MATTER
Composition
of
Matter
Substance
– type of matter with a fixed composition that cannot be
separated by physical means
Element
– substance made up of atoms with same identity
 Examples: gold, helium, aluminum
Compound
– atoms of two or more elements combined
 Examples: water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2)
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Mixture
materials made of two or more substances that can
separated by physical means
Heterogeneous
mixture in which different
materials can be easily
distinguished
 Examples: Pizza, Fruit salad
Granite
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Homogeneous
mixture in which two or more substances are
Uniformly spread out
Examples: Vinegar, Salt water
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Matter
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Types Of Matter
Solution
– homogeneous mixture of particles so small that
they cannot even be seen with a microscope and
will never settle to the bottom of their container.
Examples: Vinegar,
Soda (unopened), and
Hydrogen Peroxide.
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Colloid
– type of mixture with particles that are larger than those in
solution, but still too light to settle out.
Examples: Milk (Water & Fat)
Fog (Water & Air), Cool Whip
# Detecting colloids is sometimes
difficult so shining a beam of
light at colloid will make the light
scatter – this scattering of light by
a colloid is called the Tyndall Effect.
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Suspension
– heterogeneous mixture containing a liquid in which
visible particles settle.
Examples: Italian dressing,
muddy pond water,
chocolate milk.
* HINT: If it needs shaking to mix, then it’s a suspension
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Describing Matter
Physical Property
– characteristic of a material that
you can observe without
changing the substance
Examples: color, size, shape,
density, melting point, boiling
point
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Chemical Property
– characteristic of a
substance that indicates
whether it can undergo a
certain chemical change
Examples: flammable,
combustible, may react to
light
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Physical Change
– a change in size, shape or state of matter; substance
DOES NOT change identity when it undergoes
physical change
Examples: melting ice,
cutting paper, breaking glass
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Chemical Change
– a change in one substance to another substance
Examples: fireworks explode, rusting metal , rotting,
burning, forming bubbles or solids in a liquid
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The Law of Conservation of Mass
- says that the mass of ALL substances
present before a chemical change equals
mass of ALL substances after the
change.
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Is it Physical or Chemical?
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States of Matter
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Matter
– anything that has mass and takes up space.
Kinetic theory
– explains how particles in matter behave
 All matter is composed of particles
 Particles are in constant, random motion
 Particles collide with each other and walls of their container
STATE
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
PLASMA
STATES OF MATTER
CHARACTERISTICS
PARTICLES
Definite shape and
Closely packed in
definite volume
geometric arrangement
Indefinite shape and
Have more space and
definite volume
slide pass each other
Indefinite shape and
Have energy to spread
indefinite volume
out evenly in container
High temperature
Positively and negatively
gas
charged
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The state of a sample of matter depends on
temperature
Temperature
related to the average kinetic energy of an object when
the temperature increases and contracts when cooled.
# Exception to Rule: Water when cooled it expands
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CHANGES IN STATES OF MATTER
MELTING: FROM SOLID TO LIQUID
Melting
– change from a solid state to
a liquid state
Melting point
– temperature at which a
solid melts
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FREEZING: FROM LIQUID TO SOLID
Freezing
– change from a
liquid state to a
solid state
Freezing point
– temperature at
which a liquid
freezes
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VAPORAZATION: FROM LIQUID TO GAS
Vaporization
– change from a liquid state to a gaseous state
Boiling point
– temperature at which liquid begins to vaporize
Evaporation
– can occur at surface of liquid without heating
liquid (i.e. eventually a cup of water will
evaporate if left unattended)
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CONDENSATION: FROM GAS TO LIQUID
Condensation
– change from a gaseous state to a liquid state
Condensation point
– temperature at which a gas condenses
ICE
FREEZING
CONDENSATION
WATER
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CLOUD
FLUIDS – BEHAVIOR OF LIQUIDS AND GASES
Fluid
– anything that flows – gas or liquid
Buoyancy
– the ability of a fluid (liquid or gas) to exert an upward force on an
object immersed in it – this is called Buoyant Force
Archimedes principle – the
buoyant force on an object in a
fluid is equal to the weight of
fluid it displaced by the object
The boat displaces enough water to equal weight of boat,
therefor it floats.
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Pascal’s principle
– pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted unchanged
throughout the fluid
Ex. squeezing the end of a tube of toothpaste
Bernouilli’s principle
– as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid
decreases
Ex. the design of an airplane wing
Boyle’s Law
– as the volume of the gas decreases, the pressure of
a gas increases, provided the temperature does
not change.
Ex. weather balloon
Photo by Sun Ladder/ CC-SA
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Charles’ Law
– as temperature increases, the volume
increases, provided pressure remains
constant.
Ex. Hot air balloon
Pressure – Temperature Relationship
– as temperature increases, the pressure
increases, provided the volume does not
change.
Ex. popping popcorn
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Pure Substances
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