Geography,
History,
and the
Social
Sciences
A presentation by
Mr. Zindman
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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1. Thinking Geography
To understand the issues around the world
and how the change your life we first need
to understand geography.
• What do you think geography is?
____________________________
____________________________
• Why study geography?
____________________________
____________________________
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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____________________________________ is the study of people, their
environments, and their resources. A geographer looks at how the natural
environment affects the way we live A geographer looks at how the natural
environment affects the way we live. A geographer also looks at the way we
live and how we change the environment in which we live in. A geographer
looks at the natural resources people use.
What do you think is a natural resource?
A ________________________________is a material that humans can
take from the environment to survive and satisfy their needs For
example a mountain range may contain reserves of coal or iron,
while a nearby river or ocean may supply fish. The iron, coal, and
fish are examples of natural resources.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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Maps and Globes
To locate places, geographers used maps and globes. A
_____________________________is a drawing of the Earth’s
surface.
A _________________________ is a round object shaped
like a ball (sphere) that has a map of the world on it.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
4
A drawing of a map on a flat surface is
called a ____________________________.
A person that makes a map is called a
______________________________.
Today they use sophisticated technology
to make maps.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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Five Kinds of Maps
Here are four types of maps that we use in our
everyday lives. They are______________,
__________________, ________________, and
__________________________maps. Each
type of map serves a specific purpose.
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The __________________________
shows the boundaries (or lines) that
people use to divide their world into
countries and states.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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A _________________________shows
natural features, such as, mountains,
deserts, rivers and oceans.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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A _____________________________
lets you know how many people live
in different areas of the Earth.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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A _________________________________________ map
shows the natural resources in an area. A natural
resource is the raw materials, such as minerals,
found on the land areas.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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Latitude and Longitude
Most maps have lines on it that look like lines
on a sheet of graph paper. These graph lines
make it easier for us to locate the exact location
of a place. These lines on the graph are
measured in ____________________________°.
Latitude
Longitude
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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We use a ________________________________to
determine directions on a map. A compass rose shows the
directions of North, South, East and West on a map.
The lines that that north to south or up and down) are
called _____________________________.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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The lines that that run east to west (or left
to right) are call _____________________.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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We divide the Earth in half with an
imaginary line at 0° latitude is called
the __________________________r.
If The Equator divides the Earth into two
halves called ________________________.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
14
An imaginary line divides the
earth into two equal east and west
(left and right) halves. This
imaginary line is called the
_____________________________
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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Time Zones
Lines of longitude and latitude also help us tell what
time it is all over the world. Why does time differ on the
earth from place to place?
The answer is that the Earth _________________________
_________________. As the Earth moves, the sun appears
to rise in some places and set in other places. Throughout
the world people use the rising and setting of the sun to
set their clocks.
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To make this easier the world was divided into 24 time zones. Each time zone
represents 1 hour in time on a clock. As you move from time zone to time
zone you increase or decrease you clock by 1 hour for each time zone you
cross when traveling. If you head West, you lose an hour for each time zone
you cross. If you head East, you add an hour for each time zone you cross.
Each zone you cross is called a
_____________________________________.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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The Five Themes of Geography
Here are the five themes of geography:
Location
Historians and geographers try to discover
_________________something important happened. They
also try to figure out why that event happened? A
geographers task is to try to pinpoint the exact location
of an event.
Compass Rose
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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Place
A geographer looks at the
_________________________of a place. They looked
at the climate (weather), plant life, animal life and
bodies of water. People often help to shape the way a
place looks by their ideas and actions.
Wyandanch
revitalization
project
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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Interaction Between People and Their Environment
Throughout history, people have adapted and changed their natural
environment. For example, ancient hunters learned to grow food crops in
the Americas.
Later, Native Americans in the Southwest found ways to, or bring water to
the desert so they could farm the land. Ancient American hunters learned
to plant seeds and grow crops.
Later Americans in the Southwest developed methods of ________________
__________________________________, or bringing water to dry lands.
Today, advances in technology allow people to alter their environment
dramatically.
People have invented ways to
take oil from the ocean floor.
They have cut down thick
forests to build highways.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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Movement
People move around to different places throughout the world because their
resources (raw materials) are spread unevenly around the world.
Resources are things that we get from the Earth to help us survive, such as trees,
water and fish. People need these resources to build their houses and survive.
To get resources they had to move place to place. As they met other people,
they exchanged their ideas and technology. ___________________________
is any new idea or invention used to improve the life style of people. Examples
of technology are automobiles, televisions and radios. These advances in
technology led to the world we live in today.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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Region
Geographers study regions. A _______________is
an area of the world with similar characteristics.
For example, The Great Plains is a region because
it has fairly level land, very hot summers, very cold
winters and little rainfall.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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2. Lands and Climates
of the United States
Geographers divide the United
States into several different
physical regions with contrasting
landforms. The Hawaiian Islands
located in the North Pacific
Ocean, consist of a chain of
islands. The _______________
_______________is the
mainland’s westernmost region,
with high mountain ranges
stretching from Alaska to Mexico.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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Types of Landforms
(Look and examine the map on page 18-19 of your textbook.)
__________________________are high steep rugged
land. They rise to an elevation (or height) of at least
1,000 feet above the surrounding land.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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are areas of raised
land, but they are lower, less steep and
more rounded than mountains.
_________________________
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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________________ are areas of flat or
level land.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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_____________________________ are large
raised areas of flat land.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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A narrow strip of
land that joins two
large areas is called
an
_________________
___________.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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Rivers and Lakes
There are many great river systems in North America. They collect
water from melting snows and rain and carry it to the oceans.
The Mississippi River and the Missouri River and their
____________________________________ make up the largest and
most important river system in the United States.
A ________________________ is a stream or smaller river that flows
into a larger one. These rivers provide transportation by boats. They
also provide moisture (or water) for most part of the plains of the
United States. The rivers of the United States crisscross the country
linking different physicals regions.
The Mississippi River
Missouri River
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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The Great Lakes- Five Great Lakes border the United States
and Canada. The Great Lakes are
_____________________,
__________________________,______________________,
_______________________________,
_________________.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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Factors that Affect Climate
______________________is the condition of the
Earth’s atmosphere (or air.) It could be hot or cold,
rainy or dry or something in between.
The United States has 10 different types of climates.
_____________________ is the average weather of a place
over a period of 20-30 years. Two features define the
climate. They are temperature and precipitation. What do
you think is temperature?
_______________________is the water that falls from the
sky in the form of rain or snow. The location and altitude,
or height of the land above sea level, of a region also
influences climate.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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Section 3 The Tools of History
What is History?
_________________________is an account of what
happened in the life of people. Historians use the past to
ask the question, what happened in this place? Historians
look at the location, place movement and religion to try to
explain the life of a population. Many different cultures
have their own individual history.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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Primary and Secondary
Resources
What document is this?
What can you tell me about
this document?
Historians collect evidence and use it to
interpret events in history.
Historians first use primary sources. A
_____________________________________
_____________is firsthand information
about people or events. Primary sources
include official documents such as laws or
court decisions, public speeches, and
eyewitness accounts such as diaries or
letters, and autobiographies. Primary
sources could include visual evidence
such as an original news photograph or The Declaration of Independence.
videotape.
A primary source.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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What do these items have in common?
Historians also make use
of
_______________________
_____________ . A
secondary resource is an
account provided after the
fact by people who did not
directly witness or
participate in the event. An
example of a secondary
source is a textbook,
encyclopedia, books and
articles written by
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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Archaeology
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and
Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the
course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an
objective summary of the text.
What is this
cartoon saying?
When dealing with a primary
source, the historian must
determine whether it is
authentic.
_________________________
___ refers to whether or not
the source is actually what it
seems to be. For example, in
1928, a magazine published
a series of newly discovered
letters that was said to be
written by Abraham Lincoln.
Soon afterwards they were
discovered to be forgeries or
fakes. A historian must
decide if the source is 35
authentic.
Scientists have dug up things from the ground. They have found tools,
weapons, baskets, and carvings buried in the ground. The evidence
that is dug up is called__________________________________.
The study of artifacts left by early people is called _______________.
A scientist that studies archaeology is called an
______________________________.
artifacts.
archaeology
archaeologist.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
36
By studying artifacts, archaeologists can
learn much about early people. If they
found in arrowhead that would suggest that
people knew how to make weapons and
hunt.
Each object they found can provide valuable
information about early cultures.
__________________is the entire way of life
that people has developed. It includes the
behavior, customs, ideas, beliefs, and skills
that people teach every new generation.
From artifacts and other evidence,
archaeologists form theories
about the culture of an ancient
people.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
37
Section 4 Economics and Other Social Sciences
The study of how people manage their limited resources
to satisfy their wants and needs is called ___________
___________________________________.
How would you manage your resources in your house?
Would you buy food?
Would you buy water?
Would you buy fuel?
Three Basic Questions About Economics
1. What needs should be fulfilled?
2. How should things be produced?
3. For whom should things be produced?
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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Every society must fulfill people’s basic needs of food, shelter, and
clothing. A society must make decisions how they will fill these
needs.
They must make decisions how to use their limited resources to fill
these needs. Even though people agree what to produce, they must
choose how to produce it and how much of it to produce.
Technology plays a large role in these decisions. For example,
Technology uses machines and manufacturing to produce things.
Lastly, a society must decide for whom we should produce goods
and services for. We are all ___________________________, or
users of goods and services. However, just as resources are
limited, supplies and services can also be limited.
Today we live in a ______________________________, that is, an
economy where we exchange money for goods and services.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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The Free Enterprise System
The economy of the United States is based on a principle
known as free enterprise. In a
________________________ _____________________,
the government plays a limited role in the economy.
Businesses are owned by private citizens. Owners
decide what products to make and sell.
Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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Common Core Standard: Reading Informational Texts R.I.8.2, Key Ideas and Details. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its
development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
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