Lead in General
Industry
Applicability
 The
regulation on lead applies
to all occupational exposure to
lead, except for the
construction industry and
agricultural operations
1a
Applicability
 Definitions
• Lead
• Action level
• Permissible exposure limit
1b
Processes that use lead
Exposure to lead occurs in at
least 120 different occupations
including:
 Primary
and secondary lead
smelting
 Lead
storage battery
manufacturing
2a
Processes that use lead
 Lead
pigment manufacturing
and use
 Solder
manufacturing and use
 Shipbuilding/repairing
2b
Processes that use lead
 Auto
manufacturing
 Printing
2c
Exposure monitoring
 Initial
monitoring
• Required when lead is present in
any quantity
• Monitor a representative number
of employees
• The sample must be collected for
one full shift for at least 7 hours
3a
Exposure monitoring
 Initial
monitoring
• Sample must be representative of
a regular, daily exposure
• Sample represents an exposure
without the use of a respirator
3b
Exposure monitoring
 Positive
initial determination
 Negative
initial determination
3c
Exposure monitoring
 Frequency
monitoring
of exposure
 Employee
notification
process
3d
Methods of compliance
 Engineering
 Work
controls
practice controls
 Mechanical
ventilation
 Administrative
controls
4a
Respiratory protection
 Situations
requiring the use of
respiratory protection
 Selection
process
 Proper
usage of
respirators
5a
Respiratory protection
 Review
Appendix D of
1910.1025
(qualitative fit tests)
 Respirator
program
5b
Compliance program
 Workers
can examine or copy
the written program
 Written
programs are
revised/updated every 6 months
6a
Compliance program
Written programs should include
the following items:
 Each
operation from which lead
is emitted
 Description
of the specific
means of reducing exposures
6b
Compliance program
 Air
monitoring data
 Detailed
schedule of program
implementation
 Work
practice programs
6c
Compliance program
 Administration
 Other
control schedule
relevant information
6d
Protective clothing and
equipment
 Used
if the exposure,
regardless of the use of
respirators
is greater than the PEL,
or if skin or eye irritation
exists
7a
Protective clothing and
equipment
 Types
of protective clothing to
be used:
• Coveralls
• Gloves, hats, shoes,
disposable shoe coverlets
• Face shields, vented
goggles, other appropriate
protective equipment
7b
Protective clothing and
equipment
 Protective
clothing is provided
on a weekly basis, or
daily if the exposure
is greater than 200
micrograms/cubic meter
of air
7c
Protective clothing and
equipment
 Removal
of protective
equipment at the end of
the shift
 Designated
containers
closed
7d
Protective clothing and
equipment
 Container
labeling should read:
7e
Protective clothing and
equipment
 Never
remove lead from clothing
by blowing, shaking, or any
other means
 Persons
who launder must be
informed of the potential
harmful effects of lead
exposure
7f
Hygiene facilities and
practices
 No
food or beverage, tobacco
products, or cosmetics may be
used in areas that exceed the
PEL
 Change
rooms and separate
storage facilities for protective
clothing
8a
Hygiene facilities and
practices
 Employees
working in an area
with an exposure level greater
than the PEL must shower at
the end of the work shift
 Procedures
 Lavatory
for lunchroom use
facilities use
8b
Housekeeping
procedures
 Housekeeping
procedures can
increase the amount of lead
exposure
 Establish
a program that keeps
all surfaces clean of
accumulations of lead dust
9a
Medical surveillance
 Medical
surveillance is required
whenever employees are
exposed above the action level
for more than 30 days
per year
10a
Medical surveillance
 Medical
exams and procedures
are done by, or under the
supervision of, a licensed
physician at no cost to
the employee, and at
a reasonable place
and time
10b
Biological monitoring
 Sampling
frequency
11a
Biological monitoring
 Employees
receive written
notification of test results
within 5 working days of
employer receipt of the results
when the blood lead level
exceeds either:
11b
Biological monitoring
 40
micrograms/100 grams of
whole blood; or the
 medical
removal value of 60
micrograms/per 100 grams of
whole blood
11c
Medical examinations
and consultations
 Frequency
of
examinations/consultations
12a
Medical examinations
and consultations
Medical examinations include:
 medical
 work
history
history
 thorough
physical examination
12b
Medical examinations
and consultations
 blood
pressure measurement
 blood
sample and analysis
 routine
 other
urinalysis
tests deemed necessary
12c
Medical examinations
and consultations
 Employees
have the right to
select a second physician:
• to review findings, determination,
or recommendations of the initial
physician
• to conduct examinations,
consultations, and lab work that
the second physician deems
necessary
12d
Medical examinations
and consultations
 Procedures
for obtaining a
second physician's review and
resolving differences in:
• findings
• determinations
• recommendations
12e
Medical examinations
and consultations
 Findings,
determinations, or
recommendations of the third
physician will be followed
unless the employee and
employer come to an agreement
on one of the three physician’s
recommendations
12f
Medical examinations
and consultations
 Information
provided to
physicians upon request
•
•
•
•
•
•
a copy of the regulation
a description of employee’s duties
employee exposure levels
PPE to be used
prior blood lead determinations
prior written medical opinions
12g
Medical examinations
and consultations
 Information
contained in written
medical opinions
 Chelation
12h
Employee medical removal
and return to work
 Conditions
that can cause
temporary medical removal
 Worker’s
status
return to former job
 Medical
removal benefit
protection
13a
Training
 Who
needs training?
 Types
of training
 Workers
exposed to airborne
lead at any level - Review
Appendices A and B of 29 CFR
1910.1025
14a
Training
 Workers
exposed to airborne
lead at or above the action level
 Frequency
 Training
of training
materials
14b
Signs and markings
 Text
for warning signs should
read as follows:
15a
Recordkeeping
 Contents
of exposure
monitoring records
 Procedures
for medical
surveillance records
16a
Recordkeeping
 Maintenance
of medical
removal records
 Medical
records must be made
available to employees
16b
Exposure monitoring
 All
protective measures must be
followed
 Measurement
procedures
17a
Exposure monitoring
 Employees
have a right to
observe monitoring
 Employees
can record results or
receive copies of results
17b
How lead enters the
body
 Inhalation
 Ingestion
 Generally
skin
not absorbed through
18a
Effects of acute
overexposure
 Large
dosages can kill in a
matter of days
 Acute
encephalopathy can lead
to seizures, coma, and
cardiorespiratory arrest
19a
Effects of chronic
overexposure
Damage to:

Blood-forming
system

Nervous system

Kidneys


Urinary system
Reproductive
systems
20a
Purpose of the standard,
program, and training
 Prevent
adverse effects of lead
exposure
21a
Signs and symptoms of
overexposure
 Loss
of appetite
 Metallic
taste
 Anxiety
 Constipation
22a
Signs and symptoms of
overexposure
 Nausea
 Pallor
 Excessive
tiredness
 Weakness
22b
Signs and symptoms of
overexposure
 Insomnia
 Headaches
 Nervous
irritability
 Muscle
and joint pain or
soreness
22c
Signs and symptoms of
overexposure
 Fine
tremors
 Numbness
 Dizziness
22d
Signs and symptoms of
overexposure
 Hyperactivity
 Colic
22e
Summary of main points
 PEL
and action level
 Exposure
 Methods
monitoring
of compliance
 Respiratory
protection
23a
Summary of main points
 Protective
equipment
work clothing and
 Housekeeping
 Hygiene
facilities and practices
 Medical
surveillance
23b
Summary of main points
 Medical
removal protection
 Training
 Warning
signs
 Recordkeeping
23c
Summary of main points
 Ways
of entry into the body
 Signs
and symptoms of
overexposure
 Effects
of overexposure
23d