CIGRE TNC Technical Seminar
“Future Renewable Energy and Smart Grid Technologies”
Battery Energy Storage
6/20/2014
Kenji Takeda
Hitachi Research Laboratory,
Battery Research Div.,
Hitachi, Ltd.
© Hitachi, Ltd. 2014. All rights reserved.
Presentation overview
1. Storage Systems
1-1 Trend of energy storage
1-2 Japan’s experiences
1-3 R&D of battery cells
2. Energy Storage Solution
2-1 Hybrid BESS
2-2 Smart grid simulation
3. EGAT – Hitachi Joint Study
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1. Storage Systems
1-1 Trend of energy storage
1-2 Japan’s experiences
1-3 R&D of battery cells
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-Trend-
1-1 Trend of Energy Storage
Storage capacity [GW]
Electricity storage capacity and needs
120
2011
100
2DS
2050
80
60
40
20
0
China
India
EU
US
Region
Energy Technology Perspectives 2˚ Scenario of IEA
Source: IEA Technology Roadmap (Energy Storage) 2014
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-Installed capacity-
1-1 Trend of Energy Storage
Current global installed grid-connected electricity storage capacity
100%
Other, 976
Redox-flow, 10
Flywheel, 25
Nickel-cadmium,
27
Lead-acid, 70
Lithium-ion, 100
Sodium-sulphur,
304
100%
0.7%
0.7%
PSH,
140000
[MW]
CAES, 440
0%
0%
PSH: Pumped Storage Hydroelectricity
CAES: Compressed Air Energy Storage
Source: IEC white paper (2011)
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1-1 Trend of Energy Storage
-Comparison of batteries-
BESS technologies and characteristics
100MW
Duration: 1sec
1min
1hour
Sodium-sulfur
Li-ion
Rated Power
10MW
1day
1MW
100kW
Redox-flow
10kW
Lead-acid
1kW
1kWh
1MWh
Energy
1GWh
Source: IEC white paper (2011)
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1-1 Trend of Energy Storage
-Comparison of applications-
Energy Storage Application
Size [MW]
1-40
1-2000
0.001-1
1-400
10-2000
10-2000
1-2000
Duration
Time
1s-1min
1min-15min
1min-H
Li-ion
1min-H
15min-2H
15Min-2H
15min-1day
Response
Time
ms to s
1min
<15min
<15min
<15min
<15min
<15min
Voltage support
Frequency regulation
Demand shifting and peak reduction
Variable supply resource integration
Spinning reserve
Non-spinning reserve
Load following
Black start
0.1-400
1H-4H
<1hour
Transmission and Distribution (T&D)
congestion relief
T&D infrastructure investment
deferral
Off-grid
Arbitrage
Seasonal storage
10-500
2H-4H
>1hour
1-500
2H-5H
0.001-0.01
100-2000
500-2000
3H-5H
8H-24H
Day-Months
Leadacid
>1hour
<1hour
>1 hour
Day
Source: IEA Technology Roadmap (Energy Storage) 2014
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1-2 Japan’s experiences
-Wind Farm Power Stabilization-
Shiura Wind Farm in Aomori, Japan
PCS and Battery Array
Housing of PCSs and Batteries
*: Tohoku Electric Power Co., Inc.,
"Technical requirement for dealing with
frequency fluctuation", 2006
Wind turbine’s
power
Grid Code
*
20 minutes
Power
-Wind turbine output:
15.4MW (1.9MW x 8)
-Battery capacity:
10.4MWh (LL1500-W type)
( In operation since February, 2010 )
Less than
10% of wind
farm rated
power
Smoothed power
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Time
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1-2 Japan’s experiences
-Wind Farm Power Stabilization-
Power measurements on March 30th, 2010.
WT without power limiting
estimated from wind speed
Power (kW)
WT
Total
(stabilized)
Battery
storage
Without
control
(estimated)
Fluctuation
in 20 min.
(100%=15.44 MW)
With
control
Time (clock time)
Proposed control reduces fluctuations to under 10%.
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1-2 Japan’s experiences
-DC Railway system-
・Energy storage for traction power supply system (B-CHOP)
・Stabilizes feeder voltage by charge/discharge of battery
3MWmax
Regeneration
Brake
820V,1650V
DC Feeder
DC/DC
346V,692V
Battery 19~114kWh
Acceleration
Assisting
Station
slowdown
Speed up
Source:日立評論(2012)
Projects
・Kobe subway (http://www.nikkan.co.jp/news/nkx1120140123cabe.html)
・East Japan Railway (http://www.nikkan.co.jp/news/nkx1120140123cabe.html)
・Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit (http://digital.hitachihyoron.com/pdf/2012/06/2012_06_09.pdf)
・Macau Light Rail Transit (http://www.hitachi.co.jp/New/cnews/month/2012/06/0613.html)
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1. Storage Systems
1-1 Trend of energy storage
1-2 Japan’s experiences
1-3 R&D of battery cells
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1-3 R&D of battery cells
-Lead acid battery-
Valve Regulated Lead Acid battery (VRLA) for Grid Use
View of LL series
Unit for 12kWh (4 cells)
Features
a. Cycling use (repeated charge & discharge cycles)
b. Long life: up to 17 years, or 4500 Cycles
c. Large energy capacity: up to 1500Ah / cell
d. Wide range suited to a variety of applications
e. No special auxiliary such as heaters nor controllers
f. Established recycle system for LAB (in Japan)
g. Affordable price for large scale integration
Valve for gas escaping
Typical Applications
Cathode
Separator
Anode
LAB Cell
 Wind Farms and Photovoltaic Plants
 Stabilization of power grid
 Smart grid
 EMS for homes and buildings
 EV charging stations
 Power load leveling
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1-3 R&D of battery cells
-Lithium ion battery-
Lithium-ion Battery Module for Grid Use
View of
CH75-6 Module
1
2
3
Cylindrical
Cells
Controller
-Monitoring
Cell voltage
Cell temperature
-Alarm
-Cell balancing
4
5
6
Item
Nominal
Capacity
Nominal
Voltage
Voltage
Range
Discharging
Current
Charging
Current
Operation
Temp.
Expected
Lifetime
Specifications
75Ah/0.2CA
22.2V(3.7V/cell × 6 cells in Series)
16.2 ~ 25.2V(2.7 ~ 4.2V/cell)
225 A(3CA) Short Period Max.300A
(Battery temperature may not exceed 50˚C )
225 A(3CA)
-20 ~ 40˚C
(Capacity will decline below 0 ˚C )
6000 cycles
(Operation condition- DOD : 100%, 25˚C )
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-Chemical Reaction -
1-3 R&D of battery cells
Lead-acid
Current
(-)
Process:
OxidationReduction
Current
(+)
Load
PbSO4
H 2O
(-)
Charge
PbSO4
H 2O
SO42-
Discharge
Electrolyte:
Aqueous
Lithium-ion
SO4
H+
2-
Pb
(-)
SO42-
H+
H+
Load
PbO2
Pb
(+)
(-)
(+)
Load
H+
H+
PbO2
Load
(+)
Charge
Process :
InsertionExtraction
Li
Li
Li
Electrolyte:
Organic
Li
C
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li Li
Li
Li
LiXMOY
LiXC
Discharge
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Li
Li
Li
Li
MOY
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- Lifetime forecasting -
1-3 R&D of battery cells
Capacity Fade [%]
Forecasting
Testing
Forecasting method
Calendar Life
Year
Cycle Life
Lifetime calculation for
user’s demand
Margin design
Source:日立評論(2012)
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2. Energy Storage Solution
2-1 Hybrid BESS
2-2 Smart grid simulation
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2-1 Hybrid BESS(HBESS)
- Overview -
Wind
Farm
PV
Grid
Power
Distribution
Control
PCS
Lead-acid
Battery
Hybrid Battery
Energy Storage
System
PCS
PCS
Lithium-ion
Lithium-ion
Battery (LiB) Capacitor (LiC)
HBESS enables:
Optimized Energy / Power ratio
Size reduction
Long life time
(compared to single-type)
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2-1 Hybrid BESS(HBESS)
- Design Concept -
Maximum Power [MW]
LiB
Too much
power
Minimum
Structure
Hybrid
Too much
capacity
User Demand
Maximum Capacity [MWh]
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2-1 Hybrid BESS(HBESS)
AC200V
System
output
Power
Simulator
DC
Hybrid system : 200kW, 55kWh
Hybrid control
Fluctuation
mitigation
Capacity type :
Power type :
200
Power B
PCS
V, I,
etc.
Power
distribution
Battery
management
DC
V, I,
etc.
60kW, 30kWh
140kW, 55kWh
Power type
Power A
Common
interface
Power [kW]
PCS
- Examination of hybrid control -
0
Capacity
type
-200
0
Lithium-ion
Capacity type
10
20
30
40
50
Time[min]
Lithium-ion
Power type
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2. Energy Storage Solution
2-1 Hybrid BESS
2-2 Smart grid simulation
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2-2 Smart grid simulation
Past
- Background -
Power flow is one way
Distribution
substation
Distribution
line
transformer
Equipment planning
depending on electricity
use for consumer
Future Power flow changes depending on weather conditions
PV generation • Prediction of Power Flow
Distribution
line
Distribution
substation
Wind power
generation
EV
and Reverse Power Flow
• Equipment planning for
the stabilization of power
transformer
fluctuation
↓
Battery Need for
Smart Grid Simulator
Heat Pump
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2-2 Smart grid simulation
Input
- Functions of SG simulator -
Simulation
Power System
Configuration
Output
State prediction of power grid
Weather
Transmission
Distribution
Weather
Data
Sensor
Power
Plant
Data
Power
Grid
EV
Actual Past
Data
Operation
Mega Solar
Wind Farm
Parameter
DSM : Demand Side Management
PV : Photovoltaic power generation
◎Variation simulation and
prediction of Power Grid (V, P, I...)
- Simulation and prediction of fluctuation
in output of renewable energy
Effect of distribution control
Battery
PV
◎Effect of introducing power system
stabilizer (SVC, Battery)
Effect of introducing DSM
Consumer Electric
Water
Heater
◎Prediction of demand fluctuation for
consumer
◎Scheduling of EV charging
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2-2 Smart grid simulation
- GUI of SG simulator -
Map mode
Display of electric
power flow
System diagram
mode
Simulate
movement
of cloud
Voltage
deviation
area
Behavior
of SVR
Voltage
profile
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2-2 Smart grid simulation
- Voltage analysis of distribution line -
Only the existing
facilities
The influence of
RES
With climate
change
After system control
(SVR, SVC)
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2-2 Smart grid simulation
- Voltage analysis with BESS control -
without BESS
(overvoltage)
BESS
with BESS
BESS
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3. EGAT – Hitachi Joint Study
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3 EGAT-Hitachi Joint Study
- Objectives -
EGAT – Hitachi Joint Study (2014/3/31 – 4/4)
Objectives
To jointly explore the opportunities in introduction of battery storage in
connection with wind power and solar power generation in North East
region of Thailand.
Battery Energy Storage
Hydro
Grid
Solar Power
Steam Turbine
GAS Turbine
Monthly capacity (GW)
0.04
0.02
0
0
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4
8
12
Time
16
20
24
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3 EGAT-Hitachi Joint Study
Input
A. Hourly power demand
- Simulation Simulation Output
D. Power output of Generators
600
(GW)
Capacities
(GW)
Capacities
0.06
Relative load (-)
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
Data
0.01
Predicted
0.00
0
2
4
6
8
10
12 14
Time
16
18
20
22
24
B. Power generation Mix
Daily Balance in May
600
Daily Balance in May
Middle
400
WindMiddle
400
PV
200
Wind
PV
Base
200
0
Base
200
0 Change of Middle Load Supply
200
Change
Middle Load Supply
UpwardofExcess
100 Upward Excess
(GW)
Capacities
(GW)
Capacities
E. Operation Curve of Middle Load
100
0
0
C. Climate for PV and Wind Power
Solar Radiation by Weather
1.0
0.8
Cloudy
9
Rainy
8
0
6
0
6
12
18 Excess24
Downward
Time
12
18
24
Time
F. Fluctuation which middle load could
not catch up.
Wind Speed
10
Fine
Downward Excess
Wind Speed (m/s)
Relative output (-)
7
0.6
0.4
0.2
6
5
4
3
2
1
0.0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12 14
Time
16
18
20
22
24
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Time
16
18
20
22
24
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Conclusion
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Conclusion
① Advanced Materials from R&D
② Products Designed for Industrial Use (Batteries, PCS etc.)
③ Systems Integration Capability
Hitachi established “Complete Quality Assurance System” from
materials through final integrated storage systems.
Long Life Electrodes
Electrode Factory
Hitachi Group’s Material Products
Battery Cell Production Line
Applications
Materials
Products
Integration
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Questions?
Crystal + Energy
Crystal of Hitachi’s state-of-art technology
All-in one, container-type energy storage system as a core energy
product for ensuring the stable use of renewable energy.
CrystEna - Trademark Registration In progress
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