Smart Distribution Systems: Sustainability
Issues
S. S. (Mani) Venkata
Alstom Grid and University of Washington (UW)
[email protected]
[email protected]
2011 SECON Conference Panel Presentation
Salt Lake City, UT
June 28, 2011
Co-author: Sumit Roy, UW
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Sustainable Energy Resources
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Venkata
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Sources of Electricity in the U. S.
Source: 2006_PNG
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Venkata
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Conventional Electric Generation
 Conventional Generation:
–
–
–
–
–
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Nuclear
Coal-fired
Hydroelectric
Natural gas
Combustion
Combined cycle
 These plants have large capacity by having
multiple units in a given plant.
 Each unit in turn can also be very large. (from 100Mva up to 2,000 Mva)
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Renewable Electric Generation
 Renewable Sources
(sustainable sources)
– Solar PV (active)
– Concentrated Solar
Power (CSP)
– Wind
– Fuel cells
– Tidal
– Biomass
– Small hydro
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Venkata
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Renewable Electric Generation
 These tend be very small units to large farms
(few KW to less than 10 MW) connected as a
cluster in a farm or park
 Most of them are intermittent in nature
 Some type of storage can improve capacity
and reliability
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Venkata
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Future Trends in Generation
 Distributed Generation (DG)-Microgrids
– Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
– Wind parks
– Batteries
– Fuel cells
– Photovoltaic
– Micro-turbines
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Venkata
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Smart Grid Generation Issues
 Capacity Factor
 Renewable Portfolio Standards
 Reserve Margin
 Plant Efficiency
 Availability
 Carbon sequestration
 Ecology and environmental protection
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Renewable Generation Grid Issues
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Distributed Generation
Efficiency
Voltage Regulation
Load Dynamic Modeling
Load Forecasting
Three phase Studies: on-line and off-line
Reliability
Power Quality
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Venkata
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“Edison’s Grid” Today
 Simple concept
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
Robust; Effective
Not much changed in the
last century
Transmission
Line
Generatin
Plan
Substation
 Complex in execution

Thousands of classical,
central power plants
 Web of transmission lines
(above 120-kV)
 More complex web of
distribution lines (below
69-kV)
Distribution
System
End User
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Smart Grid: A Digital, Information-Age
Grid
 Basic structure
– Today’s (Edison’s) grid is the starting point
– Applies information technology
– Much more information and control
 Power of Timely information
– Deregulation
– Infusion of new technologies
– More precise system design and operation
– Improved reliability, efficiency, safety, security and cost
– Ability to meet customer needs
– More products and services
– Reduced emissions and environmental impact
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What is in Store for the Future?
 The real world is full of uncertainties
 Many needs of the society are geographically
imbalanced
 Energy demand and supply unbalance will continue
to exist in the future
 Global population will increase by 30% to 8 billion in
the next 40 years
 How do we prepare to meet the challenges and
take advantage of the opportunities?
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Global Issues of Concern (contd.)
 Ecology and environment protection is essential
– Global warming is one critical example
 Next to air and water, energy is the most important
need of the society
 How to achieve balance between all conflicting
forces?
 Seeking sustainable energy resources is the answer
without sacrificing air and water quality
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Need for Reduced Political Barriers
 Governments should aim for reduced bureaucracy
 Regulators need to balance societal and utility
needs.
– Reduced time for approval for new projects
 Utilities have to balance their internal enterprise
management in the most efficient and effective
ways
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Venkata
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