which the element concentration was
detected in 1/3 or more of the measured samples: Co, Fe,
Al, Mn, Ca, Rb, Sr, Ba, Mg, Zn, Sb, Cs, Sc, Ce, La, Sm,
Cl, Br, K and Na.
Comparison of elemental concentrations
Cl
0
10
Sb
-2
10
-2
10
0
2
10
4
10
10
2
10
0
10
Sb
-2
10
10-4
-4
10
6
10
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
leafy vegetables
Mn
2
10
La
0
Sm
Sb
-2
10
-2
10
0
2
10
4
10
10
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
Japanese clethra (L-19)
Al
Mn
Ba
10
Na
0
10
-2
10
0
10
2
10
4
10
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
leafy vegetables
10
4
Mn
Sr
2
10
Co
La
0
10
Sm
Sb
-2
10
10
6
10
4
10
2
-2
10
0
2
10
4
10
10
-2
10
6
10
-2
10
0
2
10
10
4
10
Zn
Co
Na
0
Sb
-2
10
10
-2
0
10
10
2
4
10
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
leafy vegetables
Sb
-2
10
4
Al
10
Mn
Ba
2
10
Sr
0
10
Sm
Sb
-2
10
10
6
10
4
10
2
10
0
6
10
-2
10
0
2
10
10
4
6
10
10
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
leafy vegetables
-2
10
0
2
10
10
4
10
4
10
Al
Mn
2
10
0
10
Sb
-2
10
10-4
-4
10
6
10
-2
10
0
2
10
10
4
6
10
10
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
leafy vegetables
Sr
-2
10
10
6
10
4
10
2
10
0
K
Mn
-2
10
-4
10
-4
10
10-4
-4
10
6
10
-4
10
10
Na
0
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
leafy vegetables
Cl
Ba
2
10
106
10-4
-4
10
6
10
Mn
Sr
10
Br
Sb
4
10
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
leafy vegetables
-4
-2
10
0
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
leafy vegetables
4
2
Cl
2
10
10-4
-4
10
6
10
10
10-4
-4
10
6
10
106
10
K
Mn
106
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
leafy vegetables
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
Sakaki (L-18)
4
10
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
Hisakaki (L-16)
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
Shiraki (L-15)
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
Japanese cherry (L-14)
4
10-4
-4
10
2
10
106
10
10-4
-4
10
0
10
4
10
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
leafy vegetables
106
10
-2
10
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
Japanese bishopwood (L-20)
10-4
-4
10
K
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
metasequoia (L-13)
Mn
2
10
4
10
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
Tea plant (L-17)
K
106
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
Ryukyu pine (L-21)
4
10
106
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
Japanese cypress (L-12)
106
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
Japanese cedar (L-11)
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
Japanese red pine (L-10)
106
10
-4
10
10
-2
0
10
10
2
4
10
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
leafy vegetables
6
10
-4
10
10
-2
0
10
10
2
4
10
Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
leafy vegetables
6
10
Among pine trees
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Concentrations of elements (mg/kg) in
Scots pine (L-9) and Ryukyu pine (L-21)
10
6
Ryukyu pine (R=0.98, p<0.001)
Scots pine (R=0.96, p<0.001)
10
4
Na
10
2
10
0
10
-2
10
-4
10
Sb
Ba
-4
10
-2
10
0
10
2
10
4
Concentration of elements (mg/kg) in
Japanese red pine (L-10)
10
6
6
Herbaceous plants
10
4
10
2
10
0
10
-2
10
-4
N=20, 7 species
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
10
2
10
4
10
Elemental concentraiton in leafy vegetables, mg/kg
6
10
6
Rice leaves
10
4
10
2
10
0
10
-2
10
-4
10
N=5
Concentrations of elements in Herbaceous plants, mg/kg
10
N=43, 18 species
Concentrations of elements in Herbaceous plants, mg/kg
Leafy vegetables v.s. leaves of
Herbaceous plants (Takada et al., 1994) or Rice (not published)
-4
10
-2
10
0
10
2
10
4
10
Elemental concentraiton in leafy vegetables, mg/kg
The data for leafy vegetables would also be applicable
to “Wild Grass” in RAP if there are no suitable data
6
Elemental concentrations in soil
Reimann & Caritat, 1998.
10
6
10
4
10
2
10
0
10
-2
10
-4
514 Japanese Soil
Uchida et al., 2007. GM
78 Japanese Upland Field Soil
Ag
Al
As
Au
B
Ba
Be
Bi
Br
C
Ca
Cd
Ce
Cl
Co
Cr
Cs
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Fe
Ga
Ge
Gd
Hf
Hg
Ho
I
In
K
La
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Mo
N
Na
Nb
Nd
Ni
P
Pb
Pd
Pr
Rb
Re
S
Sb
Sc
Se
Si
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Th
Ti
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr
Concentration (mg/kg-dry)
World Average
Takeda et al., 2004. Median
Element
Comparison of the elemental concentrations in soil
y = 1.0541 * x^(1.0049) R= 0.99883
Concentrations of elements in soil
(world average or 514 Japanese soil samples), ppm
y = 1.1408 * x^(0.97375) R= 0.99518
10
6
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
World Average
514 Japanese Soil
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
Concentraitons of elements in Japanese upland field soil samples, ppm
Potential CR values for leaves of higher plants
C: 1.0
Ag
3.1E-02
Gd
1.2E-03
Rb
2.9E-01
Al
3.4E-04
Hf
4.3E-04
Sb
8.5E-03
As
2.9E-03
Ho
1.1E-03
Sc
1.9E-03
Ba
2.4E-02
I
2.4E-02
Se
3.6E-02
Be
1.1E-03
K
2.9E+00
Si
3.8E-04
Br
1.4E+00
La
1.9E-03
Sm
9.0E-04
C
1.7E+01
Li
1.3E-03
Sn
5.9E-02
Ca
7.5E-01
Lu
1.1E-03
Sr
1.8E-01
Cd
4.5E-01
Mg
3.0E-01
Tb
1.2E-03
Ce
9.2E-04
Mn
3.0E-02
Th
6.5E-04
Cl
1.7E+01
Mo
3.7E-01
Ti
1.1E-03
Co
6.1E-03
N
1.5E+01
Tl
6.8E-02
Cr
4.7E-03
Na
7.8E-02
Tm
1.2E-03
Cs
6.0E-03
Nb
8.2E-04
U
1.2E-03
Cu
1.9E-01
Nd
1.2E-03
V
4.7E-04
Dy
9.8E-04
Ni
3.6E-02
W
1.1E-02
Er
9.6E-04
P
3.9E+00
Y
1.4E-03
Eu
2.2E-03
Pb
3.9E-03
Yb
6.9E-04
Fe
1.3E-03
Pr
1.3E-03
Zn
3.3E-01
Ga
2.7E-03
Ra
1.1E-02
Zr
6.3E-04
Concentration in leafy vegetables / concentration in soil (average)
Conversion factor
(from leaves to whole plant data)
Conv-F_Leaf
10
1
0.1
Al CaFe K MgMnNa Ti Li V CrCo Ni CuZnGaAsSeRb Sr Y MoCdSnSbCsBaLaCe PrNdSmEuGdTbDy Er YbLu Hf W PbTh U
Element
Thank you for your attention!
Conclusions (for paper)
•
There are elemental composition data for many more elements in leafy
vegetables than in wild tree leaves.
•
The correlation coefficients were high between elemental compositions
of leafy vegetables and those of various tree leaves.
•
From these results, we concluded that elemental composition data for
leafy vegetables would be applicable for wild tree leaves if there were no
data for that tree.
•
However, leaves of some trees have a tendency to accumulate some
elements such as Al, Co and Mn.
•
Thus to obtain more precise data for each element in each tree type,
further data must be collected.
•
It should be noted that the data of leafy vegetables are only applicable to
leaves of trees so that to estimate element transfer to a whole tree body,
elemental components in other tree parts, such as trunks and branches,
should be measured.
Which is better?
Rice leaves (NIRS)
vs
Tree leaves (Markert, 1996)
Leafy vegetables (NIRS)
vs
Tree leaves (Markert, 1996)
104
104
R=0.922, p<0.001
1000
R=0.998, p<0.001
100
10
Rice leaves
Leafy vegetables
100
1
1
0.1
0.01
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.0001
0.01
1
Tree leaves
100
10
4
0.0001
0.0001 0.001 0.01
0.1
1
Tree leaves
10
100
1000
104