January-December 1996
Institute
Effect of Stand Density On Leaves Under Irrigation
Novi
and
ABSTRACT Tbe number leaves formed .,...u.,,,,lii,,,,.II,,,
with stand l1iPlrH1U,v
Do:~itivellv correlated witb leaf area.
average leaf area index
from 2.9 ha/ba with
60000
to 4.2 ba/ha witb 120000
Tbe average leaf area index in
810/0
Irrll2anon in
increased
a wet year,
5%.
Additional
words: Number of
Stand "t>l"\C!n"u
Leaf area
45
Journal of Sugar Beet Research
46
Vol 33 No. 1-4
factor
to other
is at an op­
timum leaf area and additional leaf area is not beneficial. Kastori
and
claimed
for efficient utilization of
energy, leaf area index should range from 3.5 to 4.0. At optJmum
this leaf area may
30 g of sugar per
Similar results were achieved by Shulz
who indicated that
leaf area inn"?'h"",,,'" ranges from 3 to 4. Lomis and Williams
also
should be about 4.
claimed that leaf area index of
Folleth et al
found that the
leaf area inranges from 4.2 to 5.5.
1i"",,,,>I,v... c leaf mass in the first year and under the
favourable environmental conditions such as soil
the leaf mass will increase
Leaf formation and the duration of leaf
'>''''Ar.n,..,,,,,,
<OlH"", .. h"","''''
Cll(T"'rh;:>,:>'"
formation of leaves and leaf area of cll(Y<::Irhp,Ctt are the
paper.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The effect of stand
on the formation and
of the increase in leaf area under '....·.n"'..."",..,
were
The
was conducted at
PY1,,\pr1n1,f>nt field of the Institute of Field and
Novi Sad at Rimski
from 1991
1994.
The treatments studied were:
nl"'"lcu'u
, ....', .... ,,1',1"\....
A. Stand 1'1",..",,1"'0'
a l - 60000
a 2 - 75000
a3 - 90000
a4 - 105000 as 120000 January-December 1996
Effect of Stand Density On Leaves Under Irrigation
47
B. Irrigation b l - irrigation b 2 - no irrigation Other cultural practices (soil tillage, fertilization, sowing,
cultivating, protection, etc.) were the same as for comercial sugarbeet
production. The experiment had four replicates. Plot size for one
variant and one replicate was 24 m 2 •
The measurement of sugarbeet leaf area, variety 'Dana', was per­
formed five times during the growing season (June 5, July 5, July 25,
August 20, September 20) according to the method of leaf dimension
measuring (length x width) and multiplied by the coefficient 0.75.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Leaf area is a basic factor of photosynthesis productivity and
thereby, plant productivity. Additionally, the increase of leaf area of
sugarbeet is affected by stand density and water supply to the plant.
Sugarbeet intensively forms leaves and leaf area in the early part of
growing season, generally reaching the maximum leaf area in the mid­
dle of July. The period needed to form maximum leaf area depends on
environment conditions, applied cultural practices and characters of
the varieties. Stanac'ev (1969) determined maximum leaf area on
August 1, and Djordjevic(1965) from July 1 to 15. DragoviC(l973 and
1978) found the maximum leaf index area in irrigation at the end of
June and beginning of July. We found that under Rimski S~ancvevi,
Yugoslavia conditions, maximum leaf area in all stand densities in ir­
rigation was achieved on July 25 and, with no irrigation from July 5
to 25, (Figure 1).
The variation in leaf area development depends on the conditions
for sugarbeet development. Sugarbeet stand density influenced average
leaf area index under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions . Under ir­
rigation the leaf area index increased linearly from 2.9 with 60,000
plants/ha to 4.2 with 120,000 plants/ha. Similar results were obtain­
ed without irrigation (Figure 2). Irrigation increased leaf area index in
all years and at all populations by an average of 36070.
Stand density also influenced maximum leaf are index. Under ir­
rigation, maximum leaf area index was 4.0 with 60,000 plants/ha to 6.3
with 120,000 plants/ha, a 61 070 increase. Without irrigation, maximum
leaf area index ranged from 3.1 to 5.4, an increase of580J0, from 60,000
to 120,000 plants/ha (Figure 3).
Irrigation increased the average leaf area index by 81070 in 1992, a
dry year, while irrigation increased leaf area index by only 5070 in 1991 ,
a wet year, as compared to non-irrigated sugarbeet (data not shown).
48
Journal of Sugar Beet Research
Vol 33 No. 1-4
7~-------------------------------------------------,
6
5
2
June 5
July 5
July 25
Aug. 20
Date of analysis Sept. 20 June 5
July 5
July 25
Aug. 20
Date of analysis Sept. 20 7
6
5
I
"D
.!:
4
ID
!
ID
.....
3
....I
2
m
1
, r.. ,,,,,,h,,,..,, on leaf area in­
1. The effect of stand ,-t"""",,"'H
dex at five dates
the ncr"""",.",.,. season.
January-December 1996
Effect of Stand Density On Leaves Under Irrigation
49
7
6
Gi""
..c:
a;­
~
5
~
1:]
4
-=
...
-_
CD
CD
a;
.....CD 3
•
CD --.J
~- ---- -- - --- ------
.
--«----­
----...- --.. ­
---­
2
90000
75000
6 0000
105000
120000
No. of plants per ha
1---
Irrigated
--.....--- Non-irrigated
Figure 2. Effect of stand density on average leaf area index in irrigated
and non-irrigated sugar beet (average for 1991-1994).
7
~
6
.c
co
::..
----_...
5
.
~
"C
c
--_
4
----- -
ftI !!
ftI
--­
3
(ij
(I)
.....J
2
75000
60000
90000
1 05000
120000
No. of pia nts per ha
1---
Irrigated
- -~--
Non-irrigated
Figure 3. Effect of stand density on maximum leaf area index in ir­
rigated and non-irrigated sugar beet (average for 1991-1994).
50
Journal of Sugar Beet Research
Vol 33 No. 1-4
Maximum leaf area index was also affected
fluctations in
conditions from year to year. Maximum leaf area index of
8.1 ha/,ha was achieved on
1994 with stand
of
Maximum leaf area index without
was
7.7 ha/.ha with stand
of at the same date.
Similar results were found
imum leaf area index of 7.9 under
don of fertilizer in the trials at Rimski
area index was 9.5 in conditions of intensive ,,,,,'lfT"'T'r\,"
'Almira' in
varietal differences
l .... ICf-:l,Tlr-.n
""-;:U't'P'1l1
of sugar
Average
Irrigation LSD: Irrigation
Plant Density
Interaction
4.4
5.9
8.3
means
0.05 2.8
0.01 3.7
6.2
U]:,tmrlU1D leaf area index of "lH-'<:l .. hA,,,,t
from 3 to 4
claimed that " ....
index of leaf area
"lH)"~rhp,F't is from 4 to 5. Dombroth and Bramm
considered
that most of
have
total leaf area than
needed.
j·;'rnH'rn
January-December 1996
Effect of Stand Density On Leaves Under Irrigation
to several
number of leaves in the first
v .... vu.;:Iu\.,y
51
r.~ .....".rt"
indicates that the
2' formed 53 leaves in the first year and the number
of leaves was similar under
and non-Irn:galJO][l. ;:")ILan.aC(:v
found 48 leaves ""... r,r\""""r\
"'HY~rnpl:>T
"'H'r':lrhp,::.t photosynneed lower leaf area per
to
minimize leaf
The number ofleaves formed
Dana
52.7.
the
season 31leaves died. The number of leaves
per
increases
The
decrease of the number of leaves per
with the increase in stand
.-;"""",1", was observed both with and without
Plant .-;"'.... ".1·"
in
season.
UU"4'1.U;'Lb'
Table 2. Effect of stand
and wilted leaves per
season.
and
on the number of formed
Dana
the
Plant
Dead
leaves
Leaves
formed
Dead
leaves
Leaves
formed
Dead
leaves
55.5
55.0
55.3
105,000 52.4
120,000 52.0
30.5
33.8
32.1
30.2
30.0
53.5
51.5
49.5
51.2
51.1
31.3
31.4
30.3
31.4
30.9
54.5
54.2
52.4
51.8
51.5
30.9
32.6
31.2
30.8
30.4
54.0
31.3
51.4
31.1
52.9
31.2
Leaves
formed
The number of leaves per
stand
was 2.6 leaves per
The
difference between '......''''nr''',.,.
where
over
Journal of Sugar Beet Research
52
Vol 33 No. 1-4
non-irrigated plants. Considering the large number of leaves pro­
duced in the growing season, the difference between irrigation and
non-irrigation was relatively smalL
Sugarbeet forms leaves during the entire growing period.
Dynamics of leaf formation under irrigation was characterized by
formation of higher number of leaves in the first part of growing
period (to the beginning of July), less formation in the middle of
the growing period (July and August) and more at the end of the
growing period (September) (Figure 4).
15
C
ca
en
'-­
Q)
~
Q)
Q)
Q)
Q)
> 10
ca
0..
a. cn
en Q)
i;i
> "C
ca
~
'0
c:
E
:::J
c
Q)
.~
0
l§
:::J
E
:::J
0
-0
"C
Ql
E
S
II
~'>;
Q)
Q)
(j; ~
Ql
-0
i~:~
a, 5
c:
(f)
Q)
5
>
ca
~
u
ca
Q)
10 "C
15
':
CJ
D
EJ
EJ
/
-.
-
-' .
%->, :
60.000 plantSlna
75.000 plantslha
90 .000 plantslha
105.000 plants/ha
120.000 plants/ha
June 5
July 5
July 25
Aug . 20
Sept 20
Date
Figure 4. Number of dry and green leaves formed between each date
for each plant density over irrigated sugar beet (average for
1991-1994) .
Life duration of the leaves varied from 16 to 90 days, while 0.2
to 0.7 leaves were formed per day (Kastori and Petrovic', 1992b).
In the period from June 5 to September 20 (106 days), 37.4 leaves
per plant were formed on average with irrigation, which is 0.35 leaves
per day. Without irrigation, 0.33 leaves were formed per day on
average.
January-December 1996
Effect of Stand Density On Leaves Under Irrigation
53
Dynamics of leaf dying in the growing season under irrigation has
a pattern opposite to leaf forming. In the first part of the growing
season, leaf dying was minimal at two to three leaves per month. In the
middle of the growing season, leaf dying was more extensive while at
the end of the growing season, dying was greater. Without irrigation,
the dynamics of leaf dying differed from under irrigation. In the mid­
dle of growing season, leaf dying was more pronounced while at the end
of the growing season it was less (Table 3). Similar results were found
in previous studies under similar conditions but with other varieties.
(Dragovic', 1973).
Table 3. Number of green, dead and newly formed leaves per plant of
sugar beet in certain periods under irrigation and non-irrigation (1991
through 1994) averaged over sugarbeet plant densities.
Date
Irrigation
New
Dead
Green
(since
Non-irrigation
Growth
New
(per day)
(since
previous
previous
date)
date)
J,me5
Dead
Green
Growth
(per day)
1.9
14.8
1.6
14.6
July 5
8.2
2.2
20.8
0.25
8.4
2.4
20.7
0.25
July 25
7.4
4.1
24.1
0.41
6.6
4.7
22.5
0.37
Aug 20
8.1
7.8
24.8
0.31
7.9
9.5
20.9
0.30
Sept 20
13 .7
15.3
23.1
0.46
12.3
12.9
20.3
0.40
Total
37.4
31.3
0.35
35.2
31.1
0.33
LITERATURE CITED
C~ukalijev, O. (1995): Effect of impulsive irrigation on yield and sugar
content in sugar beet in the region of Skopje. Ph.D. thesis,
Faculty of Agriculture Skopje.
Dombroth, M. and Bramm, A. (1980): Consequences of physiological
yield aspects concerning the leaf formation of sugarbeet for
breeding. Proceedings of 43 th Winter Congress, Institute for
sugarbeet, Bruxelles, 267-276.
54
Journal of Sugar Beet Research
Vol 33 No. 1-4
S.
of sugar beet in conditions of various
level of nutrition on a chernozem. Ph.D.
of
""","nlt-n,."" Novi Sad.
Effect of ,,.,..,fT,.,,.,,......
OrltinOUlll stand densi­
of Scientific
Vol.
pel~lOC]lC;al
of sugar beet in
Research on Field and
71-78.
MC)rp.noJog:lc and
characters and
R.
'I value of sugar beet cultivars grown in Vo­
Ph.D.
Novi Sad.
:scn.me.H, W. R., Viest F. G.
and Sucrose Accumulation
No.3.
nal of the A.S.S.B.T. Vol.
M.
of sugar beet.
JAV.lV5.l"-'
r>rIHIIIl"HI1"
Accumulation of solar energy, carbon diox­
i selekci­
ide and water. Size of accumulation area.
svekli. Izd. "Kolos", Moskva. traits Botanical characteristics and
of sugar beet.
Moskva.
M.P.
characteristics of
'-"h"""'Alr\l'ru of sugar beet from
Vol.
223-238.
Ac.aaemy of Science and
der Blattolache fur die Trocken­
sut)st;am~prioalllction der Zuckerruben. Zucker No. 11.
Effect of basic cultivation on
and
of sugar beet. Ph.D.
Studies with
beets. Beta
Beet Techno!. No. 16.