Cell Mitochondria
Introduction
This lecture introduces the cytoplasmic organelles that produce the energy required for cellular processes to occur. In recent years mitochondria have also been
shown to have important roles in other cellular functions, in particular, cell death by apoptosis. This second role will be covered in detail in later lectures in this
current series.
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:01lungtem.jpg)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:08lungtem.jpg)
Welcome to the Matrix!
Mitochondrion is singular, Mitochondria is plural
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Mitochondria_fl.jpg)
Labeled Mitochondria Movie (1 frame/2 seconds)
(http://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/units/movies/mitochondria/B35mitotag1F2sec.mov)
(/cellbiology/index.php/Mitoch
M
​ itochondria
(/cellbiology/index.php/Mitochondria_Movie_1)
Page (/cellbiology/index.php/
​Mitochondria
Play
Page (/cellbiology/index.php/Mitochondria_Movie_1) |
(/cellbiology/images/a/a0/Mito
Play
(/cellbiology/images/9/94/Mitochondria_movie_1.mp4)
Lecture Archive: 2016 (https://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Cell_Mitochondria&oldid=76076)
Objectives
Broad understanding of processes requiring energy within the cell
Brief understanding structure and function of plant chloroplast
Understand the structure and function of plant and animal mitochondria
Brief understanding of mitochondria evolution
Brief understanding of mitochondrial abnormalities
Textbooks
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. The Mitochondrion. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26894/ (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26894/)
Cooper GM. The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2000. Mitochondria. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9896/ (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9896/)
Review - David J Pagliarini, Jared Rutter Hallmarks of a new era in mitochondrial biochemistry. Genes Dev.: 2013, 27(24);2615-27 PubMed 24352419
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24352419)
Double Membrane Organelles
Nucleus - all eukaryotes
Chloroplasts - plants
Mitochondria - plants and animals
History Mitochodria
1857 Kölliker discovers mitochondria in muscle
1929 Karl Lohmann discovered ATP
1940s and 1950s ATP is formed in cell respiration in mitochondria and photosynthesis in chloroplasts of plants
1960 Efraim Racker and co-workers isolated, from mitochondria, the enzyme "F o F 1 ATPase" now call ATP
synthase
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Mitochondrion_structure_c
Mitochondrion structure cartoon
1963 There’s DNA in those organelles (http://jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/full/168/6/853) DNA is directly visualized
in first chloroplasts and then mitochondria, from the JCB Archive
(http://jcb.rupress.org/misc/fromthearchive.shtml).
1992 Wallace identified degenerative disease caused by mtDNA mutations
1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry - The three laureates have performed pioneering work on enzymes that participate in the conversion of the "high-energy" compound
adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"
Jens C. Skou "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase
Evolution Mitochondria
primitive Eubacterium (alphaproteobacteria-like ancestor)
symbiotic relationship with eukaryotic cell
circular DNA
see antibiotic-induced deafness due to similarity of mitochondrial and bacterial ribosomes
genes transferred to nucleus
mitochondrial genome bp
366,924 Arabidopsis
16,569 Human
5966 Plasmodium
Chloroplasts
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Chloroplast1.jpg)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Plant_cell_structure.png)
Plant cell structure
Plant Chloroplast
organelles
Double membrane cytoplasmic organelle
present in photosynthetic Eubacteria, algae and plants
thought to originate as an endosymbiotic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
Function
photosynthesis
chlorophyll captures light energy
chloroplasts interact with peroxisomes
Structure
flat discs usually 2 to 10 micrometer in diameter and 1 micrometer thick.
plants 5 μm in diameter and 2.3 μm thick
inner and an outer phospholipid membrane
intermembranous space
stroma
stacks of thylakoids (site of photosynthesis)
contains copies of small circular DNA
ribosomes
proteins transported to the chloroplast
(MH - will not cover this cell organelle in any depth in current course)
Mitochondria
Greek, mito = thread; chondrion = granule
Located throughout cytoplasmic compartment
has itself several membrane enclosed compartments
each compartment has different function
Ancient aerobic organisms in symbiosis (endosymbiosis)
present in all cells
Mitochondria Function
Energy production
Respiratory chain
Signaling
Apoptosis role
Programmed cell death
Mitochondria Structure
Double membrane
outer membrane
intermembrane space
inner membrane
crista (plural, cristae)
originally considered specialized folds of the inner membrane
variable invaginations with narrow tubular connections to each other and by crista junctions to the
peripheral region of inner membrane
matrix
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Heart_mitochondria.jpg)
Heart mitochondria
Mitochondria Shape
Come in different shapes & sizes
Can rapidly change shape (minutes)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Mitochondrial_membraneo
Mitochondrial membraneous compartments
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:01lungtem.jpg)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Cardiac_muscle_mitochondria.jpg)
Lung
Cardiac muscle
Mitochodrial Movie (http://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/units/movies/mitochondria/B35mitotag1F2sec.mov)
Mitochondria Location
cells with high energy requirements: Muscle, sperm tail, flagella
generally located where energy consumption is highest in the cell
Mitochondria (fibroblasts)
Mitochondria (sperm)
Packed around initial segment
Energy for sperm motility, microtubules (9+2)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Mitochondrion_rat_liver.jpg
Mitochondrion rat liver
Maternal Inheritance
Most animals
Oocyte mitochondria (maternal) are the only mitochondria inherited. (see genetics below)
maternal mitochondrial genome inheritance.
Spermatozoa mitochondria (paternal) can enter oocyte at fertilisation.
Male spermatozoa are destroyed early in embryonic development (mechanism not yet elucidated)
worm - (C. elegans) suggest ubiquitination occurs followed by autophagy. PMID 24528894
mouse - suggest a more passive process, prefertilization sperm mtDNA elimination and uneven mitochondrial distribution in embryos. PMID 23878233
(image (http://www.pnas.org/content/110/32/13038/F2.expansion.html))
Recent experiments using swapping maternal mitochondrial DNA in mammalian oocytes (image (http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?
title=File:Swapping_mitochondrial_DNA_mammalian_oocytes.jpg))
Mitochondria Components
Outer Membrane
porin - membrane channel, allows ions and metabolites into the mitochondria (<5000 daltons)
Intermembrane Space
similar to the cytosol with respect to the small molecules it contains
also enzymes that use ATP
Inner Membrane
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Cardiolipin.jpg)
cardiolipin - phospholipid, makes membrane impermeable to ions (unique to mitochondria inner membrane)
mitochondrial damage and depolarization causes cardiolipin translocation to the outer mitochondrial
membrane to initiate mitophagy (selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy)
transport proteins - permeable to molecules required in the matrix
Cristae
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Mitochondrial_membraneo
Mitochondrial membraneous compartments
increase inner membrane surface area
tubular, vesicular or flat cristae
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase
respiratory electron transfer chain proteins
transport proteins
Links: Model - inner boundary membrane and cristae membranes (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3078762/figure/F1/)
Matrix
metabolic enzymes of citric acid cycle (=Krebs) (100s of enzymes) (MH- do not need to know biochemical details of this cycle)
genetic material DNA, tRNA, ribosomes
Mitochondria DNA
double stranded circular DNA (mitoDNA. mtDNA)
1981 complete human sequence (16,569 nucleotides)
37 genes
encodes 13 polypeptides involved in oxidative phosphorylation
remaining genes transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
multiple copies within the matrix
maternally inherited
remainder encoded by nuclear DNA
proteins made in cytosol and imported into mitochondria
Links: Home Reference - Mitochondrial DNA (http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome=MT%7CGenetics)
Mitochondria Protein Synthesis
yeast - Petite mutants
all mitochondrion-encoded gene products missing
forms small anaerobic colonies
organelle is constructed entirely from nucleus-encoded proteins
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Eukaryotic_mitochondrial_g
Eukaryotic mitochondrial genomes
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Proteintransport.gif)
Many mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear DNA
synthesis begins in the cell cytoplasm
imported into the mitochondria
targeting similar to signal sequence for RER
once in matrix signal sequence is cleaved (by Hsp70)
protein then folds (by Hsp60)
proteins for mitochondrial membrane or intermembranous space
additional signal following matrix localization
Mitochondrial targeting signal (MTS) - alternating amino acid pattern (amphipathic helix) with a few hydrophobic amino acids and a few plus-charged amino acids
at the N terminus.
Links: Replication and preferential inheritance of hypersuppressive petite mitochondrial DNA (http://www.nature.com/emboj/journal/v20/n7/full/7593682a.html) |
Home Reference - Mitochondrial DNA (http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome=MT%7CGenetics)
Mitochondrial Division and Fusion
Mitochondria Fission
Mitochondrial Division
Divide independently of the
whole cell cycle
Generated by existing
mitochondria
inward furrowing like
bacterial division
mitochondria lack FtsZ
ring (seen in bacteria)
rely on dynamin on the
cytosolic face for fission
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Mitochondria_fission_and_autophagy.jpg)
Blocking mitochondrial fission causes autophagy
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Mitochondrial_fission.jpg)
Mitochondrial fission
Mitochondrial inheritance
Mitochondrial Fusion
when two separate mitochondria join as one
fission and fusion considered to be balanced
disruption causes normal tubular network of mitochondria to fragment into
short rods or spheres
Requires large GTPases
Mitofusins 1 and 2 (Mfn1, Mfn2) and OPA1
Mfn1 and Mfn2 for outer membrane fusion
OPA1 for inner membrane fusion
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Mitochondrial_fusion_EM.jpg)
Mitochondrial fusion (EM)
Links: Preventing Mitochondrial Fission Impairs Mitochondrial Function and Leads to Loss of Mitochondrial DNA
(http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003257) | Mitochondrial dynamics–fusion, fission, movement, and mitophagy–in
neurodegenerative diseases (http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/18/R2/R169)]
Energy Production
Electrochemical proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane is used to drive ATP synthesis MBoC - The general mechanism of oxidative
phosphorylation (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mboc4&part=A2489&rendertype=figure&id=A2514)
Respiration
Raw Materials
Oxygen
Pyruvate & Fatty Acids
Products
Carbon Dioxide
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Steroid Synthesis
adrenal glands and gonads/ovaries - Steroid hormones required for carbohydrate metabolism, stress management, and reproduction and are synthesized from
cholesterol in mitochondria of these tissues. PMID 25505173
Mitophagy
http://jcb.rupress.org/content/208/7/865.full (http://jcb.rupress.org/content/208/7/865.full)
Apoptosis
Mitochondria in addition to energy production, have a second major function related to programmed cell death
by apoptosis.
cytochrome C release activates caspases
other changes include
electron transport, loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential
altered cellular oxidation-reduction
Bcl-2 family proteins (pro- and antiapoptotic)
Vesicular Mitochondria
begin to appear during the release of cytochrome C which initiates mitochondrial mediated apoptosis
transformation from normal morphology
with an inner boundary membrane connected to lamellar cristae via crista junctions
multiple vesicular matrix compartments
facilitates membrane fission or fragmentation as the matrix is fragmented at this stage
fragmentation of the mitochondrion requires only outer membrane fission
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Mitochondrial_morphology.
Mitochondrial morphologies during apoptosis
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Apoptosis_mitochondria.jpg)
Apoptosis mitochondrial pathway (MH- this topic will be covered again in detail in the Cell Death Lecture
(/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Death_2#Mitochondrial_Pathway))
Links: Lecture - Cell Death 1 (/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Death_1) | Lecture - Cell Death 2 (/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Death_2) | Movie - Vesicular Mitochondria
(http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/TFrey/vesicularmitomovies/Vesicular.htm) | Role of mitochondria in apoptosis
(http://www.sgul.ac.uk/depts/immunology/~dash/apoptosis/mito.htm) | Ibioseminar - Apoptosis Part 2: Factors Involved in the Intrinsic Pathway of Apoptosis (27:39
minutes) (http://www.ibioseminars.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=181&Itemid=178)
Methods
Dynabead Isolation
Mitochondria isolation using magnetic beads conjugated to antibodies to mitochondrial surface markers.
MitoTracker Probes
MitoTracker probes are cell-permeant mitochondrion-selective dyes.
Links: Bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAEC) - LysoTracker Red and MitoTracker Green
(http://tools.invitrogen.com/content/sfs/gallery/high/g001829.jpg) | Bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cell - probes to mitochondria (red), peroxisomes (green),
and the nucleus (blue) (http://tools.invitrogen.com/content/sfs/gallery/high/g002238.jpg) | Molecular Probes - Probes for Mitochondria
(http://www.invitrogen.com/site/us/en/home/References/Molecular-Probes-The-Handbook/Probes-for-Organelles/Probes-for-Mitochondria.html) | Spectral
characteristics of the MitoTracker probes (http://www.invitrogen.com/site/us/en/home/References/Molecular-Probes-The-Handbook/tables/Spectralcharacteristics-of-the-MitoTracker-probes.html)
Apoptosis Assays
Cytochrome c Releasing Apoptosis Assays - detection of cytochrome c translocation from mitochondria into cytosol during apoptosis. Commercial Kit PDF
(http://www.kamiyabiomedical.com/pdf/KT-147.pdf)
Cytochrome c normally located in the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes
Mitochondrial transmembrane potential changes (JC-1, cationic dye) Commercial Kit 1 (http://www.genscript.com/kit/L00291Mitochondrial_Apoptosis_Detection_Kit_JC-1.html) | Commercial Kit 2 (http://www.millipore.com/cellbiology/cb3/mitolight)
Healthy cells - accumulates and aggregates in the mitocondria, bright red fluorescence.
Apoptotic cells - altered mitochondrial transmembrane potential causes dye to remain in the cytoplasm in monomer form, green fluorescence.
MitoChip
Microarray of both strands of the entire human mitochondrial coding sequence (15,451 bp).
detecting germ line and heteroplasmic mutations by complete mitochondrial genome resequencing Affymetrix Commercial Microarray
(http://www.affymetrix.com/browse/products.jsp?productId=131460&navMode=34000&navAction=jump&aId=productsNav) Manual
(http://www.affymetrix.com/support/technical/manuals.affx)
oligonucleotide probes synthesized using standard photolithography and solid-phase synthesis, and is able to sequence >29 kb of double-stranded DNA in a
single assay.
The Human MitoChip: a high-throughput sequencing microarray for mitochondrial mutation detection. Maitra A, Cohen Y, Gillespie SE, Mambo E, Fukushima N,
Hoque MO, Shah N, Goggins M, Califano J, Sidransky D, Chakravarti A. Genome Res. 2004 May;14(5):812-9. PMID: 15123581
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15123581) | http://genome.cshlp.org/content/14/5/812.abstract (http://genome.cshlp.org/content/14/5/812.abstract) Genome
Res. 2004]
Abnormalities
Nuclear transfer of mitochondrial DNA
mitochondria to the nucleus generates nuclear copies of mitochondrial DNA (numts)
Integration can appear as neutral polymorphism or associated with human diseases (insertion of mtDNA into
genes,5 known cases), the mitochondrial genome remains intact in the individuals.
1. insertion at the breakpoint junction of a reciprocal translocation between chromosome 9 and 11.
2. insertion into splice site mutation in the human gene for plasma factor VII (causes severe plasma factor VII
deficiency, bleeding disease)
3. insertion into exon 14 of the GLI3 gene causes a premature stop codon (associated with Chernobyl)
4. insertion into exon 2 of MCOLN1, eliminated proper splicing of the gene (mucolipidosis IV).
5. insertion in exon 9 of the USH1C gene (Usher syndrome type IC)
Above examples from: PMID: 15361937 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15361937)
Mitochondrial Myopathies
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Mitochondrial_DNA_A group of several diseases
_Human_polymorphic_numts.png)
Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) Genes and Disease - Kearns-Sayre syndrome
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=gnd.section.385)
Human polymorphic numts PMID 15361937
Leigh's syndrome Genes and Disease - Leigh's syndrome (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?
rid=gnd.section.387)
mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDS)
mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and strokelike episodes (MELAS) Genes and Disease - MELAS
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=gnd.section.389)
myoclonus epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF)
mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE)
neuropathy, ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP) Genes and Disease - NARP (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=gnd.section.388)
Pearson syndrome Genes and Disease - Pearson syndrome (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=gnd.section.390)
Progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO) Genes and Disease - Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?
&rid=gnd.section.391)
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA)
mutation in gene for frataxin (a mitochondrial iron (Fe) chaperone)
mechanism may be a mitochondrial iron (Fe) loading and reactive oxygen species
animal models show H2O2 is an important pathogenic substrate underlying the phenotypes arising from frataxin deficiency
Genes and Diseases - Friedreich's ataxia (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=gnd.section.205)
Charcot–Marie–Tooth type 2A
inherited neuropathy
caused by mutations in mitofusin 2
proper regulation of mitochondrial dynamics required in neurons
Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
maternally inherited cause of blindness Genes and Diseases - LHOM
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=gnd.section.386)
mutation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
three common mtDNA mutations: G11778A, T14484C, G3460A
Aminoglycoside-induced deafness
due to aminoglycoside antibiotic treatment Genes and Diseases - Aminoglycoside-induced deafness
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=gnd.section.384)
gentamycin, streptomycin, and tobramcyin
similarity of mitochondrial ribosomes to bacterial ribosomes
Other
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (ACC)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Leber_hereditary_optic_neu
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
Mitochondrial mutations in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands. Mithani SK, Shao C, Tan M, Smith
IM, Califano JA, El-Naggar AK, Ha PK. PLoS One. 2009 Dec 30;4(12):e8493. PMID: 20041111
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20041111)
"Mitochondrial mutation is frequent in salivary ACCs. The high incidence of amino acid changing mutations implicates alterations in aerobic respiration in ACC
carcinogenesis. D-loop mutations are of unclear significance, but may be associated with alterations in transcription or replication."
Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome?
Links: Genes and Diseases -Mitochondria and Disease (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=gnd.chapter.383) | GeneReviews - Mitochondrial Disorders
Overview (http://www.genetests.org/query?dz=mt-overview) | Genes and Diseases - Friedreich's ataxia (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?
&rid=gnd.section.205) | Muscular Dystrophy Association - Mitochondrial Myopathies (http://www.mda.org/disease/mito.html) | The Cleveland Clinic - Mitochondrial
Myopathies (http://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/health-info/docs/1600/1678.asp?index=6957) | Genes and Diseases
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bookres.fcgi/gnd/tocstatic.html) | OMIM - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?
db=omim)
References
Textbooks
Essential Cell Biology
Chapter 13 Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Chapter 14 Intracellular Compartments and Transport
Molecular Biology of the Cell
Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter New York and London: Garland Science; c2002
The Mitochondrion (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.section.2495)
Molecular Cell Biology
Lodish, Harvey; Berk, Arnold; Zipursky, S. Lawrence; Matsudaira, Paul; Baltimore, David; Darnell, James E. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c1999
Mitochondria Are the Principal Sites of ATP Production in Aerobic Cells (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.section.1182#1189)
Figure 16-7. A three-dimensional diagram of a mitochondrion cut longitudinally (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.figgrp.4346)
The Cell- A Molecular Approach
Cooper, Geoffrey M. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.; c2000
The Cell - A Molecular Approach - III. Cell Structure and Function 10. Bioenergetics and Metabolism - Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes
Mitochondria (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.section.1625)
Search Online Textbooks
"mitochondria" Molecular Biology of the Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=mitochondria+mboc4) | Molecular Cell
Biology (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=mitochondria+mcb) | The Cell- A molecular Approach
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=mitochondria+cooper) | Bookshelf (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?
db=Books&cmd=search&term=mitochondria)
"chloroplast" Molecular Biology of the Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=chloroplast+mboc4) | Molecular Cell
Biology (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=chloroplast+mcb) | The Cell- A molecular Approach
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=chloroplast+cooper) | Bookshelf (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?
db=Books&cmd=search&term=chloroplast)
Books
PubMed
PubMed is a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine that includes over 18 million citations from MEDLINE and other life science journals for biomedical
articles back to 1948. PubMed includes links to full text articles and other related resources. PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed)
PubMed Central (PMC) is a free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature at the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the National
Library of Medicine (NLM) allowing all users free access to the material in PubMed Central. PMC (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=PMC)
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a comprehensive compendium of human genes and genetic phenotypes. The full-text, referenced overviews in
OMIM contain information on all known mendelian disorders and over 12,000 genes. OMIM (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=omim)
Entrez is the integrated, text-based search and retrieval system used at NCBI for the major databases, including PubMed, Nucleotide and Protein Sequences,
Protein Structures, Complete Genomes, Taxonomy, and others Entrez (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar)
Search Pubmed
"mitochondria" PubMed reviews (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=mitochondria+review) | PubMed all articles
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=mitochondria) | PMC reviews (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?
db=PMC&cmd=search&term=mitochondria+review) | PMC all articles (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=PMC&cmd=search&term=mitochondria) |
OMIM (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=omim&cmd=search&term=mitochondria) | Entrez all databases (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?
itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=mitochondria)
Reviews
Michael R Duchen, Gyorgy Szabadkai Roles of mitochondria in human disease. Essays Biochem.: 2010, 47;115-37 PubMed 20533904
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20533904)
Andrew B Knott, Guy Perkins, Robert Schwarzenbacher, Ella Bossy-Wetzel Mitochondrial fragmentation in neurodegeneration. Nat. Rev. Neurosci.: 2008,
9(7);505-18 PubMed 18568013 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18568013)
David C Chan Mitochondria: dynamic organelles in disease, aging, and development. Cell: 2006, 125(7);1241-52 PubMed 16814712
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16814712)
Hsiuchen Chen, David C Chan Emerging functions of mammalian mitochondrial fusion and fission. Hum. Mol. Genet.: 2005, 14 Spec No. 2;R283-9 PubMed
16244327 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16244327)
Articles
Bcl-x L increases mitochondrial fission, fusion, and biomass in neurons. Berman SB, Chen YB, Qi B, McCaffery JM, Rucker EB 3rd, Goebbels S, Nave KA,
Arnold BA, Jonas EA, Pineda FJ, Hardwick JM. J Cell Biol. 2009 Mar 9;184(5):707-19. Epub 2009 Mar 2. PMID: 19255249
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19255249)
Mitochondrion Images
For a full selection of see Cell Biology Images - Mitochondria Images (/cellbiology/index.php/Mitochondria_Images)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:07lungtem.jpg)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:08lungtem.jpg)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Mitochondria_1_tem.jpg)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:02lungtem.jpg)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Cardiac_muscle_mitochondria.jpg)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Heart_mitochon
cell from lung (tem)
cell from lung (tem)
Mitochondria (tem)
cell from lung (tem)
Cardiac muscle
mitochondria (tem)
Heart mitochondria (tem)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Mitochondrion_structure_cartoon.jpg)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Mitochondrion_rat_liver.jpg)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Eukaryotic_mito
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Heart_papillary_muscle.jpeg)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Mitochondria_location_mitosis.jpg)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Mitochondrial_membraneous_compartments.jpg)
Heart_papillary_muscle
(tem)
Morphological changes
in the cellular
mitochondrial network
during mitosis
Mitochondrion structure
cartoon
Mitochondrial
membraneous
compartments
Mitochondrion rat liver
Eukaryotic mitochondrial
genomes
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Mitochondrial_oxidative_phosphorylation_pathway.jpg)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Viral_Proteins_Mitochondrial_Membrane_
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Models_of_Mitochondrial_Membrane_Permeabilization.jpg)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Apoptosis_pathway_cartoon.jpg)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Mitochondrial_ROS_production_cartoon.jpg)
(/cellbiology/index.php/File:BclXL_Functions_Like_a_DominantMitochondrial ROS
Mitochondrial genome
Apoptosis pathway
Models of Mitochondrial Viral Proteins
Negative_Bax.jpg)
production
and the oxidative
cartoon
phosphorylation pathway
Membrane
Permeabilization
Mitochondrial Membrane
Permeabilization
Bcl-XL Functions Like a
Dominant-Negative Bax
Mitotracker (http://www.lifetechnologies.com/order/catalog/product/M7512)
Movies
Mitochondrial replication factories DNA replication factories (http://jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/full/jcb.200304040/DC1/4) in mitochondria divide
(http://jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/full/jcb.200304040/DC1/3) even in the absence of mitochondrial DNA, according to Meeusen and Nunnari
(http://jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/abstract/163/3/503).
Apoptotic cells show a transient loss in mitochondrial membrane potential Waterhouse et al. (http://jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/abstract/153/2/319)
suggest that the transient (http://jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/full/153/2/319/F4/DC1) loss of mitochondrial membrane potential that can be seen in individual
apoptotic cells may be masked by cell-to-cell asynchrony when looking at a population of cells.
Mitochondria slow down for calcium Mitochondria move along microtubules (http://jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/full/jcb.200406038/DC1/2), but Yi et al.
(http://jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/abstract/167/4/661) find that they slow down (http://jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/full/jcb.200406038/DC1/1) when calcium
levels rise, probably so that they can help buffer the ion back to normal levels.
2017 Course Content
Lectures: Cell Biology Introduction (/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Biology_Introduction) | Cells Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
(/cellbiology/index.php/Cells_Eukaryotes_and_Prokaryotes) | Cell Membranes and Compartments
(/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Membranes_and_Compartments) | Cell Nucleus (/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Nucleus) | Cell Export - Exocytosis
(/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Export_-_Exocytosis) | Cell Import - Endocytosis (/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Import_-_Endocytosis) | Cytoskeleton
(http://moodle.telt.unsw
Introduction (/cellbiology/index.php/Cytoskeleton_Introduction) | Cytoskeleton - Microfilaments (/cellbiology/index.php/Cytoskeleton_id=25143)
_Microfilaments) | Cytoskeleton - Microtubules (/cellbiology/index.php/Cytoskeleton_-_Microtubules) | Cytoskeleton - Intermediate Filaments
Moodle
(/cellbiology/index.php/Cytoskeleton_-_Intermediate_Filaments) | Cell Mitochondria | Cell Junctions (/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Junctions) |
Extracellular Matrix 1 (/cellbiology/index.php/Extracellular_Matrix_1) | Extracellular Matrix 2 (/cellbiology/index.php/Extracellular_Matrix_2) | Cell
Cycle (/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Cycle) | Cell Division (/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Division) | Cell Death 1 (/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Death_1)
| Cell Death 2 (/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Death_2) | Signal 1 (/cellbiology/index.php/Signal_1) | Signal 2 (/cellbiology/index.php/Signal_2) | Stem Cells 1
(/cellbiology/index.php/Stem_Cells_1) | Stem Cells 2 (/cellbiology/index.php/Stem_Cells_2) | Development (/cellbiology/index.php/Development) | 2017 Revision
(/cellbiology/index.php/2017_Revision)
2017 Laboratories: Introduction to Lab (/cellbiology/index.php/2017_Lab_1) | Fixation and Staining (/cellbiology/index.php/2017_Lab_2) |
2017 Projects (/cellbiology/index.php/ANAT3231_Projects_2017): Group 1 - Delta (/cellbiology/index.php/2017_Group_1_Project) | Group 2 - Duct
(/cellbiology/index.php/2017_Group_2_Project) | Group 3 - Beta (/cellbiology/index.php/2017_Group_3_Project) | Group 4 - Alpha
(/cellbiology/index.php/2017_Group_4_Project)
Dr Mark Hill 2015, UNSW Cell Biology - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G
Categories (/cellbiology/index.php/Special:Categories): Science-Undergraduate (/cellbiology/index.php/Category:Science-Undergraduate)
2017ANAT3231 (/cellbiology/index.php/Category:2017ANAT3231) Organelle (/cellbiology/index.php?title=Category:Organelle&action=edit&redlink=1)
Mitochondria (/cellbiology/index.php/Category:Mitochondria)
This page was last modified on 13 April 2017, at 00:52.
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